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8DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROLDEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

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Chapter Outline

• Social Control• Deviance• Crime• Social Policy and Social Control: The De

ath Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

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Social Control

•Social Control refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

•Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

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Social Control

•Conformity is defined as going along with peers who have no special right to direct our behavior.

•Obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure.

Conformity and Obedience

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Social Control

•Conformity to Prejudice

--Research demonstrates that people may conform to attitudes and behavior of peers even when it means expressing intolerance towards others.

Conformity and Obedience

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Social Control

•Informal Social Control

--Informal social control is used casually to enforce norms.

--Informal social control includes:

smiles laughter

ridicule raising an eyebrow

Informal and Formal Social Control

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Social Control

•Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws controlling people’s behaviors.

•Laws are governmental social control and are created in response to perceived social needs for formal social control.

Law and Society

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Social Control

Control Theory

--Our bonds to members of society lead us to conform to society’s norms.

--We are bonded through:

family

friends

peers

Law and Society

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Deviance

•Deviance

--Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

--Examples of deviants:

alcoholics

gamblers

mentally ill

What is Deviance?

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Deviance

•Sociologically, we are all deviant from time to

time.

•Each of us violates common social norms in certain

situations.

•Deviance involves the violation of group norms

which may or may not be formalized into law.

What is Deviance?

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Deviance

•Standards of deviance vary from one group (subculture) to another.•Deviance varies over time.

•Deviance is subjective, subject to social definitions.

What is Deviance?

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Deviance

Figure 8.1: College Binge Drinking

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Deviance

What is Deviance?

•Deviance and Social Stigma

--The term stigma describes the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups.

--Once members are assigned deviant roles, they have trouble presenting positive images to others.

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Deviance

What is Deviance?

•Deviance and Technology

--Technological innovations can redefine social interactions and standards of behavior related to them. These innovations include:

pagers

voice mail

internet

cell phones

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Deviance

Figure 8.2: A New Form of Deviance: Digital Piracy

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

•Functionalist Perspective

--Deviance is a part of human existence and has positive and negative consequences for society.

--Durkheim introduced the term anomie, defined as a state of normlessness that occurs during periods of profound social change.

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

•Functionalist Perspective (continued)

--Merton examined how people adapted to the acceptance or rejection of a society’s goals. Merton’s Anomie Theory of Deviance examines how people conform to or deviate from cultural expectations.

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Deviance

Table 8.2: Modes of Individual Adaptation

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

Interactionist Perspective

--Focuses on everyday behavior and why or how a person comes to commit a deviant act. The cultural transmission theory holds that one learns criminal behavior through interactions with others.

--The routine activities theory holds that criminal victimization is increased when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge.

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

Interactionist Perspective (continued)

--Labeling theory attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others are not and emphasizes how a person comes to be labeled as deviant and to accept this label.

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

Interactionist Perspective (continued)

--Conflict theory holds that people with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs.

--Conflict theory contends the criminal justice system of the U.S. treats people differently on the basis of their racial, ethnic, or social class background.

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Deviance

Explaining Deviance

Feminist Perspective

--Feminist perspective contends that when it comes to crime and to deviance in general, society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion.

--Feminist perspective emphasizes that deviance, including crime, tends to flow from economic relationships.

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Crime

•Crime is defined as a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.

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Crime

Types of Crime

•Professional Crime: Crime pursued as a person’s day-to-day occupation.

•Organized Crime: The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises.

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Crime

Types of Crime

•White Collar and Technology-Based Crime: Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent people.

•Victimless Crimes: The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.

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Crime

Crime Statistics

•Crime statistics are not as accurate as social scientists would like.

•Reported crime is very high in the United States and is regarded as a major social problem.

•Violent crimes have declined significantly nationwide following many years of increases.

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Crime

OneMurder

every 33.9minutes

OneViolent Crime

every 22.1seconds

OneRobberyevery 1.3minutes

OneForcible Rape

every 5.8minutes

OneAggravated

Assault every 34.6seconds

OneAggravated

Assault every 34.6seconds

OneCrime Index

Offenseevery 2.7 seconds

OneBurglary

every 15.4seconds

OneMotor Vehicle

Theft every 27.1seconds

OneProperty Crime

every 3.1seconds

OneLarceny-theft

every 4.5seconds

The Crime Clock shouldbe viewed with care. Themost aggregaterepresentation of UCRdata, it conveys theannual reported crimeexperience by showinga relative frequencyof occurrence of Indexoffenses. It should notbe taken to imply aregularity in the commission of crime.The Crime Clock represents the annualration of crime to fixedtime intervals.

