diskriminacia, sizulvilit motivirebuli danasaulebi da...

diskriminacia,

siZulviliT motivirebuli

danaSaulebi

da siZulvilis ena

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

standartebis, saqarTvelos erovnuli

kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo

praqtikis analizi

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

kvlevisa da analizis centri

Tbilisi

2019

DISCRIMINATION,

HATE CRIME

AND HATE SPEECH

Analysis of International Standards,National Legislationand Judicial Practice

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIAThe Research and Analysis Centre

Tbilisi2019

kvleva momzadda saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos

analitikuri ganyofilebis

kvlevisa da analizis centris mier

avtori da mTavari redaqtori

marine kvaWaZe

samarTlis doqtori, profesori, analitikuri

ganyofilebis ufrosi

avtori

elene Rvinjilia

analitikuri ganyofilebis kvlevisa da analizis centris

ufrosi konsultanti

redaqtori

nino ZiZiguri

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos konsultanti,

filologiis doqtori

teqnikuri redaqtori da ydis dizaini

marika maRalaSvili

© saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo 2019

ISBN 978-9941-8-1996-4

© The Supreme Court of Georgia 2019

ISBN 978-9941-8-1996-4

The Research was conducted by Research and Analysis CentreAnalytical Department

The Supreme Court of Georgia

AUTHOR AND CHIEF EDITOR

Prof. Dr. Marina KvachadzeThe Head of Analytical Department

AUTHOR

Elene GvinjiliaSenior Consultant of Research and Analysis Centre

EDITOR

Dr. Nino DzidziguriConsultant of the Supreme Court

TECHNICAL EDITOR AND DESIGN

Marika Maghalashvili

winaTqma

winanmdebare kvleva momzadebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos analitikuri ganyofilebis kvlevis da analizis cen-tris mier.

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuf-lebebi sazogadoebaSi mTavari faseulobaa, romelTa dacva sa-xelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. adamianis uflebaTa dac-vis umTavresi principi adamianebis Tanasworuflebianobis uz-runveyofaa. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba adamianTa gansxvaveba rasis,eTnikuri da erovnuli kuTvnilebis, kanis feris, sqesis, religi-is, seqsualuri orientaciisa da sxva niSnebis safuZvelze.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, angariSis mizania saqarTveloSidiskriminaciasTan, siZulviliT motivirebul danaSaulebTan dasiZulvilis enasTan dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebissamarTlebrivi mimoxilva da analizi adamianis uflebebis dac-vis konstituciur da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv standarteb-Tan mimarTebiT.

Sesabamisad, naSromSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba rogorc qveyanaSi arse-bul samarTlebriv garemos, ise marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasa-marTlos gadawyvetilebebs, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentul samarTalsa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobas-Tan dakavSirebiT gaeros, evrosabWosa da evrokavSiris mier dam-kvidrebul saerTaSoriso standartebs. amasTan, kvleva moicavs sxva-dasxva qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobas, rasistuli, religiuri, homo-seqsualuri xasiaTis qmedebebis kriminalizaciasTan dakavSirebiTda aseve rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli komi-siis (ECRI) Sesabamis politikasa da rekomendaciebs.

naSromi efuZneba rogorc adamianis uflebadacviTi organiza-ciebis mier Caterebul kvlevebsa da angariSebs (EMC, WISG), isesaqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saparlamento angariSebs.

winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens damxmare masalas saqarTvelossaerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTaTvis.

vfiqrobT, kvleva saintereso iqneba ara mxolod marTlmsaju-lebis sferoSi moRvawe pirebisaTvis, aramed iuridiuli fakul-tetebis profesor-maswavleblebisa da studentebisaTvis, aseveam sakiTxiT dainteresebuli sazogadoebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos analitikuri ganyofilebamadlobas uxdis saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samarTleb-rivi mxardaWeris xelmZRvanels, qalbaton lia yifians.

6 www.supremecourt.ge

PREFACE

This research is conducted by the Research and Analysis Center of the AnalyticalDepartment of the Supreme Court of Georgia.

It is widely acknowledged that human rights and freedoms are fundamentalvalues in society, the protection of which is the most important task of thestate. The fundamental principle of human rights protection is to ensure theequality of human beings. Accordingly, differentiation in humans on the basisof race, ethnicity and nationality, color, sex, religion, sexual orientation, andother characteristics is strictly prohibited.

Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this research is to provide in-depthreview of the judicial practice on Discrimination, Hate Crime and Hate Speechin line with constitutional and international human rights standards. Therefore,by this publication, the reader gain insight into both the legal environment inthe country and the judgments of the European Court of Justice, theEuropean Court of Human Rights case law and the international standardsestablished by the UN, the Council of Europe and the European Union. Inaddition to this, the study also covers the domestic laws of various countriesconcerning the criminalization of acts of a racial, religious or homosexualnature, as well as the relevant policies and recommendations of the EuropeanCommission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI).

The research is based on studies and reports conducted by various HumanRights Organizations (EMC, WISG), as well as parliamentary reports of thePublic Defender (Ombudsman) of Georgia.

We believe that this brochure will be of particular importance not only topeople working in the Judiciary, but for the academics, students and all theother persons interested in human rights issues.

The Analytical Department of the Supreme Court of Georgia would like toexpress their sincere gratitude to the Head of the Legal Support of the SupremeCourt of Georgia, Ms. Lia Kipiani

7www.supremecourt.ge

sarCeviabreviatura .......................................................................................... 8

sakiTxis mokle mimoxilva ......................................................... 9

rasobrivi diskriminacia (ssk-is 1421 muxli) ..................... 14

religiuri wesis aRsrulebisaTvisukanonod xelis SeSla da devna (ssk-is 155-e da 156-e muxlebi) ....................................................... 39

siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSaulebi

ojaxSi Zaladoba, ojaxuri danaSaulebi daqalTa mimarT Zaladobis SemTxvevebi .............................. 57

homo/bi/transfobiuri danaSauli da diskriminaciaseqsualuri orientaciis/genderuli identobissafuZvelze ..................................................................................... 66

daskvna .................................................................................................. 75

danarTi .................................................................................................. 81


abreviatura

CEDAW konvencia qalTa diskriminaciisyvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

CERD saerTaSoriso kovencia rasobrividiskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb

COE evropis sabWo

ECHR adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Ta-visuflebaTa dacvis konvencia

ECtHR adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlo

ECJ marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasa-marTlo

ECRI evropuli komisia sarizmisa da Se-uwynareblobis winaaRmdeg

EU evropis kavSiri

UDHR adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTaodeklaracia

UNESCO gaerTianebuli erebis ganaTlebis,mecnierebisa da kulturis organi-zacia

aSS amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

gaero gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

ssk Sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi

stambolis konvencia qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojax-Si Zaladobis prevenciisa da aRkve-Tis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos konven-cia


sakiTxis mokle mimoxilva

saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens saqarTveloSi adamianisZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ganmtkicebis Ziri-Tad principebs. kerZod, konstituciis me-4 muxlis me-2 pun-qti pirdapir uTiTebs, rom „saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs ada-mianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xeli-suflebis ganxorcielebisas, xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudu-li arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSua-lod moqmedi samarTliT. konstitucia ar uaryofs adamianissayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rom-lebic aq ar aris moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdi-nareobs konstituciis principebidan~.1 am ukanasknelTan da-kavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom ZiriTad uflebaTa vrcel dadaxvewil CamonaTvals Seicavs saqarTvelos konstituciismeore Tavi, romelic maRali standartiT icavs adamianis Zi-riTad uflebebs. ar arsebobs arcerTi ZiriTaduflebrivisikeTe, romelic pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri formiT ar arisdaculi meore Tavis normebiT. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, sa-qarTvelos konstitucia damatebiT miuTiTebs im uflebeb-ze, romlebic uSualod ar aris moxseniebuli mis testSi, mag-ram dakonkretebulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis ganmam-tkicebel sxvadasxva saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtSi. ada-mianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebe-bi aris is uflebebi, romlebic erTxmad aris ganmtkicebuliSesabamisi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebiT (magaliTad,gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da sxva) da demokratiu-li saxelmwifoebis mier.2

1948 wlis 10 dekembers, gaeros generaluri asambleis miermiRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis(UDHR) pirvelive muxli acxadebs, rom: `yvela adamiani iba-deba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebe-biT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da erTamaneTismimarT unda iqceodnen Zmobis suliskveTebiT~. 3 saqarTve-

1 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/30346?publication=352 kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, 2019, gv. 50.3 ix.: http://ungeorgia.ge/uploads/UDHR-60Geo.pdf


los konstituciis me-11 muxli swored Tanasworobis kon-stituciur princips ganamtkicebs qveyanaSi da 1-li nawiliadgens samarTlis winaSe Tanasworobis uflebas da iqvekrZalavs diskriminacias araamomwuravad CamoTvlili niS-nebis mixedviT: `yvela adamiani samarTlis winaSe Tanaswo-ria. akrZalulia diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, sqesis,warmoSobis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, enis, religiis, poli-tikuri an sxva Sexedulebebis, socialuri kuTvnilebis, qo-nebrivi an wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilisan sxva niSnis mixedviT~. Tanasworobis cneba pirdapir kav-SirSia diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan, Tumca, unda iTqvas,rom praqtikaSi zogierTi jgufi ufro daucvelia, vidresxva an tradiciulad mudam diskriminaciis obieqtia. aRsa-niSnavia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis me-11 muxlis me-2, me-3 da me-4 nawilebi konkretul garantiebs adgens eTni-kuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi umciresobebis dasacavad,qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad gansa-kuTrebuli zomebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT da SezRudu-li SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis realizebis-Tvis. kerZod, `saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRi-arebuli principebisa da normebis da saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs ganurCev-lad maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa,ufleba aqvT yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe SeinarCu-non da ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon deda eniTpirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofsTanabar uflebebsa da SesaZleblobebs mamakacebisa da qa-lebisTvis. saxelmwifo iRebs gansakuTrebul zomebs mama-kacebisa da qalebis arsebiTi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayo-fad da uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad. saxelmwifo qmnisgansakuTrebul pirobebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqo-ne pirTa uflebebisa da interesebis realizebisaTvis~.4 amas-Tan, calkeuli jgufebis sakiTxebs aregulirebs specialu-ri dokumentebi, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso konvencia qal-Ta diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

4 lomTaTiZe e., xanTaZe n., zedelaSvli d., riCi u., Tanasworobis kon-stituciuri Semowmeba (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos,germaniis federaciuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, samxreT af-rikis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlosiurisprudenciis analizi), 2019, gv. 17-18.


(CEDAW)5 da sxva dokumentebi, romlebic miznad isaxavsqalTa Tanasworobis damkvidrebas, maT Soris, ekonomikur,socialur da kulturul sferoebSi _ aucileblobis Sem-TxvevaSi, Tanasworobis wamaxalisebeli zomebis miRebiT.aseve, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis,agreTve samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis sferoSi Ta-nasworobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebs moiTxovs saer-TaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela for-mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CERD),6 sadac erT-erTi mTavari pi-robaa am uflebebis uzrunvelyofa yvela adamianisaTvis,miuxedavad rasisa Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisa.7

garda amisa, Tanasworobis cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia tole-rantobis cneba. iunesko8 (UNESCO) tolerantobis principTadeklaraciis mixedviT: `tolerantoba msoflios kulturaTamdidari mravalferovnebis, TviTgamoxatvis formebisa da ada-mianis individualobis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobaTa pativis-cema, miReba da marTebuli gagebaa. es xels uwyobs codnas, Ri-aobas, urTierTobas da azris, sindisisa da SexedulebaTa Tavi-suflebas. tolerantoba Tavisuflebaa mravalferovnebaSi, esmarto moraluri vali ki ara, politikuri da samarTlebrivimoTxovnacaa. tolerantoba saTnoebaa, romelic omis kultu-ris mSvidobis kulturiT Secvlas ganapirobebs. toleranto-ba ar aris daTmoba, mowyaleba an Sewynareba. upirveles yov-lisa, tolerantoba aqtiuri damokidebulebaa, romelsac sa-fuZvlad udevs sxva adamianebis sayovelTao uflebebisa da Zi-riTadi Tavisuflebebis aRiareba. aranair garemoebebSi ar Se-iZleba am ZiriTadi faseulobebis xelyofis gamarTleba to-lerantobiT. tolerantoba unda gamoiCinon calkeulma ada-mianebma, jgufebma da saxelmwifoebma“.9

5 saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratificirebul iqna 1994 wlis 22seqtembers.

6 saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratificirebul iqna 1999 wlis 16aprils.

7 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi (saxelmZR-vanelo, meore ganaxlebuli gamocema), redaqtorebi: a. eide,k. krauze, a. rosa. gv. 29-30.

8 gaerTianebuli erebis ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturisorganizacia.

9 ix.: http://www.tolerantoba.ge/index.php?id=1317639567&kat=166, muxli 1-li (1.1-1.2).


saqarTveloSi konstituciuri uflebis dacvis samarTleb-rivi garantis rolSi gamodis samarTlis sxvadasxva dargi,maT Soris, sisxlis samarTalic. adamianTa Tanasworuflebi-anobis darRveva, Tuki es arsebiTad xelyofs adamianis ro-melime uflebas, iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeb-lobas.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, winamdebare kvle-vis mizania saqarTveloSi diskriminaciasTan da siZulviliTmotivirebul danaSaulebTan dakavSirebuli sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeebis samarTlebrivi mimoxilva da analizi adamia-nis uflebebis dacvis konstituciur da saerTaSorisosamar-Tlebriv standartebTan mimarTebiT.

Temis aqtualoba ganapiroba saqarTveloSi gaxSirebulma Se-uwynareblobis, Zaladobis, qsenofobiis, agresiuli nacio-nalizmis, rasizmis, marginalizaciisa da diskriminaciis Sem-Txvevebma. kerZod, aRniSnuls mowmobs bolo wlebSi umcire-sobebis mimarT mtruli damokidebulebiT motivirebuli gax-maurebuli danaSaulebrivi SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, iseTi,rogoric iyo 2016 wels ultranacionalisturi da neofaSis-turi jgufebis mier rusTavelisa da aRmaSeneblis gamzirzegamarTuli msvleloba, romlis drosac demonstraciis mo-nawileebi diskriminaciuli da qsenofobiuri gancxadebebiTgamoirCeodnen da ucxoelebs qveynis datovebisken mouwo-debdnen. aseve, aRniSnuli saprotesto marSis monawileebmaramdenime Turquli restornis fasadi daazianes, xolo res-toranSi ki, sadac xalxi imyofeboda, piroteqnikis cecxlmo-kidebuli saSualebebi Seagdes. amasTan, 2018 wels gamovlin-da rasobrivi niSniT Seuwynareblobis ramdenime gaxmaure-buli SemTxveva, maT Soris, gansxvavebuli eTnosisa da erov-nebis adamianebze fizikuri Zaladobisa da sityvieri Seurac-xyofis faqtebi (magaliTad, qalaq rusTavis incidenti, ro-desac erT-erT samarSuto taqsiSi, rasobrivi Seuwynareblo-bis motiviT, kanis feris gamo, saqarTvelos moqalaqe Tavsdaesxa kamerunis moqalaqes). saqarTveloSi kvlav proble-mur sakiTxad rCeba „iehovas mowmeebis~ mimarT religiuri Se-uwynareblobis motiviT Cadenili danaSaulis faqtebi da ase-ve, homofobiuri/transfobiuri Tavdasxmebis gazrdili ra-odenoba. garda amisa, xSiria ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevebic.

kvlevis farglebSi, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ana-


litikuri ganyofilebis kvlevis da analizis centris mier,Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli iqna sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-siT (SemdgomSi ssk) gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli muxlebissafuZvelze miRebuli ganaCenebi. kerZod, saqarTvelos pir-veli da meore instanciis sasamarTloebidan gamoTxovil iq-na 2017-2018 da 2019 (pirveli 7 Tvis monacamebi) wlebSi, maTmier ssk-is 142-e (adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis darRve-va), 1421 (rasobrivi diskriminacia), 155-e (religiuri wesis aR-srulebisaTvis ukanonod xelis SeSla), 156-e (devna) muxle-bis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aslebi da ase-ve, im ganaCenTa aslebi, sadac sasamarTlo miuTiTebda dana-Saulis damamZimebel garemoebebze da sasjelis daniSvnisasxelmZRvanelobda ssk-is 531 muxliT.10

10 saerTo sasamarTloebidan miRebul iqna 110 gadawyvetileba.


rasobrivi diskriminacia (ssk-is 1421 muxli)

gaeros konvenciis _ `rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela for-mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ 1-li muxli rasobriv diskriminacia-Si moiazrebs diskriminacias `rasis, kanis feris, sagvareu-lo, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobis niSnebiT~.11 amas-Tan, `adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacviskonvenciis~ me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad: `konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT sargebloba uzrun-velyofilia yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ganurCevladsqesis, rasis, kanis feris, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxvaSexedulebebis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmoSobis, erov-nuli umciresobebisadmi kuTvnilebis, qonebrivi mdgomare-obis, dabadebisa Tu sxva niSnisa~. aqve unda iTqvas, rom Tav-dapirvelad, konvencia me-14 muxlis meSveobiT uzrunvel-yofda mxolod Tavad konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebi-sa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas diskriminaciis gareSe, rac ra-sakvirvelia, droTa ganmavlobaSi, sazogadoebrivi urTier-Tobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, aRar iyo sakmarisi ada-mianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis efeqtianidacvis TvalsazrisiT. am faqtma da konvenciis, rogorc ̀ coc-xali organizmis~ bunebam ganapiroba konvenciis damatebiTioqmebis miReba. kerZod, miRebul iqna evropuli konvenciisme-12 damatebiTi oqmi, romelmac gaafarTova diskriminaci-is akrZalvis farglebi _ Tanabari mopyrobis uzrunvelsayo-fad, nebismieri uflebiT sargeblobisas (erovnuli kanon-mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebaTa CaTvliT). aseve,2000 wels, evrokavSirma gaafarTova diskriminaciis akrZal-vis samarTlis farglebi da miiRo direqtiva rasobrivi Ta-nasworobis Sesaxeb, romliTac dauSvebelia diskriminacia ra-sobrivi an eTnikuri safuZvliT SromiT urTierTobebSi, ase-ve socialur daxmarebebze, socialur uzrunvelyofis sis-temaze, saqonelsa an servisebze xelmisawvdomobis mxriv.12

sagulisxmoa, rom rasobrivi diskriminaciis konteqstSi mar-Tlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTlo, adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, ufro Sors wavida da mi-

