chapter 5 characterization of particulate matter 5.0...

Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter

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5.0 INTRODUCTION

In coal mining area particulate matter (PM) is the dominant pollutant. These

have several environmental effects and plays an significant role in modifying or

changing climate, hydrological cycles, chemistry of the atmosphere, biogeochemical

cycles, visibility reduction, affecting radiation balance, modifying cloud property and

causing health related problems (Griffin et al., 2007; Carbo et al., 2005; Markaki et

al., 2003; Pillai et al., 2002; Vedal, 1997; Schwartz et al., 1996; Mamane and

Gottlieb, 1992)

In order to establish strategies to control particulate pollution, it is essential to

characterize the atmospheric particulate matter, physically, chemically and

morphologically (Sharma and Srinivas, 2009; Carmichael and Zhang, 1996; Kaneyasu

et al., 1995). It comprises of variety of substances like inorganic and organic carbon

(containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), acidic or neutral sulphates and

nitrates, fine soil dust, residues of lead and other toxic trace elements, asbestos and

other fibers. Hence, characterization of particulate matter is very important step to

know its environmental impact, which indicates its behavior.

5.1 METHODOLOGY

In the present chapter two approaches has been adopted to characterize PM

viz., physical and chemical characterization. Physical characterization of PM samples

were conducted using particle size analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy

coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, whereas chemical characterization was

done by using X-Ray Diffractogram analysis, Trace Elements Analysis and Fourier

Transform Infra Red spectroscopy. The detailed methodology for physical and

chemical characterization of PM, measuring instrument and analysis are presented in

Table 5.1.

5.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.2.1 Particle size analysis

Particle size is considered the most important parameter in characterizing the

physical behavior of PM, as it affects the removal processes, atmospheric residence

time and contribution of light scattering to visibility degradation. Particle size is


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typically defined in terms of its diameter. Although liquid aerosol particles are nearly

always spherical but solid particles are always irregular in shape (Seinfeld, 1986).

Table 5.1: Methodologies and Measuring Instruments for PM Characterization

Physical characterization

Particle Size Analyzer

Particle is analyzed for size and

shape, The particle size

distribution profiles were studied

in terms of arithmetic mean

diameter and % volume. This was

done by using Particle size

analyzer, Malvern, UK; Nano ZS

in the Central Instrumentation

Facility, BIT-MESRA, Ranchi.

Vaccum Coating Chamber

Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

The characterization of particles

in PM samples were performed

using electro scanning

microscopy (SEM, JEOL Model

JSM-6390LV,Japan) coupled

with energy dispersive

spectrometer (EDS, JEOL Model

DCL-7376, England) in the

Central Instrumentation Facility,

BIT-MESRA, Ranchi. The

samples (dry filter papers) were

randomly cut in 1 mm2 size out of

the main filter (Xie et al., 2005).

A very thin film of gold was

deposited on the surface of the

samples to make them electrically

conductive using vacuum coating.

This extremely fine coating was

done through the evaporation of

gold plate under inert atmosphere

(argon environment). These

samples were mounted on

electron microprobe stubs.


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Chemical Characterization

X-Ray diffractometer

X-ray diffraction patterns of different dust

samples was taken at the room temperature

in a wide range of Bragg angle 2θ (15°≤ 2θ

≤100°) with scanning speed of 1o per minute

using Rigaku X-Ray diffractometer

(Miniflex, Japan) in the Department of

Instrumentation Science, Jadavpur

University, Kolkata, India. The operating

condition involved the use of CuKα radiation

at 34 KV 24 mA and Ni Filter

AAS coupled with Graphite furnace,

Hydride generator and Computer

data station

Trace element analysis was performed in

Department of Environmental Science and

Engineering, ISM. After gravimetric analysis

of EPM 2000 filter papers, a known portion

of the exposed filter paper (1/4) sample is

digested with 2:1(v/v) HNO3/HClO4 mixture

in the fume hood chamber extracted for trace

metals (APHA, 1977). Samples were directly

introduced into the frame of continuous

aspiration through polyethylene tubing and

the concentration of the object element (µg

ml- 1

) was obtained from the calibration plot.

FTIR Analyzer

FTIR, Model Shimadzu Corp, Japan I-

Prestige 21 was used in the Central

Instrumentation Facility, BIT-MESRA,

Ranchi. 1 gm of sample was weighed and

dried in an oven at 110oC for half an hour.

Then 100 mg of KBr was grounded and

converted to fine powder. 3mg of sample

was taken to make a pellet at 7.5 tones/cm3

pressure.


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The variation in particle size and their percentage contribution at various locations of

the study area is shown in Table 5.2. This table depict their particle size varies from

52.50 nm to 598 nm.

5.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS)

Analysis

In the present study morphology (shape and sizes) and chemical composition

of airborne particles (PM) have been evaluated by SEM-EDS techniques. SEM is a

method for high resolution surface imaging. It uses an electron beam for surface

imaging. This helps to understand the differences in morphology, elemental

composition of the airborne dust samples. This gives a better insight about the origin

of the particles that whether emitted from natural or anthropogenic [Coal mining area,

industrial activities and vehicular pollution (internal combustion engines)] processes

(Bernabe et al., 2005; Conner and Williams, 2004; Conner et al., 2001; Oberdorster,

2001; Pope, 2000; Petrovic et al., 2000; Esbert et al., 1996).

Elemental composition and distribution at selected locations were analyzed

and shown in Tables 5.3. The soot, carbonaceous particles, minerals, aluminosilicates,

quartz and fly ash were observed at several locations viz., A22(Chasnala), A1(ISM-

Main Gate), A17(Bastacola), A11(Katras), A1(Steel Gate), A4(Court More), A3(Bus

Stand) which mainly originated from rock drilling in coal mining and mine fire

(stations A7, A9, A10, A17 etc.) vehicular, re-suspension of soil dust on road [A1-

SteelGate, A2-ISM(Main Gate), A22-Chasnala and A15-Mohua more], burning of

diesel, oil and coal at roadside (A25-Madhuband, A26-Lohapatti) vegetative burning

and soil dust at semirural site respectively.

