rathus chapter 10 ass

8/17/2019 Rathus Chapter 10 ass

1/44

Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4Ce

10 - 1

Conception,

Pregnancy, andChildbirthChapter 10

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.


2/44


10- 2

Conception

• Conception

– The union of a sperm cell and oum

• !ona Pellucida – "elatinous layer that surrounds the oum

• #yaluronidase

– $n%yme that &riefly thins the %ona pellucidaena&ling one sperm to penetrate



3/44


10- 3

Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

• Infertility – Ina&ility to conceie a child

– Term isn't applied until a couple has tried to conceie

for more than a year – Can hae significant psychological and emotional

effects on indiiduals and couples

– The li(elihood of infertility increases )ith age

– 1*+ of couples in ,orth -merica hae pro&lems )ithfertility a&out one/half succeed in conceiing



4/44


5/44


10- 5


• 8ale :ertility Issues

– -&out 30+ infertility issues caused &y men

– Pro&lems include

• ;o) sperm counts

• Irregularly shaped sperm

• ;o) sperm motility 4self/propulsion5

• Chronic diseases 4e.g. dia&etes5

• In9uries to the testes

• -utoimmune responses

• - pituary im&alance and


6/44


10- 6


• :emale :ertility Issues

– Infertility in )omen has a ariety of causes

• Irregular oulation and


7/44


10- 7


• :emale :ertility Issues 4continued5

– $ndometriosis

• -n a&normal condition in )hich endometrial tissueis sloughed off into the a&dominal caity rather than

out of the &ody during menstruation

• This condition is characteri%ed &y a&dominal pain

and may cause infertility



8/44


10- 8


• =eproductie Technologies

– -rtificial Insemination

• The introduction of sperm into the reproductie tract

through means other than se>ual intercourse

– In itro fertili%ation• - method of conception in )hich mature oa are

surgically remoed from an oary and placed in a

la&oratory dish )ith sperm

– "amete intrafallopian transfer 4"I:T5• - method of conception in )hich sperm and oa are

inserted into a fallopian tu&e to encourage conception



9/44


10- 9


– !ygote intrafallopian transfer 4!I:T5

• - method of conception in )hich an oum is fertili%ed in a

la&oratory dish then placed in a fallopian tu&e

– ?onor I@:• - ariation of in itro fertili%ation in )hich an oum is

ta(en from one )oman fertili%ed and in9ected into theuterus or fallopian tu&e of another )oman

– $m&ryonic Transfer • - method of conception in )hich a female olunteer is

artificially inseminated &y the male partner of the intendedmother then the em&ryo is remoed from the olunteer

and inserted into the uterus of the intended mother



10/44


10- 10


– Intracytoplasmic sperm in9ection• - method of conception in )hich a single sperm is

in9ected directly into an oum

– urrogate 8otherhood

• - )oman )ho is impregnated )ith the sperm of a

prospectie father ia artificial insemination carries

the em&ryo and fetus to term and then gies the

child to the prospectie parents

• 6hat is la) regarding urrogacy in CanadaA



11/44


12/44


10- 12


• =is(s of -ssisted =eproductie Technologies

– 8ost common ris( is multiple gestation )hich

increases the ris( of premature &irth

– ther potential ris(s

• -&normal placentation

• 8iscarriage

• "estational dia&etes• #ypertensie disorders

• eere fetal


13/44


10- 13


• -doption

– 8ost adoptions create ne) loing families

– -dopted children may feel less secure than

&iological children

– The younger the child the smoother the process

– In the 1BB0's many adoption agencies )ould not

place children )ith same/se> couples – ince that time ne) legislation has passed in

proinces across Canada granting gay couples

the same rights as heterose>ual ones



14/44


10- 14


• Canadian ;egislation and =eproductieTechnologies In 200 Parliament passed

legislation to regulate reproductie technologies

– 8ain proisions include &ans on• #uman cloning

• election of a &a&y's se> for non/medical purposes

• Payment to a surrogate mother

• Payment to a sperm donor

– ne proision permits research using stem cells

from em&ryos left oer from infertility treatments



15/44


10- 15

Pregnancy

• $arly igns of Pregnancy – 8issed period 4though this may occur for other reasons5

• ome )omen e>perience cyclic &leeding or spotting

during pregnancy

• Pregnancy Tests – Tests to detect human chorionic gonadotropin 4hC"5 in the

urine as early as the third )ee( of pregnancy $>ample

#ome pregnancy (its. Can &e ta(en )ithin a couple of days

of missed period. – Dlood test can detect hC" in the &lood as early as the eighth

day of pregnancy 4* days &efore e>pected pregnancy5. 8ost

relia&le test.



