Chapter Ten

High Middle AgesChapter Ten

High Middle Ages______________________________

Culture and Values, 8th Ed.

Cunningham and Reich and

Fichner-Rathus

______________________________

Culture and Values, 8th Ed.

Cunningham and Reich and

Fichner-Rathus

1096 CE –1194 CEEARLY GOTHIC PERIODUniversities of Paris and Bologna founded

During the First Crusade, Christians capture Jerusalem Oxford University founded The Gothic style begins with the construction of Saint-Denis Saint Bernard de Clairvaux leads the condemnation of Peter Abelard at

the Council of Sens Philip Augustus ascends to the throne of France and promotes Paris as

the capital 1194 CE –1300 CEHIGH GOTHIC PERIODThe rebuilding of

Chartres Cathedral begins During the Fourth Crusade, crusaders sack Constantinople on the way

to the Holy Land The University of Cambridge is founded The Magna Carta, limiting the powers of the king, is signed in England Robert de Sorbon founds a Paris hospice for scholars, the forerunner of

the Sorbonne Marco Polo travels to China and India Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, falls

1096 CE –1194 CEEARLY GOTHIC PERIODUniversities of Paris and Bologna founded

During the First Crusade, Christians capture Jerusalem Oxford University founded The Gothic style begins with the construction of Saint-Denis Saint Bernard de Clairvaux leads the condemnation of Peter Abelard at

the Council of Sens Philip Augustus ascends to the throne of France and promotes Paris as

the capital 1194 CE –1300 CEHIGH GOTHIC PERIODThe rebuilding of

Chartres Cathedral begins During the Fourth Crusade, crusaders sack Constantinople on the way

to the Holy Land The University of Cambridge is founded The Magna Carta, limiting the powers of the king, is signed in England Robert de Sorbon founds a Paris hospice for scholars, the forerunner of

the Sorbonne Marco Polo travels to China and India Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, falls

The Significance of ParisThe Significance of ParisThe Significance of ParisThe Significance of ParisCenter of Western civilization Center of Western civilization (1150-1300)(1150-1300)

Gothic architectureGothic architectureScholasticismScholasticismThe UniversityThe University

Distinct cultural expressionDistinct cultural expressionClassical textsClassical textsJudeo-Christian worldviewJudeo-Christian worldviewReligious reformsReligious reforms

Center of Western civilization Center of Western civilization (1150-1300)(1150-1300)Gothic architectureGothic architectureScholasticismScholasticismThe UniversityThe University

Distinct cultural expressionDistinct cultural expressionClassical textsClassical textsJudeo-Christian worldviewJudeo-Christian worldviewReligious reformsReligious reforms

The Gothic Style: Saint DenisThe Gothic Style: Saint DenisAbbot Suger (1080-1151)Saint Denis and CharlemagnePilgrimage destination

Lendit

Choir, double ambulatoryDefining GothicGothic vs. Romanesque

Abbot Suger (1080-1151)Saint Denis and CharlemagnePilgrimage destination

Lendit

Choir, double ambulatoryDefining GothicGothic vs. Romanesque

10.2 Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France10.2 Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France

Pinnacle (1) A sharply pointed ornament capping the piers or flying buttresses; also used on cathedral facades.

Flying buttresses (2) Masonry struts that transfer the thrust of the nave vaults across the roofs of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the church’s exterior wall.

Vaulting web (3) Thee masonry blocks filling the area between the ribs of a groin vault.

Diagonal rib (4) One of the ribs forming the X of a groin vault; in the figure, the diagonal ribs are the lines AC and DB.

Transverse rib (5) A rib crossing the nave or aisle at a 90-degree angle; in the figure, lines AB and DC.

Springing (6) Thee lowest stone of an arch; in Gothic vaulting, the lowest stone of a diagonal or transverse rib.

Clerestory (7) The windows below the vaults in the nave elevation’s uppermost level. By using flying buttresses and rib vaults on pointed arches, Gothic architects could build huge clerestory windows and fill them with stained glass held in place by ornamental stonework called tracery.

Oculus (8) A small, round window.

Lancet (9) A tall, narrow window crowned by a pointed arch.

Triforium (10) The story in the nave elevation consisting of arcades, usually blind arcades but occasionally filled with stained glass.

Nave arcade (11) The series of arches supported by piers separating the nave from the side aisles.

Compound pier (cluster pier) with shafts (responds) (12) A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, extending to the springing of the vaults.

The Gothic StyleThe Gothic StyleLaon CathedralNotre Dame CathedralChartres Cathedral

Laon CathedralNotre Dame CathedralChartres Cathedral

10.5 Laon Cathedral, interior10.5 Laon Cathedral, interior

Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, begun 1163, completed 1250. Paris, France

The Mysticism of LightThe Mysticism of LightLuminous quality of the GothicSuger’s “theology of beauty”

Neo-Platonic philosophy, purity of light In the doctrine of the Pseudo-Dionysius (as later generations have called him), every created

thing partakes, however imperfectly, of the essence of God. There is an ascending hierarchy of existence that ranges from inert mineral matter to the purity of light, which is God. The Pseudo-Dionysius described all of creation under the category of light: Every created thing is a small light that illumines the mind a bit. Ultimately, as light becomes more pure, one ascends the hierarchy and gets closer to pure light, which is God.