In this study the aluminosilcates are characterized by high contents of Si and

Al with varying Mg, K, Fe, S and Co. These types of particles containing

predominantly silicon are classified as silica (e.g., quartz) which originate from soil

and crust (Cong et al., 2010). Alumino silicates usually include kaolinite, illite,

montmonillonite, and feldspar, which are typical terrigeneous minerals. The

consistent occurrence of Fe/Cu signals with Al/Si/O signals implies that the particles

may have originated from the weathering of a unique form of the local geological

materials (Chong et al., 2002).


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Table 5.2: Particle size distribution of Dust Samples (PM10) at various locations

Sampling Locations Station Codes Diameter (nm) Volume (%)

Steel Gate A1

181.4 90.0

60.0 10.0

ISM-Main gate A2

389.5 89.0

56.0 11.0

Bus Stand A3

211.6 91.2

61.0 9.8

Court more A4

220.8 91.4

58.0 8.6

Railway Station A5

363.2 90.5

65.70 9.5

Bank more A6

89.2 87.0

113.6 13.0

Kusunda A7

572.4 92.0

87.0 8.0

East Bassuriya A8

577.5 90.7

112.2 9.3

Tetulmari A9

363.2 97.7

66.6 2.3

Sijua A10

311.6 93.3

80.0 6.7

Katras A11

397.1 98.7

64.72 1.3

Muraidih A12

202.7 98.2

59.0 1.8

Baghmara A13

362.5 98.4

66.7 1.6

Kharkharee A14

438.1 98.9

64.0 1.1

Mohua A15

145.9 86.0

56.0 14.0

Murulidih A16

163.6 92.4

63.44 7.6

Bastacola A17

423.5 90.5

116.6 9.5

Jamadoba A18

377.1 90.9

120.3 9.1

Tisra A19

472.1 95.7

113.6 4.3

Barari A20

392.1 97.3

56.0 2.7

Sudamdih A21

175.8 96.6

52.5 3.4

Chasnala A22

597.9 95.7

60.7 4.3

BIT-Sindri A23

341.2 98.2

143.3 1.8

ISM-Campus A24

351.3 97.7

155.5 2.3

Madhuband A25

189.5 92.6

87.5 7.4

Lohapatti A26

180.2 92.4

126.6 7.6

Bhatdih A27

340.6 90.5

143.5 9.5

Singra A28

378.4 98.6

156.8 1.4

Jarma A29

395.4 97.2

166.7 2.8

Lodna A30

355.6 93.5

87.5 6.5

Patherdih A31

189.4 95.4

56.7 4.6


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Table 5.3: Elements in Dust Samples (PM10) Investigated by SEM/EDS

Station code Identified Elements by SEM/EDS

A2 (ISM-Main Gate) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Cl,K,Cu,Zn,Mg,Na,Zr,Fe and Ti

A6(Bank More) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Cl,K,Cu,Zn,Mg,Na,Zr,Fe and Ti

A7 (Kusunda) C,O,Cl,Ca,Mg,Ti,Fe,Al,Zr andK

A9 (Tetulmari) C,O,Cl,K,Cu,Zn andBr

A13 (Baghmara) C,O,Cl,Ca, Ti,Fe,K,S and Mg

A15(Mohuda- more) C,O,Al,Cl,K,Si,S,F,Fe and Mg

A18 (Jamadoba) C,O,Cl,Zn,Cu,Br,Si,F and K

A23 (BIT- Sindri) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Na,Zn,Fe,Ba and Zr

A25 (Madhuband) C,O,Cl,Al,Ca,Zn,Si,S,Zr,Zn,Ba and K

A31 (Patherdih) C,O,Cl,Al,Na,K,Ca,Si,S,Fe,Zn and Zr

Elemental composition of the particles reveals the presence of many elements

viz., Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca and C in appreciable quantity. The occurrence of these elements

point out towards the presence of sources other than natural. These sources could be

vehicular, industrial and the thermal power plants in the vicinity of sampling site

(Srivastava and Jain, 2007; Mehra et al., 1998; Venugopal and Luckey, 1978). The

sources of TiO2 may be from used paints, papers, and plastics (Reimann and Caritat,

1998).

The SEM-EDS spectra of various elements at selected locations are depicted

in Figures 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. EDS spectra of the PM indicates concentration trend of

elements. This indicates C, O and Si in maximum concentration followed by Fe, Al,

Ca, Mg, K and Cl. The high carbon content shows that the carbon is dominant due to

the presence of tar balls particles. The spherical, amorphous and typically non

aggregated particles are distinct of carbonaceous particles type dominated by carbon

with traces of S and K. This is supported by the report of Pipal et al., 2011; Posfai et

al., 2004. While, locations close to coal mining area viz., A9 (Tetulmari), A10 (Sijua),


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A17 (Bastacola), A25 (Madhuband), A26 (Lohapatti) represented maximum Carbon

(C) concentration, reveals dominance of coal dust from coal mines as shown by

spherical particles [Figure 5.4 (a) and (b)] in SEM analysis, while locations away

from coal mines like A1 (Steel Gate), A2 (ISM-Main Gate), A3 (Bus Stand), A4

(Court More) were having irregular shaped particles [Figure 5.5 (a), (b) and (c)] due

to combustion, as particles get highly irregular in shape (Li et al., 2010). The next

dominant elements were Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca and K revealing their origin from soil,

crustal dust and some anthropogenic activities. Si associated with Al, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe

and K illustrated the presence of mineral, clay and feldspar particles (Shao et al.,

2007).

The composition of these type particles is mainly aluminosilcates, iron and/or

calcium and it mainly consists of inorganic constituents. At all the locations presence

of Cl has also recorded which, might have arise from, manufacturing batteries and

insecticides contributing to the ambient chloride (Srivastava et al., 2009).

5.2.3 X- Ray Diffraction Analysis

Various crystalline phases were identified by using ASTM cards. The ASTM

card number which was used for mineral identification is shown below:

Minerals ASTM Card No. Minerals ASTM Card No.

