chronic adaptations physical education, unit 4 aos 1

CHRONIC ADAPTATIONSPhysical Education,

Unit 4 AoS 1

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VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015

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Key knowledge:Chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems to training.

Chronic Adaptations

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodybuilders#mediaviewer/File:Anwar_El-Emmawi.jpg



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Chronic Adaptations•A long-term physiological change, in response to training loads, that allows the body to meet new demands.

•Categorised as either: • Aerobic adaptations; • Anaerobic adaptations.

•Occur at the following levels (locations) of the body:• Respiratory Level• Cardiovascular Level• Muscular Level



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Plateau• Plateaus (relatively stable levels) will occur once the athlete’s body has adapted to the new loads.

• No new adaptations will occur due to the training load no longer challenging the body.

• Progressive Overload must be implemented at this point for further adaptations to occur.



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Type of training•Aerobic Training Methods• Continuous

Training• Long Interval

Training• Fartlek Training

•Anaerobic Training Methods• Short Interval Training• Intermediate Interval

Training• Speed Training• Plyometrics Training• Weights/Resistance

Training

•Aerobic Adaptations

•Anaerobic Adaptations



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Respiratory LevelOxygen intakeWhen discussing changes at the Respiratory Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s lungs.

Any changes at a Respiratory Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to intake.



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations - Respiratory Level

Lung VolumeTidal VolumeAlveoli size and surface areaPulmonary diffusion

O2 cost to ventilatory musclesVentilation (rest and submax)

Aerobic AdaptationsRespiratory Level



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In More DetailIncreased alveoli size and surface area

Alveoli size and surface area

Aerobic AdaptationsRespiratory Level

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alveoli_diagram.png



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increase in alveoli size and surface area can improve performance for a triathlete.

(2 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emma_Jackson_(triathlete)#mediaviewer/

File:Emma_Jackson_Budapest.jpg



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Cardiovascular LevelOxygen transportWhen discussing changes at the Cardiovascular Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Any changes at a Cardiovascular Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to transport

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Heart#mediaviewer/File:Gray505.png



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level

Left ventricle sizeStroke VolumeCardiac Output

Resting Heart RateSubmaximal Heart RateRecovery Heart Rate

Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level



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In more detailIncreased left ventricle size

Left ventricle size




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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increase in the size of the left ventricle of the heart can improve performance for a 3000m runner.

(2 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mo_Farah_Helsinki_2012.jpg



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood vessels)Capillary density to heart

Capillary density to musclesBlood flow redistributed to working muscles


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capillaries#mediaviewer/File:Capillary_system_CERT.jpg



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In More DetailIncreased Capillary Density at the Muscles

Capillary density at the muscles


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capillaries#mediaviewer/File:Illu_capillary-IT.jpg



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased capillary density at the muscles can improve performance for a hockey midfielder.

(2 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Field_hockey_players#mediaviewer/

File:Ch_carpesa.jpg



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood)


HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins)Blood VolumePlasma LevelsRed Blood CellsHaemoglobin

LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins)Blood Pressure (Submax and Rest)



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In More Detail…Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood)


Red blood cell count



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased red blood cell can improve performance for a road cyclist.

(2 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cadel_Evans#mediaviewer/File:Cadel_Evans_TDF_2012_

%C3%A9tape_9_01.jpg



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level

Aerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level

Capillary Density to musclesMyoglobinMitochondriaOxidative EnzymesGlycogen StoresTriglyceride StoresGlycogen sparingGlycogen Synthasea-vO2 difference



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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level


Mitochondria



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased mitochondria size and surface area can improve performance for a netballer playing in the position of “Centre”.

(2 marks)



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Concept ExplorerWhich of the following typical changes would you expect to occur as a result of 6 months of endurance training?



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Chronic AdaptationsAnaerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level

Anaerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level

Fast-twitch fibre size and numberATP StoresCP StoresGlycogen StoresGlycolytic EnzymesContractile ProteinsMyosin ATPaseMuscle buffering capacityNeural transmissionSize of connective tissueMotor unit recruitment



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In More Detail…Increased Contractile Proteins


Contractile proteins

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svg



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased amount of contractile proteins within an athlete’s muscle cells can improve performance for an AFL ruckman during boundary throw-ins around the ground during a match.

(2 marks)



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Chronic AdaptationsAnaerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level

Anaerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level

Left ventricle wall thickness



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In More Detail…Increased Left Ventricle Wall Thickness

Anaerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level

Left ventricle wall thickness

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(clean).svg



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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased ventricle wall thickness can improve performance for a 200m runner in the Olympics.

(2 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gouden_Spike_2011_-_200m_met_o.m._Patrick_van_Luijk.jpg



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VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 12A chronic adaptation to aerobic training is an:

A. Increase in the recruitment of fast-twitch fibres

B. Increase in fat oxidation at the same energy expenditure

C. Increase in carbohydrate metabolism at the same energy expenditure

D. Increased contribution from the anaerobic energy system at the same energy expenditure.



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VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 6dA chronic muscular adaptation to weight training is muscular hypertrophy.Identify two changes that occur in the muscle that contribute to muscular hypertrophy.

(2 marks)



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VCAA Question: 2012 Exam Question 14cPrior to undertaking an endurance training program, a 45-year-old male ran at 10 km/h on a treadmill at an intensity of 80% HR max.

Post-training (after weeks of endurance training), would running at this same speed (10 km/h) see him working at a higher or lower percentage of maximum heart rate. Justify your answer.

(3 marks)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_555848_Testing_on_treadmill.jpg

chronic adaptations physical education, unit 4 aos 1

Documents

vce physical education

chris hudd edrolo

slides comprehensive

new adaptations

chronic adaptations

training loads

athletes body

new loads