child l acquin
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Child Language Acquisition
Sahil Thapa
Amit Kumar Upadhyay
Prakhar Goyal
Naineet Patel
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Language Acquisition
Ponder on Language Acquisition
A complex task
Encompasses research fields : Natural Language Processing
Neural networks
Psychology
Statistics and other related fields
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Language Acquisition- The meaning..
Language acquisition - process by which the languagecapability develops in a human.
First language acquisition or Child Language
Acquisition concerns the development of language in
children.
da --> daddy--> daddy loves me ..
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Why to learn that !!
Long range influences on adult behaviour: as the
twig is bent, so grows the tree !!
Children change so rapidly compared to us adults. Insights into complex adult processes.
Interesting subject matter.
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Lets learn How Krish learns to talk
1 Week "WAAAAAAAA!"
Translation - "I'm hungry!"
Krish learns that people pay attention to you whenyou make noises
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Lets learn How Krish learns to talk
6 Months "Babadadagugubaba"
Translation - none.
Krish has learned that making noises is fun.
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Lets learn How Krish learns to talk
1 Year "paalle - g"
Translation "I want biscuit" (First time he ate
Parle G biscuit, although this time, it is a differentbiscuit now)
Krish has learned that you don't always have topoint to show people things.
You can correlate one type of thing to its similartype.
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Lets learn How Krish learns to talk
2-3 Years "Chacha Choudhry hit boy. Stick daddy.No Talks !!"
Translation Chacha Choudhry hitting boy with hisstick. And stop reading this story daddy! ( BecauseI'm scared)
He has learned that language helps you be quitespecific about what you feel and what you want.
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Lets learn How Krish learns to talk
5 Years "Papa, mai yeh kaam karna chahta huun!"
Finally he has learned the core structure and
grammar of the language. By now, he is almost able to communicate with his
fellow people and from now onwards he will tryexpanding the vocabulary and knowledge of thelanguage.
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Outline
Motivation & Meaning
Some facts about language acquisition
Theories explaining Child Language Acquisition Imp Stages in CLA
CHILDES
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3 imp facts about CLA
1. REGARDLESS OF THE LANGUAGE KIDS ARE
EXPOSED TO....
at 6 weeks they coo
at 6 months they babble
at 1 year they produce their first word
at 2 years they construct 2 word sentences
at 5 years they have almost acquired the core grammar of
their language
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3 imp facts about CLA
2. Universal phenomenon phonologically,
syntactically, and semantically.
3 .A natural process
Their syntax is very rarely explicitly corrected, and attempts atsuch correction are almost invariably unsuccessful.
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Outline
Motivation & Meaning
Some facts about language acquisition
Theories explaining Child Language Acquisition
Imp Stages in CLA
CHILDES
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Theories of Language Acquisition
Theories
Nativist Non Nativist
ChomskyCognitive Behaviorist
PiagetVyogtsky Skinner
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
Language is a process of free creation; its lawsand principles are fixed, but the manner in whichthe principles of generation are used is free andinfinitely varied. Even the interpretation and use
of words involves a process of free creation
-- Avram Noam
Chomsky
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
Language acquisition is influencedby language,not controlled by it !!! Arguments:
Language is complicated
No formal instruction.
Always succeed and that too in a short period of time Independent of other mental tasks.
Use deduction rather than by imitation or memorization.
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
Neurological system in human brains that supportslanguage acquisition. Language Acquisition Device or
LAD.
Children are exposed to infinite data and given data LAD
produce a finite set of grammar rules.
L.A.D.
DataasInputGrammarOutput
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
Children learn language by applying this unconsciousuniversal grammar to the sounds they hear.
Universal grammar forms the foundation of all humanlanguage. A universal grammar can be equated with
computer languages. There are many kinds of computerlanguages, but they all have some fundamental similarities
Language
Base Component
(Innate)
Transformational Component
(comes by interaction with society)
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
Deep
Structure
Surface
Structure
BaseRules
Lexicon
Transformation
Rules
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Chomskys Universal Grammar Theory
So how these transformation rules look like? Subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI).
X NP AUX Y ==> X AUX NP Y
Ram is eating an alphonso mango."
Is ram eating an alphonso mango?". the bird was killed by the cat the bird was killed.
Deletion A+B+C A+ B:
Get out! Get out of here!;
addition/insertion, A+B A+B+ C: Mary up Call up Marypermutation A+B+C A+C+B Call
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Theories of Language Acquisition(Revisiting..)
Theories
Nativist Non Nativist
ChomskyCognitive Behaviorist
PiagetVyogtsky Skinner
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The Cognitive Approach (Piaget)
Children can only use certain linguistic structureswhen they understand fully the conceptssurrounding them
A child can not use comparison of size if he/she does notunderstand
the concept of size. Can focus on only one aspect or dimensionof problems.
Example - row of 5 blocks and a row of 7 blocks can count theblocks
in each row and can tell number contained in each. But cant tellwhich
is longer?
Progressive reorganization resulting frommaturation and experience.
Based on discrepancies between what they
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The Cognitive Approach (Piaget)
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 yrs):Trial and error learning.
Behaviors become goal directed.
Object permanence.
Preoperational stage (2-7 yrs):mentally represent objects and events.
egocentric thoughts and communications.
unable to focus on more than one concepts simultaneously.
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The Cognitive Approach (Piaget)
Concrete operational stage(7-11yrs):
Abilities of conversation and reversibility.
Organized and rational thinking.
can solve problems with more logical fashion.