Quartz (SiO2 46-1045, BaSO4, 24-1035

Dolomite

[CaMg(CO3)2]

36-0426 MnCrO4, 33-0893

Gypsum (CaSO4), 21-0816 CuSO4, 22-0072

CoSO4, 15-0701 FeSO4 11-0646

NiS2, 11-0099 As2O3, 12-0016

KMn2(CrO4)OH, 45-0270 NiS 02-1280

ZnAsO 01-0777


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Figure 5.1: Scanning electron micrographs and EDS spectrum of Dust Samples

at A2 (ISM Main Gate), A6 (Bank More), A9 (Tetulmari) and A15 (Mohuda-

more)

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts


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at A7 (Kusunda), A13 (Baghmara), A18 (Jamadoba) and A23 (BIT-Sindri)

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts

Cou

nts


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at A25 (Madhuband) and A31 (Patherdih)

(a) (b)

Figure 5.4: Scanning Electron Micrographs of Soot Particle (a) and (b)

Co

un

ts

Co

un

ts


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Figure 5.5: Scanning Electron Micrographs of Irregular Shaped Particle (a), (b)

and (c)

The sharp and single peaks of the XRD pattern suggested the formation of single-

phase compound. Diffraction pattern of some of the samples are given in Figures 5.6

to 5.15.

Figure 5.6: XRD of dust sample at location A2 (ISM-Main Gate)

a b c

% C

ou

nts


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Figure 5.7: XRD of dust sample at location A6 (Bank More)

Figure 5.8: XRD of dust sample at location A7 (Kusunda)

% C

ou

nts

%

Co

un

ts


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Figure 5.9: XRD of dust sample at location A9 (Tetulmari)

Figure 5.10: XRD of dust sample at location A13 (Baghmara)

% C

ou

nts

%

Co

un

ts


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Figure 5.11: XRD of dust sample at location A15 (Mohuda-More)

Figure 5.12: XRD of dust sample at location A18 (Jamadoba)

% C

ou

nts

%

Co

un

ts


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Figure 5.13: XRD of dust sample at location A23 (BIT-Sindri)

Figure 5.14: XRD of dust sample at location A25 (Madhuband)

% C

ou

nts

% C

ou

nts


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Figure 5.15: XRD of dust sample at location A31 (Patherdih)

Results of XRD analysis reflects Quartz (SiO2), Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Dolomite

[CaMg (CO3)2] and traces of As2O3.SO3, CuSO4, NiS2, FeSO4, BaSO4 in most of the

locations. The presence of quartz (SiO2) and dolomite CaMg (CO3)2 occurring

uniformly over the entire study area shows that regional dust is also a significant

contributor to overall dust in the study area (Merefield et al., 1994). Compounds at

each of the ten selected stations are given in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4: Identified Minerals in X-Ray Diffractogram

Station Code Minerals

ISM-MG(A2) SiO2,CuSO4,CaSO4,MnCrO4, KMn2(CrO4)OH

Bank more (A6) SiO2,MnCrO4,CaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,BaSO4,NiS2

Kusunda(A7) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,NiS2,CaMg(CO3)2

Tetulmari (A9) SiO2, As2O3.SO3, BaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,KMn2(CrO4).OH

Baghmara(A13) SiO2,ZnAsO, CaSO4, KMn2(CrO4).OH, NiS2

Mohuda More(A15) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,CaSO4,NiS2, CoSO4,

Jamadoba(A18) SiO2, ZnSO4,CaSO4,CoSO4,As2O3.SO3,NiS2

BIT-Sindri(A23) SiO2,CaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,BaSO4, KMn2(CrO4)

Madhuband(A25) SiO2,CaSO4,CoSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,ZnAsO,BaSO4, KMn2(CrO4),NiS2

Patherdih(A31) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,NiS2,CaMg(CO3)2

% C

ou

nts


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The group of Ca rich particles (1.76% relative abundance) indicates the

presence of calcium carbonate particles related to the calcite phase (CaCO3). These

particles can be related to regional transport from the urban zones, originated from

processes of building, construction, demolition, agriculture and natural dust and

vegetative burning (Ramos et al., 2009). Quartz is as an important constituent of many

rock types and it is almost ubiquitous of land areas. These particles are originating

from coal combustion (Xie et al., 2004).

5.2.4 Trace Elements Analysis

Trace element pollutants in PM10 may be natural or anthropogenic. Several

trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co) are considered to essential for life. Trace

elements analysis of dust samples (PM10) at various locations during different seasons

viz., winter, summer, monsoon and post monsoon were done and shown in Tables 5.5

to 5.8, respectively. The data obtained for different trace elements for different

seasons are shown in Figures 5.16 to 5.23 for Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr,

respectively. Only Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd and Cr have been observed at significant

concentration levels whereas As (Arsenic) registered below detectable limit (i.e.,

0.005ppb).

Trace elements concentration as observed is discussed below:

Pb (Lead): Season wise Pb concentration varies from 0.0002 µg/m3 to 0.84 µg/m

3.

Maximum Lead (Pb) concentration was recorded at A6 (Bank More) followed by A3

(Bus Stand), i.e., 0.84 µg/m3 and 0.82 µg/m

3 during winter (Figure 5.16). These High

Pb concentrations may be due to higher emissions from vehicular exhausts as well as

allied activities. This does not rule out the case of adulteration of fuel for automobiles

in the industrial belt.

Ni (Nickel): Seasonal variation of the Ni concentration varies from 0.0002 µg/m3 to

0.04µg/m3. Location A2(ISM-Main Gate), A3 (Bus Stand), A5 (Railway Station), A6

(Bank More) and A11 (Katras) are representing higher concentration during summer

season (Figure 5.17). As these locations are receiving higher pollution load from

traffic exhaust, wearing and tearing of vehicular engines parts for a longer period of

time responsible for its higher concentration during particular season. Again the

concentration becomes higher during post- monsoon, this is due to drying of air which

make dust to become airborne, in comparison to other season like monsoon where the


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PM (originates from dust) get settle down, hence reduction in PM concentration leads

to less presence of these elements in air.

Copper (Cu): Cu concentration varies from 0.098µg/m3 to 6.89µg/m

3 at various

locations of the study area during different season. The higher concentration of Cu

was depicted at location Bank More (A6) in all the seasons as shown in Figure 5.18.

Apart from this, A17 (Bastacola), A22 (Chasnala), A25 (Madhuband), A30 (Lodna)

and A31 (Patherdih) were also recorded higher concentration. This originates from

wearing of brake pads of road vehicles due to forced deceleration (Hulskotte et al.,

2006).