16/44


10- 16

Pregnancy

• $arly $ffects of Pregnancy

– Tenderness in her &reasts

– 8orning sic(ness 4nausea aersions to specificfoods and omiting5

• sually goes a)ay &y the 12th )ee( of pregnancy

– fatigue sleeping longer and falling asleep more

easily than usual

– :reEuent urination


C


17/44


10- 17

Pregnancy

• 8iscarriage – - spontaneous end to the pregnancy

• In most cases a specific cause is not identified

• Fno)n causes include Chromosomal defects in the

fetus and a&normalities of the placenta and uterus

• 8ore common among older mothers

• G*+ occur in the first 17 )ee(s the great ma9ority

in the first G )ee(s

• Couples may feel a deep sense of loss and undergo a

period of mourning

• 8ost )omen )ho miscarry are a&le to carry

su&seEuent pregnancies to term



18/44

H S lit i W ld f Di it 4C


19/44


10- 19

Pregnancy

• Psychological Changes during Pregnancy – - )oman's psychological response to pregnancy

reflects her desire to &e pregnant her physical

changes and her attitudes to)ards these changes

– :inancial social and psychological resources

are an asset. ;ac( of these resources may &e a

source of stress during the pregnancy

– 8en respond to pregnancy depending on ho)much they )ant to &ecome parents




20/44


10- 20

Prenatal Development

• The "erminal tage

– The period of prenatal deelopment &efore

implantation in the uterus

– Period of cell diision – 3/ days to get to uterus 3/ days &efore &eginning

to implant implantation ta(es a&out a )ee(

– Dlastocyst

• -n em&ryo that consists of a sphere of cells surrounding

a caity of fluid




21/44


10- 21


• The $m&ryonic tage – The stage of prenatal deelopment that lasts from

implantation through the eighth )ee(

– Characteri%ed &y differentiation of the ma9or

organ systems

– "ro)th of head and organs close to spinal cord

occurs first

– The em&ryo deelops )ithin the amniotic sacsuspended in amniotic fluid )hich protects the

fetus




22/44


10- 22


• The $m&ryonic tage 4continued5 – Placenta

• -n organ connected to the fetus &y the um&ilical cord.

The placenta seres as a relay station &et)een the

mother and the fetus allo)ing the e>change ofnutrients and )astes

• Passes from the )oman's &ody after deliery 4also

called after&irth5

– m&ilical Cord• - tu&e that connects the fetus to the placenta

• :unction




23/44


10- 23


• The :etal tage – Degins at the Bth )ee( and continues until &irth

– :etus &egins to respond to the outside )orld at this time

– Dy the end of the first trimester the ma9or organ

systems fingers toes and e>ternal genitalia are formed

gender can &e determined and eyes are clearly

distinguisha&le

– ,ear the end of the second trimester the fetus

approaches the age of ia&ility 4ia&ility means point at

)hich the fetus is a&le to surie outside of the mother's

)om&


Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity 4Ce


24/44


10- 24


• $nironmental Influences 4outside influences that canaffect a pregnancy5

– 8aternal diet

• Proper nutrition during pregnancy is important to fetal health.

:olic acid is an especially impt. itamin

– 8aternal diseases and disorders• Pree>isting conditions such as dia&etes

• Teratogens – enironmental influences and agents that cause

permanent harmful structural alterations of the em&ryo or fetus

– Critical periods of ulnera&ility

• - period )hen an em&ryo or fetus is ulnera&le to the effects of

a teratogen

• $>amples




25/44


10- 25


• $nironmental Influences 4continued5 – =u&ella 4"erman 8easles5

• - iral infection that can cause mental retardation and

heart disease in an em&ryo

– yphilis• - se>ually transmitted disease caused &y a &acterial

infection

– #I@ually transmitted infection that destroys )hite &loodcells in the immune system leaing the &ody ulnera&le

to arious opportunistic infections




26/44


10- 26


• $nironmental Influences 4continued5

– Pregnancy/induced #ypertension

• - life/threatening condition characteri%ed &y high

&lood pressure• -lso called pre/eclampsia

– $ctopic pregnancy

• - pregnancy in )hich the fertili%ed oum &ecomes

implanted some)here other than the uterus

4continued5




27/44


10- 27


• $nironmental Influences 4continued5 – =h incompati&ility

• - condition in )hich anti&odies produced &y a pregnant

)oman are transmitted to the fetus )here they may cause

&rain damage or death

– 8aternal drug use

• ome )idely used drugs including nonprescription drugs are

lin(ed to &irth a&normalities

• -nti&iotics can also cause pro&lems – @itamins

4continued5




28/44


10- 28


• $nironmental Influences 4continued5

– ,arcotics

• Can readily pass from mother to fetus

• -t &irth &a&ies can e>perience )ithdra)al – 8ari9uana

• Passes readily from mother to fetus

• Can impact child's pro&lem/soling and decision/

ma(ing a&ilities

4continued5




29/44

Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity , 4CePrenatal Development-Environmental

