1. P-A (relation of x-ray beam to patient)

2. A-P Supine/Erect 3. Lateral 4. Decubitus position 5. THE BIG TWO DENSITIES ARE: WHITE - Bone BLACK - AirTHE OTHERS ARE: DARK GREY- Fat GREY- Soft tissue/waterAnd if anything Man-made is on the film, it is: BRIGHT WHITE - Man-made 6. A well centred x-ray. Medial ends of clavicles are equidistant fromthe spinous process. 7. On a high quality radiograph, the vertebral bodies should justbe visible through the heart. 8. If six complete anterior or ten posterior ribs are visible then thepatient has taken an adequate inspiratory effort.Conversely, fewer than six anterior ribs implies a poor inspiratoryeffort and more than six anterior ribs implies hyper-expanded lungs. 9. Each of thesezones occupiesapproximatelyone third of theheight of thelungs. 10. Right upper lobe: 11. Right middle lobe: 12. Right lower lobe: 13. Left lower lobe: 14. Left upper lobe with Lingula: 15. Lingula: 16. Left upper lobe - upper division: 17. Layers: 18. PeripheralSharp innerExtrapleural signIndistinct outerConcave angles 19. Right border: Edge of (Rt)AtriumLeft border: (Lt) Ventricle +AtriumPosterior border: LtVentricleAnterior border: Rt Ventricle 20. The main regions where a chest X-ray may identify problems may besummarized as ABCDEF by their first letters: Airways, including hilar adenopathy or enlargement Bones, e.g. rib fractures and lytic bone lesions Cardiac silhoutte, detecting cardiac enlargement Costophrenic angles, including pleural effusions Diaphragm, e.g. evidence of free air, indicative of perforation of anabdominal viscus Edges, e.g. apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening orplaques Extrathoracic tissues Fields (lung parenchyma), being evidence of alveolar filling Failure, e.g. alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularitywith or without pleural effusions 21. RUL opacity /Consolidation 22. RLL opacity/ consolidation 23. LLL Opacity 24. Air bronchogramsLt lung upper + mid zone opacity 25. Consolidation on CT 26. Causes:1. Vascular2. Primary Tumor3. Sarcoidosis4. Adenopathies (neoplasia, infection) 27. difference between a lungnodule and a lungmass is that of size.Traditionally, nodules aresoft tissue lesions in thelung that are smallerthan 3cm, while massesare lesions that are 3 cmor greater.Multiple nodules / Mets 28. Miliary shadowing 29. B/L Hilar Lymphadenopathy 30. Mass Lt mid zone 31. Bilateral & symmetricalhilar & mediastinal LAD Generalized fibrosis 32. Cavitating lesion 33. A. Generalized interstitial thickening = linear (reticular).B. Discrete interstitial thickening = nodules.C. Interstitial & alveolar filling = silhouette. 34. Alveolar-filling, or airspace disease: Pointillist patterns.Air bronchograms. 35. Pleural Effusion 36. Pulmonary oedema 37. Pulmonary Fibrosis 38. A Tension Bulla Mimicking Tension Pneumothorax 39. Emphysema 40. No ventilation to lobebeyond the obstruction Trapped air absorbed bypulmonary circulation Segmental/lobar density Compensatory hyper-inflation of normal lungs. 41. Air under the diaphragm 42. Hiatus hernia 43. Cervical Rib 44. Dextrocardia