Manganese (Mn): Season wise Mn concentration varies from 0.001 µg/m3 to

2.46µg/m3 at all the locations. Location A17 followed by A13 registered higher Mn

concentration during all the season. viz., 2.46 µg/m3 and 2.34 µg/m

3 during winter,

1.56 µg/m3 and 1.34 µg/m

3 during summer, 1.12 µg/m

3 and 1.01 µg/m

3 during

monsoon and 1.64 µg/m3 and 1.61 µg/m

3 during post monsoon respectively (Figure

5.19). Higher Mn at Baghmara (A13), Bastacola (A17) and Chasnala (A22) is due to

crustal dust, which includes the suspension of road dusts by vehicles and wind erosion

and the suspension of soils, particularly in agricultural, construction and quarrying

activities.

Iron (Fe): As depicted from Figure 5.20, Fe concentration varies from 0.234 µg/m3 to

34.21µg/m3 during various seasons. Location Bank More (A6) recorded higher

concentration 34.21 µg/m3, 32.16 µg/m

3, 26.00 µg/m

3 and 32.45 µg/m

3 during winter,

summer, monsoon and post monsoon, respectively. This is due to the use of iron in

brake lining which leads to its emission in ambient air (Hulskotte et al., 2006).

Zinc (Zn): As depicted from Figure 5.21 Zn concentration varies from 0.11 µg/m3 to

2.45µg/m3 at various location of the study area during different season. Location A11

(Katras) recorded higher concentration i.e., 2.45 µg/m3 in winter, 2.34 µg/m

3 in

summer and 2.41 µg/m3 in post monsoon. Similarly, A6 (Bank More) and A7

(Kusunda) are also receiving higher concentration. As these locations are receiving

higher pollution load from traffic junction and receiving higher concentration due to

tracer of tire wear particles (Birmili et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006).


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Table 5.5: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Winter Season in µg/m3

Location Code Pb Ni Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Cr

Steel Gate A1 0.81±0.209 0.021±0.01 2.458±0.216 0.345±0.062 6.00±0.075 0.294±0.060 0.07±0.013 0.282±0.086

ISM-Main Gate A2 0.83±0.090 0.029±0.006 2.486±0.474 0.356±0.090 6.12±0.106 0.199±0.010 0.052±0.01 0.252±0.019

Bus Stand A3 0.68±0.125 0.021±0.01 2.500±0.119 0.377±0.0290 5.99±0.190 0.244±0.010 0.0571±0.02 0.243±0.08

Court More A4 0.78±0.181 0.012±0.002 2.510±0.133 0.398±0.043 5.98±0.090 0.255±0.039 0.067±0.03 0.249±0.10

Railway Station A5 0.68±0.078 0.011±0.005 2.66±0.224 0.178±0.008 1.240±0.125 0.249±0.044 0.037±0.02 0.29±0.027

Bank More A6 0.84±0.182 0.029±0.002 6.89±0.338 0.634±0.032 34.21±1.146 1.471±0.117 0.071±0.009 0.239±0.051

Kusunda A7 0.37±0.057 0.031±0.009 2.867±0.458 0.345±0.132 4.22±0.120 2.323±0.184 0.081±0.036 0.477±0.092

East Bassuriya A8 0.08±0.019 0.004±0.002 1.400±0.331 0.456±0.053 19.23±0.797 0.432±0.247 0.084±0.044 0.425±0.012

Tetulmari A9 0.23±0.101 0.007±0.003 2.65±0.005 0.423±0.129 2.23±0.163 0.681±0.024 0.049±0.017 0.425±0.07

Sijua A10 0.12±0.021 0.001±0.001 2.00±0.011 1.34±0.137 7.23±0.339 0.376±0.046 0.086±0.031 0.437±0.013

Katras A11 0.74±0.016 0.01±0.019 2.34±0.086 0.334±0.024 2.34±0.093 2.429±0.442 0.064±0.006 0.32±0.09

Muraidih A12 0.13±0.016 0.003±0.002 2.45±0.089 0.178±0.037 3.34±0.093 0.618±0.021 0.062±0.02 0.390±0.048

Baghmara A13 0.24±0.058 0.003±0.002 1.229±0.118 2.341±0.065 18.34±0.150 1.011±0.239 0.062±0.011 0.390±0.021

Kharkharee A14 0.08±0.011 0.005±0.001 0.922±0.307 0.989±0.087 4.33±0.189 0.176±0.040 0.055±0.01 0.395±0.137

Mohuda A15 0.45±0.035 0.004±0.002 1.100±0.260 0.345±0.036 20.12±0.637 0.641±0.047 0.057±0.011 0.223±0.024

Murulidih A16 0.06±0.019 0.001±0.002 0.72±0.170 1.23±0.020 1.34±0.044 0.487±0.038 0.052±0.011 0.37±0.124

Bastacola A17 0.27±0.007 0.005±0.002 2.44±0.427 2.456±0.071 29.02±0.281 1.745±0.278 0.049±0.016 0.445±0.024

Jamadoba A18 0.11±0.004 0.003±0.002 0.98±0.041 0.922±0.017 13.45±0.098 0.569±0.020 0.082±0.039 0.439±0.014

Tisra A19 0.13±0.020 0.0005±0.002 1.544±0.347 0.093±0.010 7.33±0.108 0.452±0.029 0.044±0.009 0.210±0.095

Barari A20 0.004±0.001 0.0003±0.001 1.533±0.534 0.067±0.030 5.34±0.183 0.339±0.057 0.052±0.015 0.340±0.004

Sudamdih A21 0.18±0.007 0.004±0.001 1.678±0.299 0.077±0.008 5.21±0.290 0.499±0.042 0.0862±0.003 0.128±0.031

Chasnala A22 0.22±0.042 0.006±0.002 2.55±0.280 1.532±0.067 2.23±0.214 0.620±0.112 0.045±0.018 0.56±0.004

BIT-Sindri A23 0.009±0.002 0.002±0.002 1.6±0.076 0.344±0.013 11.34±0.715 0.193±0.099 0.038±0.022 0.312±0.023

ISM Campus A24 0.005±0.001 0.003±0.001 1.2±0.313 0.451±0.005 5.23±0.248 0.241±0.037 0.033±0.014 0.17±0.018