11 ix.: http://www.parliament.ge/files/1359_21958_339510_ rasobrividiskriminaciisyvelaformislikvidaciisSesaxeb.pdf

12 ix.: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/Display DCTMContent?documentId=09000016800922ad gv. 16.


iCnia, rom pirdapiri diskriminaciis dasadgenad ar aris saWirokonkretuli msxverplis arseboba. aRniSnulis magaliTia fe-rinis saqme, sadac erT-erTi belgiuri kompaniis mesakuTrem ga-nacxada, rom imigrantebi ver dasaqmdebodnen mis kompaniaSi.aseTi pozicia man gamoxata, rogorc reklamis meSveobiT, isezepirad. am saqmeSi ar arsebobda diskriminaciis konkretulimsxverpli anu ar figurirebda konkretuli dazaralebuli, vi-naidan TeTrkanianebma gadawyvites, rom saerTod ar miemarTaTkompaniisTvis am ukanasknelis mier gakeTebuli sareklamo gan-cxadebis gamo. swored amitom, saCivari sasamarTloSi Seitanabelgiis Tanasworobis centrma, sasamarTlom ki daadgina, romar iyo aucilebeli diskriminaciis konkretuli msxverplisidentificireba. kompaniis am konkretuli reklamis Sinaarsi-dan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom aSkarad miiCnia, rom àraTeT-rkanianebi~ TavisTavad Seikavebdnen Tavs dasaqmebis SesaxebgancxadebiT miemarTaT kompaniisaTvis, radgan maT winaswaricodnen, rom dasaqmebis araviTari perspeqtiva ar eqnebodaT.Sesabamisad, ukve SesaZlebeli iyo imis dasabuTeba, rom kompa-niis politika imTaviTve diskriminaciuli iyo da amdenad, dis-kriminaciis aRiarebisaTvis aRar iyo saWiro arakeTilmosurnemopyrobis konkretuli msxverplis arseboba.13

evrosabWos komisiam rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaR-mdeg, farTod ganmarta rasobrivi diskriminacia, romelic mo-icavs Semdeg safuZvlebs: rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia, moqa-laqeoba an erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba (saqarTve-los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1421 muxli rasobrivi dis-kriminaciis safuZvlebis CamonaTvalSi ar iTvaliswinebs enas,religias da moqalaqeobas, Tumca ssk-s 142-e muxli krZalavsTanasworuflebianobis darRvevas, maT Soris, enis, moqala-qeobis, religiis an rwmenis gamo). garda amisa, evropulma sa-samarTlom `rasis~ da èTnikurobis~ koncefciaTa ganmarte-bisas daadgina, rom ena, religia, erovneba da kultura rasis-gan ganuyofeli nawilebia. gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze timiSeviruseTis winaaRmdeg,14 sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom èTniku-roba da rasa urTierTdakavSirebuli da Tanmxvedri cnebebia.

13 CJEU, saqme C-54/07, Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijdingv. Firma Feryn NV, 10 ivlisi, 2008, ix.: http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/martlmsajuleba-da-kanoni-2015w-n2.pdf gv. 92.

14 timiSevi ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Timishev v. Russia), ¹55762/00 da ¹55974/00, 13 dekemberi, 2005, §55.


cneba `rasa~ safuZvels iRebs qvesaxeobebad adamianTa klasi-fikaciis ideisgan, morfologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT,rogoricaa: kanis feri an saxis nakvTebi, `eTnikuroba~ ki _ sa-zogadoebrivi jgufebis ideisgan, romlebsac axasiaTebT sa-erTo erovneba, erTi tomisadmi kuTvnileba, saerTo rwmena,erTiani ena an kulturisa da tradiciebis saerTo sawyisebi dafoni~.15 amasTan, gadawyvetileba saqmeze sediCi da finCi bos-nia-hercogovinas winaaRmdeg,16 pirveli saqme iyo, romelic ev-ropulma sasamarTlom ganixila me-12 oqmis Tanaxmad. kerZod,ganmcxadeblebi Ciodnen, rom ar SeeZloT arCevnebSi monawi-leoba. 1990-ian wlebSi, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebiserT-erT nawilad sam mTavar eTnikur jgufs Soris gaformdaZalTa ganawilebis SeTanxmeba. masSi moiazreboda isic, rom ne-bismier pirs, vinc arCevnebze sakuTar kandidaturas wamoaye-nebda, unda ganecxadebina bosniel, serb an xorvat sazogado-ebasTan misi mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb. ebraeli da boSa warmoSobiskandidatebma amaze uari ganacxades da aRniSnes, rom es iyodiskriminacia rasobriv da eTnikur niadagze. aRniSnul saq-meSi, strasburgis sasamarTlom gaimeora zemoT motanili gan-marteba rasasa da eTnikurobas Soris urTierTdamokidebu-lebis Sesaxeb da dasZina, rom diskriminacia piris eTnikuriwarmomavlobis gamo, rasobrivi diskriminaciis formaa. sasa-marTlos gadawyvetileba, rom moxda rasobrivi diskrimina-cia, kargad asaxavs urTierTkavSirs eTnikurobasa da religi-as Soris. metic, evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sam-Svidobo SeTanxmebis delikaturi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad,mainc ver gamarTldeboda amgvari diskriminacia.

strasburgis sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, adamianebis mimarTgansxvavebul mopyrobas, romelic mTlianad an ZiriTadadefuZneba rasobriv, erovnul kuTvnilebas an kanis fers, araaqvs araviTari perspeqtiva, rom obieqturad gamarTlebu-lad Sefasdes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, romelic plu-ralizmisa da gansxvavebul kulturaTa pativiscemis prin-

15 tolerantobis da mravalferovnebis instituti, rasobriviSeuwynarebloba da qsenofobia ucxoelTa uflebrivi mdgomareobasaqarTveloSi, 2019, gv. 13.

16 sediCi da finCi bosnia-hercogovinas winaaRmdeg (Sejdic and Finci v.Bosnia and Herzegovina), [didi palata], ¹27996/06 da ¹34836/06, 22dekemberi, 2009, ix.: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800922ad gv. 112.


cipebs emyareba. misive ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli safuZvliTdiskriminacia imavdroulad warmoadgens `Rirsebis damamci-rebel mopyrobas~ da konvenciis me-14 muxlTan erTad gamo-iwvevs konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevis aRiarebasac.17

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi standartebis msgavsad, kano-nis winaSe Tanasworobis uflebis garantiaSi saqarTveloskonstitucia aseve, iTvaliswinebs, rom kanonis winaSe yvelaadamiani Tanasworia, maT Soris, ganurCevlad rasis, kanis fe-ris da eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa.18

zemoxsenebuli konstituciuri uflebis dacvis samarTlebri-vi garantis rolSi gamodis samarTlis sxvadasxva dargi, maT So-ris, sisxlis samarTalic. adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis dar-Rveva, Tu es arsebiTad xelyofs adamianis romelime uflebas,iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.19 kerZod, sis-xlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTadacvis ramdenime specifikur debulebas, maT Soris, 2003 wels,ssk-s daemata 1421 muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs rasobrividiskriminaciis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.

danaSauli _ rasobrivi diskriminacia, obieqturi mxriv ga-moixateba a) iseT qmedebaSi, romelic Cadenilia erovnulian rasobrivi mtrobis an ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis, erov-nuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebis mizniT; b) adamianisuflebebis pirdapir an arapirdapir SezRudvaSi; g) adamia-nisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaSi rasis, kanis feris, erov-nuli an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT. rasobrivi diskrimi-nacia _ 2014 wels gatarebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebam-de, damTavrebuli danaSauli iyo CamoTvlilTagan erT-er-Ti qmedebis CadenisTanave da mniSvneloba ar hqonda, moh-yveboda Tu ara amas raime mZime Sedegi. amdenad, saxeze iyoformaluri Semadgenloba. Tumca, 2014 wlis sakanonmdeb-lo cvlilebis20 Semdeg, igi nawilobriv materialuri dana-Sauli gaxda. kerZod, rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTni-kuri kuTvnilebis niSniT adamianis uflebebis pirdapiri an

17 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, gv. 67, ix.: http://www.library.court.ge/upload/Constitution_Commentary_Human_ Rights.pdf

18 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-11 muxli.19 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 142-e muxli.20 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2339385? publication=0# DOCUMENT:1;


arapirdapiri SezRudva an imave niSniT adamianisaTvis upi-ratesobis miniWeba dasjad qmedebad iTvleba maSin, Tu manarsebiTad xelyo piris ufleba. aq igulisxmeba piris kon-stituciiT garantirebuli uflebis ara umniSvnelo, ara-med arsebiTi xelyofa. xolo aRniSnuli muxlis obieqturimxaris sxva niSani, rac gamoixateba qmedebaSi, romelic Ca-denilia erovnuli an rasobrivi mtrobis an ganxeTqilebisCamogdebis, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebis miz-niT, igi kvlav rCeba formalur Semadgenlobad.21 2014 wliscvlilebebis mizezi iyo `diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-mofxvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis miReba, romelic sa-Wiroebda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvli-lebebs. kerZod, kanonproeqtis miRebis mizezi iyo ssk-is142_1422 muxlebSi arsebuli xarvezebis gasworeba da maTisaerTaSoriso standartebTan da saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-lobasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana. gansaxilveli Temis far-glebSi SevexebiT ssk-is or normas. kerZod, ssk-is 142-emuxls daemata `diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvrisSesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi niS-nebi, rogoricaa: asaki, moqalaqeoba, dabadebis adgili, oja-xuri da janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, profesia, seqsualu-ri orientacia, genderuli identoba da gamoxatva. amasTan,iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa: rasa, kanis feri, erovneba da eT-nikuri warmomavloba amoRebul iqna ssk-is 142-e muxlidan,raTa ar momxdariyo 1421 muxlis akrZalvis dublireba. gar-da amisa, rogorc ukve zeviT aRvniSneT, ssk-is 1421 muxlsdaemata Sedegi _ adamianis uflebis arsebiTi xelyofa. aR-niSnuli cvlilebebis Sedegad 1421 muxli SesabamisobaSi mo-vida `rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvrisSesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciasTan. garda amisa, ssk-is 142-e da1421 muxlebs daemata SeniSvna, romelic iTvaliswinebs iu-ridiuli piris pasuxismgeblobas.22 amasTan, 2014 wels gan-xorcielebuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba miviCnioT rasizmisa daSeuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli komisiis (SemdegECRI) mier gacemuli rekomendaciebis23 sakanonmdeblo do-

21 lekveiSvili m., mamulaSvili g., Todua n,. sisxlis samarTlis kerZonawili, wigni 1 (meSvide gamocema), 2019, gv. 275.

22 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2339385?publication=0# DOCUMENT:123 rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli komisiis zoga-

di politikis #7 rekomendaciis me-18 (d), (v) da (z) muxlebi.


neze asaxvad. Tumca, kanonmdebelma ar gansazRvra mkafiodiseTi debulebebi, romlebic akrZalavda iseT danaSaulebs,rogoricaa rasobrivi Seuracxyofa, rasistuli gancxadebe-bis Semcveli masalebis sajaro gaxmaureba an gavrceleba,rasizmis xelSemwyobi jgufis Seqmna an xelmZRvaneloba.24

faqtia, kanonmdeblis mizani iyo am normis SemoRebiT uz-runvelyo iseTi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, sadac adgiliar eqneboda rasobriv diskriminacias, Tumca bolo wlebSisaqarTveloSi gamovlinda rasobrivi niSniT Seuwynareblo-bis ramdenime gaxmaurebuli SemTxveva. qveviT mimovixilavTrasobrivi niSniT Zaladobisa da diskriminaciis konkretulramdenime SemTxvevas:

2015 wlis 19 seqtembers, TbilisSi, rusTavelis gamzir-ze, nigeriis moqalaqeebs qarTvelma axalgazrdebma mia-yenes sityvieri da fizikuri Seuracxyofa.

2018 wlis 31 ianvars, aRniSnul faqtze dakavebuli oripiris mimarT dadga gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni.25 kerZod, sa-samarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia, rom orive braldebulmaCaidina rasobrivi diskriminacia.26

gansaxilvel saqmeSi sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom rasobri-vi diskriminaciis Semcvel saqmeebze mniSvnelovania dam-tkicdes, rom braldebulebi motivirebulni iyvnen rasob-rivi SuRliT, aRniSnuli midgoma ki niSnavs damtkicdes,rom pirebs ar amoZravebdaT subieqturi _ piradi midgo-ma. mocemul SemTxvevaSi dadgenil iqna, rom braldebu-

24 rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropuli komisiis sa-qarTvelos Sesaxeb angariSi, monitoringis mexuTe cikli, gamoq-veynda 2016 wlis 1 marts, gv. 13.

25 Tbilisis sqalaqo sasamarTlos 2018 wlis 31 ianvris ganaCeni saqme-ze #1/1354-16.

26 ssk-is 1421 muxlis me-3 nawilis `a~ qvepunqti: rasobrivi diskrimi-nacia, e. i. qmedeba, Cadenili erovnuli an rasobrivi mtrobis an gan-xeTqilebis Camogdebis, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebismizniT, agreTve rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri kuTvni-lebis niSniT adamianis uflebebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri Sez-Rudva, anda imave niSniT adamianisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, ra-mac arsebiTad xelyo misi ufleba, Cadenili pirTa jgufis mier.


lebi ar icnobdnen dazaralebulebs, isini ayvnen maTTanerTad myof i. b-s mowodebas, romelsac gaaCnda feradka-nianebis mimarT antipaTia da swored am mizezis gamo gamo-xates nigerielebis mimarT agresia.

amasTan, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom ra-sobrivi diskriminaciis Semadgenlobis arsebobisaTvissakmarisi ar aris qmedeba, Cadenili erovnuli an rasobri-vi mtrobis an ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis, erovnuli pati-visa da Rirsebis damcirebis mizniT, agreTve rasis, kanisferis, erovnuli an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT adamia-nis uflebebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri SezRudva, andaimave niSniT adamianisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba _ qme-debam arsebiTad unda xelyos potenciuri dazaralebu-lis ufleba, rac SefasebiTi cnebaa da gasaTvaliswinebe-lia qmedebis Cadenis adgili, viTareba, misi intensivobada xangrZlivoba. sasamarTlom damatebiT ganmarta, rommsgavsi tipis saqmeebSi damnaSave piris mier ganxorcie-lebuli qmedeba SesaZlebelia erTi SexedviT ar iZleo-des dazaralebulis uflebis arsebiT xelyofas da qme-debis monawile mis mier Cadenil moqmedebas ar afaseb-des, rogorc swored dazaralebulis uflebis arsebiTxelyofas, Tumca aRniSnul SefasebaSi didi wili sworeddazaralebulis percefciaze modis, radgan adamianis dam-cirebisas, swored dazaralebulis mier xdeba realuri si-namdvilis asaxva fsiqikaSi, rac Tavis mxriv, dazaralebu-lis fsiqikidan gamomdinare, sxvagvarad xelyofs mis uf-lebas.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dazaralebulebis uflebebis ar-sebiT xelyofas namdvilad hqonda adgili. kerZod, daza-ralebulebisa da faqtis Semswre mowmeebis CvenebebiT,braldebulebi nigeriis moqalaqeebs eubnebodnen rasis-tul sityvebs, kerZod Tavdamsxmelebi aqtiurad iyeneb-dnen sityvebs: `zangs~ da `maimuns,~ maT inglisur da qar-Tul enaze aginebdnen da ayenebdnen fizikur Seuracxyo-fas. garda amisa, Tavdasxmelebi aCvenebdnen nacistur ni-Sans _ xels wevdnen maRla. aRniSnuliT dazaralebulebimixvdnen, rom braldebulebis agresia da Seuracxyofa ga-mowveuli iyo im faqtiT, rom isini iyvnen Savkanianebi, risgamoc maT Tavi igrZnes diskriminaciulad, kanis ferisa da


rasis gamo.27

2018 wlis 29 noembers, q. rusTavis erT-erT mikroavto-busSi, rasobrivi Seuwynareblobis motiviT, kanis ferisgamo, saqarTvelos moqalaqem fizikuri da sityvieri Seu-racxyofa miayena kamerunis moqalaqes. kerZod, b.Z. rome-lic ar iyo keTilganwyobili feradkanianebis mimarT, da-zaralebuls moixseniebda `zangad“, uyviroda, rom wasu-liyo Tavis qveyanaSi da aRar dabrunebuliyo saqarTve-loSi, radgan rogorc Savkanians ar hqonda ufleba yofi-liyo saqarTveloSi da aseve, igineboda misi da zogadad,feradkanianebis misamarTiT.

rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier saqmis arsebiTi gan-xilvis dros, sxdomaze braldebulma aRiara Cadenili da-naSauli da sadavod ar gaxada braldebis mxaris mtkice-bulebebi, riTac xeli Seuwyo swrafi marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT da aseve,imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom braldebulma bodiSi mouxadadazaralebuls, romelsac ar hqonda mis mimarT preten-

27 pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom braldebulebs sasjelis zomadganusazRvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 4 wlis vadiT, Tumca, aRniSnu-li ganaCeni saapelacio wesiT gaasaCivres msjavrdebulebis inte-resebis damcvelma advokatebma. saapelacio saCivris Tavdapirve-li moTxovna iyo gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gauqmeba da gamamarTle-beli ganaCenis gamotana. Tumca, saapelacio palatis sxdomaze sa-xelmwifo bralmdebelma zemdgomi prokuroris TanxmobiT, warad-gina werilobiTi Suamdgomloba sasamarTlos mier saqmis arsebiTiganxilvis gareSe ganaCenis gamotanisa da msjavrdebulebTan sap-roceso SeTanxmebis damtkicebis Taobaze. Suamdgomlobis Tanax-mad, msjavrdebulebma nebayoflobiT mimarTes prokuraturas gan-cxadebiT da survili gamoTqves, maTTan gaformebuliyo saproce-so SeTanxmeba. saxelmwifo braldebam iTxova msjavrdebulebTanmiRweuli saproceso SeTanxmebis damtkiceba. Tbilisis saapelaciosasamarTlom daakmayofila prokuroris Suamdgomloba da msjav-rdebulebs sasjelis saxed da zomad ganesazRvraT TavisuflebisaRkveTa 4 wlis vadiT, saidanac ssk-is 50-e muxlis me-5 nawilis sa-fuZvelze sasjelis nawili _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 1 wlis vadiTganesazRvraT penitenciur dawesebulebaSi moxdiT, xolo darCeni-li nawili _ 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, ssk-is 63-64-e muxlebissafuZvelze CaeTvalaT pirobiT, imave gamosacdeli vadiT (2018 wlis20 aprilis ganaCeni saqmeze #1b/262-18).


zia da iTxovda arasapatimro sasjelis gamoyenebas _ sa-samarTlom rasobriv diskriminaciSi braldebuli piridamnaSaved cno da sasjelis saxed da zomad ganuszaRvraTavisuflebis aRkveTa 3 wlis vadiT, rac CaeTvala piro-biTad da daudginda gamosacdeli vada.

garda amisa, aRniSnul saqmeSi, sasamarTlom ssk-is 65-emuxlis safuZvelze28 msjavrdebuls, misi agresiuli da-mokidebulebis gamo feradkanianebis mimarT, daakisragansazRvruli movaleobis Sesruleba, kerZod, b.Z-s dae-vala diskriminaciuli qcevis Secvlaze orientirebulisavaldebulo swavlebis kursis gavla, raTa ukeT gaacno-bieros Cadenili qmedebis xasiaTi da Sedegebi.29

bolo ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi momravlda da gaaqti-urda neonacisturi jgufebi, romlebic gamoirCevian agre-siulobiT, siZulvilis enis Semcveli gamosvlebiT, Zaladob-rivi mowodebebiTa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi ucxoelebzeTavdasxmebiT. siZulvilis motiviT Cadenili danaSaulebi sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis erT-erT mTavar gamowvevadrCeba. siZulvilis ena saSiSia ara marto adamianis uflebebi-sa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis kuTxiT, aramed igi amkvid-rebs gaucxoebas, sazogadoebrivi, politikuri Tu ekonomi-kuri cxovrebidan ama Tu im jgufis distancirebis praqti-kas da safrTxes uqmnis qveyanaSi mSvidobasa da sazogadoeb-riv simSvides. igi mimarTulia erTi mxriv, calkeuli pirisaTu jgufis winaaRmdeg, ayenebs ra, maT fsiqologiur da mo-raluri zians, xolo meore mxriv, mTlianad saxelmwifos, mi-

28 pirobiTi msjavris dros, Tu arsebobs saamiso safuZveli, sasamar-Tlos SeuZlia daakisros msjavrdebuls gansazRvruli movaleo-bis Sesruleba: probaciis biuros nebarTvis gareSe ar Seicvalosmudmivi binadrobis adgili, ar daamyaros urTierToba masTan, vincSeiZleba igi Caabas antisazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi, ar moinaxulosgansazRvruli adgili, materialurad daexmaros ojaxs, gaiaros al-koholizmis, narkomaniis, toqsikomaniis an veneriuli senis mkur-nalobis kursi, xolo Tu msjavrdebuli ojaxuri danaSaulis Cam-deni piria _ aseve Zaladobrivi damokidebulebisa da qcevis Sec-vlaze orientirebuli savaldebulo swavlebis kursi. sasamarTlosSeuZlia daakisros msjavrdebuls sxva movaleobac, romelic xelsSeuwyobs mis gamosworebas.

29 rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2019 wlis 31 ianvris ganaCeni, saq-meze #1-884-18.


si socialuri da zneobrivi struqturis winaaRmdeg.30

2016 wlis 27 seqtembers, q. TbilisSi, metro `rusTavelis~mimdebare teritoriaze Seikriba organizacia `qarTuliZalis~ daaxloebiT, 150 wevri, romelTa Soris iyvnen ase-ve, aRniSnuli organizaciis e. w. liderebi. braldebis Se-saxeb dadgenilebis Tanaxmad: SekrebilTagan ramdenime pi-rovnebas SeniRbvis mizniT, saxeze afarebuli hqonda Saviferis e. w. bendenebi, xolo zogierT maTgans saxe sruladhqonda dafaruli Savi feris niRbebiT. aRniSnuli orga-nizaciis wevrebs aseve, Tan hqondaT e. w. maSxalebi. isiniagresiuli da Zaladobrivi Sinaarsis sxvadasxva SeZaxile-biT fexiT gaemarTnen gmirTa moednis mimarTulebiT.

gmirTa moedanze yofnisas, SekrebilTa erT-erTma e. w. li-derma, romelsac saxe srulad hqonda dafaruli Savi fe-ris niRbiT da kargad icoda, rom TbilisSi, daviT aRmaSe-neblis gamzirze mravlad iyo sxvadasxva erovnebis war-momadgenlebis kuTvnili obieqtebi maT Soris, bar-res-tornebi da kvebis sxva dawesebulebebi _ rasobrivi dis-kriminaciis, kerZod, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis dam-cirebis, erovnuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT, ada-mianebis uflebis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri SezRudvismizniT, iq myof adamianebs mouwoda Semdegi sityvebiT _`wavideT da aRmaSenebeli davangrioT“, rasac xsenebulipirebi ovaciebiT Sexvdnen da SeZaxilebiT daeTanxmnen.

aRmaSeneblis gamzirze, organizacia `qarTuli Zalis~ e. w.liderebma da wevrebma winaswari SeTanxmebiT, jgufurad,momarjvebuli xelketebiT, sxvadasxva sagnebiTa da e. w.maSxalebiT daiwyes organizebuli, masobrivi msvlelobametro `marjaniSvilis“ mimarTulebiT, ra drosac Turqi,arabi da sxva erovnebis moqalaqis mimarT, xmamaRali, Seu-racxmyofeli, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcire-bis gamomxatveli sityvebiT, lanZRva-ginebiT, ZaladobisgamoyenebiTa da Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT, Tavs da-esxnen aRniSnul quCaze mdebare ucxo qveynis moqalaqee-bis kuTvnil kvebis obieqtebsa da sxva dawesebulebebs.kerZod, xelketebs, momarjvebul sxva sagnebs, xelebsada fexebs urtyamdnen ucxo erovnebis moqalaqeTa kuT-

30 ix.: http://www.fes-caucasus.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017/hate_speech.pdf gv.7.


vnili restornebis minebs, azianebdnen quCaSi mdebare uc-xouri warweris mqone sareklamo banerebs. garda amisa,msvlelobis monawileebma ucxo erovnebis moqalaqeTakuTvnili restornebis SenobebSi, sadac momsaxure per-sonalTan erTad imyofebodnen klientebi, Seagdes cec-xlmokidebuli e. w. maSxalebi, riTac safrTxe Seuqmnes iqmyofTa janmrTelobas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sapatrulo policiis TanamSromlebmaaraerTxel mouwodes msvlelobis monawileebs daecvaT sa-zogadoebrivi wesrigi, SeewyvitaT ukanono qmedebebi, isi-ni mainc ganagrZobdnen Zaladobis gamoyenebasa da Zalado-bis muqaras, uwmawuri sityvebiT lanZRva-ginebas ucxo qvey-nis moqalaqeebis mimarT. aRniSnuli qmedebiT dairRva aR-maSeneblis gamzirze mdebare restornebisa da dawesebu-lebebis muSaobis Cveuli ritmi, aseve Seferxda satran-sporto saSualebebis saavtomobilo gzaze gadaadgileba.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegad, msvlelobis monawi-leebma janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT da aseTi Za-ladobis gamoyenebis muqariT moaxdines aRmaSeneblis gam-zirze myofi ucxo erovnebis moqalaqeebis erovnuli pa-tivisa da Rirsebis damcireba, agreTve erovnuli da eT-nikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT adamianebis uflebis pirdapi-ri da arapirdapiri SezRudva, ramac arsebiTad xelyo ma-Ti uflebebi. aseve, winaswar SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT,ZaladobiTa da Zaladobis muqariT, iaraRad sxva sagnebisgamoyenebiT, uxeSad daarRvies sazogadoebrivi wesrigida aSkara upativcemuloba gamoxates sazogadoebisadmi.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saq-meTa sagamoZiebo, winasasamarTlo sxdomisa da arsebiTiganxilvis kolegiis mier ganxilul iqna31 aRniSnuli saqme5 braldebulis monawileobiT.32 maT brali rasobrivi dis-

31 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2019 wlis 17 aprilis ganaCeni saq-meze #1/1258-17.

32 Tavdapirvelad, aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelosprokuraturam braldebulis saxiT pasuxismgeblobaSi misca 12 (Tor-meti) piri, maT Soris, 7 (Svidi) arasrulwlovani. 2016 wlis 20 dekem-bers, sisxlis samarTlis saqme arsebiTad gansaxilvelad gadaecaTbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos, saidanac arasrulwlovnebis saq-me calke warmoebad gamoiyo.


kriminaciisa da xulignobisTvis waredginaT.33

saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adamianisufleba _ iyos daculi diskriminaciis yvela formisagan,ganmtkicebulia araerT saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aq-tSi. maT Soris, `samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Se-saxeb~ saerTaSoriso paqtis me-2 da 26-e muxlebi krZalavsdiskriminacias. damatebiT, diskriminaciis akrZalvis Se-saxeb Canaweri mocemulia èrovnul da eTnikur, religi-ur da enobriv umciresobebisadmi mikuTvnebul pirTa Se-saxeb~ gaeros 1992 wlis deklaraciaSi. aRniSnuli doku-menti konkretulad fokusirdeba umciresobaTa ufle-bebze da krZalavs umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis mimarTdiskriminaciul mopyrobas. amasTan, àdamianis uflebaTada ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis~ me-14 mux-lis mixedviT, konvenciiT gacxadebuli uflebebiTa da Ta-visuflebebiT sargebloba uzrunvelyofilia yovelgva-ri diskriminaciis gareSe. garda amisa, adamianis ufebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-12 oqmis 1-li muxlis 1-li pun-qtis Tanaxmad, kanoniT dadgenili nebismieri uflebiTsargebloba uzrunvelyofilia yovelgvari diskriminaciisgareSe. aRniSnulma muxlma gaafarTova diskriminaciis ak-rZalvis areali. kerZod, is aRar aris Semofargluli mxo-lod konvenciiTa da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT uzrunvel-yofili samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT da asevevrceldeba adamianis yvela im uflebebsa da Tavisufle-bebze, romlebic konvenciis xelmomweri qveynebis kanon-mdeblobiTaa dadgenili.

amavdroulad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom aRniSna,

33 kvalifikacia: saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1421 mux-lis me-2 nawilis à~ qvepunqti da me-3 nawilis à~ qvepunqti (rasob-rivi diskriminacia e.i. qmedeba Cadenili pirTa jgufis mier jan-mrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT da aseTi Zaladobis gamoyenebismuqariT, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebis mizniT, agreT-ve erovnuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT adamianis uflebispirdapir da arapirdapir SezRudva, ramac arsebiTad xelyo misi uf-leba) da ssk-is 239-e muxlis me-2 nawilis à~ qvepunqtiT da me-3nawiliT (xulignoba e. i. qmedeba, romelic uxeSad arRvevs sazoga-doebriv wesrigs da gamoxatavs sazogadoebisadmi aSkara upativce-mulobas, Cadenili ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT, winaswar Se-TanxmebiT jgufis mier, Cadenili iaraRad sxva sagnis gamoyenebiT).


rom saqarTvelos konstituciiT da sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsiT gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamosata-nad, yvela kategoriis saqmeze dadgenilia erTi standar-ti _ erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli, aSkara da damajerebeli(utyuari) mtkicebulebebis erToblioba, romlidanac ga-monaklisi ar aris dasaSvebi. sakiTxis imgvarad Sefasebada gadawyveta, rom diskriminaciis niadagze Cadenili da-naSaulis saqmeebze, misi gansakuTrebuli specifikidan ga-momdinare, gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamosatanad dadgin-des ufro dabali mtkicebulebiTi standarti, vidre amassaqarTvelos konstitucia da saproceso kodeqsi moiT-xovs, arsobrivad mcdaria.

mocemul saqmeze Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ganmar-ta, rom mxareebs sadavod ar gauxdiaT dairRva Tu ara 2016wlis 27 seqtembers TbilisSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamzir-ze sazogadoebrivi wesrigi an hqonda Tu ara adgili ra-sobrivi diskriminaciis faqtebs, aramed mxareebs Sorisdavis sagans warmoadgenda Caidines Tu ara konkretulmabraldebulebma xulignoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia. amukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT ki, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom`braldebis mxaris mier sasamarTloSi warmodgenil iqnaaraerTi foto da video Canaweri, romelic asaxavda 2016wlis 27 seqtembers SemTxvevis adgilze mimdinare mov-lenebs, magram saqarTvelos Sss saeqsperto-kriminalis-tikuri departamentis daskvniT, eqspertizaze wardge-nil diskze da qenonis firmis fotoaparatSi arsebul fo-to-video gamosaxulebebSi braldebulTa identifikaci-isTvis vargisi iersaxis gamosaxulebebi aRmoCenili veriqna“. amasTan, arc erTi utyuari mtkicebuleba, riTac iri-bad mainc iqneboda miTiTeba konkretuli 4 (oTxi) bral-debulis SesaZlo danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, romlis sa-marTlebriv Sefasebaze sasamarTlo calke imsjelebda,sasamarTloSi wardgenili ar yofila. xolo erTi bralde-bulis mimarT sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom policielma, ro-melmac igi uSualod daakava, aRniSnavda, rom braldebu-li misi xelmZRvanelis miTiTebiT daakava, maSin, rodesacsapatrulo policiis vake-saburTalos mimarTulebis me-same aseulis meTaurma marTalia gaixsena, rom misi miTi-TebiT moxda aqciis ori-sami monawilis dakaveba, romle-bic iyvnen gamorCeulad agresiulebi, Tumca ver aRidgi-


na konkretulad vis misca aseTi miTiTeba da vis mimarTgatarda misi miTiTebiT Semdgomi iZulebis RonisZiebebi.amdenad, sasamarTlosTvis Znelad warmosadgeni iqna amori aramyari, araTanmimdevruli da Sesabamisad gamamtyu-nebeli ganaCenis standartiT arasando CvenebebiT, pirismsjavrdeba.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom braldebis mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkice-bulebebi erTi mxriv, arasakmarisi iyo, xolo meore mxriv,arasando da aradamajerebeli da maT safuZvelze SeuZ-lebeli iyo faqtebis utyuarad dadgena da miT ufro ga-mamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotana (sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebiT braldebulebi wardgenil braldebaSi gamar-Tldnen).

aRniSnuli saqme ganixila saapelacio sasamarTlom34 , ro-melmac srulad gaiziara pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosdaskvna. amasTan, vinaidan apelanti (prokurori) miuTi-Tebda erT-erTi braldebulis mimarTebiT, rom SemTxve-vis adgilidan amoRebul erT-erT videoCanawerSi moxdaaRniSnuli braldebulis identifikacia, saapelacio pa-latam aRniSna, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ga-mokvleul iqna videoCanaweri, sadac marTlac Canda bral-debulis gamosaxuleba, Tumca am videoCanaweriT dastur-deboda mxolod misi yofna SemTxvevis adgilze da ara mismier raime kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis Cadena. metic,erT-erTma mowmem daadastura, rom braldebuli man mxo-lod marjaniSvilis moedanze SeniSna. msvleloba miemar-Teboda erTi mimarTulebiT, xolo braldebuli moZraob-da mis sapirispiro mxares, ecva samoqalaqo tanisamosi damxolod patara biWs gamoesarCla, romelic dolze ukrav-da, rac aseve aCens gonivrul eWvs braldebulis msvle-lobaSi saerTod monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT da cal-saxad ver adasturebs mis mier SesaZlo danaSaulis Cade-nas. garda amisa, braldebis mxare apelirebda erT-erTipolicielis Cvenebaze, romlis ganmartebiTac, erT-erTibraldebuli skandirebda uwmawuri sityvebiT, razec sa-samarTlom aRniSna, rom bundovani iyo, Tu ra qmedebasaxorcielebda braldebuli SemTxvevis adgilze da raSigamoixateboda mis mier danaSaulis SesaZlo Cadena. misiuwmawuri sityvebi iyo Seuracxmyofeli, hyavda konkre-


tuli adresati da gamoxatavda Tu ara sazogadoebisadmiupativcemulobas?

dabolos, saapelacio palatam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom imsisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi, sadac SesaZloa ikveTebo-des diskriminaciuli motivebi da siZulvilis enis tira-Jireba, saxelmwifos pirdapiri valdebulebaa, gamoZiebaar iyos zerele, arasakmarisi, ar Semoifarglebodes mtki-cebulebebis moCvenebiTi simravliT da arsebobdes rea-luri interesi efeqtiani gamoZiebisa da namdvili damna-Saveebis saTanado dasjisa.

saxelmwifos mier Sesasrulebel valdebulebebze apelirebsadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo saqmeze naCova dasxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg.35 kerZod, sasamarTlo aRniS-navs, rom xelisuflebam unda ganaxorcielos keTilgoniv-ruli qmedebebi mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisa da dacvis miz-niT, gamoiyenos yvela praqtikuli saSualeba simarTlis da-sadgenad, gamoitanos sruliad dasabuTebuli, miukerZoebe-li da obieqturi gadawyvetilebebi da ar datovos ganuxil-velad saeWvo faqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba adasturebdes Za-ladobis rasobriv motivs. amasTan, sasamarTlos ganmarte-biT, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom rasobrivma mosazrebebmagamoiwvia Zaladoba, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, romoficialuri gamoZieba Catardes kanonierad da miukerZoeb-lad. aseve, sazogadoebaSi mudmivad unda daigmos rasobrivida eTnikuri mtroba da SenarCundes umciresobebis ndoba,rom xelisuflebas aqvs unari, daicvas isini rasobrivi Zala-dobisagan. garda amisa, aRniSnuli saqmis Sesaxeb didi pala-tis gadawyvetilebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom rodesac gamoZiebaexeba saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier Cadenil Zaladobas an si-cocxlis mospobas, saxelmwifo xelisuflebas akisria dama-tebiTi valdebuleba gamoaaSkaraos nebismieri rasobrivi mo-tivi da daadginos, xom ar Seasrula rasobrivma an eTnikurmasiZulvilma raime roli movlenebis ganviTarebaSi. rasobri-vi motivaciiT gamowveuli Zaladobisa da sisastikis iseveganxilva, rogorc saqmeebisa, romelTac ar dahkravT rasob-

34 Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2019 wlis 30 ivlisis ganaCeni,saqmeze #1b/961-19.