InuencesAlcohol

– ;eads to increased ris( of &irth defects infant mortality

sensory and motor pro&lems

and mental retardation

– 0+ of children )hose

mothers drin( during pregnancy deelop fetal

alcohol syndrome 4:-5

• - cluster of symptoms

typified &y deelopmental

lags characteristic facialfeatures and smaller/than/

aerage &ody and &rain

Cigarette Smoking

– Increases ris(s of spontaneousa&ortion premature rupturing

of the amniotic sac still&irth

lo) &irth )eight and early

infant mortality

– =is(s increase )ith theamount smo(ed

– mo(ing cigarettes and

drin(ing alcohol place the

child at greater ris( than

either practice alone – econdary smo(e may &e

a&sor&ed &y mother and

passed to fetus

Copyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 29



30/44


10- 30


• Chromosomal and "enetic -&normalities – - genetic counselor can help assess the ris( of

passing genetic defects to a child

– Parental &lood tests and fetal ?,- tests candetect arious disorders and diseases

– The ris( of giing &irth to a child )ith ?o)n's

yndrome increases )ith mother's age

• -mniocentesis can detect ?o)n's yndrome &efore

&irth




31/44


10- 31

Child!irth

• H?ropping or Hlightening – )hen the fetus'shead settles into the pelis – occurs early in the

ninth month of pregnancy

• - day or so &efore la&our &egins a )oman maynotice &lood in her aginal secretions and

e>perience a rush of H)ater from her agina

4the amniotic sac has &urst5

• :irst contractions are called Dra>ton #ic(s

– :alse la&our contractions relatiely painless




32/44


10- 32

Child!irth

• tages of Child&irth – :irst tage

• terine contractions efface 4cause to &ecome thin5 and dilate4open or )iden5 the ceri> to a&out 10 centimetres in diameter

• 12 to 2 hours is aerage length for first stage

• Initial contractions are mild and )idely spaced 4at interals of 10

to 20 minutes5 lasting 20 to 0 seconds

• Transition – The process during )hich the ceri> &ecomes almost fully

dilated and the infants head &egins to moe into the &irth

canal

– Contractions come Euic(ly no)

– Transition lasts for up to 30 minutes

– -ccompanied &y nausea chills and intense pain




33/44


10- 33

Child!irth

• tages of Child&irth / econd tage

– Degins after transition )hen the ceri> is fully dilated and the &a&y &egins to moe into the &irth canal

– Cro)ning – )hen the &a&y's head is isi&le at the aginal

opening

– :ull emergence ends the second stage of child&irth )hich lasts

from a fe) minutes to a fe) hours

– $pisiotomy

– - surgical incision in the perineum that )idens the

&irth canal preenting random tearing during child&irth

– Incision can cause infection and pain creatingdiscomfort and itching as it heals

– In Canada the num&er of episiotomies is decreasing




34/44


10- 34

Child!irth

• tages of Child&irth / Third tage• Can last from a fe) minutes to an hour or more

• ?uring this stage the placenta is e>pelled and the

uterus &egins the process of contracting

• The attending physician no) se)s up the episiotomy

or any tears in the perineum




35/44


10- 35

Child!irth

• 8ethods of Child&irth – ntil the 20th century child&irth usually happened at

home and inoled the mother a mid)ife family and

friends

– Today there are many options

• 8edicated child&irth

• Prepared child&irth 4the ;ama%e 8ethod5

• Caesarean section

– =ates of C/section are increasing – concerning &ecause

they are more dangerous and ta(e more time to recoer

from




36/44


10- 36

Child!irth

• Dirth ?ifficulties – Preterm and ;o)/Dirth/6eight Children

• Preterm if &orn &efore 3G )ee(s of gestation

• ;o)/&irth/)eight if )eighs less than 2 *00 grams

– till&irth

• 6hen a &a&y is &orn dead

• Can &e connected )ith fetal a&normalities infection the

mother's medical condition and pregnancy complications• 8a9ority of cases hae no clear cause

• Can cause post/traumatic stress disorder in parents




37/44


The Postpartum Period

Normal Postpartum

• The )ee(s after deliery are

called the postpartum period

• :irst fe) days are happy ones

• -&out G0+ of ne) mothers

e>perience periods of tearfulnesssadness and irrita&ility called the

H&a&y &lues

– Common – caused &y

hormone changes

– ;ast for a&out 10 days

Postart!m "eression

#PP$%• 1 in * )omen e>perience PP?

