civilizacia

sxvadasxva qveyanaze saubrisas yvela adamians, sakuTari ganaT­

lebis, asakis, xasiaTisa Tu ganwyobis mixedviT, sxvadasxva ram ax­

sendeba. amas garkveulwilad stereotipebsac eZaxian.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom aSS msoflios uZlieresi qveya­

naa. igi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebiT ukve 1895 (!) wels

idga pirvel adgilze msoflioSi da dRemde inarCunebs liderobas.

ufro metic, msoflio lideris rols mas kidev didxans veravin

Seecileba. aSS msoflios udidesi samxedro Zalac aris da es kidev

erTi mizezia imisaTvis, rom angariSs uwevdnen mTel msoflioSi.

kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom rogorc pirvel, ise meore msoflsio

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

fenomeni

vasil kaWarava

48

omSi saboloo gamarjvebis miRwevaSi aSS­is wvlili iyo Zalian didi,

Tu ara – gadamwyveti. komunizmis usisxlo damarcxebaSi swored

amerikam Seasrula mTavari roli.

aSS­is teqnikisa Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sesaxeb saubari

axla Sors wagviyvanda. am statiaSi ki Cven yuradReba unda gavamax­

viloT ufro amerikis unikalurobasa da kulturul Tavisebure­

baze.

statiis werisas gamovkiTxe Cemi qaliSvili, nacnobi axalgazrde­

bi da Cemi gacilebiT ufro seriozuli asakis megobrebi da pirveli,

rac maT amerikasTan dakavSirebiT gaaxsendaT, `Tavisufleba~ iyo.

usazRvro, uzomo, ukidegano Tavisufleba – anu rom amerika is qve­

yanaa, sadac yvela adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar Tavs ekuTv­

nis da mxolod mere – sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufsa Tu mTlianad

sazogadoebas; sadac adamians yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia da, rac

mTavaria, yvelafris miRwevac. marTalia, Cvens qveyanaSi dRes ukve

lamis bavSvmac ki icis, rom Tavisufleba ar aris martivi cneba da

rom civilizebul sazogadoebaSi amas didi pasuxisgeblobac mos­

devs, magram, mainc, am sityvas da cnebas yvela ganzomilebaSi axlavs

udidesi xibli. Cem mier gamokiTxulTagan yvelas arc waukiTxavs

1776 wlis 4 ivliss miRebuli amerikis damoukideblobis deklara­

cia, magram, albaT, sabolo jamSi, swored imas gulisxmoben, rasac

deklaraciis teqstis avtori Tomas jefersoni werda, rom „adami­

anebi Seqmnili arian rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RvTis

mier miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa

sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~.

magram deklaraciis es lamazi sityvebi sityvebadve darCe­

boda, mas amerikis konstitucia rom ar umagrebdes zurgs. es kon­

stituticia ki sworedac rom adamianis uflebebis dacvazea orien­

tirebuli. xolo raTa xelisuflebis arc erTma Stom ar moaxdinos

Zalauflebis uzurpacia (anu Zalauflebis ukanonod xelSi Cagde­

ba), konstitucia Tanabrad anawilebs am xelisuflebas maT Soris,

ase vTqvaT, wonisa da sapirwonis sistemis meSveobiT. Zalaufleba

isea gadanawilebuli sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarT­

lo sistemas Soris, rom isini erTmaneTze arian damokidebuli da

garkveulwilad akontroleben kidec erTmaneTs. amerikuli kon­

stituciis efeqturoba imiTac dasturdeba, rom 1789 wels misi

miRebis Semdeg masSi mxolod 27 Sesworebaa Setanili da igi albaT

uZvelesia yvela dRes moqmed konstitucias Soris.

magram verc konstituciam da verc amerikis policiam ver

daicva Tavisuflebis moyvare amerikelebi erTi Zlevamosili ba­

tonisgan, romelmac TiTqmis yvela daimona – diax, sworad mixvdiT,

es mbrZanebeli lurji jinsebia. imasac ki amboben, rom swored

vasil kaWarava

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

Tomas jefersoni (1743­1826) – aSS­is rigiT me­3 preziden­ti (1801­1809) da rigiT meore vice­prezidenti (1797­1801).

jeims flagis posteri, 1917, aSS­is personificirebuli simbolos – biZia semis – gamosaxulebiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda jariskace­bis omSi gasawvevad rogorc I, ise II msoflio omSi.

