[cisco press] deploying 2.5g and 3g technologies and services in gsm-umts and cdma networks

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.8248_06_2003_X2.scr

2© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.ACC-20308248_06_2003_X2

Deploying 2.5G and 3G Technologies and Services in GSM/UMTS and

CDMA NetworksSession: ACC-2030



Agenda: Deploying IP Services in Mobile Wireless Networks

• Intro and Overview

• Radio Access Network

• Mobile Data Architecture (2.5G and 3G)

GSM/GPRS and CDMA-2000

Other Wireless Technologies

• Core Network Evolution Requirements

• IP Services For Mobile Wireless Networks

Service and user provisioning and control

• Summary, Glossary and Links


Mobile WirelessA Strategic Solution Focus for Cisco



NextGen Data Services Driving Data Services Demand

SMS Traffic > 1Billion/day

Europe: 750million/day

Italy: 150million/day

TIM: 30-60million/daySMART: 50-100million/day

AWS: 1million/day

Orange: 50 million/day

Services Offerings –

Major Operators Worldwide

• Prepay

• Messaging: SMS, IM, MMS, UM, …

• Personalization: ringtones, logos etc.

• Televoting & Audience Interaction

• Content: Branded and 3rd party

• Who Called?

• Where’s my nearest?

• Gaming: interactive & mobile dependent


Evolution Timeline














Mobile Architecture

Core Network

RAN

RAN

RAN Access NetworkBGGW/FA

BSC/PCF

BSC/PCF

BSC/PCF

RAN

ISP HA

Corporate-Y

HA

Internet

Voice and Data CoreTDM

Packet



Major Cellular Standards

1900 MHz

1800 MHz

900 MHz

800 MHz

1985 1990 1995 2000

PCS 1900

PCN / DCS 1800

PDC (Japan)

GSMNMT, TACS

AMPS

Analogue standard Time division technology

Code division technology

D-AMPS (IS-54, IS-136)

IS-95

1500 MHz

800 MHzPDC (Japan)

WCDMA2200 Mhz

TDMA 1900

3G

3Gevolution

EDGE

EDGE

EDGE

CDMA 2000


North America Generations

3rd1900MHzCDMADigital2001CDMA-2000

2nd800MHz/

1900MHz

CDMADigital 1993US Narrowband Spread SpectrumIS-95, CDMAone

2nd800MHz/

1900MHz

TDMADigital1991US Digital CellularDigital AMPS

IS-54 / IS-136

1st800MHzFDMAAnalog1992Narrow band AMPS

1st800MHzFDMAAnalog1983Advanced Mobile Phone system

AMPS

Gener-ation

Channel

Bandwidth

Multiple access

type

Transmission type

YearCellular system



European Generations

3rd2000MhzCDMADigital2001Universal Mobile Telecom System UMTS WCDMA

2nd900/

1800MHz

TDMADigital1990Global system for Mobile GSM

1st450/

900MHz

FDMAAnalog1986Nordic Mobile Telephone

NMT-900

1st900MHzFDMAAnalog1985Total Access CommunicationsE

-TACS

GenerationChannelMultiple Access

technique

Transmission type

YearCellular System


Japan Generations

3rd2000MHzCDMADigital2001UMTS WCDMA

(NTT Docomo)

2nd900MHzCDMADigital2000CDMAone

(KDDI)

2nd900MHzTDMADigital 1986PDC

1st900MHzFDMAAnalog1985J-TACS

GenerationChannel Bandwidth

Multiple Access

technique

Transmission type

YearCellular System

Japan added CDMA because of capacity problems with earlier system



CDMA 2000 vs WCDMA UMTS

CDMA 2000

• Divides 5Mhz into 3 carriers of 1.25Mhz

• 1.228mcps chip rate

• GPS for Synchronous Operation

W-CDMA UMTS

• Spreads across single 5MHz carrier

• 3.84mcps chip rate

• Asynchronous

Close but not exact














GSM Network Architecture

BSC

MSC/VLR PSTN

MS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS BTS

IP

SGSN GGSN

PDN

GMSC


PDNCorporateInternet

Other PLMNSignalling and Data Interface

Signalling Interface

Gs Gr

GpGn

Gn GiGb

Gd

GcA

E C

D

Gb GaAbis

Um

GPRS Reference Model

GGSNGGSN

Gb

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSCSMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC SMS-CSMS-C