• Degins )ithin four )ee(s of

deliery

• 8ay linger for )ee(s or months

• ymptoms

– erious sadness feelings of

hopelessness and

helplessness feelings of

)orthlessness difficulty

concentrating ma9or changes

in appetite and sleep patterns

• 8ay &e caused &y an interaction

of psychological and hormonal

factorsCopyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 37

Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 4Ce


38/44


10- 38


• ;es&ian 8others – -lso at ris( for maternal depression

– 8ay e>perience more stress than heterose>ual

mothers &ecause they receie less support fromtheir o)n parents and &ecause of societal pre9udices

– 8ay e>perience less difficulty &ecause pregnancies

are li(ely to &e planned and the diision of child/

care la&our is more eEual than among heterose>ualcouples




39/44


The Postpartum Period - "reastfeeding – #ealth Canada and the

Canadian Paediatricociety recommend

&reastfeeding as the

preferred method of

feeding infants &ecause it

proides optimalnutritional immunological

and emotional &enefits for

the child's gro)th and

deelopment

– JG+ of Canadian mothers

&reastfeed

– 8others )ho do not

&reastfeed typically gie

medical reasons

• 8ay also find it

unappealing or find &ottle

feeding easier

– Can also transmit #I@

from mother to infant

– 6omen )ho &reastfeed

more li(ely to e>perience

decreased se>ual desirethan )omen )ho &ottle

feed

• #ormonal reasons aginal

dryness increased fatigue

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 10- 39



40/44


10- 40


• =esumption of ulation and 8enstruation – :or close to a month )omen e>perience a

reddish aginal discharge called lochia

– ,on/nursing mothers resume menstrual cycles

appro>. t)o to three months postpartum

– ulation occurs &efore the first menstrual cycle




41/44

y y,

10- 41


• =esumption of e>ual -ctiity

– ?epends on a couple's leel of se>ual interest thehealing of episiotomies and other in9uries fatigue

the recommendations of physicians and tradition

– &stetricians usually adise a si>/)ee( )aiting

period for safety and comfort

– =eturn of se>ual interest and actiity may ta(e

longer for some couples

– atisfied couples prior to &irth are li(ely to &esatisfied after &irth




42/44

y y,

"irth Rates – Dirth rates in Canada hae

aried considera&ly oer

time• #igh after econd 6orld

6ar 43.7 children per

)oman5

• ;o)er after the

introduction of the &irthcontrol pill – reaching an

all/time lo) in 2000

– Canadian )omen today

hae an aerage of 1.*

children 4&elo) the leelneeded to replace the

population5

– 6hy is &irth rate lo)er no)

than in past generationsA

• Improed access to safe

effectie contraception

• 8ore )omen completing

post/secondary education

• 8ore )omen )ant to

)or( full/time so choose

to limit their num&er of

children

• :inancial constraints

• Decoming more socially

accepta&le in 6esternsociety to choose not to

hae children

Copyright © 2010 &y Pearson $ducation Canada 10- 42



43/44

y y,

10- 43

Teen Pregnancy

– Percentage of Canadian teens )ho &ecome pregnant

each year has declined sharply since the 1BG0's – :actors that influence teen pregnancy rates

• Compositional factors 4e.g. demographic aspects of the

population )hich proince the teen lies in5

– Proince )ith highest rate

• ?istal factors 4e.g. economic ineEuality5

• Pro>imal factors 4e.g. contraceptie use5

– Teens hae greater access to information and

contraception may feel more comforta&le purchasing

contraception

– #igh Euality se> education increases contraception use




44/44

y y,

Teen Pregnancy

• e>ual rientation and Teen Pregnancy

– Pregnancy rates are higher among se>ually

actie gay les&ian and &ise>ual teenagers than

among heterose>ual teenagers

• 8any gay and les&ian teenagers fearingstigmati%ation &ecause of their se>ual orientations

engage in heterose>ual se> to mas( their preferences

• ome )ant to e>periment to see if they can Hcure

themseles

• e>ual assault can also lead to pregnancy among

les&ian youth

rathus chapter 10 ass

Documents