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Organizational Behavior13th Edition

Stephen P. Robbins I Timothy A. Judge I Seema Sanghi

Iffat Sabir Chaudhry, PhD. Scholar,LecturerManagement Sciences Dept, Preston University, Islamabad

Email: ch.iffat@yahoo.com

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Ch 9: Foundations of Group Behavior

1. Definition & Types of Groups

2. Stages of Group Development2.1 The Five Stage Model

2.2 Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

3. Group Properties3.1 Roles3.2 Norms3.3 Status

3.4 Size3.5 Cohesiveness

4. Group Decision Making4.1 Group vs. Individual4.2 Group Thinking & Group Shift

4.3 Group Decision Making Techniques

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1. Groups

1.1 Definition:

Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, whohave come together to achieve particular objectives.

1.2 Types of Groups:a. Formal group

b. Informal group

c. Command group

d. Task group

e. Interest groupf. Friendship group

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2. Stages of Group Development

2.1 The Five Stage Model:

a. Pre-stage 1 b. Stage 1: Forming

c. Stage II: Storming d. Stage III: Norming

e. Stage IV: Performing f. Stage V: Adjourning

Pre-stage I Stage I:

FormingStage II:

Storming

Stage III:

Norming

Stage IV:

Performing

Stage V:

Adjourning

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2.2 ThePunctuated-EquilibriumModelTemporary groups go through transitions between inertia and activity.

a. First meeting sets group directionb. First phase generates inertia

c. At about half-time, sudden transition takes placed. The transition initiates major changese. Second phase of inertia followsf. Last meeting shows markedly accelerated activity

Phase 1

First

MeetingTransition

Phase 2 Completion

(High)

(Low)A (A+B)/2 B

Performan

ce

Time

2. Stages of Group Development

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3. Group Properties

3.1 Roles: Several types of roles are involved

i. Role: A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someoneoccupying a given position in a social unit.

ii. Role Identity: Certain attitudes and behaviors that are

consistent with a role.iii. Role Perception:An individuals view of how he or she is

supposed to act on a given situation.

iv. Role Expectations: How others believe a person should act in agiven situation.

v. Psychological Contract: An unwritten agreement that sets outwhat management expects from the employee, and vice versa.

vi. Role Conflict: A situation in which an individual is confrontedby divergent role expectations.

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3.2 Norms:Acceptable standards of behavior within a group sharedby the groups members.

a. Common Classes of Norms:i. Performance Normsii. Appearance Norms

iii. Social Arrangement Normsiv. Allocation of Resources Norms

b. Conformity:Adjusting ones behavior to align with the norms ofthe group.Reference Group: Important groups to which individuals belong

or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely toconform.

c. Deviant Workplace Behavior:Antisocial actions byorganizational members that intentionally violate establishednorms and that result in negative consequences for the

organization, its members, or both.

3. Group Properties

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3.3 Status:A socially defined position or rank given to groups orgroup members by others.

a. Status Characteristics Theory: Differences in statuscharacteristics create status hierarchies within groups.

b. Status and Norms: Status has effect on norms. High-status tendsto dilute conformity to norms.

c. Status and Group Interaction: Status influences interactionamong group members. Status differences inhibit diversity ofideas and creativity in groups.

d. Status Inequity: The status hierarchy should be equitable, thatis, people expect rewards proportionate to their inputs. Inequitycreates disequilibrium and results in various types of correctivebehavior.

e. Status and Culture: Status is affected by cross-culturaldifferences. Status may be important in some cultures and not in

others.

3. Group Properties

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3.4 Size: The size of the group affects group behavior in relation tothe dependent variable being considered. Small groups are moreefficient in completing tasks; large groups are better at problemsolving.

Social Loafing: The tendency for individuals to expend less effortwhen working collectively than when working individually.

3.5 Cohesiveness: The degree to which group members areattracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. The

relationship between group cohesiveness, performance norms andgroup productivity is shown in the Groups-Norms-ProductivityMatrix.

Exhibit: 9

3. Group Properties

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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness,

Performance Norms, and Productivity

Cohesiveness

High Low

Perform

anceNorm

High

Low

High

productivityModerate

productivity

Low

productivity

Moderate to low

productivity

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4. Group Decision Making

4.1 Group Versus Individual:

a. Strengths of Group Decision Making:Groups generate better information, more quantity ofinformation, and provide more inputs to the decision process.

b. Weaknesses of Group Decision Making: Group decisionsare time-consuming, conformity pressures reduce effectiveness,group processes may be dominated by a few members, groupdecisions have ambiguous responsibility.

c. Effectiveness and Efficiency:Group decisions tend to be more accurate, creative andacceptable; while group decisions are poor in terms of speed andconsume more resources and time.

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4. Group Decision Making

4.2 Groupthink and Groupshift:

a. Groupthink:

Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the

realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

b. Groupshift:A change in decision risk between the groupsdecisions and the individual decision that members within thegroup would make; can be either towards conservatism or greater

risk.

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4. Group Decision Making

4.3 Group Decision-Making Techniques

a. Interacting Groups: Typical groups in which membersinteract with each other face-to-face. This is the most commonform of group decision making.

b. Brainstorming: An idea-generation process that specificallyencourages any and all alternatives, while withholding anycriticism of those alternatives.

c. Nominal Group Technique: A group decision-makingmethod in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool

their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

d. Electronic Meeting: A meeting in which members interacton computers, allowing for anonymity of comments andaggregation of votes.

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Assignment- 6

Q 1. Discuss the stages of group development.

Submission Deadline: Next class

Submit in Handwritten or Printed Form