35 naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (nachova and others v. Bulgaria),[didi palata], #43577/98 da #43579/98, 6 ivlisi, 2005, §160.


rivi elferi, hgavs Tavis dabrmavebas im faqtebTan mimarTe-baSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT laxavs ZiriTad uflebebs.36

saqarTveloSi siZulvilis enis gamovlena kvlav problemadrCeba. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar aris dad-genili siZulvilis enis gamoyenebaze, garda im SemTxvevebi-sa, rodesac igi qmnis myisieri, Seuqcevadi da aSkara Zalado-bis muqaras.37 kerZod, 2015 wels ssk-s daemata 2391 muxli, rom-liTac dasjadi gaxda Zaladobrivi qmedebisaken sajarod mo-wodeba _ `rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli, kuTxuri, eTni-kuri, socialuri, politikuri, enobrivi an/da sxva niSnis mqo-ne pirTa jgufebs Soris ganxeTqilebis Camosagdebad Zala-dobrivi qmedebisaken zepirad, werilobiT an gamoxatvis sxvasaSualebiT sajarod mowodeba, Tu es qmnis Zladobrivi qme-debis ganxorcielebis aSkara, pirdapir da arsebiT saf-rTxes~.38 normis dispoziciidan Cans, rom danaSauli damTav-rebulia ara Zaladobrivi qmedebisaken sajaro mowodebis mo-mentidan, aramed maSin, Tu am mowodebam gamoiwvia konkre-tuli safrTxe. kerZod, Seqmna Zaladobrivi qmedebis aSkara,pirdapiri da arsebiTi safrTxe. Sesabamisad, siZulvilis ena-ze per se gamoZieba ar tardeba.

sakiTxs arTulebs isic, rom ar arsebobs sayovelTaod aRiare-buli siZulvilis enis definicia. Tumca, evropis sabWos minis-trTa komitetis 1997 wels miRebuli rekomendaciiT siZulvi-lis ena Semdegnairad ganimarteba: siZulvilis ena moiazrebsgamoxatvis yvela formas, romelic avrcelebs, aqezebs, xelsuwyobs an amarTlebs rasobriv SuRls, qsenofobias, antisemi-tizms an Seuwynareblobaze dafuZnebul SuRlis sxva formebs,nacionalizmis, eTnocentrizmis, diskriminaciisa da umcire-bobaTa an migrantTa mimarT gamoxatuli mtrobis CaTvliT.39

36 ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22nachova%22],%22do-cumentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22]}(xelmisawvdomia qarTuli Targmani)

37 mesxoraZe l., sabaziso kvleva saqarTveloSi diskriminaciis,siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSaulebisa da siZulvilis eniswinaaRmdeg brZolaze mimarTuli qmedebebisTvis, 2018, gv. 23.

38 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16426?publication=21339 evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia R (97)20 wevri

saxelmwifoebisaTvis `siZulvilis enis~ sakiTxebze,

ix.: http://www.fes-caucasus.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017/hate_speech.pdf gv. 20.


gaeros konvenciis _ `rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela for-mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, me-4 muxli avaldebulebs xelmom-wer saxelmwifoebs, rom rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da siZul-vilis yvelanairi waqezeba an xelSewyoba dasjili iyos.40 ker-Zod: `monawile saxelmwifoebi gmoben yovelgvar propagan-das, agreTve, erTi rasis an gansazRvruli feris, kanis an eT-nikuri warmoSobis mqone jgufis upiratesobis ideebze da-fuZnebul organizaciebs, romlebic cdiloben gaamarTlonan waaxalison nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli rasobrivi ziz-Ri da diskriminacia, valdebulebas iReben dauyovnebliv ga-naxorcielon jerovani RonisZiebani aseTi waqezebis da dis-kriminaciis aqtebis amosaZirkvad, adamianis uflebaTa dek-laraciaSi aRniSnuli principebisa da winamdebare konvenci-is me-5 muxlSi mocemuli wesebis mixedviT, maT Soris: a) ka-noniT dasjad qmedebad acxadeben iseTi ideebis gavrcele-bas, romlebic emyareba rasobriv upiratesobasa da zizRs, ra-sobrivi diskriminaciis yovelgvar waqezebas da aseve, Zala-dobis aqtebs an waqezebas iseTi aqtebisaken, romlebic mimar-Tulia nebismieri rasisa an kanis feris an eTnikuri warmoSo-bis mqone jgufis winaaRmdeg da aseve, yovelgvari daxmare-bis, maT Soris, finansuri daxmarebis aRmoCenas rasistuliqmedebebis mizniT; b) acxadeben kanonsawinaaRmdegod da krZa-laven organizaciebs aseve, organizebul da yovelgvar sxvapropagandistul saqmianobas, romlebic waaxaliseben rasob-riv diskriminacias da ubiZgeben misken, aRiareben danaSau-lad aseT organizaciebsa da aseT saqmianobaSi monawileobas;g) nebas ar aZleven nacionalur da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

40 amasTan, konvenciis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze zedamxedvelobi-saTvis Seqmnilia rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komiteti.1985 wels, komitetma miiRo zogadi xasiaTis rekomendacia R7, rom-liTac rekomendacias uwevs wevr saxelmwifoebs, romelTa kanonm-debloba ar Seesabameba konvenciis me-4 muxlis `a~ da `b~ punqtebs,miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi muxlis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad. gardaamisa, komiteti Txovs wevr saxelmwifoebs periodul angariSebSiwarmoadginon ufro sruli informacia ra saxiT da ra masStabiTxorcieldeba praqtikulad, me-4 muxlis ̀ a~ da ̀ b~ punqtebis moTxov-nebi. aseve, komiteti iTxovs warmodgenili iqnas informacia am dana-Saulebebze erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb(saxelmwifoebis valdebulebebze gaaZlieron saqmianoba am mimarTu-lebiT, saubaria komitetis 1993 wlis zogadi xasiaTis rekomendaciaR15-Sic), ix.: http://www.fes-caucasus.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017/hate_speech.pdf gv. 11.


organizaciebs da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs waaxalison anwaaqezon rasobrivi diskriminacia~.41 amasTan, `samoqalaqo dapolitikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saerTaSoriso paqtis42 me-20 muxli moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifoebma sakuTari iurisdiq-ciis farglebSi akrZalon `yovelgvari erovnuli, rasobri-vi an religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebisaken mimarTuli gamosvla,rac warmoadgens diskriminaciis, mtrobis an Zaladobis waqe-zebas~.43

siZulvilis ena gansxvavebuladaa regulirebuli sxvadasxvasaxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT. magaliTad, epa-neTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad,44 piri, rome-lic provocirebas uwevs diskriminacias, siZulvils an Zala-dobas jgufis an asociaciis winaaRmdeg rasobrivi, antisemi-turi motiviT an sxva raime ideologiasTan, religiasTan anrwmenasTan, ojaxur mdgomareobasTan, eTnikur kuTvnilebas-Tan, rasasTan, erovnebasTan, sqesTan, seqsualur orienta-ciasTan, janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan an SezRudul Se-saZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkve-TiT erTidan sam wlamde an jarimiT. daniis sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi kanonmdeblobiT,45 nebismieri adamiani, romelicsajarod an ufro farTo gavrcelebis mizniT akeTebs gan-cxadebas an avrcelebs informacias, romelic emuqreba, Seu-racxyofs an safrTxes uqmnis pirTa jgufs maTi rasis, kanisferis, erovnuli an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, religiis an seq-sualuri orientaciis safuZvliT, isjeba jarimiT an Tavi-suflebis aRkveTiT vadiT or wlamde. amasTan, Tu qmedebaatarebs propagandistul xasiaTs, maSin es unda CaiTvalosdanaSaulis damamZimebel garemoebad. lietuvis sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis 170-e muxlis mixedviT: 1) piri, romelicgavrcelebis mizniT amzadebs, yidulobs, agzavnis, traspor-tirebas uwevs an inaxavs masalebs, romlebic gamoxataven

41 ix.: http://www.fes-caucasus.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017/hate_speech.pdf42 saqarTveloSi ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan.43 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/1398335?publication=044 ix.: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6443/file/Spain_CC_am2013_en.pdf

muxli 510.45 ix.: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6372/file/Denmark_ Criminal_

Code_am2005_en.pdf https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6372/file/Denmark_Criminal_Code_am2005_en.pdf §266 (b).


zizRs, mouwodeben siZulvilisken, dacinis an aqezebs dis-kriminacias piris an pirTa jgufis mimarT, romlebic efuZ-neba asaks, sqess, seqsualur orientacias, SezRudul SesaZ-leblobas, rasas, erovnebas, enas, warmomavlobas, socialurstatuss, religias, mrwamss an Sexedulebebs; piris an pirTaamgvari jgufis mimarT aqezebs Zaladobas da uxeS fizikurmopyrobas, daisjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviTan Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT erT wlamde vadiT; 2) piri, rome-lic sajarod dascinis, gamoxatavs zizRs, siZulvils an aqe-zebs diskriminacias piris an pirTa jgufis mimarT maTi kuT-vnilebis gamo asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, Sez-Ruduli SesaZleblobis, rasis, erovnebis, enis, warmomavlo-bis, socialuri statusis, religiis, mrwamsis an Sexedule-bebis gamo daisjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT anTavisuflebis aRkveTiT or wlamde vadiT. 3) piri, romelicsajarod axalisebs Zaladobas an fizikur Seuracxyofas jgu-fis an piris mimarT, dafuZnebuls asakze, sqesze, seqsualurorientaciaze, SezRudul SesaZleblobebze, warmomavloba-ze, rasaze, erovnebaze, enaze, socialur statusze, religi-aze, mrwamsze an Sexedulebebze; an afinansebs an sxvagvaradmxars uWers amgvar saqmianobas isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuf-lebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT sam wlam-de. 4) iuridiuli piri aseve, pasuximgebelia am muxliT gaT-valiswinebuli qmedebebisTvis. garda amisa, amave kodeqsis1701 muxliT isjeba piri, romelic Seqmnis TanamzraxvelTajgufs, organizebul jgufs an organizacias, romelic miz-nad isaxvs piris an pirTa jgufis diskriminacias asakis, sqe-sis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis,rasis, erovnebis, enis, warmomavlobis, socialuri statusis,religiis, mrwamsis an Sexedulebebis safuZvelze; an monawi-leobs aseT jgufSi, afinansebs an sxvagvar mxardaWeras ga-moxatavs am jgufis an organizaciis mimarT (iuridiuli piriaseve, pasuximgebelia am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebe-bisTvis).46 niderlandebis kanonmdebloba47 sjis nebismieradamians, romelic sajarod, sityvierad, werilobiT an su-raTebis saSualebiT mizanmimarTulad Seuracxmyofel gan-

46 ix.: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8272/file/Lithuania_ CC_2000_am2017_en.pdf

47 ix.: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6415/file/Netherlands_ CC_am2012_en.pdf nawili 137(c).


cxadebebs akeTebs pirTa jgufis mimarT, maTi rasis, religi-is, rwmenis, hetero an homoseqsualuri orientaciis, fizi-kuri, gonebrivi an inteleqtualuri SezRudvis gamo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdegevropulma komisiam saqarTvelos misca siZulvilis enis sa-winaaRmdego kanomdeblobis Seqmnis rekomendacia. Tumca, amukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebriviorganizaciebis mier gamoTqmuli iyo SeSfoTeba, rom amgva-ri winadadeba ufro metad daarRvevda gamoxatvis Tavisuf-lebis uflebas, vidre daicavda jgufebs, romlebic diskri-minacias ganicdian.

siZulvilis ena sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia gamoxatvis Tavi-suflebasTan, romelic Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens demokra-tiul sazogadoebaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirebule-bas da Tavad am sazogadoebis safuZvels. evropuli midgo-miT gamoxatvis Tavisufleba miCneulia erT-erT mniSvnelo-van uflebad, Tumca, amasTan misi SezRudvis safuZvlebi ga-cilebiT farToa, vidre magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-tebis SemTxvevaSi (Semdeg aSS). aRniSnuli garkveulwilad,ganpirobebulia meore msoflio omis Semdgom xelmeored an-tisemituri da faSisturi ideologiis gavrcelebis SiSiT. ma-galiTad, 1990 wlidan safrangeTSi ebraelTa genocidis uar-yofa iTvleba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier Camoyali-bebuli praqtikiT, siZulvilis ena ar aris daculi im SemTxve-vaSi, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlili ori midgomidan erT-erTi:1) konvenciis me-17 muxlTan mimarTebaSi (uflebaTa borotadgamoyenebis akrZalva), rodesac saxezea siZulvilis ena daigi uaryofs konvenciis fundamentur uflebebs; 2) konven-ciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebis me-2 punqtebTan mimarTebaSi,romliTac dawesebulia gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis da Sekre-ba-manifestaciis SezRudvis safuZvlebi. aRniSnuli midgo-ma gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac saxezea siZulvilis ena, Tumcaigi ar ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis fundamentur Rirebule-bebs (araa mimarTuli maTi ganadgurebisaken).

strasburgis sasamarTlom araerTi saqme ganixila, romelicexeboda swored konvenciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebs da dakav-Sirebuli iyo siZulvilis enasTan. magaliTad, saqmeSi vona


ungreTis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom ar darRve-ula konvenciis me-11 muxli, vinaidan saxelmwifos hqondaimis uflebamosileba, rom politikur partiebTan mimarTe-baSi gadaedga prevenciuli nabijebi demokratiis dasacavadda ar daeSva iseTi asociaciis saqmianoba, romelic rasistulda Seuracxmyofel mesijebs avrcelebda demonstraciebissaSualebiT.48 kerZod, `sasamarTlos azriT, saxelmwifo uf-lebamosilia gaataros prevenciuli RonisZiebebi demokra-tiis dasacavad vis-a-vis, aseTi arapartiuli uwyebebis SemTxve-vaSi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba im uflebebis da Tavisuf-lebebis Selaxvas, romelic warmoadgens demokratiuli sa-zogadoebis arsebobis da funqcionirebis sayrdens. erT-er-Ti aseTi Rirebulebaa rasobrivi diskriminaciisgan Tavisu-fali sazogadoebis wevrebis Tanaarseboba, romlis gareSecdemokratiuli sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs. saxelmwifo veriqneba valdebuli daicados da ar Caerios iqamde, sanam poli-tikuri moZraoba imoqmedebs ise, rom Selaxavs demokratiasan gamoiwvevs Zaladobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moZraoba ar ec-deba Seamciros misi Zalaufleba da misi politikis riskis Sem-cveli gavlena demokratiaze, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia ga-naxorcielos prevenciuli moqmedeba Tu is daadgens, rom esmoZraoba konkretul nabijebs dgams sazogadoebriv cxovre-baSi im politikis gansaxorcieleblad, romelic ar aris Se-sabamisobaSi konvenciis da demokratiis standartebTan~.49

Tumca, magaliTad, saqmeSi jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg,50 ev-ropulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom adgili hqonda konven-ciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas. kerZod, saqme exeboda danielJurnalists, romelmac telestudiaSi miiwvia rasistuli gan-

48 saqarTvelos demokratiuli iniciativa, kvleva _ siZulvilis ena,2014, gv.5.

49 vona ungreTis winaaRmdeg (Vona v. Hungary), #35943/10, 9 ivlisi, 2013, §57

ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE% 20OF%20VONA%20v.%20HUNGARY\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-144578%22]}(xelmisawvdomia qarTul enaze).