Madhuband A25 0.31±0.030 0.008±0.003 2.53±0.232 1.29±0.021 17.00±0.131 0.191±0.018 0.079±0.031 0.495±0.022

Lohapatti A26 0.32±0.026 0.005±0.001 1.544±0.283 1.24±0.032 14.89±0.143 0.198±0.026 0.0852±0.04 0.485±0.012

Bhatdih A27 0.03±0.010 0.021±0.016 1.467±0.283 0.994±0.031 12.11±0.154 0.192±0.054 0.049±0.008 0.078±0.039

Singra A28 0.09±0.040 0.007±0.003 1.911±0.392 0.235±0.017 12.20±0.127 0.187±0.011 0.047±0.011 0.19±0.014

Jarma A29 0.06±0.014 0.006±0.001 1.689±0.220 0.564±0.011 11.78±0.116 0.623±0.053 0.042±0.021 0.37±0.042

Lodna A30 0.18±0.021 0.004±0.002 2.881±0.093 0.223±0.012 4.98±0.343 0.654±0.080 0.091±0.015 0.45±0.024

Patherdih A31 0.26±0.036 0.003±0.001 2.43±0.167 0.872±0.023 4.88±0.205 0.458±0.074 0.093±0.013 0.40±0.068


113

Table 5.6: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Summer Season in µg/m3


Steel Gate A1 0.256±.002 0.011±.004 2.14±0.18 0.135±0.23 5.92±0.034 0.311±0.23 0.052±0.06 0.28±0.044

ISM-Main Gate A2 0.360±.005 0.047±.036 2.29±0.19 0.126±0.12 5.71±0.045 0.201±0.22 0.014±0.05 0.247±0.03

Bus Stand A3 0.427±.006 0.034±.010 2.31±0.05 0.159±0.13 5.91±0.033 0.255±0.34 0.043±0.07 0.239±0.54

Court More A4 0.234±.010 0.005±.001 2.41±0.10 0.161±0.24 5.67±0.22 0.265±0.12 0.052±0.12 0.245±0.06

Railway Station A5 0.283±.009 0.013±.002 2.31±0.03 0.009±0.17 0.953±0.23 0.223±0.16 0.029±0.16 0.264±0.04

Bank More A6 0.320±.020 0.032±.002 6.12±0.01 0.414±0.15 32.16±0.22 1.427±0.39 0.070±0.17 0.235±0.03

Kusunda A7 0.400±.002 0.039±.003 2.12±0.21 0.121±0.10 3.12±0.34 2.364±0.10 0.081±0.18 0.521±0.22

East Bassuriya A8 0.048±.002 0.005±.001 0.386±0.08 0.246±0.22 18.25±0.12 0.459±0.09 0.083±0.22 0.416±0.24

Tetulmari A9 0.127±.002 0.009±.004 2.43±0.06 0.049±0.21 1.12±0.15 0.689±0.04 0.048±0.24 0.315±0.33

Sijua A10 0.090±.003 0.002±.001 1.51±0.11 0.512±0.23 6.64±0.16 0.381±0.03 0.088±0.27 0.426±0.45

Katras A11 0.060±.010 0.012±.004 2.01±0.13 0.116±0.24 1.23±0.14 2.341±0.02 0.065±0.21 0.293±0.44

Muraidih A12 0.057±0.002 0.004±.001 2.10±0.03 0.051±0.04 2.96±0.14 0.631±0.04 0.062±0.34 0.343±0.34

Baghmara A13 0.269±0.020 0.010±0.02 1.00±0.83 1.341±0.05 17.08±0.14 1.021±0.22 0.061±0.44 0.342±0.21

Kharkharee A14 0.057±.001 0.006±.001 0.29±0.05 0.053±0.04 3.01±0.15 0.183±0.31 0.054±0.23 0.374±0.32

Mohuda A15 0.406±.010 0.010±.010 0.33±0.08 0.296±0.02 19.4±0.16 0.662±0.24 0.054±0.12 0.229±0.44

Murulidih A16 0.047±.001 0.0002±.000 0.102±0.15 0.061±0.12 0.762±0.15 0.491±0.26 0.054±0.17 0.272±0.45

Bastacola A17 0.197±.008 0.007±.002 2.14±0.01 1.561±0.23 28.29±0.16 1.629±0.25 0.043±0.18 0.441±0.32

Jamadoba A18 0.070±.002 0.004±.001 0.73±0.25 0.042±0.25 12.06±0.26 0.601±0.28 0.083±0.14 0.423±0.21

Tisra A19 0.167±.010 0.0008±0.001 0.60±0.04 0.078±0.22 6.24±0.25 0.462±0.26 0.048±0.24 0.183±0.23

Barari A20 0.002±.00008 0.0003±.001 0.62±0.07 0.031±0.32 4.21±0.29 0.341±0.21 0.043±0.28 0.284±0.34

Sudamdih A21 0.130±.004 0.006±.001 0.71±0.02 0.042±0.11 4.26±0.21 0.515±0.29 0.086±0.32 0.128±0.33

Chasnala A22 0.140±.010 0.007±.001 2.23±0.13 0.689±0.09 1.112±0.32 0.624±0.27 0.053±0.35 0.487±0.21

BIT-Sindri A23 0.007±.0002 0.003±.002 0.711±0.09 0.128±0.05 10.29±0.24 0.213±0.12 0.032±0.13 0.313±0.39

ISM Campus A24 0.003±.0001 0.004±.001 0.321±0.10 0.135±0.04 4.67±0.13 0.245±0.15 0.036±0.12 0.153±0.05

Madhuband A25 0.239±0.010 0.006±.001 1.95±0.06 0.098±0.07 16.09±0.15 0.193±0.16 0.077±0.17 0.493±0.04

Lohapatti A26 0.279±.006 0.003±.001 0.42±0.01 0.072±0.04 14.15±0.18 0.197±0.15 0.082±0.22 0.483±0.05

Bhatdih A27 0.010±.004 0.020±.021 0.43±0.02 0.065±0.07 11.12±0.26 0.198±0.17 0.043±0.21 0.274±0.04

Singra A28 0.047±.0009 0.009±.002 0.52±0.02 0.125±0.02 11.56±0.03 0.185±0.12 0.044±0.07 0.163±0.05

