CITATIONCITATION

ENG 221ENG 221

What is citation?

• Citation (n.) 1. A quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, esp. in a scholarly work

• Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:

• information about the author• the title of the work• the name and location of the company that

published your copy of the source• the date your copy was published• the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Shortly;

Why do we cite?

To show different points of view

To support our ideas

To be more credible in giving information

CITATION Borrowing others’ ideas by indicatingthe source

Direct Quotation

Summary

Paraphrasing

How do we cite references?

• In-text reference or In-text citation• End-text reference or End-text citation

(These subjects will be focused on in detail.)

REMEMBER:

• While you integrate sources into your essay, it should be kept in mind to give both in-text and end-text references whenever you use others’ ideas and/or research.

What information should be cited?

• All direct quotations• All paraphrases• All summaries• All facts and statistics that are not common

knowledge• All translations

Analyze different ways of giving in-text reference in the sentences below.

• Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (Clayton, 2000, p. 28).

• Anthony Clayton points out that several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (2000, p. 28).

Also;• Clayton (2000) points out that several rivers aside from the

Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (p. 28).

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

When you refer to a text with two writers, if the writers’ names are in parantheses, put an ampersand (&) between the two.However, if the writers’ names are outside the parantheses, use “and” in between.

Work by two authors named in the text

• Rosdahl and Weise point out that the unemployed of Denmark have had the right to request job related activities such as training or publicly supported work, but that right has recently become an obligation (2001, p. 160).

Also;• Rosdahl and Weise (2001) point out that the unemployed of

Denmark have had the right to request job related activities such as training or publicly supported work, but that right has recently become an obligation (p. 160).

Work by two authors

• The unemployed of Denmark have had the right to request job related activities such as training or publicly supported work, but that right has recently become an obligation (Rosdahl & Weise, 2001, p. 160).

Work by three or more authors• Cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author

followed by 'et al.' EXAMPLE:The first timeKahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found that...The second time (or other times)Kahneman et al. (1991) found that...

*et al. = Latin; “and others”

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

When you refer to source with three or more writers, you do not need to list all the surnames each time you cite the source.The first time you cite the source, list all the surnames putting an ampersand (&) before the last one.From then onwards, write only the surname of the first writer and “et al.” which means “the others” in Latin.

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

• If the source you use has no author but is the work of an organization, you can give the name of the organization instead of the writer’s surname.

(UNESCO, 1999, para.4)• If the source you use has no author, give the

title in quotation marks. (“An effective Leader,” 2000, para.7)

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

• If the information you want to borrow appears as a borrowed source in the source you have at hand, you should refer to both writers using “as cited in”.

EXAMPLE: According to Viscount Slim, willpower and firmness, which are elements of determination, are the most critical characteristics for a leader (as cited in Hughes et al., 2006, p.15).

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

• If there is no date of publication, put “n.d.” in the place of year of publication.

( Jackson, n.d., para.5).• If the information is on a single page, put “p.” before

the page number.EXAMPLE:

Lewis (1967) points out that following his victory in the Turkish War of Independence, there were many distractions, which at that time might have dissuaded Mustafa Kemal, a war-hero (p. 254).

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

• If the information is on more than a single page, put “pp.” and “-” between the page numbers.

EXAMPLE:Kinross (1965, pp. 94-95) points out that knowing the patriotic fighting spirit of the Turks, Mustafa Kemal knew how to arouse...

BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING IN-TEXT REFERENCE

• If there is no page number, indicate the paragraph number with either “para.” or the symbol “ ”

EXAMPLE:In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (para. 3).

ORIn his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others ( 3)

Indirect quotations

Use this form to cite a quotation that was found in another (not the original) source.

For example;• John Evelyn described London's churchyards as being filled

with bodies "one above the other, to the very top of the walls, and some above the walls" (qtd. in Clayton, p. 14).

Electronic and Multimedia Sources

Electronic sources are cited in the typical author-page number style with one difference: when an Internet site does not have page numbers, offer other location information such as screen, section (sec.), paragraph (para.), track, or time frame (minute).

For example:• Because of Greece's physical characteristics-its jagged coast

made almost all settlements within 40 miles of the sea-the ancient Greeks relied on the sea for most long-distance traveling (Martin, 2002, sec. 2.4).

Although it is beneficial to know the basics of referencing...

You do not need to remember all these.Always check by writing APA referencing guide

on www.google.com