Chapter ElevenChapter Eleven

The Fourteenth Century: The Fourteenth Century: A Time of TransitionA Time of Transition

Culture and Values, 8th Ed.Cunningham and Reich andFichner-Rathus

Image Image Analysis Analysis

Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:The Great SchismThe Great Schism1299 CE –1309 CE The Ottoman Turk dynasty is foundedPope Boniface VIII proclaims the first Jubilee year (“Holy Year”)Philip the Fair of France imprisons and abuses Pope Boniface VIII

Boniface VIII vs. Philip the Fair of France Avignon Papacy / “Babylonian Captivity” 1378, three rival claimants to the papacy Church reform Peasant Revolt of 1381

– Robin Hood myth

1309 CE –1378 CE CAPTIVITY OF THE PAPACY The captivity of the papacy at Avignon beginsEarliest known use of cannonHundred Years’ War between France and EnglandReign of Charles IV, Holy Roman emperorBubonic plague devastates Western EuropeThe English defeat the French at PoitiersThe lower classes in France revoltReign of Philip the Bold, Duke of BurgundyThe papacy returns to Rome from Avignon

Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:

The Hundred YearsThe Hundred Years’’ War War

Conflict between France and England– Fought on French soil– Poitiers, Crécy, Agincourt

Pillaging bands of mercenariesIntroduction of the longbow

Calamity, Decay, and Violence:Calamity, Decay, and Violence:

The Black Death The Black Death

1348 Bubonic Plague Epidemic– Population decline

Boccaccio’s Decameron– Eyewitness to the plague– Fabliaux, exempla, romances– “Human Comedy” vs. Divine Comedy

1378 CE –1417 CE THE GREAT SCHISM

Reign of Richard II in EnglandThe Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church beginsPeasants’ Revolt in EnglandReign of Henry IV in EnglandThe English defeat the French at AgincourtThe Council of Constance ends the Great Schism with the election of Pope Martin V

Literature in the Fourteenth Century Literature in the Fourteenth Century DanteDante’’s s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

Influenced by intellectualism from Paris– Hierarchical, synthetic religious humanism

Wide array of publicationsThe Comedy of Dante Alighieri…

– Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso– Organization– Terza Rima– Encyclopedic and complex

11.1 11.1 Enrico Pazzi, Enrico Pazzi, Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri, 1865, Piazza Santa Croce, , 1865, Piazza Santa Croce, Florence ItalyFlorence Italy

HELLThe Anteroom of the NeutralsCircle 1 The Virtuous Pagans

(Limbo)Circle 2 The LasciviousCircle 3 The GluttonousCircle 4 The Greedy and the

WastefulCircle 5 The WrathfulCircle 6 The HereticalCircle 7 The Violent against Others,

Self, God, Nature, and ArtCircle 8 The Fraudulent (subdivided

into 10 classes, each of which dwells in a separate ditch)

Circle 9 The Lake of the Treacherous against kindred, country, guests, lords, and benefactors. Satan is imprisoned at the center of this frozen lake.

PURGATORY

PurgatoryAnte-Purgatory: The Excommunicated,

The Lazy,The Unabsolved, and Negligent Rulers

The Terraces of the Mount of Purgatory– The Proud– The Envious– The Wrathful– The Slothful– The Avaricious– The Gluttonous– The Lascivious– The Earthly Paradise

Paradise– The Moon--The Faithful who were inconstant– Mercury– Service marred by ambition– Venus-Love marred by lust– The Sun-Wisdom; the theologians– Mars-Courage; the just warriors– Jupiter-Justice; the great rulers– Saturn-Temperance; the contemplatives and

mystics– The Fixed Stars-The Church Triumphant– The Primum Mobile-The Order of Angels– The Empyrean Heavens-Angels, Saints, the

Virgin, and the Holy Trinity

Symbolism in Symbolism in The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy

Journey – Virgil, Beatrice

Numbers– Multiples of three, Trinity

Punishments and BlessingsSatanLight and Darkness

– Intellectual estrangement from God

11.3 11.3 Domenico di Michelino, Domenico di Michelino, Dante and His PoemDante and His Poem, 1465. Fresco, , 1465. Fresco, Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence, ItalyCathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence, Italy

Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:

Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)(1340-1400)Highly placed civil servantPoetry, translations, treatise of the astrolabeEnglish language as literary vehicleSkill in the art of human observationCanterbury Tales

– Narrative frame– Cross-section of medieval society– Social commentary

Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales,

General Prologue,

manuscript page, ca. 1450–1460. British Library, London, United Kingdom.