HLRHLRMSC/VLRMSC/VLR

BSCBSC RXCDRRXCDR

BTSBTS BTSBTS

PCUPCU SGSNSGSN GGSNGGSN

SGSNSGSN CGCG



Cisco CNR

Visited Networkabc.gprs

Visited Networkabc.gprs

Home Networkxyz.gprs

Home Networkxyz.gprs

V-SGSN

Cisco CNR

GRXGRX

3. DNSRequest

3. DNSRequest

H-GGSN1.1.1.1

1. Activate PDP Context Request

2. DNS Request( APN Name: xyz.gprs )

4. DNSResponse

4. DNSResponse

5. DNS Response( APN Name: xyz.gprsIP Address: 1.1.1.1) Cisco Access

Registrar RADIUS Server6. PDP Context Create Request

7. PDP Context Create Response

XYZ MS

Data Session Setup While Roaming

Permit DNS request from

[VPLMN]

Cisco Network Registrar DNS Entry

xyz.gprs 1.1.1.1abc.gprs 2.2.2.2

:

• Large number of AAA requests per second

• Triggered DNS updates


What Makes WCDMA 3G

• Air Interface: GSM/TDMA --> WCDMA

• BTS --> Node-B

• BSC --> RNC

• MSC (still handling voice in R4)

• Packet voice (VoIP) in R5

MSC decomposition

• GPRS: GTPv0 --> GTPv1.0

GTP-C (UDP 2123)

GTP-U (UDP 2152)

• GTP Messages



UMTS R99/R4 ModelWhere Is IP Used?

GMSCGMSC

HLRHLR AUCAUC

SMS-IWMSC

SMS-IWMSC

Core Network External voice/dataNetworks

D

SMS-GMSC

SMS-GMSC

MSCMSC

PSTNISDNInternetIntranetCorporateExtranet

RNCNode-BUu

Iur

USIMUSIM MEME

RNCUuUSIMUSIM MEME

Iub

Iub

Cu

Cu

RNS

RNS

UTRAN

Gr, Gs, Gd, Gf

GGSNGGSNSGSNSGSN

Gn

H

Iu-cs

Iu-ps

Gi

Access NetworkUser Equipment

Node-B

IP

SS7Interfaces

Voice BearerRANAP overBroadband MTP


CDMA-2000 Data Overlay

• Access gatewaySimple IP and mobile IP access

• Client for AAA server• IP address assignment

Simple IP—PDSN (IPCP)Mobile IP—HA to PDSN to MS RN

PL

R-P

Airlink

LACMAC

IP

MACAirlink

LAC

MS PDSN

PL

Link LayerR-P

PL

IP

PPPPPP PPPPPP

IP/ IPsec

GREGRE

R-P Interface A10/A11 MIP/GRE

AAA

HA

IPNetwork

IPNetwork

End Host

Pi Interface

PDSN/FA BSC, PCF

BTS

Radio Access Network (RAN)

Mobile Station



ISP HA

Corporate-Y

HA

Internet

RAN

BSC/PCF

RAN

BSC/PCF

RAN

BSC/PCF

Core NetworkAccess Network

HA

AAA

BGPDSN/FA

MTSOCell Site

Z O N E 1

Zone 2Zone 3

CDMA2000 Data Network Architecture


Wireless LANs Taking Off

$0

$1000

$2000

$3000

$4000

$5000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Cahners In-Stat Group, 2001