49

sabWoTa axalgazrdobis daukmayofilebelma ltolvam jinsebisad­

mi daangria sabWoTa `borotebis imperia~.

pirveli jinsebis gamoCenidan (1870­iani wlebidan) didxans es

Casacmeli amerikaSi ZiriTadad gamZle samuSao Sarvlis funqcias

asrulebda. jinsebis namdvili popularoba ki 1950­ian wlebSi daiw­

yo, rodesac meamboxe axalgazrdobis uniformad iqca, romelTac

ase moxdenilad asaxierebdnen marlon brando da jeims dini. maT

samoss TeTri maisurebi (e.w. T­Shirts) da tyavis Savi qurTukebi

avsebda. 1960­iani wlebidan jinsebma ukve mTeli msoflio waleka

da dResac igive grZeldeba.

barem isic ikTxeT, ramdeni gogonas sayvareli Tojina iyo an

dResac aris `barbi~, romelic 1950­ian wlebSi Seqmnes col­qmarma

eliot da ruT handlerebma. sainteresoa, rom maT ukve hqondaT sa­

TamaSoebis mwarmoebeli kompania `mateli~, rodesac SeamCnies, rom

maT patara qaliSvils barbaras da mis amxanagebs bavSv­TojinebTan

TamaSs didi adamianebis gamomxatveli qaRaldis Tojinebis ga­

civilizacia

jeims dini (1931­1955) – amerikeli msaxiobi, iTamaSa mxolod sam filmSi, magram iqca amerikeli axalgazr­debis kerpad.

50

mowyoba erCivnaT. ruT handlerma gaakeTa zrdasruli qeraTmiani

qalis samganzomilebiani Tojina Tavisi tansacmliTa da aqsesuare­

biT. Tojinas Svilis saxeli barbi daarqves da 1959 wlis niu­iorkis

saTamaSoebis gamofenaze gamoitanes. maRaziis mflobelebs ego­

naT, rom am saTamaSos gayidva Cavardeboda, magram ̀ barbi~ erTbaSad

gaiyida. momavali 10 wlis manZilze 500 milioni dolaris `barbi~

gaiyida Tavisi tansacmliTurT. xolo XXI saukunisTvis planetaze

yovel wams `barbis~ ori Tojina iyideba. esec – amerikis msoflio

batonobis kidev erTi nairsaxeoba.

amerikelebs SromismoyvareobiTa da muSaobis kulturiT cota

vinme Tu gautoldeba da Sedegic saxezea. 1920­ian wlebSi ameri­

kis prezidenti kalvin kuliji ambobda: `adamiani, romelic qarxa­

nas aSenebs, aSenebs taZars. adamiani, romelic iq muSaobs, RvTis­

msaxurebas eweva~. Cveni azriT, Tu ramis swavla da gadmoReba Rirs

amerikelebisgan, pirvel rigSi, swored Sromis mimarT es damoki­

debulebaa.

Tu amerikelTa erovnuli xasiaTis Tvisebebze ganvagrZobT

laparaks, albaT aseve TvalSi sacemia amerikelTa piradi iniciati­

visa da saqmiani urTierTobebis marTvis didi tradicia. amerike­

li individualistia, am sityvis saukeTeso samoqalaqo gagebiT, da

ara egocentrikosi, romelic marto sakuTar gamorCenaze fiqrobs.

ami tomac igi ar erideba axal, originalur, zogjer ki, ubralod sa­

risko gadawyvetilebebis miRebas Tavis biznessa Tu sxva saxis saqmi­

anobaSi da bolomde iRebs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar qmedebaze.

mas marcxis ar eSinia da mudam mzad aris Tavidan – sufTa furcli­

dan – daiwyos moqmedeba. amerikelTa biznesis tradicia mniSvnelo­

vanwilad Rirsebasa da patiosnebazea damyarebuli. amerikeli ar

daizarebs xangrZliv kamaTsa da vaWrobas saqmiani molaparakebebis

dros. magram rodesac SeTanxmeba Sedgeba, bolomde da droulad

asrulebs yvela pirobas da partniorisganac imaves elis da vai mas,

vinc SeTanxmebas daarRvevs – aseT adamians upatiosno kacis saxeli

gauvardeba da masTan aRaravin iTanamSromlebs. aRarafers vambob

iuridiuli saxis mraval sasjelze, rac biznesSi crupentelobas

jon kalvin kuliji (1872­1933) – aSS­is rigiT 30­e preziden­ti (1923­1929), respublikeli.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

