chris frost presentation (may 27th 2014)

How Alien Invaders Can Change Governments

Christopher Frost ISIS Facility

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Schaerbeek, Belgium: May 18th 2003, 22:30

4096

“worried about the influence of MarJans on these elecJons…. unless the cosmic rays affect our lists in a posiJve way!”

4096 (212) votes added to an electronic voJng machine

SUN Microsystems -‐ 2000 n  Flagship Enterprise systems had problem in

‘cache’ memory

Cisco Systems -‐ 2003 n  High end 12000 series router line cards suffered

failures

Cypress Semiconductor CorporaJon -‐ 2001 n  $1bn factory ground to halt every month due to

single bit-‐flip in network

Sources: Daniel Lyons “Sun Screen”, Forbes magazine Nov 2000: Cisco 12000 Single Event Upset Failures Overview and Work Around; www.cisoc.com: James F. Ziegler and Helmut Pucher, SER-History, Trends and Challenges, Cypress 2004

Images courtesy of Shutterstock and Cisco Systems

Incident Primary Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Neutrons at

‘Ground Level’

Neutrons disrupt electronic devices

Cosmic Ray neutrons are a major problem

Incident Primary Cosmic Ray

+ +

+ +

+ + -

-

- -

- -

Source Drain

Gate

Neutron collides with silicon atom causing ejection of heavy ion

Trail of ionisation and current pulse

High energy neutron

A Single Event Effect (SEE) is when a highly energeJc parJcle present in the environment, strikes sensiJve regions of an electronic device

disrupJng its correct operaJon

Recoverable Error Non-Recoverable Error

Diagram Courtesy: Xilinx

A Single Event Effect (SEE) is when a highly energeJc parJcle present in the environment, strikes sensiJve regions of an electronic device

disrupJng its correct operaJon

Source: MBDA

Reproduced from J.F.Ziegler et al IBM. J. Res. Develop. 40, 1996, p23


~ once a minute

E Normand and TJ Baker IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 40, 1484, (1993)

Neutron RadiaJon from Cosmic Rays Incident Primary Cosmic Ray


Neutron RadiaJon from Cosmic Rays Incident Primary Cosmic Ray

~ 300 a minute More neutrons at 35,000 feet


~ 300 a minute


Neutron RadiaJon from Cosmic Rays

More neutrons at 35,000 feet

The dominant reliability issue in aircrab avionics

Becoming a dominant reliability issue in all advanced electronics

7th October 2008 at 04:40:26

Flight Qantus QF72 – Singapore to Perth

‘Real-‐world Incident’

ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Occurrence Investigation AO-2008-070 Final

Blackpool Rollercoaster has a 213 b drop

“We conclude that a significant SEU phenomenon exists at airplane al9tude, that it is most likely due to energe9c neutrons created by cosmic ray interac9ons”

Norman and Taber 1993

Sources: Single Upsets in Avionics, Normal and Taber, IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci. Vol 40, April 1993, p120


.....but the invesJgaJon idenJfied SEE as an ongoing risk for airborne equipment.”

“It idenJfied a number of specific lessons for the manufacturers of new, complex, safety-‐criJcal systems...”

The Chief Commissioner of the ATSB, Mr MarJn Dolan Media Report 19 December 2011



There were significant logisJcal difficulJes in obtaining access to appropriate test faciliJes and developing test sobware and procedures.....

“For example an autopilot system was found to upset on average every 200 flight hours… if a major GLE had occurred before this problem was eventually fixed such an upset could have occurred every hour making safe flight very difficult.”

UK Parliament - Commons Select Committee: Science and Technology Inquiry in Scientific Advice and Evidence in Emergencies: (iii) Solar Storms Report HC 498

FuncJonality

Scale

MarJn Cooper Invented mobile phone and made the

first call in 1973

FuncJonality

Scale

Reproduced from data in ITRS Roadmap 2011

FuncJonality

Scale

The Intel Edison board features a low-‐power 22nm 400MHz Intel® Quark processor with two cores, integrated Wi-‐Fi and Bluetooth

Source Intel

Kilobyte 1,000 bytes

Megabyte 1,000,000 bytes

Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes

Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

Zettabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

Capacity of 3.5” Disk

Capacity of DVD

Capacity of human being’s functional memory

Amount of digitally stored information in the world

(2010)

Source: Cisco

Date from IRPS11: The Impact of New Technology on Soft Error Rates Anand Dixit and Alan Wood Oracle Corporation Santa Clara, CA USA

FuncJonality

Scale

Data reproduced from R C Baumann, Neutron and Alpha Particle Effects in Electronics, RADECS 2012

FuncJonality

Scale

Data reproduced from R C Baumann, Neutron and Alpha Particle Effects in Electronics, RADECS 2012