+50%

+70%

US$MEnterprise WLAN End-Use Revenues

ü Standard

• Interoperability

• More choices

ü Maturity

• High speed

• Low cost

• Robust

ü High demand

ü Security

ü Ubiquity

ü Ease of Deployment



Multi-Access Mobility

Local LAN

WLANHotspot

GSM/GPRSGGSN

UMTSGGSN

GSM/CSDGW

Client Device

EnterpriseIntranet

User Home NetworkData Center

InternetHA BGW

NAT

Enterprise

ISP

Internet

ITP-MAP

HLR

Mobility and AccessIPSecTunnel (Bouygue)Single logonWLAN SIM Auth

User ControlService ControlBilling, CSG/MindOpen Garden

Differentiate servicesTunnel ServiceEnterprise Apps


Seemless Mobility Solution

MobileInfrastructure

Packet GatewayPacket GatewayGGSN or PDSNGGSN or PDSN

EnterpriseIntranetAccess

Server

AP

AP

Internet

SeamlessMobility

Mobile IP

Macro Mobility

FA

FA

SeamlessHandoff

Home Network

HA

Client

Client

Client



Mobile Coverage

EnterpriseIntranet

Home Network

HA

RAN

WLAN

E-NET

InternetClient

GGSNPDSN

GW

GW

* Beware of MIP over NAT

• Key to mobility is MIP (RFC 3344)• Seamless data handoff between access technologies• Client chooses interface based on configurable preferences


HA

Mobility Binding Table:MN CoA1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1

1.1.1.8 10.31.2.11.1.1.5 10.31.3.1

Mobility Binding Table:MN CoA1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1

1.1.1.8 10.31.2.11.1.1.5 10.31.3.1

1.1.1.7 10.31.1.11.1.1.7 10.31.1.1

FA

FA

10.31.1.1

10.31.2.1

FA

10.31.3.1

MN

1.1.1.7

1.1.1.7

MN Realizes It Has Moved to a new segment with an FA

MN Registers with the “discovered” FA

MIP Operation



HA

Mobility Binding Table:MN CoA1.1.1.3 10.31.1.11.1.1.7 10.31.1.11.1.1.8 10.31.2.11.1.1.5 10.31.3.1

Mobility Binding Table:MN CoA1.1.1.3 10.31.1.11.1.1.7 10.31.1.11.1.1.8 10.31.2.11.1.1.5 10.31.3.1

FA

FA

10.31.1.1

10.31.2.1

FA

10.31.3.1

MN Realizes It Has Moved to a Network With a New FA

MN Registers With this New FA

When the MN Moves It Re-Registers via Its New FA

MN

MN1.1.1.7

1.1.1.7

MIP Operation Cont.


The Movement is Transparent to all other Devices

Mobility Binding Table:MN COA1.1.1.3 10.31.1.11.1.1.7 10.31.1.1 – 10.31.2.11.1.1.8 10.31.2.11.1.1.5 10.31.3.1

FA

FA

10.31.1.1

10.31.2.1HA

Old Data Path

New Data Path

No changeis propagated tocorresponding nodes

FA

10.31.3.1

MN

1.1.1.7

1.1.1.7

MN1.1.1.7

MIP Operation Cont.














Core Network Scalability

IP Core Network

WLANHotSpots

1XRTT

PDSN

BTS/BSC

Circuit SwitchedSignaling

PSTN

SS7 Offload

3G RAN & Access

SGSNGGSN

Node-B/RNC


SS7 Offload

Data CenterInternet

Enterprise

PSTN



10/100/1000 Ethernet

Serversw / dual links

CrossConn.w / dual linksMM

OMC-R

PDSN

36/72xx

WAN Gateway

MGX's w /Route Processor Modules

(RPM)

