Chapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One

The World at WarThe World at WarChapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One

The World at WarThe World at War

Culture and ValuesCunningham and Reich and Fichner-

Rathus, 8th Ed.

Culture and ValuesCunningham and Reich and Fichner-

Rathus, 8th Ed.

World War I begins in 1914 Panama Canal opens Germans use poison gas and sink the Lusitania The October Revolution brings communism to Russia in 1917 United States enters World War I in 1917 The war ends in 1918 Women receive the right to vote in Britain in 1918 Prohibition begins in the United States in 1919 1920 ce – 1929ce Women receive the right to vote in the United States in 1920 Fascists rise to power in Italy Lindbergh makes the first solo flight from the United States

to Europe in 1927 Television images are transmitted from Washington, DC, to

New York City in 1927 Fleming discovers penicillin in 1928 First sound movie is produced in 1928

World War I begins in 1914 Panama Canal opens Germans use poison gas and sink the Lusitania The October Revolution brings communism to Russia in 1917 United States enters World War I in 1917 The war ends in 1918 Women receive the right to vote in Britain in 1918 Prohibition begins in the United States in 1919 1920 ce – 1929ce Women receive the right to vote in the United States in 1920 Fascists rise to power in Italy Lindbergh makes the first solo flight from the United States

to Europe in 1927 Television images are transmitted from Washington, DC, to

New York City in 1927 Fleming discovers penicillin in 1928 First sound movie is produced in 1928

1929 ce – 1939ce The U.S. Stock market crashes in 1929 The Great Depression begins The analog computer is invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in

1930 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is first elected president in 1932 Roosevelt declares, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself” Prohibition ends in 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany in 1933 The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) Golden Gate Bridge opens in 1937 Japan invades China in 1937 1939 ce – 1941ce Hitler invades Poland in 1939 Einstein alerts Roosevelt of the need to develop an atom bomb in 1939 The Netherlands, Belgium, and France are all taken by German blitzkrieg in 1940 Hitler invades Russia in 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war on Dec. 7,

1941 1941 ce – 1945ceThe United States defeats Japanese fleet at Midway in 1942 The Soviet Union defeats Germany at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943 The Allies land in Normandy on June 6, 1944 Germany surrenders in 1945 The United States drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 World War II ends

1929 ce – 1939ce The U.S. Stock market crashes in 1929 The Great Depression begins The analog computer is invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in

1930 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is first elected president in 1932 Roosevelt declares, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself” Prohibition ends in 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany in 1933 The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) Golden Gate Bridge opens in 1937 Japan invades China in 1937 1939 ce – 1941ce Hitler invades Poland in 1939 Einstein alerts Roosevelt of the need to develop an atom bomb in 1939 The Netherlands, Belgium, and France are all taken by German blitzkrieg in 1940 Hitler invades Russia in 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war on Dec. 7,

1941 1941 ce – 1945ceThe United States defeats Japanese fleet at Midway in 1942 The Soviet Union defeats Germany at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943 The Allies land in Normandy on June 6, 1944 Germany surrenders in 1945 The United States drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 World War II ends

The Great War (World War I)The Great War (World War I)

Drastic loss of lifeSociopolitical consequences

October RevolutionHitler’s National Socialist movement

Cultural consequencesTransportation, communicationEntertainment

Drastic loss of lifeSociopolitical consequences

October RevolutionHitler’s National Socialist movement

Cultural consequencesTransportation, communicationEntertainment

Art Out of the AshesArt Out of the Ashes

Max Beckman (1884-1980)Humankind’s descent into cruelty and

madnessNight (1918-1919)

Pablo PicassoExpressed the “brutality and darkness

” of the age

Max Beckman (1884-1980)Humankind’s descent into cruelty and

madnessNight (1918-1919)

Pablo PicassoExpressed the “brutality and darkness

” of the age

Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas, 

Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas, 

Max Beckman, Departure1932-33

Oil on canvastriptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X

39 1/4"

Max Beckman, Departure1932-33

Oil on canvastriptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X

39 1/4"