Jarma A29 0.052±.0007 0.008±.001 0.52±0.03 0.165±0.08 11.25±0.40 0.624±0.11 0.04±0.03 0.284±0.03

Lodna A30 0.138±.002 0.005±.001 2.57±0.15 0.151±0.03 4.12±0.33 0.675±0.09 0.086±0.04 0.445±0.04

Patherdih A31 0.156±.020 0.005±.001 1.86±0.02 0.091±0.04 4.39±0.28 0.461±0.06 0.069±0.05 0.363±0.13


114

Table 5.7: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Monsoon Season in µg/m3


Steel Gate A1 0.056±0.23 0.006±0.02 2.00±0.034 0.123±0.223 3.23±0.33 0.234±0.33 0.029±0.06 0.122±0.24

ISM-Main Gate A2 0.411±0.22 0.002±0.03 1.823±0.033 0.109±0.342 3.00±0.45 0.165±0.53 0.021±0.07 0.132±0.04

Bus Stand A3 0.312±0.21 0.003±0.004 1.922±0.033 0.112±0.022 2.32±0.46 0.232±0.21 0.024±0.02 0.192±0.05

Court More A4 0.100±0.24 0.0002±0.003 2.132±0.023 0.093±0.022 1.99±0.21 0.243±0.13 0.029±0.01 0.171±0.03


Bank More A6 0.114±0.34 0.004±0.001 5.92±0.044 0.213±0.043 26.00±0.24 1.231±0.18 0.032±0.05 0.239±0.07

Kusunda A7 0.06±0.33 0.003±0.002 1.093±0.023 0.109±0.044 2.98±0.28 1.890±0.13 0.049±0.06 0.239±0.06

East Bassuriya A8 0.032±0.23 0.003±0.002 0.399±0.332 0.213±0.341 11.04±0.24 0.410±0.11 0.047±0.05 0.231±0.05

Tetulmari A9 0.052±0.12 0.002±0.001 1.333±0.033 0.031±0.044 0.92±0.33 0.592±0.14 0.031±0.06 0.215±0.06

Sijua A10 0.080±0.24 0.0002±0.003 0.534±0.045 0.213±0.034 6.01±0.31 0.342±0.11 0.032±0.03 0.231±0.03

Katras A11 0.123±0.31 0.0011±0.005 1.064±0.033 0.102±0.552 0.99±0.24 2.010±0.14 0.021±007 0.161±0.06

Muraidih A12 0.004±0.22 0.0023±0.003 1.453±0.023 0.013±0.0342 2.34±0.33 0.592±0.14 0.024±0.02 0.123±0.62

Baghmara A13 0.007±0.23 0.0034±0.008 0.764±0.023 1.01±0.032 16.67±0.25 0.982±0.15 0.026±0.03 0.162±0.05

Kharkharee A14 0.003±0.21 0.0011±0.004 0.194±0.331 0.021±0.032 2.98±0.26 0.134±0.17 0.021±0.04 0.191±0.05

Mohuda A15 0.032±0.09 0.0021±0.003 0.221±0.044 0.212±0.033 13.23±0.25 0.592±0.19 0.021±0.02 0.175±0.24

Murulidih A16 0.001±0.12 0.0022±0.002 0.098±0.055 0.043±0.043 0.234±0.27 0.412±0.21 0.022±0.03 0.152±0.21

Bastacola A17 0.022±0.22 0.0022±0.002 1.68±0.058 1.12±0.054 20.0±0.33 1.611±0.24 0.022±0.01 0.275±0.14

Jamadoba A18 0.012±0.32 0.0012±0.001 0.233±0.033 0.023±0.044 6.87±0.35 0.543±0.33 0.024±0.07 0.215±0.17

Tisra A19 0.003±0.22 0.0004±0.004 0.349±0.021 0.054±0.045 3.76±0.44 0.422±0.35 0.017±0.04 0.083±0.21

Barari A20 0.001±0.23 0.0002±0.003 0.462±0.033 0.011±0.66 2.12±0.44 0.312±0.11 0.025±0.02 0.162±0.23

Sudamdih A21 0.009±0.12 0.002±0.005 0.522±0.032 0.232±0.56 2.34±0.45 0.423±0.09 0.036±0.04 0.095±0.10

Chasnala A22 0.003±0.14 0.001±0.004 2.00±0.044 0.165±0.34 0.768±0.55 0.578±0.06 0.022±0.04 0.245±0.07

BIT-Sindri A23 0.003±0.34 0.002±0.003 0.651±0045 0.112±0.66 6.782±0.21 0.112±0.03 0.007±0.23 0.165±0.03

ISM Campus A24 0.0002±0.33 0.0034±0.002 0.201±0.034 0.102±0.21 2.882±0.15 0.231±0.03 0.008±0.12 0.073±0.05

Madhuband A25 0.042±0.44 0.00045±0.002 1.4±0.037 0.045±0.23 11.55±0.18 0.165±0.04 0.042±0.14 0.247±0.08

Lohapatti A26 0.093±0.23 0.003±0.001 0.302±0.022 0.046±0.27 10.22±0.19 0.154±0.03 0.038±0.16 0.243±0.05

Bhatdih A27 0.0004±0.22 0.003±0.002 0.267±0.033 0.043±0.21 6.91±0.23 0.167±0.04 0.021±0.12 0.032±0.04

Singra A28 0.007±0.34 0.0034±0.002 0.433±0.021 0.013±0.23 8.56±0.26 0.178±0.08 0.016±0.11 0.053±0.03

Jarma A29 0.007±0.21 0.0032±0.003 0.483±0.110 0.143±0.22 7.88±0.22 0.634±0.03 0.012±0.09 0.082±0.04

Lodna A30 0.003±0.33 0.0031±0.002 2.123±0.221 0.121±0.25 2.33±0.23 0.623±0.02 0.038±0.04 0.247±0.06

Patherdih A31 0.004±0.32 0.006±0.002 1.45±0.331 0.054±0.32 2.65±0.22 0.432±0.07 0.045±0.05 0.193±0.12


115

Table 5.8: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Post Monsoon Season in µg/m3


Steel Gate A1 0.680±0.02 0.031±0.02 2.215±0.23 0.213±0.03 5.78±0.32 0.290±0.04 0.061±0.001 0.239±.0002