AccessNetwork

SiSi SiSi CoreSwitch

CoreSwitch

Agg.Router

Agg.Router

Agg.Router

48 T1/E1 per MGX 8850

AggregationLayer

TransportLayer

36XXMWR1900

36XXMWR1900

36XXMWR1900

36XXMWR1900

36XXMWR1900

36XXMWR1900

T1/E1 links

T1/E1/OC-x links

OMC-IP

Radio

IP For RAN Transport


All IP Network: Evolution with VoIP

AGW/PDSN

AAA

SCM/MGC DNS

H A

MS

RF

MS

RF

BSC

BSCBTS

MCF

SigtranMGCP (optional) SIP

TDM/RTP

VoIP/RTP

PSTNMGW

SS7

SGW

IP Network

TDM/RTPSigtran

RP / A10-11

RP

Legacymobile

SIP / VoIP

SIPmobile

SIP / VoIP

packet data

Legacy and VoIP



MPLS Mechanisms

4. Edge LSR at egress removes label and delivers packet2. Ingress Edge LSR receives

packet, performs Layer 3 value-added services, and “labels” packets

3. Label SwitchRouters (ATM switches or gigabit routers) switch labeled packets

1a. Existing routing protocols (e.g. OSPF,IS-IS) establish reachability to destination networks

1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) summarizes destination information with labels


Solution

Core Network

RAN

RAN

RAN Access NetworkHAAAA

BGGW/FA

BSC/PCF

BSC/PCF

BSC/PCF

MTSOCell Site Core

Security—Solution

• Interconnection security issues—Access Control Lists on gateway routers to the InternetEncrypted traffic from operator to corporate sites

• Firewall placement issues—Two levels of firewall security—

Web servers, cache engines, mail servers—loose DMZ protection Content Servers and Database engines—“locked down” protection

• IDS devices + PIX firewalls to detect and prevent Denial of Service attacks• Subscriber verification and data encryption/key management

Device and subscriber access/verification—AAA functionsIKE support with shared Certificate Authority—Encryption functions

ISP HA

Corporate-Y

HA

Internet



UMTS R99/R4 Model Leverage IP Network for SS7oIP

GMSCGMSC

HLRHLR AUCAUC

SMS-IWMSC

SMS-IWMSC

Core NetworkExternal voice/dataNetworks

D

SMS-GMSC

SMS-GMSC

PSTNISDNInternetIntranetCorporateExtranet

RNCNode-B

Iur

RNC

Iub

Iub

RNS

RNS

UTRAN GGSNGGSNSGSNSGSN

Gn

H

Iu-cs

Iu-ps

Gi

Access Network

Node-B

ITP

ITP

ITP

ITPGr, Gs, Gd, Gf

IP

MSCMSC

M3UA, HSL, orLow speed links

M3UA, HSL, orLow speed links


Signaling Infrastructure: Migration to IPLower CAPEX and OPEX – Preserving Fundamental SS7 Network Design

AccessTDM

Signaling TDM Transport Network

Legacy

STP1_1

STP1_2

STP2_1

STP2_2

MSCs/SoftswitchSMSC/HLR/IN

AccessTDM

Signaling Over IP, TDM as option

SS7oIPIP Enabled STP

Access-LinksTDM

SUA or M3UA

MSCs/SoftswitchSignaling GWSMSC/HLR/IN

Access-LinksTDM

SUA or M3UA

MTP1MTP1 IPIPAAL5

MTP2MTP2

MTP3b/MTP3MTP3b/MTP3

SCTPSCTP

M2PAM2PAM3UAM3UA

SUASUA

SCCP/ISUPSCCP/ISUP

SCCOPSSCF-NNI

IP or TDM

MTP3b StackHSL

SoIP StackSIGTRAN










Services, user provisioning and control




Service Driven Architecture

Access

xDSL, Cable, FWA, LL, FR/ATM, etc.

3G R99RAN

3G R4/R5RAN2G/2.5G

Core

IP+Optical IP+ATM IPInternet

PSTN

Services

Others…Locationm

Comm.ContentHosting

Email/SMS

UnifiedComms

WebCall

Centre

Net

wo

rk a

nd

Ser

vice

s M

anag

emen

t

IP

IP, FR, ATM, etc.