51

Tu CvenTan, samwuxarod, kargad cnobil e.w `gadagdebas~ mohyveba.

bunebrivia, es ar niSnavs, rom yvela amerikeli ufrTo angelozia,

TaRliTebi iqac mravlad arian, magram wesiereba da sityviskaco­

ba amerikuli biznesis mTavari safuZvelia da umravlesoba swored

amas emyareba. TaRliTebi da nacarqeqiebi ubralod ver aaSenebdnen

msoflios umdidres da uZlieres saxelwifos.

amerikis warmatebisa da Zlevamisilebis mizezi isicaa, rom

amerikis istorias wiTel xazad gasdevs memkvidreobiTobis tradi­

cia, uwyveti kavSiri Taobebs Soris, rodesac erTi Taobis warmate­

bebi wina Taobis mier Seqmnil safuZvelze Sendeboda. amerikelebs

arasodes araferi dauwyiaT Tavidan – `nulidan~. komunistebisa

da nacistebisgan gansxvavebiT, arasodes ucdiaT `axali adami­

anis~ Seqm na. yoveli momdevno Taoba Tu yoveli axali mTavroba

winamorbedebis gawbilebiT ki ar iyo dakavebulo, aramed harmo­

niulad erwymoda winas, saukeTesos iRebda misgan, cdilobda arse­

buli xarvezebis Semcirebas, aumjobesebda miRwevebs. Sesabamisad,

kargs kargi emateboda da warmatebas warmateba mosdevda.

albaT, cnobil, e.w. amerikul ocnebazec (e.w. American Dream) gsmeni­

aT da iciT, rom yvelaze martivi gansazRvrebiT, amerikuli ocneba

moicavs amerikuli ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelyofil cxov­

kastobrioba – sazogadoebis dayofa da mikuTvneba ama Tu im karCaketili sazogadoeb­rivi jgufisaTvis, romelic sakuTari privilegiebisa da interesebis (wodebrivi, pro­fesiuli da sxva) damcveli da erTgulia.

henri fordi (1863­1947) – amerikeli mewarme, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara `fordis~ avtomanqanebis masobriv warmoebas.

civilizacia

grant vudi (1891­1942), amerikuli goTika, 1930, Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.

52

rebas, rodesac am ojaxs aqvs sakuTari saxli Tavisi karmidamoTi,

erTi an ori manqana da, bunebrivia, arc kargi sasmel­saWmeli aklia.

magram es am ocnebis mxolod nawilia, romelic ukve naxsenebi Tavi­

suflebis gareSe ar warmoudgeniaT da romlis umniSvnelovanes sa­

fuZvels e.w. Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa idea warmoadgens. kerZod ki,

rom kastobriobas, socialur­ekonomikur gadatvirTulobas mok­

lebul amerikaSi yovel amerikels Tanabari sastarto SesaZleblo­

ba aqvs da misi ukeTesi momavali, pirvel rigSi, mis sakuTar niWsa

da Sromismoyvareobazea damokidebuli. bunebrivia, amerikaSi yve­

la henri fordi da ronald reigani ver gaxda, magram am ori, metad

saSualo SeZlebis ojaxidan gamosuli adamianis saxelic swored am

legendis dadasturebaa da am qveyanaSi adamians namdvilad ufro

didi perspeqtivebi aqvs, rom sakuTari ocneba realobad aqcios.

aqve imasac nu daviviwyebT, rom sul raRac 60 wlis win swored

amerikaSi, samxreT StatebSi, arsebobda TiTqmis dakanonebuli ra­

sizmi. jer kidev 1950­ian wlebSi amerikis samxreTis StatebSi Savka­

nianebi da TeTrebi (kavkasiuri rasis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc

maT amerikaSi uwodeben) erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT cxovrobd­

nen. Savkanianebs ar SeeZloT TeTrebTan erTad erT restoranSi an

kafeSi Sesvla, matareblis erT vagonSi yofna, avtobusebSi ki wina

adgilebze mxolod TeTrebi sxdebodnen. Savkaniani da kavkasiuri

rasis bavSvebi sxvadasxva skolaSi swavlobdnen. 1957 wels im ram­

denime afroamerikel bavSvs, romelTac TeTrkanianTa skolaSi

ronald reigani (1911­2004) – amerikis me­40 prezidenti 1981­1989 wlebSi.