Crime Clock Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

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Crime

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Crime

Figure 8.3: Victimization Rates, 1973 to 2000

Victimization rates reached their peak in 1981--80 percent higher than 2000.

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Crime

Male/Female Rate of Violent Victimization Per 1,000 Persons by Age 12 or Over

1993 1995 1997 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Female

Male

Source: Callie Marie Rennison for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Figure 2 in Criminal Victimization 2000. NCJ 187007. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv00.pdf.

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Crime

Black/White Rate of Violent Victimization Per 1,000 Persons by Age 12 or Over

Source: Callie Marie Rennison for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Figure 3 in Criminal Victimization 2000. NCJ 187007. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv00.pdf.

1993 1995 1997 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

White

Black

Other

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Crime

Crime Index Offenses: Percent Distribution 2000

Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

Larceny-theft60.0%

Burglary17.7%

MotorVehicleTheft10.0%

Aggravatedassault

7.8%

Robbery3.5%

Forcible Rape0.8%

Murder0.1%1Due to rounding,

the percentages donot add to 100.0 percent.

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Crime

Regional Crime Rates 2000 Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

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Crime

Crime Index Offenses: Percent Change from 1996 Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-28

-24

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

-3.2

-9.2

-16.1

-18.9

-14.0-13.8

-7.5

-2.2Volume

Rateper 100,000inhabitants

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Crime

Murder and Non-Negligent Manslaughter: Percent Change From 1996 Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-6. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-28

-24

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

-8.2

-15.2

-23.1

-25.6

-21.0

-13.6

-7.3

Volume

Rateper 100,000inhabitants

-21.0

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Crime

Adults on Probation, in Jail, or Prison, or on Parole, 1985 to 1997 Source: Allen J. Beck et al. for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2000. Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997. NCJ 177614. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cpus97ex.pdf.

1987

Number of adults

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

01985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

Probation

PrisonParole

Jail

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Social Policy and Socialization

The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

The Issue

--Historically, execution has served as a significant form of punishment for deviance.

--Capital punishment was once assumed to be morally and religiously justified.

--People in the United States and other countries that have the death penalty criticize capital punishment, especially when it might apply to young people convicted of murders.

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Social Policy and Socialization

The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

The Setting

--Death penalties are not unusual anywhere in the world.

--In the decade of the 1990s, more than 30 nations abolished the death penalty.

--Only three nations have introduced the death penalty since 1985.

--It the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment was constitutional.

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Social Policy and Socialization

Death Penalty Status Worldwide

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Social Policy and Socialization

Persons Under Sentence of Death, 1953 to 2000

1953 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,593

In 1976 the Courtupheld revised Statecapital punishment laws.

In 1972 the Supreme Courtruled unconstitutional thedeath penalty as thenadministered.

Source: Figure 1 in Tracy L. Snell for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Capital Punishment 2000. NCJ 190598. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cp00.pdf.

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Social Policy and Socialization

Source: Figure 2 in Tracy L. Snell for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Capital Punishment 2000. NCJ 190598. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cp00.pdf.

1968 1970 1980 1990 20000

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Number under sentence of deathon December 31

WhiteBlack

All other races

Persons Under Sentence of Death, 1953 to 2000

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Social Policy and Socialization

Source: Figure 3 in Tracy L. Snell for the Bureau of Justice Statistics.2001. Capital Punishment 2000. NCJ 190598. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cp00.pdf.

Persons Under Sentence of Death, 1953 to 20001930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

85

0

40

80

120

160

200Number of executions

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Social Policy and Socialization

The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

Sociological Insights

--Functionalists hold that the death penalty will prevent at least some criminals from committing serious offenses.

--Even if the death penalty is not a deterrent, such criminals deserve to die for their crimes.

--The alternative to capital punishment—life in prison—is a dysfunction because it is unnecessarily expensive.

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Social Policy and Socialization

The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

Sociological Insights

--Conflict theorists emphasize the persistence of social inequality in society today.

--Poor people cannot afford the best lawyers and this unequal treatment may mean the difference between life and death.

--Race discrimination may also be a factor because defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if their victims were White rather than Black.

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Social Policy and Socialization

The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

Policy Initiatives

--How can the death sentence be handed out in a judicially fair manner?

--Federal and state lawmakers continue to make more crimes punishable by death.

--There is increasing international pressure on the United States to abolish the death penalty.

--Capital punishment remains popular with both the general public and lawmakers in the United States.