Elements of the Mobile Data Center

• Connectivity

Any access (GPRS, CDMA, CSD, WLAN...)

Any service (Internet, Intranet, IM, FTP...)

Securely (VPN, L2TP, IPSec...)

• Control

Every user is known (single logon, single APN, AAA...)

Every user can be controlled (billing point, service and content selection...)

• Charging

Charging model alignment with end customer [Time, Volume, Content]


Cisco Mobile ExchangeFocus on Three Major Layers

Network Manager Network Manager AggAgg..Auth./ Access ControlAuth./ Access Control

Service / Content BillingService / Content Billing

Mobile Internet Edge MIP

Access NetworksAccess NetworksOwnersOwners

Off Net ServicesOff Net Services

3G

WLAN

CDMAGPRS

FixedLRE, Cable etc…

CMX

BillingAuthent. Corporate

Intranet

WirelessASP

ContentProvider

Internet

On Net ServicesOn Net Services

Streaming Localization

L2TP

GRE

IPSec

MPLS

IPV4

IPV6

GGSN

802.11

H.A.

VPN

PDSN

1 Access 3 Services2 Control



Service Selection

Enable Service

Selection

Service Control/Provisioning

Service Access

SSGSSGProxyProxy

PassthruPassthru

Username

Password

Internet access

TunnelTunnel

Accessing content partner

networks

Corporate accessAuto services logon (based on user

configured settings) upon Simple IP or Mobile IP sesion setup


The Mobile Data Center

HA

Multi-ModeTerminal

GPRS/UMTS

GGSN

AAA SESM

File Transfert

Remote Access VPN

InternetBrowsing

ServiceRouter

AP

AP

Access Router

Hot Spot

Common

•Access Control•Service Control•Billing

Multiple

• Access Technologies

MIP as the enabling Technology

CDMA1x& 1xEV-DO

PDSN

ITP

HLR

Data Center



Mobile Multi-Services Logical Architecture

GGSN / PDSN Load Balancing

CSG

CSM

CSG

CSM

CSG

AAARADIUS

RADIUS Load

Balancing Service Selection

Content Servers

Content Services

Load Balancing

Load Balancing

Record Generation For Accounting /

Billing

Content Optimization /

Transformation

COE590

COE590

COE590

COE590


SSGSSG

FirewallFirewall

Servers

High-SpeedInternet Core

ATM,POSFR, DPT

ATM,POSFR, DPT

Core Routing

Demilitarized Zone“DMZ”

Multi-LayerSwitchingContent

ControlCaching

Content Load Balancing

Content Load Balancing

RAN GWAccess

HLRVLR

DistributedGGSN/SSG

RADIUS

SSD

ContentHosts

ContentHosts

LDAP

ServiceSelection

PortalAccessPortal

AccessVLAN

PartitioningVLAN

Partitioning

Data Center Logical Design

Data CenterServer Access



Mobile Multi-Services Service Edge Subscriber Mgr (SESM) : Logical View

Subscriber:Subscriber:•• Account SelfAccount Self--carecare•• Sub account creation/managementSub account creation/management•• Service selfService self--subscription/Selectionsubscription/Selection•• Per subscriber policyPer subscriber policy--basedbased

Admin/Content Provider:Admin/Content Provider:•• Publish / Manage ServicesPublish / Manage Services•• Policy administrationPolicy administration•• Region ManagementRegion Management•• Content Delivery ManagementContent Delivery Management•• Account creationAccount creation

PPP/Bridged/RoutedPPP/Bridged/Routed

Video VoiceHTTP

Walled Garden

Service Edge Subscriber Manager DirectoryDirectory

LDAPLDAPPersonalized Personalized Portal!Portal!

Users Users & &

ServicesServices

Company AIP VPN

Internet

SESM

SSG


Will Customers Pay for Content?