CriJcal

High

Consum

er

Reliability

High Power Diodes and Transistors §  Higher than expected failure when introduced into electronic systems in the 1990’s

§  IEC guidance is that avionics requires voltage de-‐raJng by 50%

IEC/TS 62396 part 4: Guidelines for designing with high voltage aircraft electronics and potential single event effects

.. an autopilot system was found to upset on average every 200 flight hours

Consumer

Commercial

CriJcal

PredicJng the Consequences

NVIDIA Graphics Processor Technology

Images NVIDIA

NVIDIA Graphics Processor Technology employed in pedestrian detecJon High reliability requirement

Images from Volvo and NVIDIA

Images from Volvo and NVIDIA

Work at ISIS reported at RADECS 2013 (Oxford) The control circuitry (scheduler) on a GPU can be corrupted by radiaJon, with severe repercussions on its reliability

High Energy Protons

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

ISIS Spallation Neutron Source n  800MeV n  High Flux Source

Pulsed Neutron Field Broad Energy (>Reactors)

High Energy Protons

ISIS Second Target Station

Mimic Cosmic Ray Spectrum

1 hour at ISIS = 100’s years in real environment

100-‐1000 million Jmes more intense

ISIS Second Target Station: ChipIr


n  Funded by UK’s Large Facilities Capital Fund

n  Strong links to UK and European communities n  UK-Italian CNR-ISIS agreement n  UK’s SPASERANE Project n  UK’s SEEDER Consortium


Opportunity for State-of-the-Art Instrument

n  Optimise flux and spectrum n  Build on 25 year experience of neutron ‘user facilities’ n  Bespoke design n  Unique capabilities

Flood Beam

n  500mm to 1000mm beam n  >104 n/cm2/s (above 10MeV) n  Systems testing

Collimated Beam n  1mm to 250mm beam n  >106 n/cm2/s (above 10MeV) n  Board and device testing


The CNR InsJtutes where diamond detectors are made.

Italian Expertise: Fast Neutron Detectors - Diamond

CVD Diamond detector is a compact and versaJle soluJon for nuclear radiaJon spectroscopy. Diamond radiaJon hardness, high radiaJon sensiJvity, low dark current and high thermal conducJvity allow accurate Jme of flight measurements

Italian Expertise: Fast Neutron Detectors - GEM

Thin Kapton insulaJng foil copper-‐clad on both sides and perforated by a high density, regular

matrix of holes

Charge amplificaJon structure.

Aviation Nuclear Industry

Automotive

Medical

Internet Infrastructure

“ISIS is one of few facili/es in the world capable of producing enough very high energy neutrons to perform accelerated tes/ng.” Andrew Chugg, UK SEEDER consor=um

Making ISIS a centre for neutron radia=on

tes=ng and solu=ons

Aviation Nuclear Industry

Automotive

Medical

Internet Infrastructure

“Chipir will be the world’s best facility for screening microchips with neutrons, leading to safer, more reliable electronic systems and encouraging leading scienJsts and manufacturers to do their research in the UK.” David Willeus MP Minister of State for UniversiJes and Science March 14th 2011

Fast Neutrons Research at ISIS: Stakeholders

“ConJnuing UK investments in ISIS, such as a new instrument to help companies test microelectronics, will enable it to be at the forefront of academic and industrial research for many years to come.” The Right Honourable Vince Cable MP Secretary of State for Business, InnovaJon and Skills 13 August 2013


“We have an excellent track record of nearly 30 years close collaboraJon with Italy….. I’m delighted that the signing of this agreement provides a framework for conJnued success and the expansion of the partnership into new and exciJng areas.”

Robert McGreevy, ISIS Director 5th March 2014

“There are also efforts to improve radiaJon tesJng; for example, a facility to simulate effects of neutrons on aircrab systems has recently been developed as part of the ISIS facility for neutron

science at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory”

-‐ RAL Space and Lloyds of London


“This situaJon should improve in the next two year s with the opening of a dedicated beamline (ChipIR) ….. The ChipIR

wide beam facility will enable complete powered and monitored equipment and systems to be irradiated at radiaJon levels equivalent or greater than a Carrington

event to verify equipment SEE tolerance.”

-‐ Royal Academy of Engineering


“The micro-‐electronics industry is on the verge of architectural shib as devices get to below 20 nm. It was predicted in 1979 that there will be a watershed moment when such devices become suscepJble to muon ionisaJon, and we believe current technologies are approaching this threshold.”

-‐ Prof. Bhuva from Vanderbilt University

Dr Nelson Tam of Marvell Semiconductor Muons– First seen in cosmic rays


chris frost presentation (may 27th 2014)

Science

cosmic ray interac9ons

neutron radiajon

energe9c neutrons

single event eect

tj baker ieee trans

minute e normand

ground level neutrons

safetycrijcal systems