Art as Protest: GuernicaArt as Protest: Guernica

Picasso’s protest against inhumanity

Hope in the face of horrorInspired by destruction of war

Social, pivotal documentExpressionistic, CubistTechnical experimentation

Picasso’s protest against inhumanity

Hope in the face of horrorInspired by destruction of war

Social, pivotal documentExpressionistic, CubistTechnical experimentation

21.3 Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 193721.3 Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation

Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)Photography

Dorothea Lange

Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)Photography

Dorothea Lange

21.4 Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936

21.4 Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936

Modernist temperWilliam Butler Yeats (1865-1939)T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)

Necessity of cultural continuityThe Wasteland Four Quartets

James Joyce (1882-1941)Cultural stability found through artEpiphany, autobiographyAlienated artistStream of consciousness

Modernist temperWilliam Butler Yeats (1865-1939)T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)

Necessity of cultural continuityThe Wasteland Four Quartets

James Joyce (1882-1941)Cultural stability found through artEpiphany, autobiographyAlienated artistStream of consciousness

LiteratureLiterature

LiteratureLiterature

Franz Kafka (1883-1924)“Kafkaesque”Guilt, loss, oppression, violence

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Writer, critic (Bloomsbury Group)Social, economic, and intellectual

discrimination against women

Franz Kafka (1883-1924)“Kafkaesque”Guilt, loss, oppression, violence

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Writer, critic (Bloomsbury Group)Social, economic, and intellectual

discrimination against women

LiteratureLiterature

Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)Babbitt (1922)“a chicken in every pot…”Mindless materialism

Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)Brave New World (1932)Technology as tool for totalitarian

control

Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)Babbitt (1922)“a chicken in every pot…”Mindless materialism

Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)Brave New World (1932)Technology as tool for totalitarian

control

The Visual ArtsThe Visual ArtsThe Visual ArtsThe Visual Arts

Abstract Art291 GalleryGeorgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986)The Armory Show

Marcel DuchampCharles Demuth (1883-1935)

Destijl or NeoplasticismTheo van Doesburg (1883-1931)Constantine Brancusi

Abstract Art291 GalleryGeorgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986)The Armory Show

Marcel DuchampCharles Demuth (1883-1935)

Destijl or NeoplasticismTheo van Doesburg (1883-1931)Constantine Brancusi

21.5 Georgia O ’Keeffe, White Iris, 1924

21.5 Georgia O ’Keeffe, White Iris, 1924

21.6 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (No. 2), 1912

21.6 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (No. 2), 1912

Charles Demuth, 

My Egypt, 1927. Oil on

composition board,

35 ¾″ × 30″ Whitney

Museum of American Art, New

York, New York.

Charles Demuth, 

My Egypt, 1927. Oil on

composition board,

35 ¾″ × 30″ Whitney

Museum of American Art, New

York, New York.

I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold

, 1928

Charles Demuth

(American

, 1883–1935)

Oil on cardboard; 35 1/2 x

30 in.

I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold

, 1928

Charles Demuth

(American

, 1883–1935)

Oil on cardboard; 35 1/2 x

30 in.

Theo von Doesburg, The Cow (composition), 1917Gouache, oil, and charcoal on paper

Theo von Doesburg, The Cow (composition), 1917Gouache, oil, and charcoal on paper

Theo van Doesburg,

 Composition, 1929.

Oil on canvas, 11

⅞″ × 11 ⅞″ Philadelphia

Museum of Art,

Theo van Doesburg,

 Composition, 1929.

Oil on canvas, 11

⅞″ × 11 ⅞″ Philadelphia

Museum of Art,

Constantin Brancusi, Bird in Space, 1924. Polished bronze, 56 ½″ high, including base  . 