Stained glass windowsLux Nova “Bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the

noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light [lux nova].”

…vs. Byzantine mosaics“Bible of the Poor”

Luminous quality of the GothicSuger’s “theology of beauty”

Neo-Platonic philosophy, purity of light In the doctrine of the Pseudo-Dionysius (as later generations have called him), every created

thing partakes, however imperfectly, of the essence of God. There is an ascending hierarchy of existence that ranges from inert mineral matter to the purity of light, which is God. The Pseudo-Dionysius described all of creation under the category of light: Every created thing is a small light that illumines the mind a bit. Ultimately, as light becomes more pure, one ascends the hierarchy and gets closer to pure light, which is God.

Stained glass windowsLux Nova “Bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the

noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light [lux nova].”

…vs. Byzantine mosaics“Bible of the Poor”

10.10 Notre Dame de Belle Verrier “)(Our Lady of the Beautiful Window”), stained-glass window, Chartres Cathedral, France, early 13th century

10.10 Notre Dame de Belle Verrier “)(Our Lady of the Beautiful Window”), stained-glass window, Chartres Cathedral, France, early 13th century

10.11

Tympanum, right door royal portal west façade, Chartres Cathedral, France.

10.11

Tympanum, right door royal portal west façade, Chartres Cathedral, France.

10.12 Gargoyles on Notre-Dame, Paris, France

10.12 Gargoyles on Notre-Dame, Paris, France

10.8 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194. 10.8 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194.

10.15

Vintner’s window, glass roundel, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1215

10.15

Vintner’s window, glass roundel, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1215

To Teach and EdifyTo Teach and Edify

Learning, wisdom, and GodCollaboration of builders, theologians

History of salvation in decorationGargoyles

Learning, wisdom, and GodCollaboration of builders, theologians

History of salvation in decorationGargoyles

Many Meanings of the Gothic CathedralMany Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral

Social functions“Cathedral Square”Church courts / civil courtsHorarium

Economic impactPilgrimages, trade fairs, feast daysPrestigious donations by guilds

Social functions“Cathedral Square”Church courts / civil courtsHorarium

Economic impactPilgrimages, trade fairs, feast daysPrestigious donations by guilds

Many Meanings of the Gothic CathedralMany Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral

Motivation to build- The motivation for the building of a medieval cathedral, then, came from theological vision, religious devotion, civic pride, and socioeconomic interest. 

Actual design and constructionVillard de Honnecourt’s notebook

Combination of human knowledge and religious faith

Pilgrim as central metaphor

Motivation to build- The motivation for the building of a medieval cathedral, then, came from theological vision, religious devotion, civic pride, and socioeconomic interest. 

Actual design and constructionVillard de Honnecourt’s notebook

Combination of human knowledge and religious faith

Pilgrim as central metaphor

The mid-12th century Shrine of the Three Kings (German Dreikönigsschrein) is a reliquary said to contain the bones of the Biblical Magi, also known as the Three Kings or the Three Wise Men. The shrine is a large gilded and decorated triple sarcophagus placed above and behind the high altar of Cologne Cathedral.

------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Digital Media Collection Work Record ID 24386 Work Type - Category book cover Rights Statement NSVR in-house Title Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, Moralized Bible Display Date 1226-34 Repository New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ID Number 1232 Style/Period Term Gothic Subject religious Image ID 5000693 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name 24386.jp2 Width 2047 Height 2739

Moralized Bible, Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, made in France

1226-1234

Materials: ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellumRepository: New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum

------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Digital Media Collection Work Record ID 24395 Work Type - Category manuscript illumination Rights Statement NSVR in-house Title Psalm I , Windmill Psalter Display Measurement 12 3/4x8 3/4" Material ink on vellum Display Date circa 1270-80 Repository New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ID Number 1232 Style/Period Term Gothic Subject religious text Image ID 5000702 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name 24395.jp2 Width 2944 Height 2035

Psalm I , Windmill Psalter, 1270-80New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum

------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Scholars Resource Collection Artist Nicola Pisano Artist Nationality/Culture Italian Title The Pisa Pulpit Date 1260 Classification Sculpture Work Type sculpture (visual work) Dimensions 4.6 meters Inscription signed, dated Style/Period Gothic (Medieval) Materials Display marble Current Site Pisa, Baptistry, Italy Image Catalog Number Kid-0075 Image View Overall view Photographer Dr. Ronald V. Wiedenhoeft Vendor Saskia, Ltd. Image ID 141218 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name kid0075.jp2 Width 2047 Height 3042

The Pisa PulpitDate: 12604.6 meters

Artist: Nicola PisanoCulture: ItalianStyle/Period: Gothic Materials: marbleBaptistery, Pisa, Italy