ISM-Main Gate A2 0.790±0.31 0.038±0.04 2.22±0.31 0.223±0.03 5.67±0.34 0.212±0.03 0.051±0.003 0.218±0.003

Bus Stand A3 0.612±0.33 0.023±0.05 2.27±0.33 0.341±0.02 5.89±024 0.247±006 0.052±0.01 0.226±0.001

Court More A4 0.722±0.26 0.0045±0.002 2.36±0.22 0.214±0.05 5.69±0.21 0.259±0.03 0.051±0.03 0.226±0.005


Bank More A6 0.791±0.11 0.031±0.01 6.317±0.17 0.488±0.04 32.45±0.45 1.395±0.04 0.073±0.23 0.213±0.001

Kusunda A7 0.293±0.13 0.034±0.008 2.15±0.26 0.223±0.04 3.44±0.21 2.197±0.06 0.081±0.12 0.425±0.002

East Bassuriya A8 0.072±0.15 0.003±0.009 0.721±0.29 0.231±0.05 18.98±0.23 2.212±0.27 0.082±0.04 0.367±0.002

Tetulmari A9 0.162±0.11 0.004±0.006 2.185±0.31 0.432±0.03 1.45±0.26 0.455±0.09 0.050±0.05 0.311±0.002

Sijua A10 0.022±0.24 0.004±0.005 1.58±0.28 0.59±0.23 6.23±0.11 0.660±0.23 0.087±0.06 0.376±0.002

Katras A11 0.540±0.28 0.0012±0.004 1.88±0.24 0.234±0.03 1.57±0.23 0.368±0.22 0.064±0.09 0.247±0.004

Muraidih A12 0.090±0.25 0.011±0.006 2.055±0.27 0.321±0.04 3.00±0.21 2.303±0.03 0.063±0.04 0.272±0.001

Baghmara A13 0.421±0.23 0.0032±0.003 0.992±0.04 1.61±0.11 17.45±0.11 0.611±0.11 0.063±0.05 0.394±0.09

Kharkharee A14 0.080±0.10 0.007±0.006 0.495±0.06 0.231±0.13 3.67±0.34 1.033±0.03 0.053±0.02 0.320±0.08

Mohuda A15 0.423±0.09 0.006±0.003 0.511±0.03 0.342±0.05 19.66±0.12 0.165±0.04 0.055±0.05 0.214±0.05

Murulidih A16 0.060±0.6 0.0003±0.0006 0.65±0.39 0.188±0.24 0.899±0.10 0.626±0.05 0.055±0.02 0.247±0.02

Bastacola A17 0.290±0.11 0.005±0.002 2.11±0.02 1.641±0.26 28.38±0.25 0.456±0.01 0.049±0.01 0.399±0.04

Jamadoba A18 0.090±0.16 0.003±0.001 0.677±0.06 0.077±0.05 12.66±0.27 1.665±0.03 0.041±0.05 0.376±0.06

Tisra A19 0.042±0.11 0.002±0.003 0.834±0.03 0.089±0.07 6.34±0.45 0.596±0.04 0.051±0.02 0.157±0.03

Barari A20 0.003±0.13 0.0003±0.0001 0.895±0.33 0.213±0.002 4.55±0.54 0.468±0.01 0.039±0.03 0.247±0.03

Sudamdih A21 0.193±0.15 0.002±0.003 0.94±0.05 0.033±0.001 4.12±0.23 0.334±0.03 0.086±0.01 0.119±0.05

Chasnala A22 0.182±0.29 0.005±0.004 2.28±0.21 1.233±0.32 1.23±0.12 0.473±0.04 0.03±0.05 0.445±0.06

BIT-Sindri A23 0.009±0.27 0.002±0.001 1.040±0.26 0.443±0.04 10.56±0.11 0.611±0.01 0.021±0.05 0.270±0.01

ISM Campus A24 0.006±0.31 0.003±0.001 0.580±0.21 0.234±0.07 4.66±0.09 0.185±0.03 0.022±0.01 0.125±0.001

Madhuband A25 0.342±0.23 0.005±0.002 2.07±0.05 0.221±0.21 16.34±0.05 0.243±0.04 0.075±0.05 0.429±0.002

Lohapatti A26 0.352±0.22 0.003±0.001 0.73±0.04 0.341±0.23 14.24±0.03 0.182±0.01 0.082±0.03 0.420±0.004

Bhatdih A27 0.122±0.30 0.016±0.002 0.725±0.03 0.652±0.05 11.34±.05 0.1865±0.02 0.036±0.02 0.142±0.001

Singra A28 0.071±0.07 0.006±0.002 0.95±0.08 0.213±0.02 11.77±0.31 0.182±0.02 0.037±0.07 0.13±0.0002

Jarma A29 0.081±0.04 0.006±0.003 0.87±0.04 0.234±0.06 11.54±0.34 0.631±0.01 0.042±0.02 0.235±0.001

Lodna A30 0.193±0.03 0.004±0.002 2.58±0.27 0.255±0.01 4.34±0.23 0.649±0.04 0.078±0.01 0.395±0.003

Patherdih A31 0.400±0.06 0.004±0.001 1.96±0.12 0.219±0.08 4.45±0.25 0.454±0.05 0.065±0.06 0.32±0.003


116

Figure 5.16: Pb concentration at various sampling locations

Figure 5.17: Ni concentration at various sampling locations

Figure 5.18: Cu concentration at various sampling location


117

Cadmium (Cd): Cd concentration varies from 0.007 µg/m3 to 0.093 µg/m

3 at various

locations of the study area during various season. Location Sijua (A10) recorded

higher concentration during winter and summer (0.085 µg/m3

and 0.088 µg/m3),

respectively (Figure 5.22). Higher Cd at A10 (Sijua), A18(Jamadoba),

A21(Sudamdih), A25(Madhuband), A26 (Lohapatti), A30 (Lodna) and

A31(Patherdih) is due to combustion of coal in coal mines and mine fire and from

refuse incineration (EC, 2004). Cd levels in exhaust emissions have been related to

the composition of gasoline, motor oil, car tires and roadside deposition of the

residues of those materials as well as traffic density (Sharma and Prasad, 2010).