DadaDada

Protest against warNonsense language, dissonant music,

anarchic irreverence Marcel Duchamp

Mobiles, ready-madesL.H.O.O.Q. (1919)

Protest against warNonsense language, dissonant music,

anarchic irreverence Marcel Duchamp

Mobiles, ready-madesL.H.O.O.Q. (1919)

21.10 Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

21.10 Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

SurrealismSurrealism

SurrealismBreton’s Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)

Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1899)Id, ego, superegoDreams and the unconscious mind

Psychoanalysis as philosophyHuman and cultural behaviors

SurrealismBreton’s Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)

Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1899)Id, ego, superegoDreams and the unconscious mind

Psychoanalysis as philosophyHuman and cultural behaviors

SurrealismSurrealism

Salvadore DaliThe Persistence of Memory (1931)

Frida Kahlo Diego in my Thoughts (1949)

Joan Miro (1893-1983)

Salvadore DaliThe Persistence of Memory (1931)

Frida Kahlo Diego in my Thoughts (1949)

Joan Miro (1893-1983)

21.14 Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 193121.14 Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

21.15 Joan Miro, Painting, 193321.15 Joan Miro, Painting, 1933

21.16 Frida Kahlo, Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo), 1949

21.16 Frida Kahlo, Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo), 1949

The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance

African American writers, artists, intellectuals, musicians

Themes of African American experienceRoots, racism, culture, religion

W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963)African American self-identity, cultural

identity, racial identity Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)

African American writers, artists, intellectuals, musicians

Themes of African American experienceRoots, racism, culture, religion

W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963)African American self-identity, cultural

identity, racial identity Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)

21.17 Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, ca. 1927

21.17 Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, ca. 1927

21.18 Jacob Lawrence, The Life of Harriet Tubman, No. 4, 1939-1940

21.18 Jacob Lawrence, The Life of Harriet Tubman, No. 4, 1939-1940

Figurative Art in the United States

Figurative Art in the United States

Grant Wood (1891-1942)Midwestern regionalismAmerican Gothic, (1930)

Edward Hopper (1882-1967)Nighthawks (1942)Unmistakable American city

Grant Wood (1891-1942)Midwestern regionalismAmerican Gothic, (1930)

Edward Hopper (1882-1967)Nighthawks (1942)Unmistakable American city

Grant Wood, American

Gothic, 1930. Oil on

beaverboard, 30 ¾″ × 25 ¾″

Grant Wood, American

Gothic, 1930. Oil on

beaverboard, 30 ¾″ × 25 ¾″

Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942.

Oil on canvas. 33 ⅛″ × 60″ 

Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942.

Oil on canvas. 33 ⅛″ × 60″ 

FilmFilm

Busby BerkeleySalvadore Dali and Luis Brunel

Unchien AnalouThe Wizard of OzGone With the WindPropaganda as high art

Radio, filmEducate, persuade, shape public opinion

Busby BerkeleySalvadore Dali and Luis Brunel

Unchien AnalouThe Wizard of OzGone With the WindPropaganda as high art

Radio, filmEducate, persuade, shape public opinion

FilmFilmFilmFilm

Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948)Strike! (1924), Ivan the Terrible (1944,

1946)Class struggle, the working class,

socialismAlexander Nevsky with Prokofiev

(1938)Potemkin and the October Revolution

(1925)

Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948)Strike! (1924), Ivan the Terrible (1944,

1946)Class struggle, the working class,

socialismAlexander Nevsky with Prokofiev

(1938)Potemkin and the October Revolution

(1925)

FilmFilm

Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003)Triumph of the Will (1936)

Documentary of 1934 Nazi congressGlorification of Nazi virtues

Olympia (1938)Documentary of the 1936 Berlin

OlympicsHomage to Hitler vs. beauty of sport

Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003)Triumph of the Will (1936)

Documentary of 1934 Nazi congressGlorification of Nazi virtues

Olympia (1938)Documentary of the 1936 Berlin

OlympicsHomage to Hitler vs. beauty of sport

Music in the Jazz AgeMusic in the Jazz Age

African-American experience, heritageIntonations, rhyhms“Blue note” / the BluesRagtime (Scott Joplin)

From New Orleans to Chicago12-bar bluesCall-and-Response, Scatting

African-American experience, heritageIntonations, rhyhms“Blue note” / the BluesRagtime (Scott Joplin)

From New Orleans to Chicago12-bar bluesCall-and-Response, Scatting

Music in the Jazz AgeMusic in the Jazz Age

SwingDuke Ellington (1899-1974)