martin luTer kingi (1929­1968) – amerikeli oratori, ANantirasistuli araZaladobrivi moZraobis lide­ri, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli. nobelis premiis laureati, mokles 1968 w.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

53

nacionalizmi

gabedes swavla (umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZ­

velze), amerikis elitaruli sadesanto diviziis kbilebamade Sei­

araRebuli jariskacebi acilebdnen.

albaT, bevrs wagikiTxavT cnobili amerikeli mwerlis jeims

feni mor kuperis `ukanaskneli mohikani~, romelic amerikel in­

dielTa keTilSobil bunebasa da mware xvedrs aRwers. dRes ameri­

kuli sazogadoeba am mkvidr amerikelebsac pativiT epyroba, magram

XIX saukuneSi iyo dro, rodesac dasavleTis miwebis mravalricxo­

vani axalmosaxle gulwrfelad fiqrobda, rom `kargi indieli – mk­

vdari indielia~.

rasizmi iseve, rogorc nacionalizmi arc ise advili gasaqro­

bia. miuxedavad mZime rasistuli warsulisa, amerika, yvelaze

mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifo, warmatebiT agvarebs sxvadasxva war­

moSobis mravali adamianis Tanaarsebobisa da erT amerikel xalxad

Camoyalibebis sakiTxs.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom swored Savkanianma amerikelebma daum­

kvidres amerikelebs sapatio adgili musikis istoriaSi.

civilizacia

jazis samSoblo – axali orleani

apaCebis beladi jeronimo naTesav­ebTan erTad.

54

jazi – es gansakuTrebuli movlenaa musikalur samyaroSi, romel­

mac mniSvnelovnad Secvala warmodgena ara marto musikaze, aramed

adamianTa urTierTobebzec ki. jazi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze

warmoiSva da ara marto amerika, aramed mTeli msoflio daipyro.

rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, am musikis mTavari Tviseba aris

improvizaciuli sawyisis upiratesoba, rom jazuri nawarmoebi

uSualod Sesrulebis procesSi iqmneba da imave saxiT aRarasodes

ganmeordeba. jazSi uSualod Semsrulebeli qmnis musikas an aris

Semqmnelis uSualo Tanaavtori. saerTod, jazis samSoblod axali

orleani iTvleba. istoriaSi pirvel jazmenad miiCneven am qalaq­

Si mcxovreb mesayvires – badi boldens. pirveli jazorkestric

swored man Camoayaliba 1895 wels. lui armstrongi, ela ficjeral­

badi boldeni da misi bendi

jazis cnobili musikosebi: lui armstrongi (1901­1971), ela ficjeraldi (1917­1996), mails devisi (1926­1991)

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

55

di, oskar pitersoni, deiv brubeki, ben vebsteri, mails devisi, jon

koltreini Tu Cik korea kargad arian cnobili maRali musikaluri

kulturisa da tradiciis mqone Cveni, qarTuli, sazogadoebisTvis.

albaT, udidesi movlena ara marto musikis samyaroSi, aramed

sruliad amerikisa da saerTod msoflios popkulturaSi iyo elvis

presli. igi rokenrolis upirveles varskvlavad iTvleba.

sxvaTa Soris, erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli qanTris

musikaca da repic amerikidan mogvevlina iseve, rogorc mravali

sxva musikaluri mimarTuleba Tu stili.

sayovelTaod aris cnobili brwyinvale amerikuli literatu­

ra: henri longfelo, henri jeimsi, stiven kreini, mark tveni, fran­

sis bret harti, herman melvili, edgar po, jek londoni, Teodor

draizeri, o’henri, skot ficjeraldi, ernest heminguei, jon dos

pasosi, uiliam folkneri, jon stainbeki, Servud anderseni, jeims

bolduini, jerom selinjeri, kurt voneguti, robert pen uoreni,

jon apdaiki, gor vidali, jon Civeri, stiven kingi da mravali sxva

ara marto amerikis, aramed msoflios sulier saunjesa da siamayes

warmoadgenen. yvelaze meti nobelis premia literaturis dargSi

amerikel mwerlebs ekuTvniT.