• They will have to

Content Providers can give away content and go bankrupt

• They already are

Users already paying for mobile ring tones, logos and cartoons

• Free content is devalued content

Wall Street Journal refused to offer its content for free on the web

• Wireless resources are not unlimited

Usage must be restricted by pricing strategy

• Depends on presentation

Bottled water has gained market share over free tap water

• Paid content is improved content

Free TV has given way to satellite and digital programming














Core Network Scalability

IP Core Network

WLANHotSpots

1XRTT

PDSN

BTS/BSC


PSTN

SS7 Offload

3G RAN & Access

SGSNGGSN

Node-B/RNC


SS7 Offload

Data CenterInternet

Enterprise

PSTN



Glossary of Terms

• AAA—Authentication Authorization Accounting

• ACL—Access Control List• API—Application Programming Interface• APN—Access Point Name• ASBR—Autonomous System Boundary

Router• BGP—Border Gateway Protocol• CBWFQ—Class-based Weighted Fair

Queuing• CE—Customer Edge• CG—Charging Gateway• CoS—Class of Service• DiffServ—Differentiated Services• DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol• DNS—Domain Name Server• DMZ—Demilitarized Zone• DoS—Denial of Service• DPT—Dynamic Packet Transport• DSCP—DiffServ Code Points• EBGP—Exterior Border Gateway Protocol

• FR—Frame Relay• FRTS—Frame Relay Traffic Shaping• GGSN—Gateway GPRS Support Node• GRX—GPRS Roaming Exchange• Gi—GGSN/PLMN interface to IP network• Gn—Intra-xGSN(SGSN/GGSN) interface• GTP—GPRS Tunneling Protocol• GTS—General Traffic Shaping• HSRP—Hot Standby Router Protocol• IBGP—Interior Border Gateway Protocol• ICMP—Internet Control Message Protcol• IDS—Intrusion Detection Sensors• IOS—Internet Operating System• IP—Internet Protocol• IPFR—IP Frame Relay• IPSec—IP Security• IPX—International Packet Exchange• ITP—IP Transfer Point


Glossary of Terms

• L2TP—Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

• LDAP —Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

• LLQ—Low Latency Queueing

• MN—Mobile Node

• MPLS—Multi-Protocol Label Switching

• MS—Mobile Station

• NMS—Network Management System

• OSPF—Open Shortest Path First

• PDP—Packet Data Protocol

• PE—Provider Edge

• POS—Packet Over Sonet

• PVC—Permanent Virtual Circuit

• QoS—Quality of Service

• RADIUS—Remote Authentication Dial -In User Service

• SGSN—Serving GPRS Support Node

• SLA—Service Level Agreement

• SLB—Server Load Balancing

• SESM—Subscriber Edge Service Manager

• SSG—Service Selection Gateway

• SMS—Short Message Service

• SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol

• TCP—Transmission Control Protocol

• TDM—Time Division Multiplexing

• TOD—Time of Day

• ToS—Type of Service

• VLAN —Virtual Local Area Network

• VNO—Virtual Network Operator

• VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol (IP)

• VPDN—Virtual Private Dial -up Network

• VPN—Virtual Private Network

• VTMS—Versatile Traffic Management System

• WAN —Wide Area Network

• WRED—Weighted Random Early Detection



Important Links

• http://www.3gpp.org/

• http://www.3gpp2.org/

• http://www.gsmworld.com

• http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/servpro/solutions/wireless_mobile/gprs.html

• http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/servpro/solutions/wireless_mobile/pdsn.html

• http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Tech/mpls/

• http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Tech/ipv6/

• http://www.arin.net/

• http://www.apnic.org/

• http://www.ripe.net/


Recommended Reading

Wireless Local-Area Network FundamentalsISBN: 1587050773Available in Sept. 2003

Available on-site at the Cisco Company Store



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[cisco press] deploying 2.5g and 3g technologies and services in gsm-umts and cdma networks

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