Formal operational stage(11+ yrs):More abstract thinking.
Higher order reasoning.Can combine and classify in more sophisticated way.
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The Cognitive Approach (Vygotsky)
Knowledge from external world transformed andinternalized.
Not isolated 'lone thinker', culture and society aremore important for a child's thought.
Social Interaction and then cognition:
Development first on a social plane. Learn fromparents' behavior, their speech, imitate them.Parents correct them.
Afterwards information becomes internalized.Language is now inner speech.
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The Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)
language is acquired by conditioning andreinforcement
Learns through rewards and punishments.Children learn to speak by imitation. Parents then
reinforce or correct their speech. Children dont imitate
perfectly they may say words similar to what they hear aroundthem. Problems : 1. They over-extend language patterns they
already know;
Steal > stealed > instead of stoleDrive > drived > instead of drove
This is not imitation instead it is an extension
as adults do
Poverty of the Stimulus
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Outline
Motivation & Meaning
Some facts about language acquisition
Theories explaining Child Language Acquisition
Imp Stages in CLA
CHILDES
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Significant stages in Child Language
Acquisition
Function Meaning &
Examples
Structure
What children tryto do with the
language:-
request, ask
questions, etc..
States, events &relationships about
which they talk.
Some interesting
examples too !!
The way in whichtheir language is
put together
ultimately the
Grammar !!
S f C
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Significant stages in Child Language
Acquisition
Function Meaning &
Examples
Structure
First utterances:
Purpose:-
To get
someones
attention.
To direct
attention to an
object or event.
Commonly called as
naming insight.
They relate objects to
other things, places
and people.
Mummy
Daddy car
-Single words such
as look car
known as
operators.
- Other sentences
consist of 2 words:
Daddy car
(Obj Name +
Operator)
Stage - 1
Si ifi i Child L
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Significant stages in Child Language
Acquisition
Function Meaning &
Examples
Structure
Ask questions
where & what
questions appear
first..
Purpose:-
They try to fulfill
the desire of
naming &
classifying things.
They may begin to
talk about locations
changing and actions.
daddy sitting car
Curious to know
about where and
what of object !
where ball
- Sentences follow:
interrogative
pronoun + (object
or verb)
(where ball)
- Other sentences:
Articles (a/an, the)
appear before
noun:
Stage - 2
Si ifi t t i Child L
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Significant stages in Child Language
Acquisition
Function Meaning &
Examples
Structure
Start asking lots
of questions !
More complexity
appears in the
sentences !
They enquire about
the state of the
actions in a proper
way.
Daddy sitting in car
?
They start to ask
about actions &
events.
- Sentences follow:
subject + verb +
object
(mai khaau use ??)
- Auxiliary verbs
come into play. Use
prepositions too !!
daddy sittingin
car
Stage - 3
Si ifi t t i Child L
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Significant stages in Child Language
Acquisition
Function Meaning &
Examples
Structure
Sentences
become more
complex:
Start making
requests.
Ask for
explanations too:
Whyquestions
appear !
Here, they begin to
express meaning
indirectly, replacing
imperatives (Give
me...) with questions(Can I have?) when
these suit their
purposes better.
kya main use khaun?
- Use question
forms (Can I) &
negations (doesnt
laugh) easily.
-They use (often
implied) relative
clauses
I know daddy is
sitting in car.
Stage - 4
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Significant stages in Child LanguageAcquisition
This model explains the process of languageacquisition.
Variations possible among children at each stage but
little variation in sequence of language learning. From stage-5 on, what is learned increasingly depends
upon experience and environment
Opportunities to use language
And hearing it used.
Involves wide range of contexts and correspondingenvironment.
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Outline
Motivation & Meaning
Some facts about language acquisition
Theories explaining Child Language Acquisition
Imp Stages in CLA
CHILDES
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Childes Its relevance !!
A system for transcribing and encoding childrens
interactions.
It is developed at CMU.
It helps in studying syntactic construct and Part ofSpeech.
Research on various language disorders.
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A brief introduction
Founded : 1984 Director: Brian Mac Whinney
An international Database for the study of first and
second language acquisition Tools to analysis conversational interaction
Linking data to digitized audio and video
4500 Members 1500 published articles
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An Example
A picture description task- the patient is mentioning animal in a set of
pictures
- each picture having animal eating bananas.
- only single animal appears in each
- raw form, the patient said was simply,
rabbits, squirrel and monkeys
Here is how this is transcribed:
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Transcription
@g: 3a = bunny is eating banana *PAT: rabbits [*].
%mor: DET|0 N|rabbit-*PL
%err: rabbits = rabbit $SUB;
@g: 3b = squirrel eating banana *PAT: squirrel.
%mor: DET|0 N|squirrel
@g: 3c = monkey eating banana
*PAT: monkeys [*]. %mor: DET|0 N|monkey-*PL.
%err: monkeys = monkey $SUB ;
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References
Manolson, Ayala It Takes Two to Talk, A Parent's Guideto Helping Children Communicate. 1992
Communication and Cognition - Artificial Intelligence,Vol. 12, Nos. 1-2, pp. 45-61, Special Issue Self-Reference in Biological and Cognitive Systems, LuisRocha
On the role of parameters in Universal Grammar: areply to Newmeyer, Ian Roberts and Anders Holmberg,University of Cambridge/ University of Newcastle upon
Tyne A Working Paper on First Language Acquisition
Research:Some Notes on Theory and Method, Joseph Galasso,San Diego State University (1999)
The CHILDES System, Brain Mac Whinney, From:
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Thank You