albaT, arc erT qveyanaSi kinematografias ar uTamaSia ise­

Ti roli, rogorc amerikaSi. kino iq ara marto xelovnebis dar­

gi, aramed cxovrebis stilis danergvis gza da sayofacxovrebo

produqciis reklamirebis erT­erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo. ki­

novarskavlavi ubralod msaxiobi ki ar aris, aramed Cveulebrivi

adamianebis ocnebis gansaxiereba. kinoindustriam varskvlavis

WeSmariti kulti Seqmna, visac amerikelebi Cacmulobasa Tu qcevis

maneraSi baZaven.

rac Seexeba amerikul filmebs, isini ZiriTadad komerciuli xa­

siaTisaa, bevri maTganis mTavari mizani samsaxuridan dabrunebu­

li daRlili adamianebis gaxaliseba Tu garTobaa. aseT filmebs ar

moeTxoveba WeSmariti cxovrebis realuri asaxva, piriqiT, isini am

civilizacia

uiliam folkneri, 1897­1962

ernest heminguei, 1899­1961

mark tveni, 1835­1910

56

realobis daviwyebis amocanas emsaxureba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas

amerikuli cxovrebis sxva kinostereotipebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

udardel cxovrebas, wregadasul drostarebas, Zaladobasa Tu

erotikas asaxavs. marTalia, es yvelaferi amerikaSi realurad arse­

bobs, magram gacilebiT mcire masStabiT, vidre amerikuli filme­

bis naxvisas SeiZleba mogveCvenos. amerikis mosaxleobis udide­

si nawili metad morwmune, Sromismoyvare da ojaxis erTgulia da

Tu am qveyanaSi ramis kulti arsebobs, es sworedac rom ojaxisa

da Sromis kultia. RvTismoSiSeba, Sromisadmi siyvaruli da erT­

guleba amerikelebs imdenad aqvT gamjdari Zvalsa da rbilSi, rom

isini arcTu xSirad iclian udardeli lxinisa da drostarebisa­

Tvis, rac, albaT, ukve meore ukiduresobaa.

marTalia, kinos gamogoneba frang Zmebs lumierebs miewerebaT,

magram kino, rogorc xelovneba, swored aSS­Si gaifurCqna. amer­

ikuli kino XX saukuneSi yvelaze gavleniani iyo. 1929 wels moxda

amerikis kinoakademiis pirveli jildos, momavali oskaris gace­

ma. amerikuli kino dRes namdvilad wamyvani Zalaa msoflio kine­

matografSi da aSkarad gamoirCeva Tavisi konoreJisorebiTa da ki­

novarskvlavebiT. amerikelia yvelaze cnobili multiplikatori

uolt disnei, 1928 wels gamoCnda pirvelad ekranebze disneis miki

mausic.

nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom dRevandel arqiteqturaSi esoden

popularuli caTambjenebic pirvelad swored amerikaSi Seiqmna

da gamoCenil Cikagoeli arqiteqtoris luis salivanis saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli. msoflioSi yvelaze meti caTambjeni niu­iorkSia

da yvelaze cnobili `empair sTeiT bildingic~ iq aris, magram Tu

caTa mbjenebiT tkboba gindaT, pirvel rigSi, albaT, Cikagos unda

ewvioT, swored iq SegiZliaT ixiloT yvelaze naTlad am arqite­

qturuli fenomenis ganviTarebis yvela etapi.

rogorc amerikeli Jurnalistebi jein da maikl sternebi werd­

nen TavianT popkulturis enciklopediaSi, `popkultura – es ame­

merlin monro, avtori endi vorho­li (1928­1987), amerikeli mxatvari, dizaineri, mwerali, popartis mniS­vnelovani warmomadgeneli.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

57

rikuli kulturaa. Tu eWvi geparebaT, dafiqrdiT, riTi gvicnobs

danarCeni samyaro. gana es baletia, an didi mxatvrebi, anda lau­

reati poetis bolo soneti? – saeWvoa~. axla amerikas misi sam­

rewvelo potencialis masStabiTac naklebad icnoben. XX saukunis

bolosTvis amerikis mTavari globaluri imiji isaa, rom igi pop­

kulturis wyaroa: disnei uorldi, endi uorholi, madona, elvis

presli, jeims dini, repi, swrafi sakvebi, sapnis operebi televizia­

Si da filmebi Svarcenegerisa Tu stalones monawileobiT. da amas

davamatebdiT amerikuli popkulturis erT­erTi mTavar simbolos

– merilin monros, romelzec yovelkvireuli sabWoTa Jurnali ti­

puri komunisturi sarkazmiT werda: `rodesac Cven vlaparakobT

amerikuli cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, yvela fiqrobs saReW rezinze,

koka­kolasa da merilin monroze~.