Chromium (Cr): Figure 5.23 shows the seasonal variation of Cr concentration at

various locations of the study area their concentration varies from 0.032 µg/m3 to

0.521µg/m3.Higher concentration was shown by A22 (Chasnala), A25(Maduband)

and A26 (Lohapatti) locations. Chromium is released into the air by fumes from

stainless steel (SS) welding (WHO, 2000; Langard, 1994; Danielsen et al., 1993) and

from the wear and tear of brake lining, tire and rust particles of the vehicles

(Sadasivan and Negi, 1990; Hopke, 1980).

Figure 5.19: Mn concentration at various sampling locations


118

Figure 5.20: Fe concentration at various sampling locations

Figure 5.21: Zn concentration at various sampling locations

Figure 5.22: Cd concentration at various sampling locations


119

Figure 5.23: Cr concentration at various sampling location

These contributions which appear insignificant can be a significant factor at traffic

junction on a long term basis, if the Cr is getting associated with the road dust.

On an average basis, the decreasing elemental concentration trend was:

Fe>Cu>Zn>Mn>Cr>Cd>Pb>Ni. The high level of Fe was due to crustal derived

elements (Al-Momani et al., 2005).

5.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

The objective of performing FTIR analysis was to determine the transformation of

chemical characteristics on combustion and to find out the distribution of these

chemical characteristics.

FTIR spectra of respirable particulate matter collected from selected locations

are given in Figures 5.24 to 5.33. FTIR spectra of air dust samples showed different

peaks corresponding to various stretching and bending vibrations of the certain

functional groups. The FTIR study showed the presence of broad bands due to O-H

stretching between 3315-3697 cm-1

.


120

Figure 5.24: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A2 (ISM-Main Gate)

Figure 5.25: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A6 (Bank More)


121

Figure 5.26: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A7 (Kusunda)

Figure 5.27: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A9 (Tetulmari)


122

Figure 5.28: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A13 (Baghmara)

Figure 5.29: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A15 (Mohuda-More)


123

Figure 5.30: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A18 (Jamadoba)

Figure 5.31: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A23 (BIT- Sindri)


124

Figure 5.32: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A25 (Madhuband)

Figure 5.33: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A31 (Patherdih)

This also showed a characteristic band of kaolinite at 695 cm-1

. Weak intensity

bands for aliphatic -CH2 group were also found in some of the samples. All the

samples contain O-H and N-H, methyl group bonded to benzene ring, carboxylate

group, inorganic phosphates, and silica their wave length varies from 3200-3700 cm-

1 and 2925±5 cm

-1, 1650-1540 cm

-1 and 600-500 cm

-1 450 cm

-1 respectively. In some

of the samples inorganic sulphates were present showing wave length in the range of

680-610 cm-1

. The results of FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of functional


125

groups as indicated in Table 5.9. Standard frequencies in cm-1

of the particulate matter

are given in Table 5.10.

Table 5.9: FTIR data of Dust Samples (PM10) at Various Locations

Station code Most Probable Functional Group

A2 (ISM-Main

Gate)

Hydroxyl or Amine, Methyl, Inorganic sulphate, Inorganic

phosphate, Silica

A6 (Bank More)

Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate

A7 (Kusunda) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates,Phosphtes, Inorganic Phosphate

A9 (Tetulmari) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfonate, Inorganic Phosphate.

A13 (Baghmara) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfonate, Sulfoxide, Phosphates,

Inorganic Phosphate.

A15 (Mohuda

More)

Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate

A18 (Jamadoba) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfoxide, Inorganic Phosphate,

A23 (BIT- Sindri) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Aldehyde, Sulfoxide, Inorganic Phosphate,

A25 (Madhuband) Hydroxyl, Methyl,Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate, Sulfoxide,

A31(Patherdih) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate,

Table 5.10: Standard frequencies of FTIR

Functional Groups/

Group wave number

Vibrations/Substitution Standard Frequencies

O−H or N−H Silanol SiO−H Stretch 3200−3700

Methyl Groups Bonded

to Benzene Rings

CH3 Symmetric Stretch 2925±5

CH3 Bend overtone 2865±5

Alkynes C≡C Stretch 2260−2190

Aldehyde Saturated C=O Stretch 1730±10

Aromatic C=O Stretch 1710−1685

Carboxylates Asymmetric CO2 Stretch 1650−1540

Symmetric CO2 Stretch 1450−1360

Sulfonate/ Sulfate Asymmetric SO2 Stretch 1430−1330/ 1450−1350

Inorganic Sulfates S−O Stretch 1140-−1080

Sulfoxide S=O Stretch 1070−1030

Inorganic Sulfates S−O Stretch 1140−1080

Inorganic Sulfates S−O Bend 680−610

Phosphates PO4-3

Stretch 1100−1000

(broad & strong)

Inorganic carbonates C−O Stretch 1510−1410

Out of plane C−O 880−876

C−N(CH3)2 Stretch ~ 1505

Silica Si−O−Si Asymmetric Stretch 1200−1000

Inorganic Phosphates PO4-3

Bend 600−500

Silica Si−O−Si Bend ~ 450


126

5.3 SUMMARY

Characterization of particulate matter is enumerated in this chapter which depict the

particles are falling under <1µm size range and this was dominated in the respirable

fraction of dust particles. Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr and Mn were found as major

trace elements in respirable dust. Further, SEM analysis with EDS deals with particles

morphology and elemental composition, which shows its origin in the study area. This

also indicates the presence of C, Si, Ca, S, Na, Cl, Fe and Mg in major amount. The

chapter also incorporated mineral composition and functional groups of elements

present in the dust particles through XRD and FTIR analysis, respectively. Results of

XRD analysis depicts Quartz (SiO2), Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Dolomite (CaMg

(CO3)2) and traces of CaSO4, CoSO4, As2O3.SO3, NiS2, FeSO4, ZnO, BaSO4 and

CuSO4 to be in most of the locations during interpreting the X-ray diffractogram.

These revealed the existence of trace elements mainly in the form of hydroxyl,

methyl, carboxylates and sulphates. FTIR studies also inferred strong mineral bands

of Quartz, Kaolinite and aromatic methyl group (CH2). From SEM micrographs of

PM10, it can be inferred that the particles are spherical, irregular and crystalline in

shape. This information helps in to identify the sources of origin of the particulate

emission.

chapter 5 characterization of particulate matter 5.0...

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