chapters 25 and 26. objectives list the characteristics that all animals share. differentiate...
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Chapters 25 and 26
ANIMALS
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ObjectivesList the
characteristics that all animals share.
Differentiate between invertebrates and chordates.
Describe some features of animal body plans.
Chapter 25.1 and 25.2
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Heterotrophic
Multi-cellular
Eukaryotic
No cell walls
Characteristics of Animals
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Invertebrates – 95% of animalsLack a backboneExamples:
Types of Animals
Seastar Worm
Jellyfish
Insect
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Chordates – 5% of animalsCharacteristics:
1. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord2. Notochord
Long supporting rod running length of body3. Tail extending past anus4. Pharyngeal pouches
Paired structures in throat regionMost are vertebrates (animals with
backbones)Examples: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
Types of Animals
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List the characteristics all animals haveMulticellular, heterotrophs, eukaryotes,
no cell wallsWhat characteristic do all invertebrates
share?No backbone
What characteristics do all chordates have sometime in their life cycle?Hollow nerve cord, notochord, postanal
tail, pharyngeal pouches
Check-in
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Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Levels of Organization
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Asymmetry – no symmetryRadial symmetry – body parts
extend from central pointBilateral symmetry – two
sides (mirror image)Anterior – frontPosterior – backDorsal – upperVentral - lower
Types of Body Symmetry
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Cells of most animal embryos differentiate into:Endoderm – innermost layerMesoderm – middle layerEctoderm – outermost layer
Differentiation of Germ Layers
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Body cavity – fluid filled space between digestive tract and body wallAcoelomate – no body cavityPseudocoelomate – body cavity partially
lined with mesodermCoelomate – body cavity lined with
mesoderm
Formation of a Body Cavity
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Zygote – fertilized egg
Develops into blastula (hollow ball of cells)
Blastopore – single opening to outside formed as blastula folds inward
Embryological Development
Protostome –organism in which blastopore becomes mouth
Deuterostome –blastopore becomes anus
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List the levels of organizationCells Tissues Organs Organ
systems OrganismsWhat type of symmetry do each of
the following have?
Check-in
Radial Bilateral Asymmetry Radial
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Check-inIdentify the sides of the animal that are
labeled:
posterior
ventral
anterior
dorsal
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What germ layer is the outermost layer?Ectoderm
What germ layer makes up the linings of the digestive tract and respiratory system?Endoderm
If an organism has a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm, what is it called?Pseudocoelomate
Check-in
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What is a fertilized egg called?Zygote
Organism in which blastopore becomes anus:Deuterostome
What is an organism with a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm called?Pseudocoelomate
Check-in
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ObjectivesDescribe characteristics
of invertebrate phyla.
Chapter 26.1
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Cladogram of Nonchordate Invertebrates
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Phylum Porifera“Pore-bearer”Ex. SpongesNo tissues or
organ systemsAsymmetricalFilter feeders
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Phylum Cnidaria“Nettle” or “Stinger”Ex. Hydras, Jellyfish,
Sea anemones, Corals
Cells organized into tissues
Radial symmetryFeed by stinging prey
with nematocysts, mouth gastrovascular cavity
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Phylum ArthropodaArthropods-
“Jointed foot”Ex. Insects,
crustaceans, spiders
Segmented body, exoskeleton of chitin, jointed appendages
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Nematoda - RoundwormsEx. pinwormsBilateral
symmetryTissue layersPseudocoelomateDigestive system
with mouth and anus
Molt (shed skin) as they grow
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Platyhelminthes - FlatwormsEx. planarians,
flukes, tapewormsBilateral
symmetryThree tissue
layersAcoelomate
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Annelida – Segmented wormsEx. earthworms,
leeches, bristleworms
Bilateral symmetryTissue layersCoelomate
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Annelida SystemsDigestion- mouth
and anus, pharynxCirculation-
closed system (blood contained in vessels)
Respiration- some gills, skin
Excretion- Nephridia, anus
Nervous- brain and nerve cords
Reproduction-Sexual: (most),
separate sexes, hermaphrodites
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Phylum MolluscaMollusksEx. Gastropods
(snails), Bivalves (clams), Cephalopods (squid)
Internal or external shell
Bilateral symmetryTissue layersCoelomate
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Phylum EchinodermataEchinoderms-
“Spiny skin”Ex. Sea Stars, Sea
Urchins, Sand Dollars
Internal skeletonWater vascular
system (tube feet)Radial symmetry
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ObjectivesDescribe characteristics of chordate
phyla.
Chapter 26.2
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Cladogram of Chordates
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Nonvertebrate ChordatesTwo
invertebrateUrochordata:
tunicates
Cephalochordata: lancelets
subphyla:
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No true jaws or teethLack vertebraeSkeleton made of cartilageEx. Lampreys, hagfish
Jawless Fishes
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Skeleton made of cartilagePaired finsMost have tooth-like scalesEx. Sharks, rays, skates
Cartilaginous Fish
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Skeleton of true bonePaired fins, scales, gillsSwim bladderEx. Perch, bass, flounder
Bony Fish
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Means “double life”Young: live in water and breathe
with gillsAdult: live on land and breathe
with lungs and skinUndergo metamorphosis
Dramatic change in body formMoist skin with mucous glandsLack scales and clawsEx. Frogs, toads, newts,
salamanders
Amphibians
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Digestive/Excretory:Developed: stomach, intestines, etc.
Nervous:Developed: large eyesgreat sight
Circulatory:Closed circulatory systemThree chamber heart
Reproductive:Most lay eggs without shells in waterExternal Fertilization
Respiratory:Gills when immature, lungs and skin when
mature (skin must stay moist to function)
Amphibian Systems
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Vertebrates with lungsScaly skinLeathery shelled amniotic
eggsEx. Lizards, snakes,
turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs
Reptiles
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Warm-bloodedFeathersStrong light-weight bonesHard-shelled amniotic
eggsTwo scaly legs and wings
as fore-limbsEx. Hawk, eagle, penguin,
ostrich, hummingbird, robin
Birds
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Warm-bloodedFeed young with milk from
mammary glandsHair or furBreathe airFour-chamber heartMany groups of mammals-
Insect-eating, Water-dwelling, Hoofed, Gnawing, etc.
Mammals
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MonotremesEgg-laying mammalsEx. Platypus
MarsupialsGive birth to under-developed youngYoung develop in the pouch of the
motherEx. Kangaroo, koalas, possum
Placental mammals:Give birth to young that have
developed in the mother’s bodyEx. Humans, Dogs, Mice
Groups of Mammals