Orchestra virtuoso, prolific composerExtended jazz idiom to larger arena

George Gershwin (1898-1937)Jazz in symphonic, operatic worksRhapsody in Blue (1924)Porgy and Bess (1935)

SwingDuke Ellington (1899-1974)

Orchestra virtuoso, prolific composerExtended jazz idiom to larger arena

George Gershwin (1898-1937)Jazz in symphonic, operatic worksRhapsody in Blue (1924)Porgy and Bess (1935)

Ballet: Collaboration in ArtBallet: Collaboration in Art

Artistic integration:setting, movement, music, narrative

Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe (1909)Vast musical commissionsParade (1917):

Diaghilev, Cocteau, Satie, Picasso

Artistic integration:setting, movement, music, narrative

Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe (1909)Vast musical commissionsParade (1917):

Diaghilev, Cocteau, Satie, Picasso

ArchitectureArchitectureArchitectureArchitecture

Walter Gropius (1883-1969)The BauhausBauhaus style synonymous with

“modern”Frank Lloyd Wright

Naturalistic style

Walter Gropius (1883-1969)The BauhausBauhaus style synonymous with

“modern”Frank Lloyd Wright

Naturalistic style

Walter Gropius, technical wing, Bauhaus School, 1925–1927. Dessau, Germany.

Walter Gropius, technical wing, Bauhaus School, 1925–1927. Dessau, Germany.

Frank Lloyd Wright,

Kaufmann House

Fallingwater1936. Bear

Run, Pennsylvania

.

Frank Lloyd Wright,

Kaufmann House

Fallingwater1936. Bear

Run, Pennsylvania

.

World War IIWorld War IIWorld War IIWorld War II

German blitzkriegInvasion of the Soviet UnionHolocaustPearl Harbor

German blitzkriegInvasion of the Soviet UnionHolocaustPearl Harbor

Margaret Bourke-White, The Living Dead at Buchenwald, April 1945, 1945. Photograph.

http://life.time.com/history/buchenwald-photos-from-the-liberation-of-the-camp-april-1945/#19

http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide

Margaret Bourke-White, The Living Dead at Buchenwald, April 1945, 1945. Photograph.

http://life.time.com/history/buchenwald-photos-from-the-liberation-of-the-camp-april-1945/#19

http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide

Alfred Eisenstaedt, The Kiss, August 14, 1945.

Photograph.

Alfred Eisenstaedt, The Kiss, August 14, 1945.

Photograph.

Chapter Twenty-One: Discussion Questions

Chapter Twenty-One: Discussion Questions

What aspects of the “modernist temper” can be found in the works of the Harlem Renaissance writers and African American Jazz musicians? What are the personal and cultural expressions found behind these artistic forms? Explain, citing specific examples.

In light of the “modernist temper,” why were Freud’s theories so popular? In what sense does psychoanalytical theory abandon the explanation of human motivation that has been long held by Western Europeans? What does this shift in understanding signal about the 20th century? Explain.

Consider the ways in which film was used in the early 20th century as propaganda. In what ways does the cinematic medium continue to serve in this way? What types of cultural, social, and political values are asserted through popular film and other visual media of the 21st century? Explain.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with Huxley’s assertion that technology makes individuals dependent on totalitarian forces? Do you feel that our dependency on technology puts us at risk as a culture? …as a free people? Explain.

What aspects of the “modernist temper” can be found in the works of the Harlem Renaissance writers and African American Jazz musicians? What are the personal and cultural expressions found behind these artistic forms? Explain, citing specific examples.

In light of the “modernist temper,” why were Freud’s theories so popular? In what sense does psychoanalytical theory abandon the explanation of human motivation that has been long held by Western Europeans? What does this shift in understanding signal about the 20th century? Explain.

Consider the ways in which film was used in the early 20th century as propaganda. In what ways does the cinematic medium continue to serve in this way? What types of cultural, social, and political values are asserted through popular film and other visual media of the 21st century? Explain.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with Huxley’s assertion that technology makes individuals dependent on totalitarian forces? Do you feel that our dependency on technology puts us at risk as a culture? …as a free people? Explain.