amerikis mecniereba bolo aTwleulebi wamyvania msoflioSi,

rasac mniSvnelovanwilad e.w. tvinebis gadadinebac uwyobs xels.

erTs vityviT, rom dRes yvelaze meti nobelis premiis laureati

amerikas hyavs, rom msoflios saukTeso universitetebis TiTqmis

absoluturi umravlesoba amerikaSia, rom Tumca kosmosSi pirve­

li rusi – iuri gagarini – gafrinda, magram mTvareze fexi pirvelad

amerikelebma – nil armstrongma da edvin `baz~ oldrinma dadges.

amerikis am mokle mimoxilvis dasasrul minda amerikeli poli­

tikosebi gavixsenoT, romelTac ara marto amerikis, aramed, rig

SemTxvevaSi, msoflios ganviTareba Secvales. aseTTa ricxvs mie­

kuTvnebian: jorj vaSingtoni, romelic amerikis revoluciu­

ri armiis mTavarsardali iyo da romelmac amerikis SeerTebul

Statebis saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas Cauyara safuZveli; abraam

civilizacia

nil armstrongi – amerikeli astro navti – mTvareze, 1969 wlis 21 ivlisi.

aleqsander qarTveli (aleqsandre qarT­

veliSvili) (1896­1974) – qarTuli warmo­

Sobis cnobili amerikeli aviakonstruqtori,

TbilisSi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla

parizis aviaciis umaRles skolaSi ganagrZo.

1939 w. safrngeTidan gadavida amerikaSi, sad­

ac iyo `Republic Aviation Company~­is mTavari

inJineri. avtoria mravali modelisa, romel­

Ta Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: II msof­

lio omSi yvelaze popularuli gamanadgure­

beli ­ P-47N Tanderbalti, F­84 Tanderjeti, F-84F Tanderstriki da FF-105 TanderCifi.

58

linkolni, romelic 1861­1865 wlebis samoqalaqo imis wlebSi iyo

prezidenti da SeerTebuli Statebi or nawilad dayofas gadaar­

Cina; Teodor ruzvelti, romelmac amerika msxvili monopoli­

ebis ukontrolo batonobisgan daicva da amerikis sagareo poli­

tikis gaaqtiurebis fuZemdebeli iyo; vudro uilsoni (aSS­is 28­e

prezidenti 1913­1921 ww.­Si), romlmac amerikis finansuri sistemis

reformireba moaxdina da erTa ligis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo;

franklin delano ruzvelti, romelmac `axali kursis~ meSveobiT

amerika didi depresiidan gamoiyvana da II msoflio omis wlebSi Ta­

vis mokavSire qveynebTan erTad daamarcxa hitlerizmi; jon kenedi,

romlis tragikulad dasrulebulma prezidentobam gza gauxsna

axalgazrda amerikelTa iniciativas da antirasistuli kanonmdeb­

lobis miReba Seamzada; riCard niqsoni, romelmac amerika vietnam­

is omis Waobidan gamoiyvana da e.w. daTbobis politikis meSveobiT

saqmiani urTierTobebi Camoayaliba sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTis

saxalxo respublikasTan. Tumca uotergeitis skandalma daCrdi­

la es miRwevebi da pirvelad amerikis istoriaSi prezidenti ga­

dadga Tanamdebobidan; ronald reigani, romelmac Tavisi rwmeniTa

da mizanmimarTuli konservatiuli politikiT aaRorZina umZimes

krizisSi myofi amerika, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri dezintegraciis pi­

ramde miiyvana da Sesabamisad, civi omis dasasrulic uzrunvelyo.

swored am adamianebis meSveobiT atarebda amerika Tavis poli­

tikas, romlsac rogorc didi warmateba, ise didi marcxic axsovs.

jon ficjerald kenedi (1917­1963) – aSS­is 35­e prezidenti 1961­1963 wlebSi.

raSmoris memoriali, 1927, avtori guZon borglumi. raSmoris kldeSi nakveTi aSS­is oTxi prezidentis – jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas jeferso­nis, Teodor ruzveltis da abraam linkolnis – gamosaxuleba.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