Art in Italy:Art in Italy:The Italo-Byzantine BackgroundThe Italo-Byzantine Background

Northern artists inspired by classical art– France, England, Germany

Italian artists rooted in Byzantine style– Conservative, traditional

Italian sculptors broke from tradition– Nicola Pisano: emphasis on classical models– Giovanni Pisano: N. European influence

11.6 11.6 Nicola Pisano, Nicola Pisano, Annunciation and NativityAnnunciation and Nativity, 1259–1260, Pulpit , 1259–1260, Pulpit detail, Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, detail, Baptistery, Pisa, Italy,

Art in ItalyArt in Italy

Cimabue (1240-1302)

– Realism, anatomical understanding– Emotional appeal: corporeal weight and strain– Sense of space

Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255-1319)

– Emotional states of subjects through their physical appearances

– Greater sense of space

11.8 Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, 1280-1290, from Santa Trinita, Florence, Italy

11.12 Duccio, Madonna Enthroned with Saints, 1308-1311, Principal panel of the Maesta altapiece from Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy.

Art in Italy:Art in Italy:GiottoGiotto’’s Break with the Pasts Break with the Past

Giotto da Bondone (1267-1337)

– Revolutionary figure (Vasari)Realism

– Depth, volume through use of light and dark– Three-dimensional modeling of figures– “imitate nature”

Naturalistic style– Emotion and drama

11.11 Giotto, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 1305, Fresco, Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua, Italy

Art in Italy:Art in Italy:Painting in SienaPainting in Siena

International Style– Simone Martini (c. 1285-1344)– vs. Giotto’s solid realism– Grace, sophistication, splendor, elegance

Application of Giotto’s Realsim– Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti– Palazzo Pubblico fresco

11.18 Simone Martini, The Annuncia-tion with Saints Ansano and Margaret, 1333. From Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy

11.19 11.19 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful CityPeaceful City, detail of , detail of Effects of Good Effects of Good Government on the City and the CountryGovernment on the City and the Country, 1338-1339, Sala della , 1338-1339, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, ItalyPace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy

Late Medieval ArchitectureLate Medieval Architecture

Florence Cathedral– Brunelleschi’s dome

Duomo in Milan– Blend of Gothic and Classical elements

Secular public buildings– Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo Pubblico– Doge’s Palace in Venice

England’s Perpendicular style

11.24 11.24 Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo)Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo), , Florence, Italy, Florence, Italy, 1296–1436 1296–1436

11.2311.23 Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1420, Gloucester, England Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1420, Gloucester, England

Music: Music: Ars NovaArs Nova

Independent, secular musicians– Ballads, love songs, current events

Ars Nova– Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)– Richness and complexity of sound– Harmonies, isorhythm

11.25 A knight playing and singing to a lady, Flemish school, manuscript illumination from The Romance of the Rose, British Library, London, England

Music: Music:

Guillaume de MachautGuillaume de Machaut (1304-1377)(1304-1377)

Messe de Notre Dame– Kyrie Eleison– Gloria– Credo– Sanctus and Benedictus– Agnus Dei

Secular music– Ballades, troubadour songs

Music: Music:

Francesco LandiniFrancesco Landini (1325-1397)(1325-1397)

Blind virtuoso performer– Organ, lute, flute

MadrigalsBallateMusica ficta, notational problems

Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:

Petrarch Petrarch (1304-1374)(1304-1374)From Tuscany, South FlorenceRestless and curious

– Collected and copied ancient textsRenaissance sensibility

– Keen interest in self– Desire for personal glory and fame– Secretum

“I will be true to myself as far as it is possible. I will pull myself together and collect my scattered wits, and make great endeavor to possess my soul in patience.”

Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:

Petrarch Petrarch (1304-1374)(1304-1374)

Letter to Posterity– Augustine’s Confessions

Latin writings, Latin mastersVernacular Poetry

– Canzoniere [sonnets, canzoni]– Inspired by Laura

Petrarchism

Literature in Italy, England, and France:Literature in Italy, England, and France:

Christine de Pisan Christine de Pisan (1365-1428?)(1365-1428?)First female professional writerLiterary debate: Romance of the Rose

– Attacked Jean de Meung’s misogyny– The Letter to the God of Love– The Book of the City of Ladies

The Treasure of the City of LadiesThe Book of Peace

Chapter Eleven: Discussion QuestionsChapter Eleven: Discussion Questions

In what ways do Petrarch’s life and work illustrate the conflict between medieval and Renaissance ideals? Explain.

According to the text, Chaucer is “still very much a medieval man.” Explain Chaucer’s ties to medieval culture; do you agree that his ideology is completely medieval or are there signs of the emerging Renaissance within his Canterbury Tales?

What characteristics are typical of the Italo-Byzantine style? What did early Renaissance artists do to break from this tradition? Explain, citing specific artistic examples.

Compare the Madonna Enthroned as painted by Cimabue, Duccio, and Giotto. What stylistic influences, growth, and changes can be traced through the treatment of this theme by each artist?

Although the term Ars Nova was originally applied to music of the period, is it possible to apply the term to the visual arts that emerged during the early Renaissance? Explain.

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