50 jersildi daniis winaaRmdeg (Jersild v. Denmark), [didi palata], #15890/89, 23 seqtemberi, 1994, ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%2 0OF%20JERSILD%20v.%20DENMARK\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22]}(xelmisawvdomia qarTul enaze).


wyobilebis mqone axalgazrdebis jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavs`mwvane qurTukianebs~ uwodebda. intervius dros am jgufissami warmomadgeneli Seuracxmyofelad da damamcirebladmoixseniebda emigrantebsa da daniaSi mcxovreb eTnikur jgu-febs. xangrZlivi Canaweri Jurnalistma redaqtirebis Sede-gad daiyvana ramdenime wuTamde da filmi gauSva daniis ra-diomauwyeblobis korporaciis eTerSi. aRniSnulTan dakav-SirebiT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme sami axalgazrdismimarT rasistuli gancxadebebisTvis da Jurnalistis mimarTrasistuli gancxadebebis gavrcelebis xelSewyobisa da wa-qezebisaTvis.

Tavdapirvelad, strasburgis sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniS-na masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis roli demokrati-ul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca iqve miuTiTa, rom Jurnalistma arunda gadalaxos sazRvari, romelic dadgenilia `sxvaTa uf-lebebisa da reputaciis~ dasacavad. sasamarTlom gansakuT-rebiT aRniSna audiovizualuri sainformacio saSualebebisuSualo da Zlieri zemoqmedebis unari da miuTiTa, rom `au-diovizualur sainformacio saSualebebs ufro didi gavle-nis moxdena SeuZlia, vidre presas. audiovizualuri sainfor-macio saSualebebi informacias gadascemen SinaarsobrivaddatvirTuli TvalsaCinoebiT, rac presas ar SeuZlia~. amas-Tan, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom konvenciis me-10 muxlis de-bulebiT daculia ara mxolod gamoxatuli mosazrebebisa dainformaciis arsi, aramed maTi gadmocemis formac.

winamdebare saqmeSi, evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Se-saZloa siuJeti aSkarad ar miuTiTebda rasobrivi zizRisada erTi rasis meoreze upiratesobis TvalsazrisiT popula-rizaciis amoralurobasa da ukanonobaze, magram eTerSi ga-sul masalas mTlianobaSi ar hqonda miznad rasistuli mo-sazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis propaganda. saqmeSi xazi gaes-va im faqtsac, rom telewamyvanma Sesavali daiwyo `miniSne-biT bolodroindel sajaro diskusiebze da presaSi gamoqvey-nebul komentarebze daniaSi rasizmis winaaRmdeg da amgvaradmouwoda mayureblebs eyurebinaT programisTvis am konteq-stSi~. SemdgomSi man aRniSna, rom `programis mizani iyo prob-lemaze reagireba, konkretuli rasistuli orientaciis mqo-ne pirebis gamovlena maTi mentalitetisa da socialuri war-momavlobis CvenebiT~. cxadi iyo, Jurnalisti intervius sa-


SualebiT cdilobda eCvenebina da ganemarta, Tu rogori da-mokidebuleba hqonda sazogadoebisaTvis mtkivneuli sakiT-xebisadmi axalgazrdebis konkretul jgufs, romlebic mci-re ganaTlebisa da TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiT ukma-yofilebis gamo midrekilni iyvnen Zaladobisaken da ukvehqondaT kidec, kriminaluri warsuli. gadacemaSi `mwvanequrTukianebis~ jgufis wevrebi moxseniebulni iyvnen eq-stremistulad ganwyobil adamianebad.

garda amisa, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom Jurnalistis dasjaintervius dros sxva piris mier gakeTebuli gancxadebis gav-rcelebaSi daxmarebisaTvis, seriozulad Seamcirebs presiswvlils sazogadoebisaTvis mtkivneul sakiTxebze diskusi-ebSi da es zomebi ar unda iyos miRebuli, Tu amisTvis gansa-kuTrebuli mizezebi ar arsebobs. am konteqstSi uaryo mTav-robis argumenti imis Taobaze, rom Jurnalistis mimarT ga-moyenebul iqna jarimis minimaluri odenoba da aRniSna, rommniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Jurnalisti gamtyunda da dai-saja. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom azris gamoxatvis Tavisuf-lebaSi Careva mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ar iyo `aucilebeli de-mokratiul sazogadoebaSi~. xolo gamoyenebuli saSualeba ki,`Tanazomieri~ `sxvaTa uflebebisa da reputaciis dacvis ka-nonieri miznis misaRwevad~.

sayuradReboa, rom zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetileba miRebuliqna strasburgis sasamarTlos didi palatis mier 12 xmiT 7-swinaarmdeg.

umciresobaSi darCenili mosamarTleebis garkveulma nawilmaganmarta, rom aRniSnuli saqme pirveli SemTxveva iyo, rode-sac evropul sasamarTlos mouwia ganexila saqme rasistuligancxadebebis gavrcelebis Taobaze, sadac adamianTa didijgufis `adamianuri~ Rirseba ilaxeboda. kerZod, mosamar-TleTa TqmiT, adrindel gadawyvetilebebSi evropuli sasa-marTlo xazgasmiT afiqsirebda masobrivi saSualebebis udi-des mniSvnelobas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca masarasodes ganuxilavs situacia, sadac `sxvaTa uflebebi dareputacia~ iseTi didi doziT yofiliyos warmodgenili, ro-gorc aRniSnul saqmeSi.

amave gansxvavebuli azris avtorTa SexedulebiT, isini eTan-xmebian umravlesobas, rom `mwvane qurTukianebi~ TavisTa-


vad ar sargebloben konvenciis me-10 muxliT gaTvaliswine-buli dacviT, magram aRniSnaven, rom igive midgoma unda gav-rceldes Jurnalistebzec, romlebic avrceleben rasistulideebs maTi mxardaWeriT an mowonebiT. amasTan, dasZines, romaucilebelia saTanado wonasworoba presis Tavisuflebasada sxvaTa uflebebis dacvas Soris, Tumca umravlesobam ga-cilebiT meti upiratesoba mianiWa Jurnalistis Tavisufle-bas, vidre maT, vinc rasobrivi zizRisgan zaraldeba. mosa-marTleebma xazi gausves Semdeg garemoebas, rom Jurnalis-tma mTliani interviu ramdenime wuTamde daiyvana, sadac gan-zrax iyo datovebuli yvelaze uxeSi komentarebi da amis gaT-valiswinebiT, gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli iyo telewamyva-nis mxridan mkafio rasizmis damgmobi poziciis gamoTqma. gar-da amisa, gadawyvetilebis mimReb mosamarTleTa umravleso-bas ki miaCnia, rom amgvari uaryofiTi Sefaseba TviT siuJe-tis konteqstidan gamomdinareobda, magram maTi azriT, esiyo faruli Sinaarsis interpretireba. veravin uaryofs, romsazogadoebis nawilma televiziiT moismina TavianTi rasis-tuli azrebis dasturi.

zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, meore gansxvavebuli azrisavtorTa nawilma damatebiT ganmarta, rom jersildis saqme-Si gamoTqmuli gancxadebebi, romlebic yovelgvari komen-tarebis gareSe gadaica televiziiT, namdvilad axdenda ziz-Ris provocirebas ara marto zogadad, ucxoelebis, aramedSavkanianebis mimarT, romlebic aRwerili iyvnen, rogorc da-bali rasa (`Sexede gorilas suraTs da mere Sexede zangs, igi-ve aRnagoba... zangi ar aris adamiani, is cxovelia, iseve ro-gorc yvela sxva ucxoeli muSa, Turqebi, iugoslavebi da ravici, rasac Tavis Tavs eZaxian~).

sabolood, gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTleebma miiC-nies, rom rasobrivi umciresobis ufleba ar SeiZleba nakle-bad mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre informaciis gadacemis uf-leba da am konkretul situaciaSi strasburgis sasamarTlosprerogativas ar warmoadgens daniis uzenaesi sasamarTlosmagivrad imis gadawyveta, am konfliqturi interesebidan,romelia ufro mniSvnelovani. maTi azriT, daniis sasamarTlo-ebi im Tavisuflebis farglebSi moqmedebdnen, romelic da-tovebuli aqvT monawile saxelmwifoebs am sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT. Sesabamisad, daniis sasamarTloebis dadgenilebaver iqneba miCneuli evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-


Rvevad.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakav-SirebiT, amerikuli xedva gansxvavebulia evropuli midgo-misgan. amerikis konstitucia da aseve, amerikis uzenaesi sa-samarTlos gadawyvetilebebi cxadyofs, rom sazogadoebaSigamoxatvis Tavisufleba erT-erT mniSvnelovans roli asru-lebs. amerikuli midgomiT, siZulvilis ena ar aris dasjadiqmedeba da igi faqtiurad, gamoxatvis erT-erT legitimurformadaa miCneuli, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac aseTigamoxatva aSkara da myisier safrTxes qmnis demokratiul sa-zogadoebaSi.51

siZulvilis enasTan dakavSirebiT, amerikis uzenaesi sasamar-Tlos yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebad miCneulia saq-me _ R.A.V v. City of St. Paul. 14 wlis TeTrkanianma axalgazrdammegobrebTan erTad dawva damtvreuli skamis nawilebisgandamzadebuli jvari qalaqSi mcxovrebi afroamerikuli oja-xis saxlis win (gazonze). jvris dawva cxadyofda, rom es af-roamerikuli ojaxi, rogorc minimum, am axalgazrdisaTvisar iyo misaRebi samezobloSi. biWi gaasamarTles minesotaskanonmdeblobiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda sasjels aRniS-nuli qmedebisaTvis, kerZod, dasjadi iyo qmedeba, rodesacpiri sajaro adgilze an kerZo sakuTrebaSi ganaTavsebda cec-xlwakidebuli jvris an svastikis simbolos, obieqts, dasa-xelebas, aRwerilobas an grafits da Tu piri acnobierebdaan hqonda gonivruli safuZveli gaecnobierebina, rom es qme-deba iwvevda sxva pirebis gabrazebas, Seuracxyofas an SiSsmaTi rasis, kanis feris, warmoSobis, religiis, mrwamsis an sqe-sis safuZvliT. amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, romes kanoni usafuZvlod zRudavda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasda Sesabamisad, ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis pirvel Ses-worebas da gaauqma igi. mosamarTle skailiam aRiara, rom ada-mianis uflebebis dacva saxelmwifoebrivi interesia, Tumcaman miiCnia, rom am interesis dacva SesaZlebelia gamoxatvisTavisuflebis SeuzRudavad.

51 ix.: https://www.gdi.ge/uploads/other/0/190.pdf gv. 10.


religiuri wesis aRsrulebisaTvisukanonod xelis SeSla da devna

(ssk-is 155-e da 156-e muxlebi)

1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18muxli adgens, rom `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba azris, sindisi-sa da religiis Tavisuflebisa; es ufleba moicavs Tavisufle-bas Tavisi religiis Tu rwmenis Secvlisa da Tavisuflebas Ta-visi religiis Tu rwmenis aRmsareblobisa, rogorc erTpirov-nulad, aseve sxvebTan erTad, moZRvrebaSi RvTismsaxurebaSida religiur da ritualur wes-CveulebaTa SesrulebaSi saja-ro da kerZo wesiT~.52 amave deklaraciis me-19 muxli ambobs,rom `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba mrwamsis Tavisuflebisa damisi Tavisuflad gamoTqmisa; es ufleba moicavs adamianis Ta-visuflebas daubrkoleblad iqonios Tavisi mrwamsi da eZios,miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi yovelgvari saSua-lebebiT da saxelmwifo sazRvrebisagan damoukideblad~.53

aseve, saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uf-lebebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom `1. TiToeuli adamiani sar-geblobs azris, sindisisa da religiis TavisuflebiT. es uf-leba moicavs Tavisuflebas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebrhqondes an miiRos religia an mrwamsi da Tavisuflad aRia-rebdes Tavis religias da mrwamss, rogorc calke, ise sxveb-Tan erTad, sajarod Tu kerZod, asrulebdes da gamoxatav-des sakuTar religias locviT, moZRvrebiTa da swavlebiT.2. aravin unda daeqvemdebaros iZulebas, romelic laxavs misTavisuflebas, hqondes an miiRos sakuTari arCevanis reli-gia da mrwamsi. 3. religiisa da mrwamsis aRiarebis Tavisuf-leba SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod, kanoniT dadgenil Sem-TxvevebSi da sazogadoebis uSiSroebis, wesrigis, janmrTe-lobisa da moralis, iseve, rogorc sxva pirTa ZiriTadi uf-lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT. 4. winamdebarepaqtis monawile saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas,pativi scen mSobelTa da Sesabamisad, kanonieri meurveebisTavisuflebas, sakuTari mwamsis Sesabamisad uzrunvelyonTavianTi bavSvebis religiuri da zneobrivi aRzrda~.54

52 ix.: http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/115/115526.pdf53 ix.: http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/115/115526.pdf54 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/1398335?publication=0 me-18 muxli.


adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis kon-venciis me-9 muxlis mixedviT, `yvelas aqvs ufleba azris, sin-disisa da religiis Tavisuflebisa; es ufleba moicavs reli-giis an rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas da, agreTve, Tavisuf-lebas rogorc individualurad, ise sxvebTan erTad saqvey-nod an gankerZoebiT gaacxados Tavisi religia Tu rwmena aR-msareblobiT, swavlebiT, wesebis dacviTa da ritualebis aR-srulebiT. religiis an rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba eq-vemdebareba mxolod iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic gaTvalis-winebulia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogado-ebaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, sa-zogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis Tu moralis an sxva-Ta uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad~.55

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxilu-li saqme izetin dogani da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,56

exeboda saxelmwifos neitralurobisa da miukerZoeblo-bis valdebulebas religiis mrwamsis mimarT.

momCivnebi alevis rwmenis mimdevrebi iyvnen. saxelmwifommaT uari ganucxada moTxovnaze, hqonodaT sajaro msaxu-rebis ufleba, maSin roca aRniSuli uflebamosileba mi-niWebuli hqonda moqalaqeTa umravlesobas, romlebic su-nizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen. momCivnebi konvenciis me-9 mux-lze dayrdnobiT davobdnen, rom erovnuli xelisuflebaarRvevda saxelmwifos neitralurobisa da miukerZoeb-lobis valdebulebas religiuri konfesiebis mimarT; ap-likantebi agreTve, daeyrdnen me-9 muxls me-14 muxlTanerTobliobaSi da davobdnen, rom alevis mimdevrebi nak-lebad xelsayrel mopyrobas iRebdnen, vidre islamis su-nituri mimdinareobis mimdevari moqalaqeebi.

strasburgis sasamarTlos didma palatam daadgina me-9muxlis darRveva calke aRebuli da agreTve, me-14 mux-lTan erTobliobaSi.

didi palata ar Semoifargla mxolod diskriminaciis dad-geniT (me-14 muxli me-9 muxlTan erTobliobaSi) da amave

55 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/1208370?publication=056 izetin dogani da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Izzettin Dogan and Oth-

ers v. Turkey), [didi palata], #62649/10, 26 aprili, 2016.


dros daadgina me-9 muxlis darRveva calke aRebuli (ne-gatiuri valdebuleba). amgvarad, evropulma sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo alevis rwme-nis religiuri xasiaTis aRiareba, ramac daabrkola ale-vizmis mimdevrebi, `efeqtianad esargeblaT~ TavianTi re-ligiis TavisuflebiT Sida kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.kerZod, dadginda, rom gasaCivrebulma uarma uaryo ale-vis mimdevarTa sazogadoebis damoukidebeli arseboba damisi wevrebisTvis SeuZlebeli gaxada esargeblaT Tavian-Ti religiuri salocavebiT.

me-9 muxlTan mimarTebiT saCivris ganxilvisas, didma pa-latam dasawyisSive aRniSna, rom sasamarTlos rols arwarmoadgenda gamoeTqva mosazreba mis winaSe arsebuliTeologiuri debatebis Sesaxeb (alevis rwmenisa da musul-manuri religiis Sesaxeb). amrigad, sasamarTlos msjelo-ba Semoifargla imis dadgeniT, rom alevis rwmenasa da mismimdevrebze vrceldeboda konvenciis me-9 muxli.

me-9 muxlis darRvevis dadgenisas, didma palatam kideverTxel gausva xazi rig principebs da yuradReba gaamax-vila saxelmwifos neitralurobisa da miukerZoeblobisvaldebulebis or aseqtze: 1. saxelmwifos roli, rac moi-cavs sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsis mqone pirebisTvis re-ligiis Tavisuflebis uflebiT sargeblobis neitraluradda miukerZoeblad uzrunvelyofas, SesaZlebels xdis mismier garkveuli obieqturi elementebis Sefasebas (rogo-ricaa, `Sexedulebebis seriozuloba, damajerebloba daTanmimdevruloba), Tumca saxelmwifos aRniSnuli roliSeuTavsebelia misi mxridan nebismier mcdelobasTan, Se-afasos religiuri rwmenis an am rwmenis gamoxatvis for-mebis legitimuroba. me-9 muxliT daculi ufleba iqnebo-da Teoriuli da iluzoruli xasiaTis, Tu saxelmwifoe-bisTvis miniWebuli diskreciis farglebi maT saSualebasmiscemda, religiuri denominaciis cneba imdenad viwrodganemarta, rom aratradiciuli da umciresobaTa religi-ebi, rogoric aris alevi, daetovebinaT dacvis sferos miR-ma (ix.: kimlia da sxvebi ruseTis winaaRmdeg da magiar ke-reszteni menonita egihazi da sxvebi ungreTis winaaRmdeg);2) saxelmwifos neitralurobisa da miukerZoeblobis val-debulebis mTavar Sedegs warmoadgenda religiuri sazo-gadoebebis avtonomiurobis principi, romlis mixedviT,


religiuri organizaciebis umaRlesi wodebis sasulieropirebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron, romel aRmsareblobas mi-ekuTvnebian isini. saxelmwifos mxridan Careva gamarTle-buli iqneboda mxolod Zalian seriozuli da damajerebe-li mizezebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. adamianis uflebaTaevropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mopasuxe saxel-mwifos damokidebuleba alevis aRmsareblobis mimarT ar-Rvevs maTi avtonomiuri arsebobis uflebas, romelic kon-venciis me-9 muxlis arsebiTi garantiaa (ix.: mirolubovsida sxvebi latviis winaaRmdeg).

ufro metic, pluralisturi sazogadoebis moTxovnebisada Rirebulebebis aRwerisas, sasamarTlom gamoTqva mosaz-reba, rom `religiuri mravalferovnebis pativiscema uda-voa da dRevandelobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovanigamowvevaa. amis gamo saxelmwifoebma religiuri mravalfe-rovneba unda miiRon ara, rogorc safrTxe, aramed rogorcsimdidre~. (ix.: naCova da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg).57

zemoT motanili gadawyvetilebidanac Cans, rom religiis Ta-visuflebis dacvis xarisxi qveynis demokratiulobisa dapluralizmis sazomia. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad,yovel adamians aqvs rwmenis, aRmsareblobisa da sindisis Ta-visufleba da aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRudva dasaSvebia mxo-lod kanonis Sesabamisad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi au-cilebeli sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis,janmrTelobis an sxvaTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT. amasTan,dauSvebelia adamianis devna rwmenis, aRmsareblobis an sin-disis gamo, agreTve misi iZuleba gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexedu-leba maT Sesaxeb.58 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sSi 155-e da 156-e muxlebis arseboba warmoadgens am konsti-tuciuri uflebis dacvis samarTlebriv erT-erT garantias.kerZod, ssk-is 155-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisobieqturi Semadgenloba gamoixateba RvTismsaxurebis ansxva religiuri wesisa Tu Cveulebis aRsrulebisaTvis uka-nonod xelis SeSlaSi, ZaladobiT an Zaladobis muqariT, an-da Tu mas axlda morwmunis an RvTismsaxuris religiuri

57 ix.: http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/adamianis-uflebata-evr.sasamartlos-2015-2017w-ganc.krebuli.pdf gv. 70-72.

