chemicals of life [autosaved]

7/28/2019 Chemicals of Life [Autosaved]

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Chemicals of Life


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Organic vs Inorganic

Organic compounds are compounds made of carbons.

Almost all organic compounds also have Carbon-Hydrogen bonds.

Inorganic compounds are compounds that do not contain carbon in

structure


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Examples

Organic Inorganic


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Minerals

Group of inorganic elements essential for normal body function.

Split into two groups depending on amount needed for survival

Trace minerals: Iodine, zinc, fluorine, manganese, chromium, iron, etc.

Major minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and

Many minerals are important enzyme function (Co-factors)

Example: Mitochondria need Magnesium to split the enzyme ATP and make


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Major minerals

BONE BUILDERS

Calcium

Needed for nerve and muscle function

Phosphorus

An ingredient in ATP (AdenosineTri-Phosphate)

HOMEOSTASIS GUARDIANS

Sodium, Pottasium, and Chloride


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Calcium-rich foods

Trace minerals through peppers and tomatoes

Phosphorous-rich foods


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Water

Does not contain Carbon, so it is not a organic/biological compoun

Life cannot exist without water

Essential part of the cytoplasm

Slightlypolar molecule Because of negative pull of Oxygen atom


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Water Molecule


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4 Traits of Water

High Heat Capacity

Dense liquid, less dense solid

Cohesive and Adhesive Forces

Great Solvent


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High Heat Capacity

Heat capacity- ability of a substance to absorb heat without becomitself.

Water has a high Heat Capacity because the rise in temperature has tmany Hydrogen-Oxygen bonds.

Only when the bonds are broken can the separate molecules move around.

The more molecules moving around, the hotter water gets


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Dense as a Liquid

Ice is less dense than water because Ice molecules are immobile and

Because thy are immobile, they cannot interact with different water moleculesthem, because the other molecules are spread out.

Liquid water molecules are very mobile

Different water molecules in liquid form are always in contact with all their suwater molecules, so they are not spread out.

Being less spread out and always moving makes liquid water more deice.


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Cohesion and Adhesion in Water

Molecules

Cohesion- Hydrogen-Hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Helps make liquid water more dense than ice.

(Constant cohesion with different water molecules)

Also causes Surface Tension

The surface of liquid water is not easily breakable.

Adhesion- bonds between water molecules and other molecules.

Example- water moving up the xylem column of a plant

Xylem column made up of xylem root cells


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Water is a great solvent Solvent- something that a substance can be dissolved in.

Example- Sugar dissolves in hot water (solvent)

Salt (Na+Cl-) dissolves in water easily because the separate parts of

(Sodium and Chloride) get separated and surrounded bypolar watermolecules, which stop them from getting back together and making


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Waters Use in living organisms High Heat capacity

Absorbs heat created by cells

Water in cytoplasm, blood

A lot of energy needed to evaporate water

Makes water ideal (perfect) for cooling down animals through sweat


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Organic Compounds Non-biological organic compounds

Not needed for life

Coal, benzene, etc.

Biological organic compounds

Needed for living things to function ( Each group below has distinct functiongroups- group of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton)

Carbohydrates (

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids


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Carbohydrates Biological molecules that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Can be divided into 3 groups

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides


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Monosaccharides Very simple carbohydrates

Cannot be broken down into simpler forms

Most common simple sugars

Glucose- most common simple sugar. Necessary for human survival

Fructose- the sweetest of the simple sugars

Galactose- found in milk


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Disaccharides Two different monosaccharides joined together

Maltose (glucose+glucose)Germinating seeds

Lactose (glucose+galactose)Milk

Sucrose, i.e. our sugar (glucose+fructose)

Sugar Cane


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Polysaccharides Long chains or (polymers) of monosaccharides.

Also called complex carbohydrates

Most common carbohydrates found in nature

Have 2 functions: Store carbohydrates for future use (storage polysaccharides)

Provide structural support (structural polysaccharides)


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Storage Polysaccharides Starch- Polymer of glucose molecules

Stored in plastids of plant cells.

Mainly roots and seeds

Can be 1 long, straight linear polymer, or a branched polymer. Glycogen- another polymer of glucose, primary source carbs in anim

Stored in the liver and skeletal muscles of vertebrate animals.


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Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose- Most well-known structural polysaccharide

Most abundant organic compound on Earth

Made up of glucose molecules linked together to make long fibrils.

Animals cannot break up cellulose.

So when animals eat food containing cellulose, it passes through our body un

Cellulose fibers help in waste removement from the body (helps you use the bbetter)


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Proteins

Made up ofAmino Acids

a carbon atom linked to four different groups of atoms.

Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Pho

Polypeptide- a chain of amino acids


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Proteins

Proteins are unique arrangements of amino acids.

Every different arrangement of polypeptides is a different shape, andifferent protein

The shape of a protein allows a protein to recognize and bind to a sp

molecule.

And do a specific function


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Primary protein structure (polypeptid


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Secondary Structure

3 D shape created by H-bonding of polypeptides


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Tertiary Structure

Ionic, hydrogen and disulfide (Sulfur---Sulfur) bonds further shapepolypeptide


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Quaternary Structure


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