Chapter Thirty-One: Chapter Thirty-One:

The Making of Industrial SocietyThe Making of Industrial Society

Bentley & Ziegler, TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS, 2/e

Today’s topicsToday’s topics

The Foundations of IndustrializationThe Foundations of Industrialization Industrial SocietyIndustrial Society

• Social consequencesSocial consequences• Political consequencesPolitical consequences• Global consequencesGlobal consequences

SoccerSoccer

Today’s questionsToday’s questions

Why did the industrial revolution take Why did the industrial revolution take place?place?

What were the major consequences What were the major consequences of the industrial revolution?of the industrial revolution?

Why isn’t soccer the national game Why isn’t soccer the national game of the United States?of the United States?

Foundations of IndustrializationFoundations of Industrialization The British advantage: agricultural The British advantage: agricultural

productivity, numerous skilled artisans, productivity, numerous skilled artisans, navigable waterways, advanced banking navigable waterways, advanced banking and financial institutions, a supportive and financial institutions, a supportive governmentgovernment

The backdrop was that of an increasing The backdrop was that of an increasing consumer demand in Europe – an early consumer demand in Europe – an early integration of marketsintegration of markets

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

• Foundations of IndustrializationFoundations of Industrialization Industrialization was fuelled by the Industrialization was fuelled by the pace of pace of

innovationinnovation – good examples are with Crompton’s – good examples are with Crompton’s ‘mule’ (1779) and Cartwright’s power loom (1785), or ‘mule’ (1779) and Cartwright’s power loom (1785), or Watt’s steam engine (1765) and Stephenson’s steam Watt’s steam engine (1765) and Stephenson’s steam locomotive (1815)locomotive (1815)

The factory system replaced the ‘putting out’ system The factory system replaced the ‘putting out’ system – but it also created a new urban laboring class, and – but it also created a new urban laboring class, and there were early revolts against industrialization by there were early revolts against industrialization by the Luddites who feared losing their livelihood and the Luddites who feared losing their livelihood and lifestylelifestyle

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

• Foundations of IndustrializationFoundations of Industrialization Britain eventually lost it’s lead as Belgium, France Britain eventually lost it’s lead as Belgium, France

and Germany began to develop.and Germany began to develop. By 1900, the United States, backed by plentiful labor By 1900, the United States, backed by plentiful labor

and resources, became a major industrial power and and resources, became a major industrial power and innovator (e.g. Eli Whitney’s use of interchangeable innovator (e.g. Eli Whitney’s use of interchangeable parts and Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly parts and Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly line). These innovations were backed by a set of line). These innovations were backed by a set of theoretical ideas (Taylorization)theoretical ideas (Taylorization)

Corporations and monopolies became the staples of Corporations and monopolies became the staples of western European and North American western European and North American IndustrializationIndustrialization

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

Industrial SocietyIndustrial Society• Long term effects of the industrial revolutionLong term effects of the industrial revolution

Population growth: the population of Europe grew Population growth: the population of Europe grew from 105 to 390 million between 1700 and 1900, and from 105 to 390 million between 1700 and 1900, and that of the Americas from 13 to 145 million. The that of the Americas from 13 to 145 million. The fertility rate declined, but the mortality rate fertility rate declined, but the mortality rate plummeted.plummeted.

Growth of consumerism and a ‘wage economy’Growth of consumerism and a ‘wage economy’ Emergence of major industrial citiesEmergence of major industrial cities Emergence of the middle classes and a narrowing of Emergence of the middle classes and a narrowing of

the gap between the richest and poorestthe gap between the richest and poorest

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

• Social Effects of IndustrializationSocial Effects of Industrialization The transformation of the family, with the rise of the The transformation of the family, with the rise of the

nuclear family and the destruction of the extended nuclear family and the destruction of the extended familty as an economic unit.familty as an economic unit.

Changing gender roles (but was there ever a ‘golden Changing gender roles (but was there ever a ‘golden era’ of women’s roles?). Women became seen as a era’ of women’s roles?). Women became seen as a source of cheap, unskilled, often temporary, laborsource of cheap, unskilled, often temporary, labor

On the positive side, slavery was eventually On the positive side, slavery was eventually abolished as the plentiful supply of cheap labor abolished as the plentiful supply of cheap labor rendered it economically inefficientrendered it economically inefficient

On the negative side, the condition of the proletariat On the negative side, the condition of the proletariat was little more than slaverywas little more than slavery

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

• Political consequences of Political consequences of industrializationindustrialization

As the middle-classes became more and As the middle-classes became more and more prosperous, there were increasing more prosperous, there were increasing demands for political inclusion and demands for political inclusion and democracy (succeeded in Britain, failed in democracy (succeeded in Britain, failed in Germany)Germany)

Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism were born as ideologies that opposed the were born as ideologies that opposed the brutal conditions of the proletariatbrutal conditions of the proletariat

Trade Unions emerged to fight for better Trade Unions emerged to fight for better working conditions and worker’s rightsworking conditions and worker’s rights

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

• Global Effects of IndustrializationGlobal Effects of Industrialization Industrialization eventually spread to some Industrialization eventually spread to some

places beyond western Europe and the places beyond western Europe and the United States, e.g. Russia and JapanUnited States, e.g. Russia and Japan

However, many colonies became not However, many colonies became not industrial powers but suppliers of raw industrial powers but suppliers of raw materials – some later industrialized, but materials – some later industrialized, but others remained dependent on others remained dependent on industrialized nationsindustrialized nations

Chapter Thirty-One:The Making of Industrial Society

Today’s questions revisitedToday’s questions revisited The industrial revolution was the outcome of a The industrial revolution was the outcome of a

series of circumstantial factors – agricultural series of circumstantial factors – agricultural reform, technological innovation, capital reform, technological innovation, capital formation, and political willformation, and political will

The industrial revolution truly transformed The industrial revolution truly transformed society, and created an entirely new landscape of society, and created an entirely new landscape of social and gender relations; it also unleashed social and gender relations; it also unleashed powerful new political ideologiespowerful new political ideologies

There is no soccer in the United States because of There is no soccer in the United States because of the historical fragmentation of the working the historical fragmentation of the working classes and the Taylorization of the economy!classes and the Taylorization of the economy!