58 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxli.


grZnobis Seuracxyofa. amasTan, devnisgan dacvis garantiasqmnis ssk-is 156-e muxli, romelic danaSaulad da dasjad qme-debad acxadebs adamianis devnas sityvis, azris, sindisis, aR-msareblobis, rwmenis an mrwamsis gamo, anda mis politikur,sazogadoebriv, profesiul, religiur an mecnierel moRva-weobasTan dakavSirebiT.

saqarTveloSi kvlav aqtualuria religiur umciresobebzeTavdasxmis SemTxvevebi. kerZod, winamdebare kvlevis far-glebSi Seswavlili ganaCenebis mixedviT, religiuri Seuwyna-reblobis niadagze Cadenili yvela danaSauli mimarTuli iyoiehovas mowmeebis winaaRmdeg.

iehovas mowmeebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresia, ZiriTa-dad gamoixateba stendebis dazianebasa da religiuri lite-raturis ganadgurebaSi. amasTan, aRniSnul qmedebebs Tan ax-lavs fizikuri da sityvieri Seuracxyofa. Seswavlili saqme-ebis mixedviT, agresia rogorc wesi, sajaro sivrceSi vlin-deba da iehovas mowmeebs umetesad quCaSi msaxurobis drosuswordebian. kerZod, religiuri literaturisa da bukle-tebis gavrcelebis dros. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli Te-mi yvelaze aqtiurad eweva prozelitizms da swored amitomyvelaze xSirad ganicdis diskriminaciul, Zaladobriv da wi-naswar ganwyobebze dafuZnebul negatiur damokidebilebebs.

iehovas mowmeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenilma samarTaldarRveve-bis analizma cxadyo, rom sakvlevi periodis ganmavrobaSi,saqarTvelos pirveli da meore instanciis sasamarTloebs er-Ti ganaCeni aqvT miRebuli ssk-is 155-e muxlis safuZvelze,xolo oTxi _ ssk-is 156-e muxlis safuZvelze. aRniSnul yve-la saqmeze dadga gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni.

iehovas mowmeebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobisa dadevnis faqtebis xasiaTis saCveneblad qvemoT motanilia ram-denime SemTxveva:

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ganixila saqme59 da dad-genilad miiCnia Semdegi faqtobrivi garemoebebi: 2017wlis 22 agvistos, q. TbilisSi, ak. wereTlis gamzirze ar-

59 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 4 dekembris ganaCenisaqmeze #1/4595-17.


sebul amave saxelobis skverSi myofma braldebulma Se-niSna iehovas mowme ori qalbatoni, romelsac sainforma-cio moZrav stendze ganTavsebuli hqonda iehovas mowme-TaTvis gankuTvnili religiuri Sinaarsis literatura daeweoda religiur moRvaweobas. braldebulma religiuriSeuwynareblobis motiviT, ganizraxa iehovas mowmeTa dev-na maTi aRmsareblobis da rwmenis gamo, religiur moRva-weobasTan dakavSirebiT da am mizniT, mivida aRniSnul orqalbatonTan, Seuracxmyofebili sityvebiT mosTxovastendis aReba da zemoaRniSnuli adgilis datoveba, risSemdgom aiRo stendze dadebuli baneri da stendze dar-tymiT gadatexa Suaze. braldebulma SeuracxmyofelisityvebiT datova SemTxvevis adgili. garda aRniSnuliSemTxvevisa, braldebulma 2017 wlis 24 seqtembers, imaveskverSi ganizraxa iehovas mowmeTa devna. kerZod, mividaiehovas mowme mamakacTan, romelsac Seuracxmyofeli sit-yvebiT mosTxova stendis aReba, ris Semdeg gaSlili xeliramdenjerme daartya saxis areSi da swrafad miimala Sem-Txvevis adgilidan.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ganixila ra, sisxlis sa-marTlis saqme, Seafasa braldebis mxaris mier warmodge-nili yvela mtkicebuleba (aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlosxdomaze mtkicebulebebi mxareebs sadavod ar gauxdi-aT, ris gamoc maT mieniWaT preiudiciuli mniSvneloba) saq-mesTan maTi relevanturobis, dasaSvebobisa da utyuaro-bis TvalsazrisiT da damtkicebulad miiCnia braldebu-lis mier inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Cadena. kerZod,braldebulma Caidina adamianis devna, aRmsareblobis darwmenis gamo, religiur moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT, racsasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs jarimas an TavisuflebisSezRudvas vadiT, or wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTasimave vadiT. garda amisa, manve Caidina adamianis devna aR-msareblobis da rwmenis gamo religiur moRvaweobasTandakavSirebiT, Cadenili ZaladobiT, rac sasjelis saxiTiTvaliswinebs jarimas an Tavisuflebis SezRudvas vadiT,sam wlamde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas vadiT sam wlamde,Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTme-viT sam wlamde an uamisod.

sasjelis gansazRvrisas, sasamarTlom braldebulis pa-suxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad miiCnia Cade-


nili danaSaulis gulwrfeli aRiareba da monanieba, xolopasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoebad _ qmedebisCadena religiuri Seuwynareblobis niSniT, arafxizelmdgomareobaSi.

sabolood, sasamarTlom braldebuli damnaSaved cno dadanaSaulTa erTobliobiT, sasjelis saxed da zomad ganu-sazRvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 2 (ori) wlis vadiT, rac ssk-is 63-64-e muxlebis safuZvelze, pirobiT ar iqnas gamoye-nebuli da gamosacdel vadad daudgindes 2 (ori) weli.

religiuri xasiaTis ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSna-via, rom amgvari tipis saqmeebi evropul sasamarTloSi iSvia-Tia da samwuxaro faqtia, rom am mxriv strasburgis sasamar-Tlos yvelaze cnobili precedenti swored qarTulma saq-mem Seqmna. saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi, iehovas mow-meebi erT-erTi yvelaze marginalizebuli religiuri Temia.2007 wels, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom mii-Ro gadawyvetileba saqmeze gldanis kongregaciis 97 wevrida 4 sxva piri saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.60 aRniSnul saqmeSi,romelic exeboda mama basilisa da misi momxreebis Tavdas-xmasa da Zaladobas iehovas mowme qristianebze 1999 wels,strasburgis sasamarTlom daadgina evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis (wamebis akrZalva) darRveva kargad dokumentire-bul Zaladobis faqtebze, xelisuflebis organoebis umoq-medobisa da saTanado da miukerZoebeli gamoZiebis Catare-bis valdebulebis darRvevis gamo. amasTan, darRveulad Ca-iTvala konvenciis me-9 muxli (azris, sindisasa da religiisTavisufleba), radgan xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo to-lerantuli garemo, sadac mosarCeleebi moaxerxebdnen,esargeblaT TavianTi rwmenis TavisuflebiT. me-9 da me-3 mux-lTan mimarTebiT, me-14 muxlis (diskriminaciis akrZalva)darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom xeli-

60 gldanis kongregaciis 97 wevri da 4 sxva piri saqarTvelos winaaRm-deg (97 members of the gldani congregation of jehovah’s witnesses and 4 others v.Georgia), #74456/01, 3 maisi, 2007 ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22ful-ltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20MEMBERS%20OF%20THE%20GLDANI%20CONGREGATION%20OF%20JEHOVAH’S%20WITNESSES%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20GEORGIA\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22]} (xelmisawvdomia qarTulenaze).


suflebis organoebi TavianTi umoqmedobiT mama basilsa damis momxreebs siZulviliT motivirebuli gamosvlebisa da re-ligiuri niSniT Zaladobis saSualebas aZlevdnen da praqti-kulad misi Zaladobis Tanamonawileebi iyvnen, riTac aSka-rad arRvednen kanonis winaSe yvela piris Tanasworobis prin-cips.61 garda amisa, 2014 wlis 7 oqtombers, adamianis ufleba-Ta evropulma sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba saq-meze beReluri da sxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg,62 sadac sa-samarTlom iehovas mowmeTa mier wardgenil koleqtiur sar-Celze erTxmad daadgina saxelmwifos mier evropuli kon-venciis me-3 (wamebis akrZalva), me-9 (azris, sindisasa da re-ligiis Tavisufleba) da me-14 (diskriminaciis akrZalva) mux-lebis darRveva.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ganixila sisxlis samarTlissaqme63 da dadgenilad miiCnia Semdegi: 2017 wlis 17 maiss,arsebul saqmeze myofma braldebulma ganaxorciela ieho-vas mowmeTa devna, ZaladobiT da Zaladobis gamoyenebis mu-qaariT, rac gamoixata maTTvis sityvieri Seuracxyofis mi-yenebaSi da fizikuri angariSsworebis muqaraSi, ris Semde-gac muSti Caartya stends, romelzedac iehovas literatu-ra iyo ganTavsebuli da daaziana. iehovas mowmeebma Sewyvi-tes saqmianoba.

sasamarTlos Sefasebis sagani gaxda sasamarTlo eqsperti-zis erovnuli biuros ambulatoriuli sasamarTlo-fsiqi-atriuli eqspertizis daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, `braladSeracxuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Cadenis drosd. m. daavadebuli iyo Sereuli tipis Sizoafeqturi aSli-lobiT, mimdinare periodSi iyo remisiis mdgomareoba damas ar SeeZlo srulad gaecnobierebina Tavisi qmedebis

61 ix.: http://tdi.ge/sites/default/files/religiuri-diskriminaciisa-da-konstituciuri-sekularizmis-kvleva.pdf gv. 50.

62 beReluri da sxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (Begheluri and others v.Georgia), #28490/02, 7 oqtomberi, 2014, ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20BEGHELURI%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20GEORGIA\%22%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22]} (xelmisawvdomiaqarTul enaze).

63 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 26 ivlisis ganaCenisaqmeze #1/2970-17.


faqtobrivi xasiaTi da marTlsawinaaRmdegoba da exel-mZRvanela misTvis (SezRuduli SesaZlebloba). amJamad Ta-visi fsiqikuri mdgomareobiT, d. m-s SeuZlia angariSi gau-wios Tavs da uxelmZRvanelos mas. imgvari fsiqikuri aSli-lobebi, romelic d. m-s xels SeuSlis sasjelis moxdas, da-avadebuli ar aris, Tavisi fsiqikuri mdgomareobiT d. m-sSeuZlia wardges marTlmsajulebis winaSe da pasuxi agosbralad Seracxuli qmedebisTvis~.

sasamarTlom xazi gausva ssk-is 35-e muxls, romlis mixed-viTac, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan ar Ta-visufldeba srulwlovani, romelic danaSaulis Cadenisdros imyofeboda SezRuduli Seracxadobis mdgomareo-baSi. ese igi fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo ar SeeZlo sruladgaecnobierebina Tavisi qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTi anmarTlwinaaRmdegoba anda exelmZRvanela misTvis.

braldebulis mimarT sasjelis gansazRvrisas, sasamar-Tlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo misi janmrTelobis mdgomareo-ba, kerZod, SezRuduli Seracxadoba. amasTan, sasamarTlomgaiTvaliswina danaSaulis simZime (naklebad mZime katego-riis danaSauli), is garemoebebi, rom braldebuli warsul-Si ar aris nasamarTlevi, aRiarebs da inaniebs Cadenil mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, sadavod ar gauxdia mtkicebu-lebebi da xeli Seuwyo saqmeze swrafi marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebas. garda amisa, braldebulma Tavisi qmede-biT miyenebuli ziani aunazRaura erT-erT dazaralebulsda mas pretenzia ar gaaCnia.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da braldebu-lis qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tbilisissaqalaqo sasamarTlom mizanSewonilad miiCnia sasjelissaxiT jarimis gamoyeneba.

kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili gadawyvetilebebic mowmobs,rom saqarTveloSi iehovas mowmeebi yvelaze mowyvladi jgu-fia da isini xSirad xdebian sxvadasxva fizikuri pirebis mxri-dan agresiis msxverplni. 2018 wlis saparlamento angariSSi,saxalxo damcveli miuTiTebs religiuri SeuwynareblobisniSniT Cadenil danaSaulebze samarTaldamcavi organoebis

64 ix.: http://www.ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2019042620571319466.pdf gv. 145.


mier Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis miniWebis sakiTxis gaumjobe-sebaze.64 Tumca, iqve dasZens, rom iehovas mowmeTa mxridansagamoZiebo uwyebebis mimarT kritika arsebobs gamoZiebisobieqturad warmarTvasa da gaWianurebis Taobaze. kerZod,braldebulad/dazaralebulad cnobisa da saboloo/Semaja-mebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vadebTan dakavSirebiT.aRniSnul pozicias iziarebs saxalxo damcvelic.65 garda ami-sa, adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centrigarkveul SemTxvevebSi miuTiTebs iehovas mowmeTa mimarTCadenil danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT sasamarTlos mier sis-xlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas, garkve-ul loialur mopyrobaze, ramac SesaZloa gazardos recidi-vis albaToba.

2016 wlis 18 ivliss, q. TbilisSi, e. w. aleqsandrovis baR-Si, ori qalbatoni qadagebda TavianTi aRmsareblobis _sarwmunoeba `iehovas mowmes~ Sesaxeb, ra drosac gamvlel-ma, religiuri Seuwynareblobis motiviT maT miayena sit-yvieri da fizikuri Seuracxyofa. kerZod, sasamarTlosxdomaze mowmis saxiT dakiTxulma dazaralebulebma gan-martes, rom qadagebis dros gaaCeres erT-erTi gamvleliqalbatoni da sTxoves maTTvis moesmina. am sityvebis ga-gonebaze, braldebuli gaxda agresiuli. dazaralebulebsmoixseniebda `quCis qalebad da iehovelebad“. amasTan, ad-gili hqonda fizikur Zaladobasac, kerZod, braldebuliiehovas mowmeebs scemda saxis areSi da fexebs urtyamdawvivebSi. garda amisa, erT-erT dazaralebuls Semoaxia pe-rangic.

sasamarTlos waredgina eqspertizis daskvna, romliTacdasturdeboda, rom piradi Semowmebisas, erT-erTi daza-ralebulis sxeulze arsebuli dazianebebi sisxlnaJRen-Tebis saxiT, ganviTarebuli iyo raime mkvrivi, blagvi sag-nis zemoqmedebiT da miekuTvneboda dazianebaTa msubuqxarisxs, rasac Sedegad janmrTelobis moSla ar mohyolia.xandazmulobiT ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqmis garemoebebSi mi-TiTebul TariRs. amasTan, sasamarTlo sxdomaze mowmissaxiT daikiTxa Tbilisis meriis usafrTxoebis samsaxurisdacvis TanamSromeli, romelic marTalia, uSualod ar gam-

65 ix.: http://www.ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2019042620571319466.pdf gv. 147.


xdara Cxubis TviTmxilveli, Tumca man gaigo qalebis xma-maRali saubari. igi mivida maTTan da mouwoda braldebulsda or qalbatons damSvidebisken. garda amisa, man dainaxa,rom erT-erT qalbatons Camoxeuli hqonda maisuri. mow-mis ganmartebiT man dareka sapatrulo policiaSi da iqveaRniSna, rom braldebulma Tqva Tavisi saxeli, samuSao ad-gili da `Tu vinmes saqme hqonda, iq misuliyo~.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasa-marTlom braldebuli cno damnaSaved ssk-is 156-e muxlisme-2 nawilis `a~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisCadenaSi _ adamianis devna aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis ga-mo da mis religiur moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT Cadeni-li ZaladobiT da ZiriTadi sasjelis saxed da zomad ganu-sazRvra jarima 2000 (ori aTasi) laris odenobiT.66 (Tbi-lisis saapelacio sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova pirveli in-stanciis gadawyvetileba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamianis devna sityvis, azris, sin-disis, aRmsareblobis, rwmenis an mrwamsis gamo, anda mis po-litikur, sazogadoebriv, profesiul, religiur an mecnie-rul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT, danaSaulia da isjebasisxlis samarTlis wesiT. am tipis danaSaulis TvalsaCinomagaliTad SegviZlia miviCnioT 2016 wlis incidenti _ tele-kompania `tabulas~ Jurnalistebze Tavdasxma. gansaxilvelisaqme sainteresoa, miT ufro, rom sasamarTlo detaluradSeexo rogorc dadgenil faqtobriv garemoebebs, ise yvelaim sadavo Sefasebas, romlebic braldebisa da dacvis mxare-ebis mier iqna gaJRerebuli sasamarTlo sxdomaze. zogadad,sasamarTlom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba siRrmiseulad ganmar-ta samarTlebriv WrilSi:

winamdebare saqmeSi dadgenil iqna, rom Tbilisis erT-erTretoranSi ucnobi pirebi Tavs daesxnen telekompania `ta-bulas~ moqmed da yofil Jurnalistebs, imis gamo, rombraldebulebisTvis miuRebeli iyo aRniSnuli telekom-paniis Jurnalistebis mier Seqmnili gadacemebi religi-ur Temebze, maT mier gamoxatuli azri da SexedulebebimarTmadideblur eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi.