59

civilizacia

naTelia, rom omi vietnamSi didi marcxiT dasrulda, verc erayis

movlenebi CaiTvleba amerikis warmatebad da verc centraluri sa­

dazvervo sammarTvelos zogierTi saidumlo operacia – saerTaSo­

riso urTierTobis karg magaliTad. magram, albaT, isic faqtia,

rom sxva did saxelwifoebTan SedarebiT, amerikis pozitiuri wvli­

li gacilebiT metia. swored man daamkvidra erTa TviTgamorkvevis

idea saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man gaadaarCina evropa da dan­

arCeni samyaro faSizmisa Tu komunizmis batonobisgan, swored

is uwyobs xels da exmareba axalgazrda demokratiebs avtorita­

rizmis, gaWir vebisa da ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da aRmo­

savleT evropaSi mimdinare procesebi amis dadasturebaa.

rac mTavaria da amas veravin uaryofs, amerika momavalze

orientirebuli qveyanaa. igi inovaciebzea orientirebuli cxovre­

bis yvela sferoSi. Tumca, amerikul sazogadoebas arc jansaRi

konservatizmi aklia da swored am Tvisebebis SerwymiT aris dRes

es qveyana msoflio demokratiis flagmani, yvelaze ganviTarebu­

li, ayvavebuli da Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic amave dros saku­

Tar Tavs saqarTvelos startegiul partniorad miiCnevs.

kapitoliumi _ aSS­is kongresis Se­noba vaSingtonSi. misi mSenebloba daiwyo 1793 w. 18 seqtembers da mis sa Zir kvelSi pirveli qva dado qvey­nis pirvelma prezidentma jorj vaSingtonma. arqiteqtori: uiliam Torntoni.

60

aSS­is samoqalaqo omi (1861­865)

aSS­is erad da saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba

advili ar yofila. XIX saukunis Sua wlebis­

Tvis qveynis CrdiloeTis 23 Stati (21 mil­

ioni kaci) samxreTis 11 StatTan (9 milioni

kaci) SedarebiT ufro ganviTarebuli iyo,

gansakuTrebiT, mrewvelobis TvalsazrisiT.

samxreTis Statebma moindomes SeerTebuli

Statebidan gasvla da Seqmnes konfederacia,

radgan CrdiloeTma mosTxova samxreTs iq

gabatonebuli monobis gauqmeba. samxreTis

ekonomika ki monebis Sromaze iyo damyarebu­

li. samoqlaqo omis mTavari mizezi swored es

iyo. am omma didi ubedureba moutana qveya­

nas. dResac ki samxreTelebi da CrdiloeTis

mkvidrni sakmaod gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen

erTmaneTs da maT Soris garkveuli naprali

dRemde arsebobs.

es sisxlismRvreli omi samrewvelo Crdi­

loeTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aSS ar daiS­

ala da kidev ufro dinamikurad ganagrZo

ganviTareba.

amerikis omi damoukideblobi­saTvis (1775 – 1782)

axlandeli aSS adre didi britaneTis 13

kolonias warmoadgenda da atlantis okeanis

sanapiro zolSi mdebareobda. ukmayofilebam

britaneTis batonobiT da, gansakuTrebiT,

londonis sagadasaxado politikiT piks miaR­

wia 1775 wlisTvis da adgilobrivebisa da bri­

taneTis jaris SetakebaSi gadaizarda. daiwyo

omi koloniebsa da britaneTs Soris. safran­

geTma, espaneTma da niderlandma amerikelTa

mxare daiWires da konfliqtma saerTaSori­

so xasiaTi miiRo. ajanyebulebma Seqmnes e.w.

kontinenturi kongresi da armia virjinieli

jorj vaSingtonis meTaurobiT. 1776 wlis 4

ivliss filadelfiaSi gamoqveynda damou­

kideblobis deklaracia, ramac saTave daudo

aSS­s. amerikelebma daamarcxes britanelebi.

1783 wlis 3 seqtembers parizSi xeli moewera

xelSekrulebas, ris Sedegadac didma brita­

neTma da danarCenma msofliom aRiares aSS­is

damoukidebloba. 1789 wels jorj vaSingtoni

arCeul iqna aSS­is pirvel prezidentad.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

61