Chemistry for Changing Times(CFCT)(CFCT)

• Chapter 1: ChemistryChapter 1: Chemistry • Chapter 2: Atoms• Chapter 3: Atomic structure• Chapter 4: Nuclear chemistry• Chapter 4: Nuclear chemistry• Chapter 5: Chemical bonding• Chapter 6: Math• Chapter 7: Acids and bases• Chapter 7: Acids and bases• Chapter 8: Oxidation and reduction• Chapter 9: Organic chemistry

Ch t 10 P l• Chapter 10: Polymers• Chapter 11: Metals and minerals• Chapter 12: Air

Ch t 13 W t• Chapter 13: Water• Chapter 14: Energy & fuel

Intro to Biochemistry

(Chapter 15 CFCT)

Chem 199L

( p )

T fTo prepare for our topic lectures each weekour topic lectures each week

• Read the appropriate chapter in CFCT.• Skim parts you feel are basic to you.Skim parts you feel are basic to you.• Carefully read new materials and prepare

questionsquestions.

The Circle of Life

C6H12O6+

6 O

•carbohydrates•fats

6 O2 ADP + Pi•proteins

6 CO2ATP

+6 H2O

Photosynthesis Respiration

C6H12O6+

6 O2 ADP P2 ADP + Pi

6 CO2+

ATP

6 H2O

Photosynthesis Respiration

Modified from Biochemistry (Mathews, van Holde, and Ahern)

Introduction to Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, y ( gcellulose)

• Fats & lipids• Fats & lipids• Proteins• Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

C6H12O6 = C6(H2O)6

Complex Carbohydrates: P l h idPolysaccharides

Lipids: Fats and Fatty acidsLipids: Fats and Fatty acids

(other examples of lipids are cholesterol(other examples of lipids are cholesterol, sex hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, etc.)

Formation of a Triglycerideg y

ProteinsProteins

Amino acids: Building Blocks for P t iProteins

A Zwitterion

Amino acids

20 natural amino acids

Aliphatic amino acids

hydrophobic

Basic amino acids

charged and polar

Acidic amino acidsAcidic amino acids

charged and/or polar

Sulfur and hydroxyl-containingSulfur and hydroxyl containing amino acids

Weakly polar hydrophobic

Aromatic amino acids

hydrophobic

Proline: The Most UniqueProline: The Most Unique Amino Acid

hydrophobic

The Peptide Linkage

Protein structureProtein structure

Primary structurey

Glutamate

Glycine trans

Cysteine

transorientation

Cysteine

ValineValine

L iLysine

Secondary structureSecondary structure

M tl h liMostly β-sheet:

Mostly α-helix:

MyohemerythrinImmunoglobulin, V2 domain

α-Helix

β-Sheet

Tertiary structure

Four-helix bundle:

Myohemerythrin

Antiparallel β-barrel:

Immunoglobulin, V2d i

Parallel β-barrel,

α/β:domain Pyruvate kinase,

domain 1

Quaternary structureQuaternary structure

cofactorsmyohemerythrin

cytochrome ccytochrome c

Cofactors3

SCys

N N1

S Cys

Fe

N N5

8Iron-sulfur cluster

O

-O

O

-O

heme

Metals: Cu ZnMetals: Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ni, Coflavin

Structural Interactions in ProteinsStructural Interactions in Proteins

Nucleotides - A Sum of 3 PartsNucleotides A Sum of 3 Parts

An Example: AMPAn Example: AMP

DNA and RNA areDNA and RNA are long chains of n cleotides bondednucleotides, bonded through phospate groups.

Each is a series ofEach is a series of heterocyclic bases

tt h d battached by a phosphate and sugar backbone.

DNA structureDNA structure

C - G

T - A

DNA replicationDNA replication

RNA structureRNA structure

Transcription:pFrom gene to mRNA

mRNA attaches toibribosome

Translation:tRNA brings in amino acidstRNA brings in amino acids

An animal cell

A plant cell