66 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2018 wlis 12 ianvris ganaCeni,saqmeze #1/3957-16.


Tavdamsxmelebi jgufurad miiWrnen Jurnalistebis magi-dasTan (pirad sivrceSi) da miayenes sityvieri da fiziku-ri Seuracxyofa swored maT mier religiasTan dakavSire-biT gamoxatuli gansxvavebuli azrisa da zogadad, maTiprofesiuli saqmianobis gamo. uwodebdnen `tabulas ru-porebs~ da `religiis Semarcxvenlebs~. imavdroulad, ad-gili hqonda muqarasac.

danaSaulebrivi qmedebis calkeul samarTlebriv aspeq-tebis ganxilvamde unda iTqvas, rom sasamarTlom samibraldebulidan erTi gaamarTla wardgenil braldebaSi,xolo ori damnaSaved cno ssk-is 27.156-e muxlis me-2 nawi-lis „a~ qvepunqtiT.67

Tavdapirvelad, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom „Tavad bral-debulebic, dazaralebulebis msgavsad, igive moculobiTsargebloben da miniWebuli aqvT konstituciiT garanti-rebuli uflebebi, maT Soris _ sityvisa da azris gamoxat-vis nawilSi, Tumca, Sesabamis adgilas da dros da ara yvel-gan da yovelTvis _ sxvis pirad sivrceSi da arasasurveldros da rac mTavaria, ara amgvarad _ agresiulad, Zala-dobiT da muqariT. miuxedavad imisa, rom restorani arissazogadoebis TavSeyris sivrce, es ar aris debatebis an„protestis~ dafiqsirebis adgili. davas ar iwvevs is ga-remoebac, rom restornis TiToeuli magida „Slis~ sazo-gadoebas calkeul jgufebad _ pirad sivrceebad, sadacTavis mxriv, gaerTianebulia konkretuli adamianTa viw-ro wre, konkretuli mizniT _ gasarTobad, savaxSmod daa. S. mocemul SemTxvevaSi dazaralebulTa CvenebebiTdgindeba, rom isini Sekrebilni iyvnen savaxSmod da sasa-ubrod zogad Temebze da ara samsaxurebriv, politikuran/da religiur gadacemebTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro ariyvnen Sekrebilni ucnobi adamianebis agresiuli kriti-kis mosasmenad~.

67 sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom erTma braldebulma Caidina adamianis devnasityvis, azris gamo da mis profesiul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT,Cadenili jgufurad da Zaladobis muqariT, xolo meorebraldebulma Caidina adamianis devna sityvis, azris gamo da misprofesiul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT, Cadenili jgufurad,ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT. orive braldebulis mimarTZiriTadi sasjelis saxiT gamoyenebul iqna jarima.


sasamarTlom aseve ganmarta, rom ̀ jgufurad Cadenili ada-mianis devna moicavs jgufuri danaSaulis yvela saxes _winaswar SeuTanxmebeli, winaswar SeTanxmebuli da orga-nizebuli jgufi. jgufur danaSaulTan gvaqvs saqme, ro-desac ori an meti amsrulebeli srulad an nawilobrivaxorcielebs danaSaulis obieqtur Semadgenlobas da ga-modis am danaSaulis Tanaamsruleblad. ssk-is 27-e mux-lis pirveli nawiliT danaSauli jgufis mieraa Cadenili,Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi winaswar SeuTanxmeblad erTob-livad monawileobda ori an meti amsrulebeli. gansaxil-vel SemTxvevaSi ki dadgenilia, rom ori Tavdamsxmeli er-Tdroulad gamoxatavda kritikul mosazrebebs agresiu-laad da muqariT, xolo maTgan erT-erTi aseve, Zalado-biT. maTi qmedebebi mimarTuli iyo Jurnalistebis gansxva-vebuli azris devnisken. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom dana-Saulis SefasebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba da-zaralebulTa Cvenebebs, radgan SesaZloa qmedebis TiTo-euli monawile mis mier Cadenil moqmedebas ar afasebs,rogorc devnas, magram aRniSnul SefasebaSi didi wili mo-dis swored dazaralebulis aRqmaze, romelic kompleq-surad afasebs yvela monawilis mier mis mimarT ganxorci-elebul qmedebebs erTobliobaSi, swored dazaralebulismier xdeba realuri sinamdvilis asaxva fsiqikaSi, rom masdevnian sityvis da azris gamo~.

garda amisa, sasamarTlo Seexo dacvis mxaris argumentacias,rom qmedebis devnad SefasebisaTvis saxeze unda iyos droSigangrZobadi moqmedebebi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sa-samarTlom miuTiTa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebaze, romlis Tanaxmadac erTjeradi danaSauleb-rivi aqtis ssk-is 156-e muxliT dakvalificireba sasamarTlosmier srulad iqna gaziarebuli. gansaxilveli danaSaulis Ca-denisas sakmarisia erTjeradi moqmedeba da ar aris aucile-beli adgili hqondes mravaljerad qmedebas.

amasTan, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, konkretuli danaSaulisZaladobiT kvalifikaciisas mniSvnelovania braldebulebismoqmedebaTa jaWvi, dazaralebulis aRqma da Sedegi. `moce-mul SemTxvevaSi, mas Semdeg rac braldebulebi erToblivadmividnen dazaralebulebis magidasTan, T. T-m agresiulad damuqaris fonze moiTxova, Jurnalistebs SeewyvitaT TavianTgadacemaSi konkretuli mosazrebebis dafiqsireba, xolo S.g-m


xeli daartya erT-erT dazaralebuls~.

sasamarTlom ar gaiziara dacvis mxaris mosazreba, rom bral-debulebi unda gamarTlebuliyvnen wardgenil braldebaSi,radgan maTi mxridan adgili ar hqonda Jurnalisturi saqmia-nobidan gamomdinare devnas, im faqtze miTiTebiT, rom da-zaralebulebi konkretul viTarebaSi ar axorcielebdnenJurnalistur saqmianobas. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sasa-marTlom ganmarta, rom `mocemuli qmedebis kvalifikacii-saTvis ar aris aucilebeli devna ganxorcieldes uSualodsamsaxurebrivi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas da mis proces-Si, braldebulebma ki daadastures, rom Jurnalistebis res-toranSi Sesvlisas T. T-m megobrebs uTxra, Tu vin iyvnen isi-ni, xolo mogvianebiT, braldebulebi marTlac mividnen Jur-nalistebTan da maT pirad sivrceSi Tavs axvevdnen sakuTarmosazrebebs, mouwodebdnen SeewyvitaT profesiul moRva-weobisas TavianTi azris da sityvis dafiqsireba, miayenessityvieri da fizikuri Seuracxyofa swored maT mier reli-giasTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatuli gansxvavebuli azrisa dazogadad, maTi profesiuli saqmianobis gamo. T. T-m da S. g-mmaT daurRvies myudroeba, ar misces mSvidad yofnis saSua-leba, gamoxatavdnen agresias, imavdroulad, emuqrebodnencemiTa da fizikuri angariSsworebiT, aseve uTxres, rom Sem-dgomSic maTi mxridan gamoxatuli azrisa Tu sityvis gamo,nebismier adgilas daxvdebodnen. Sesabamisad, maTi qmede-biT dairRva dazaralebulebis konstituciiT garantirebu-li sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis ufleba~.68

gansaxilveli Tavis bolos saintereso informacias SevexebiT.kerZod, evropis araerTi qveynis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiiTvaliswinebs mkrexelobis, religiuri grZnobebis an kultisSeuracxyofis dasjas. magaliTad, espaneTis sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsiT, piri, romelic SebRalavs romelime religi-uri aRmsareblobis mimdevrebis grZnobebs, sajarod daamci-rebs maT dogmebs, rwmenas, ritualebs an ceremoniebs sityvi-erad an werilobiT. aseve, vinc sajarod Seuracxyofas miaye-nebs am aRmsareblobis mimdevar pirebs, daisjeba jarimiT. sas-

68 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2018 wlis 6 martis ganCineba saqmeze#1/866-16. pirveli insatnciis gadawyvetileba Tbilisis saapelaciosasamarTlom ucvlelad datova (2019 wlis 30 ianvris ganaCenisaqmeze #1b/411-18).


jelis igive zoma gamoiyeneba im pirTa mimarTac, romlebic sa-jarod, verbalurad an werilobiT daamcireben nebismier ada-mians, romelic arc erTi religiis mimdevari ar aris.69 aseve,italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT isjeba RvTis gmoba(romel religiasac unda exebodes igi), sasuliero pirebis Se-uracxyofa maTi religiuri mowodebebidan gamomdinare, sa-kulto nivTebis Seuracxyofa, religiuri ceremoniebisaTvisxelis SeSla.70 msgavsi debulebebi ikiTxeba sxvadasxva qvey-nis kanonmdeblobaSi: germania, dania, poloneTi, fineTi, sa-berZneTi da a.S. 2018 wels, saqarTvelos parlamentSi Sevidasakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romelic `religiuri grZnobebisSeuracxyofisaTvis~ sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobasiTvaliswinebda. kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT baraTSi pirda-pir iyo miTiTebuli, rom misi miReba saqarTvelos marTlma-didebeli eklesiis, aseve, qveyanaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva `tra-diciuli~ religiis mimarT bolo dros gaxSirebuli faruliTu pirdapiri SeuracxyofiT iyo ganpirobebuli. adamianis uf-lebaTa dacvis da samoqalaqo integraciis komitetma ideisdoneze mxari dauWira kanonproeqts, Tumca sakiTxis ganxil-va Sewyda mas Semdeg, rac iniciativas saxalxo damcvelTan ar-sebuli religiaTa sabWosa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebismxridan kritikuli reaqcia mohyva. 2018 wlis saparlamentoangariSSic, saxalxo damcveli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom igiimeds gamoTqvams, rom sakanonmdeblo organo msgavs kanon-proeqts mxars arc momavalSi dauWers.71

amavdroulad unda iTqvas, rom Tu SedarebiT iolia ganisaz-Rvros, ra aris religiuri dapirispireba an Zaladoba, ar ar-sebobs standarti imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba zogadad, iyosmkrexeloba an religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofa. TiToe-ul sazogadoebaSi am sakiTxebis Taviseburi xedva da gagebaarsebobs. amitom aris, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-samarTlo amgvari davebis ganxilvisas, kulturuli relati-vizmiT xelmZRvanelobs da uSvebs, rom erT qveyanaSi Seu-racxmyoflad miCneuli gamoTqma an naSromi SeiZleba uxams,Tumca mosaTmen xumrobad CaiTvalos sxva qveyanaSi. amasTan,

69 ix.: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6443/file/Spain_CC_ am2013_en.pdf 525-e muxli.

70 ix.: http://www.fes-caucasus.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017/hate_speech.pdf71 ix.: http://www.ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2019042620571319466.pdf gv. 145.


strasburgis sasamarTlom saqmeze oto premingeris insti-tuti avstriis winaaRmdeg, aRniSna, rom Znelia saerTo evro-puli standartis dadgena imis gansasazRvrad, Tu sad udevsazris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas zRvari, roca saqme religi-uri xasiaTis Seuracxyofas exeba. amis gamo, religiur Seu-racxyofasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi evropuli sasamarTloyovelTvis erovnul sasamarTloebs utovebs mixedulebissakmaod farTo areals, raTa maT sakuTari qveynis Tavisebu-rebebidan gamomdinare daadginon, Tu sad gadis es zRvarida ras moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi interesi. Tu erovnuli sa-samarTloebis mier saqme saTanado seriozulobiT aris gan-xiluli da maTi gadawyvetilebebi sakmarisad aris dasabu-Tebuli, evropuli sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi, èndoba~ am ga-dawyvetilebaSi motanil Sefasebebs da iziarebs mis moti-vebs, romlebic unda iyos `Sesabamisi (relevnaturi) da sak-marisi~. Tumca, arc mixedulebis es arealia usazRvro, rad-gan azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis nebismieri SezRudvisfaqti evropuli sasamarTlos mxridan mkacr kontrols eq-vemdebareba.72

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, religiuri Seuracxyofa dadgeba ga-moxatvis Tavisuflebis pirispir. faqtia, am mxriv, evrosasa-marTlos praqtika erTgvarovani ar aris, radgan gadawyveti-lebebi rig SemTxvevaSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, xolo rigSemTxvevaSi, religiuri grZnobebis dacvis sasargeblod ga-modis. magaliTad, admianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomganixila saqme i. a. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,73 sadac momCivani ga-asamarTles RvTisgmobisaTvis, mas Semdeg, rac momCivnis sa-gamomcemlo saxlma gamosca wigni, romelic ganixilavda fi-losofiur da Teologiur sakiTxebs. avtori rwmenas, islamsda imamebs akritikebda. is acxadebda, rom nebismieri rwmenaaris dadgma; rom RmerTi, romlis rwmenasac xalxs aiZulebentvinebis gamorecxvis gziT, arc erTxel ar gamovida scenazesakuTari arsebobis dasamtkiceblad; da rom, es yvelaferi

72 wulikiani T., àzris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da religiis Tavisuf-leba~, ix.: http://tolerantoba.ge/index.php?id=1281619775&kat=285

73 i. a. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (I. A. v. Turkey), #42571/98), 13 seqtemberi,2005, ix.: filip liCi _ rogor mivmarToT adamianis uflebaTaevropul sasamarTlos, 2013, gv. 434 da aseve, wulikiani T., àzrisgamoxatvis Tavisufleba da religiis Tavisufleba~, ix.: http://tolerantoba.ge/index.php?id=1281619775&kat=285


imamebs fiqris unars ukargavda da maT erT ubralo Tivis go-rad aqcevda. Tavdapirvelad, evropulma sasamarTlom mis mi-erve oto premingeris institutis saqmeSi dadgenili princi-pebi moixmo da Tqva, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs reli-giis Tavisuflebis sawinaaRmdego informaciisa da ideebis gav-rcelebis SezRudvis aucilebloba. Tumca, man iqve dasZina,rom es SezRudva `imperatiuli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebiT~unda iyos ganpirobebuli da massa da misaRwev mizans SorisTanazomiereba unda iyos daculi. amasTan, demokratia plu-ralizmze, Semwynareblobasa da movlenaTa farTo xedvisunarze damyarebuli sazogadoebis arsebobas gulisxmobs daevropuli mosamarTleebis azriT, nebismieri religiis mimde-vari misi aRmsareblobis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritikisaTvismzad unda iyos. nebismier morwmunes unda SeeZlos Seiwyna-ros sxva individis mier misi religiis uaryofa da Tundac mi-si rwmenis sapirispiro religiis qadageba. Tumca, mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi, morwmunisaTvis ubralod Semacbunebel, Semawuxe-bel an aRmaSfoTebel azrebs ar exeboda saqme. evropuli sasa-marTlos azriT, sadavo wignSi arsebuli frazebi winaswarmet-yveli muhamedis usargeblo da usafuZvlo Seuracxyofas Se-icavda. gansakuTrebiT ki is pasaJi, sadac avtori acxadebda,rom `muhameds STagonebebi xSirad aiSes mklavebSi, seqsualu-ri aRtkinebis dros mosdioda, rom is marxvas arRvevda seq-sualuri kavSiris damyarebis mizniT da rom igi ar krZalavdaamgvar kavSirs mkvdar adamianTan an cocxal cxovelTan~.strasburgis sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom marTalia, Turqulisazogadoeba saero sazogadoebas warmoadgenda, magram masSiZlieri iyo islamis Tayvaniscema da sadavo frazebi Seurac-xyofeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo morwmuneTaTvis. Sesabamisad,Turquli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi `imperatiuli sa-zogadoebrivi saWiroebiT~ iyo gamowveuli da gamomcemlis wi-naaRmdeg gamotanili ganaCeni marTebulad CaiTvala. rac See-xeba sasjelis Tanazomierebas, evropulma sasamarTlom gadam-wyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa im faqts, rom wigni ar yofila ak-rZaluli da momCivans mxolod umniSvnelo jarima miesaja. sa-bolood, gansaxilvel saqmeSi, adamianis uflebaTa evropul-ma sasamarTlom oTxi xmiT samis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom kon-venciis me-10 muxli ar darRveula, radgan wigni Seicavda sa-lanZRav da Seuracxmyofel Tavdasxmebs muslimebisaTvis wmin-da sakiTxebze. gansxvavebuli azris mqone mosamarTleebmaCaTvales, rom msgavs gadawyvetilebebs gamomcemlobaze msus-