Music: The School of Notre DameMusic: The School of Notre DameMusical notation

Guido d’Arezzo

Polyphony of organumLéonin’s Magnus Liber OrganiPérotin and counterpointThe Motet

Musical notationGuido d’Arezzo

Polyphony of organumLéonin’s Magnus Liber OrganiPérotin and counterpointThe Motet

Scholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesScholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesDemand for an educated class

Support for socioeconomic structuresIntellectual and cultural needs

Ancient texts (Aristotle)Relationships with Arab scholarsRenaissance of legal studies

DialecticsPeter AbelardScholasticism

Demand for an educated classSupport for socioeconomic structures

Intellectual and cultural needsAncient texts (Aristotle)Relationships with Arab scholarsRenaissance of legal studies

DialecticsPeter AbelardScholasticism

Map 10.2 The University

Map 10.2 The University

10.18 Jacobello and Pier Piero dalle Mesegne, Students, 1383-138610.18 Jacobello and Pier Piero dalle Mesegne, Students, 1383-1386

Scholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesScholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesUniversity of Paris

William of Champeaux (1070-1121)Peter Abelard (1079-1142)

UniversitasMagistri / doctors

Art vs. TheologyStudent financial assistanceCurriculum and instruction

University of ParisWilliam of Champeaux (1070-1121)Peter Abelard (1079-1142)

UniversitasMagistri / doctors

Art vs. TheologyStudent financial assistanceCurriculum and instruction

Scholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesScholasticism:

The Rise of the UniversitiesStudent culture and lifestylesWomen not admitted to universities

Educated by private tutors or in conventsFew exceptions to the rule (Italy,

Germany)

Student culture and lifestylesWomen not admitted to universities

Educated by private tutors or in conventsFew exceptions to the rule (Italy,

Germany)

Medieval LiteratureMedieval LiteratureTroubadours and Trobairitz

Guillem de PeiteusBernart de VentadornBeatriz, The Comtessa de DiaBertran de Born

Saint GoliasGoliardic VerseCarmina Burana

The Romance of the Rose

Troubadours and TrobairitzGuillem de PeiteusBernart de VentadornBeatriz, The Comtessa de DiaBertran de Born

Saint GoliasGoliardic VerseCarmina Burana

The Romance of the Rose

Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and WritingMedieval Religion, Philosophy, and WritingMoses Maimonides (1135-1204)

The Guide for the PerplexedThe reality of GodTheories about the beginnings and eternality of

the universeCelebration of the SabbathHuman intelligenceWhy people are responsible for the evil that

befalls them

Formulated 13 principles of Jewish faith

Moses Maimonides (1135-1204)The Guide for the Perplexed

The reality of GodTheories about the beginnings and eternality of

the universeCelebration of the SabbathHuman intelligenceWhy people are responsible for the evil that

befalls them

Formulated 13 principles of Jewish faith

Francis of AssisiFrancis of AssisiMendicant brotherhood

Life of total poverty, mobility

Humanity of ChristLiteral interpretation of the GospelsStigmata

Goodness of God’s creationConcern for all creatures

Affective and emotional religion

Mendicant brotherhoodLife of total poverty, mobility

Humanity of ChristLiteral interpretation of the GospelsStigmata

Goodness of God’s creationConcern for all creatures

Affective and emotional religion

10.20 Bonaventura

Berlinghieri,

Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, Altarpiece panel, 1235

10.20 Bonaventura

Berlinghieri,

Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, Altarpiece panel, 1235

Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and WritingThomas Aquinas (1225-1274)Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and WritingThomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Intellectual and mystic“Master of the Sacred Page”

Sought to harmonize reason and revelationFideism vs. Rationalism

Summa Theologica Intellectual tradition of Aristotle

Hierarchical, synthetic worldview

Intellectual and mystic“Master of the Sacred Page”

Sought to harmonize reason and revelationFideism vs. Rationalism

Summa Theologica Intellectual tradition of Aristotle

Hierarchical, synthetic worldview

10.21 Andrea di Buonaiuto, The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1365 , Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

10.21 Andrea di Buonaiuto, The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1365 , Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

Chapter Ten: Discussion QuestionsChapter Ten: Discussion Questions Consider the pilgrimage both as a metaphorical and

literal journey. What role did the pilgrimage play during the Middle Ages?

What specific qualities are present in Gothic architecture that are not present in the Romanesque? What is the symbolic message inherent in each architectural style?

Explain the “hierarchical and synthetic” natures of the Gothic cathedral and Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. In what ways are they hierarchical? What is being synthesized in these artistic and intellectual examples? In what ways is this a commentary on the patterns of thought during the Middle Ages?

Consider the pilgrimage both as a metaphorical and literal journey. What role did the pilgrimage play during the Middle Ages?

What specific qualities are present in Gothic architecture that are not present in the Romanesque? What is the symbolic message inherent in each architectural style?

Explain the “hierarchical and synthetic” natures of the Gothic cathedral and Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. In what ways are they hierarchical? What is being synthesized in these artistic and intellectual examples? In what ways is this a commentary on the patterns of thought during the Middle Ages?