xavi efeqti SeiZleboda hqonoda _ gamomcemlobebi TviTcen-zuris msxverplni SeiZleba gamxdariyvnen da xeli aeRoT ara-konformistuli da politikurad Tu religiurad dauSvebe-li azrebis Semcveli naSromebis gamoqveynebaze. adamianis uf-lebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom me-10 muxlis darRveva daad-gina saqmeze ginievski safrangeTis winaaRmdeg74 da miiCnia, romreligiis Tavisufleba mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar ibRalebodamomCivnis mier gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli sadavo statiiT, ro-melSic gakritikebuli iyo papi. evropulma sasamarTlom CaT-vala, rom sagazeTo statiaSi gamoyenebuli gamonaTqvamebi arwarmoadgenda religiuri mrwamsis Seuracxyofas an masze Tav-dasxmas, ar iyo daSorebuli Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli azrisgan, ar qadagebda siZulvils an Zala-dobas da eWqveS ar ayenebda an ar akninebda romelime istori-ulad dadgenil faqts.75

gansaxilveli Temis bolos unda iTqvas, rom adamianis ufle-baTa evropulma sasamarTlom jer kidev, 1996 wels miRebulgadawyvetilebaSi (vingrovi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg76 ) aRniSna, rom araerTi myari argumenti arsebobda mkre-xelobis Sesaxeb kanonebis gauqmebis sasargeblod. maT So-ris, moxseniebuli iyo samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis uunaro-ba, saTanadod daeregulirebina individualuri rwmenis sa-kiTxebi da aseve, is garemoeba, rom aRniSnul kanonebs SesaZ-loa gamoewvia diskriminacia sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebismimarT. Tumca, sasamarTlom iqve dasZina, rom evropis qvey-nebSi jer kidev, ar arsebobda erTiani samarTlebrivi da so-cialuri konsesusi, romelic gvafiqrebinebda, rom mkrexe-lobis aRkveTa aRar iyo saWiro demokratiul sazogadoeba-Si. magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoT motanil i. a-s saqmeSiumciresobaSi myofi mosamarTleebis Sexedulebas, ar arisgamoricxuli momavalSi evropuli sasamarTlo marTlac da-adges oto premingeris institutis, vingrovsa da msgavsi pre-cedentebis gadaxedvis gzas, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufle-bis sasargeblod.

74 ginievski safrangeTis winaaRmde (Giniewski v. France), ¹64016/00, 13ianvari, 2006.

75 iqve. §51-52.76 vingrovi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Wingrove v. The United

Kingdom), #17419/90, 25 noemberi, 1996, §57.


siZulviliT motivirebulidanaSaulebi

ojaxSi Zaladoba, ojaxuri danaSaulebi daqalTa mimarT Zaladobis SemTxvevebi

saqarTveloSi, ojaxSi Zaladoba da qalTa mimarT ZaladobaerT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Zaladobis formebia, ro-melic moicavs sazogadoebis yvela fenas, ganurCevlad kla-sobrivi, rasobrivi, kulturuli, religiuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebisa.

ojaxSi Zaladobis, ojaxuri danaSaulebisa da qalTa mimarTZaladobis Sesaxeb saqmeebze danaSaulis Cadenis motivis dad-gena danaSaulis swori kvalifikaciisa da qmedebis simZimisSesabamisi sasjelis gansazRvris aucilebeli winapirobaa.

kerZod, saqarTveloSi qalTa mimarT Zaladoba gavrcelebulifenomenia. danaSaulis motivad genderuli niSnis gansazRvrismizniT mniSvnelovania Sefasdes, qmedebaSi ikveTeba Tu ara gen-deruli diskriminacia, qalis qcevis kontroli, mis mimarT me-sakuTruli damokidebuleba an sxva saxis genderuli Zalado-ba, romelic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes qalis genderul rol-ze arsebuli stereotipuli SexedulebebiTa da patriarqalu-ri damokidebulebiT. genderuli stereotipia qalisa da mama-kacis msgavsi qcevis radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sefaseba damaTi msgavsi qcevis araTanazomierad gakicxva. genderuli ste-reotipebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg kategoriebad:77

77 ix.: http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kvleva-ojaxshi-zaladobaze.pdfgv. 45.

• sqesobrivi stereotipebi zogadi Sexeduleba qalisa da mama-kacis fizikuri, maT Soris, biolo-giuri, emociuri maxasiaTeblebisa daSemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb

• seqsualuri xasiaTisstereotipebi

zogadi Sexeduleba qalisa da mama-kacis seqsualur TaviseburebebTandakavSirebiT

• sqesis niSniT rolebisstereotipebi

Sexeduleba mamakacisa da qalisrolebTan dakavSirebiT


Temis sailustraciod qvemoT motanilia sasamarTlo praq-tikidan erT-erTi saqme:

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ganixila saqme,78 sadaxfaqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis erTiani analizis safuZ-velze gamoikveTa danaSaulis motivi, genderuli niSniTSeuwynarebloba da diskriminacia. kerZod, braldebulismier bralis aRiarebiT, dazaralebulisa da sxva mowmeTaCvenebebiT dadginda, rom moZalade (qmari) msxverpls(cols) sistematurad ayenebda sityvier Seuracxyofas,eWvianobda, yvela nacnob mamakacs uwodebda mis sayva-rels, uzRudavda saxlidan Tavisuflad gasvlas, ukon-trolebda mis gareSe gatarebul dros, uzRudavda da uk-rZalavda megobrebTan Sexvedras, ar aZlevda tanisamo-sis Tavisuflad SerCevisa da Cacmis saSualebas, eubnebo-da, rom iyo misi coli, mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgene-li, uuflebo da mas usityvod unda damorCileboda. amas-Tan, ukontrolebda socialur qsels, ar aZlevda gadaw-yvetilebebis misi survilisamebr miRebis SesaZleblobas.mudmivad emuqreboda mokvliTa da sxeulis dazianebiT.

sasamarTlos SefasebiT, zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare,gamoikveTa braldebulis damokidebuleba ojaxis wevriqalis mimarT. kerZod, igi msxverpls socialuri ierarqi-iT Tavisze dabla mdgom uuflebo subieqtad ganixilav-da, romlis cxovrebis wesis, Cacmis, qcevisa da zogadad,cxovrebis mimarTulebis da interesis gansazRvra, mxo-lod mas, rogorc qmars SeeZlo, swored amiT aris ganpi-robebuli misi dauokebeli survili akontrolos meuR-le, ganusazRvros cxovrebis prioritetebi, dauwesos so-cialuri da yofiTi SezRudvebi. garda amisa, sasamarTlomdamatebiT ganmarta, rom danaSaulis motivi miuTiTebsmoZaladis gansakuTrebul saSiSroebaze ojaxis wevri qa-li-meuRlis mimarT, braldebulis mcdari stereotipu-li ganwyobebi warmoadgens samomavlo safrTxeebs ojaxSiZaladobis gagrZelebis kuTxiT.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi, sasamarTlom sasjelis konkretulisaxisa da zomis gansazRvrisas, garda danaSaulis motivi-

78 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2019 wlis 3 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze#1/2005-19.


sa, yuradReba gaamaxvila Cadenili danaSaulis simravle-ze, intensivobasa da xerxze. kerZod, drois mcire inter-valSi Cadenilia sami muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ganzraxidanaSauli, braldebulis mxridan msxverplis mimarT gan-xorcielebul qmedebebs hqonda araerTjeradi xasiaTi.moZalade xSir SemTxvevaSi, ojaxur Zaladobas Cadiodaarasrulwlovani Svilebis TandaswrebiT, ramac SesaZloasavalalo zemoqmedeba iqonios bavSvebis fsiqikasa da Sem-dgom ganviTarebaze, vinaidan ojaxSi Zaladoba negatiurgavlenas axdens bavSvebze, ungrevs maT stabilurobisada usafrTxoebis gancdas.

sasamarTlom ar gaiziara dacvis mxaris Suamdgomloba sa-zogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis an pirobiTi msjavrisgamoyenebis Sesaxeb da ganmarta, rom gansaxilveli saqmearis swored is SemTxveva, rodesac naklebad mkacri saxissasjeli ver uzrunvelyofs sasjelis miznis ganxorcie-lebas pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoebebidan ga-momdinare. garda amisa, sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvi-la dacvis mxaris argumentaciaze, TiTqosda braldebulismxridan Semakavebeli orderiT gaTvaliswinebuli valde-bulebebis daurRvevloba warmoadgenda misi pasuxismgeb-lobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas. sasamarTlos SefasebiTki, swored Semakavebeli orderis gamocemis aucileblobabraldebulis pirovnebidan gamomdinare warmoadgens pa-suxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebas. aseve is argumen-ti, rom braldebuls hyavs sami arasrulwlovani Svili, vergaxdeba msubuqi sasjelis gansazRvris safuZveli, piriqiTdanaSaulis Cadena arasrulwlovanTa TandaswrebiT arispiris pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoeba da aseTSemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia Sefasdes moZaladis da danaSa-ulis TviTmxilveli bavSvebis Tanacxovrebis sakiTxi. aR-niSnul SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebis saukeTeso interesebidan ga-momdinare, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom aucilebeli iyo mo-Zaladis droebiTi izolacia da ganrideba bavSvebisgan.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gansaxilvel saqmeSi saxeze iyokumulaciurad, rogorc Sida kanonmdeblobiT, aseve `qal-Ta mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxSi Zaladobis prevenciisada aRkveTis Sesaxeb~ evropis sabWos konvenciiT gaTvalis-winebuli ramdenime damamZimebeli garemoeba. kerZod, mo-Zaladis mier Seuracxyofa da damcireba, adevneba da mu-


qara Cadenili meuRlis mimarT, rasac hqonda sistematu-ri xasiaTi, danaSauli Cadenili arasrulwlovani bavSve-bis TandaswrebiT. msxverplis mimarT muqaras win uswreb-da ukiduresad maRali donis sistematuri Seuracxyofa,damcireba. mudmivma ukanono TvalTvalma msxverpli iZu-lebuli gaxada Seecvala cxovrebis wesi, danaSaulma fsi-qologiuri travma miayena dazaralebuls.

dabolos, sasamarTlom xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom dasa-xelebuli konvenciis miznebi moiTxovs moZalade isjebo-des efeqtiani, Tanazomieri da gadamarwmunebeli gavlenismqone sanqciebis saSualebiT, qalTa mimarT Cadenili dana-Saulis seriozulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. gansaxilvel Sem-TxvevaSi, sasamarTlom braldebuli cno damnaSaved da sas-jelis saxed ganusazRvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.

amdenad, qalTa mimarT Zaladobis yvela faqtze unda dad-gindes, danaSaulis motivi xom ar iyo qalis gaaqtiurebulirolis an tradiciebis sawinaaRmdego qcevisadmi moZaladisagresiuli damokidebuleba. zemoT motanili magaliTidanacCans, rom xsenebuli motivis gamokveTis mizniT, yuradRebaunda gamaxvildes damnaSavis mier gamoTqmul Seuracxmyo-fel gamonaTqvamebze, romelic dazaralebulis reputaciaseWqveS ayenebs, augad ixseniebs mis sqess, yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs mis funqciebsa da tradiciul rolze sazogadoebasada ojaxSi da a.S. diskriminaciuli motiviT danaSaulis Cade-na unda iqnas miCneuli pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel gare-moebad, raTa saTanadod moxdes msxverplis mier gancdilitanjvis Sefaseba.

amgvari tipis danaSaulebis samarTalwarmoebis procesSi ik-veTeba garkveuli saxis problemebi. kerZod, calkeul Sem-TxvevebSi, msxverpli iyenebs misTvis miniWebul uflebas daar aZlevs Cvenebas, romelic danaSaulis CadenaSi amxels misaxlo naTesavs an sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis procesSicvlis Cvenebas moZaladis sasargeblod, rac xSir SemTxveva-Si sasamarTlos mier gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanis sa-fuZveli xdeba.79 magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom dazara-

79 magaliTad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2018 wlis 3 agvistosganaCeni, saqmeze #1/192-18 da 2018 wlis 25 ivlisis ganaCeni saqmeze#1/860-18.


lebulis amgvar qmedebas SeiZleba logikuri safuZveli hqon-des, magaliTad: SiSi finansur usafrTxoebasTan dakavSire-biT; bavSvebis keTildReobaze fiqri; Zaladobis sistematu-robidan gamomdinare, dazaralebulis mier Zaladobismsxverplad sakuTari Tavis aRqmis problema; ojaxis sxva wev-rebis mxridan zewola _ ar misces Cveneba; kulturuli Tureligiuri Sexedulebebi, romliTac dagmobilia da ojaxi-dan gandevnas iwvevs meuRlis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis micema; Se-rigebis SesaZlebloba, xolo Cvenebam SesaZlebelia col-qmrul urTierTobas safrTxe Seuqmnas; martoobis SiSi; bral-debulis mimarT grZnoba an zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTloprocesis SiSi, informaciuli vakuumi, ramac SesaZloa gamo-iwvios meoreuli viqtimizacia da sxva.

am mxriv mniSvnelovania, evrokavSiris mier miRebuli direq-tiva, romelic wevri qveynebisTvis adgens Zaladobis msxver-plTa uflebebis, dacvisa da mxardaWeris minimalur stan-dartebs. direqtivis miRebis umTavres mizans warmoadgendauzrunveleyo wevri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsa-julebis sistemaSi danaSaulis msxverplis minimaluri uf-lebebiT aRWurva, maTi emociuri da fsiqologiuri mxarda-Wera sasamarTlo procesis dawyebamde. direqtivis mixedviT:dazaralebulisTvis informaciis miwodeba unda moxdes pir-velive SesaZleblobisTanave da mTeli samarTalwarmoebisganmavlobaSi; sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisas daza-ralebuli uzrunvelyofili unda iyos fsiqologiuri an emo-ciuri mxardaWeriT; dakiTxvis an Cvenebis micemis dros arunda moxdes (an minimumamde unda iqnas dayvanili) dazara-lebulisTvis fsiqologiuri an emociuri zianis miyeneba, mi-si Rirseba da usafrTxoeba unda iyos daculi.80

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebisTvis mniSvnelovan ga-mowvevad rCeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxuri danaSa-ulebis saqmeebze efeqturi da genderulad mgrZnobiare mar-Tlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba. mosamarTlem maqsimaluradunda uzrunvelyos dazaralebulis dacva braldebulis ze-wolisagan, rac gansakuTrebiT xSiri da advilia, rodesac saq-me exeba ojaxis wevris winaaRmdeg Cvenebis micemas. garda ami-sa, SeZlebisdagvarad unda iqnas gamokvleuli msxverplis mi-

80 ix.: https://www.equalrightstrust.org/news/new-directive-rights-victims-crime-adopted-european-parliament


er Cvenebis Secvla moZaladis sasargeblod xom ar iyo ganpi-robebuli braldebulis an sxva ojaxis wevris mxridan muqa-ris gamo.

faqtia, rom Zaladobis umTavresi mizezi aris piris survi-li, dominirebdes da kontroli ganaxorcielos masze damo-kidebul (an mis mier aseTad miCneul) adamianebze. Zaladob-rivi gamovlinebebis riski gvxvdeba sxvadasxva garemoSi, maTSoris, im pirTa mimarT, romlebic moZaladesTan mimarTeba-Si imyofebian situaciurad an/da sxva faqtoriT ganpirobe-bul uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi. Sesabamisad, msxverplisrolSi xSir SemTxvevaSi, gvevlinebian qalebi, bavSvebi, Sez-Ruduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi, moxucebi da sxva pi-rebi, romelTa uTanasworo mdgomareoba aadvilebs maTze Za-ladobas.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi xSiria bavSvebze Zaladobis faq-tebi. asakisa da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis gamo, maT ar aqvTunari Seakavon moZaladis marTlsawinaaRmdego qceva. Ziri-Tadad, ufrosebi bavSvebisgan moiTxoven usityvo morCile-bas da daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven Zalado-bis sxvadasxva formas.

goris raionulma sasamarTlom, mis mier ganxilul erT-erTsaqmeSi81 aRniSna, rom dazaralebuli misive mamis umowyaloZaladobis msxverpli gaxda. `braldebuli ramdenime wuTisganmavlobaSi, xelis da fexis dartymiT scemda arasrulwlo-van qaliSvils, romelsac asakisa da fizikuri SesaZleblobe-bis gamo, ar hqonda unari, Seekavebina moZalade mamis mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qceva“. gansaxilvel saqmeSi sasamarTlombraldebulis pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad mi-iCnia _ sqesze dafuZnebuli diskriminaciis niSniT, Seuwyna-reblobis motiviT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba arasrulwlo-vani qaliSvilis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ojaxSi Zaladobisas itanjebian ara mxolodZaladobis uSualo msxverpli bavSvebi, aramed isinic, rom-lebic Zaladobis TviTmxilvelebi arian. rusTavis saqalaqosasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi pirdapir mi-

81 Ggoris raionuli sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 29 maisis ganaCeni saqmeze#1/176-17.


uTiTa, rom `arasrulwlovnis TandaswrebiT ojaxSi Zalado-ba, rogori formiTac ar unda vlindebodes, mis emociur dafsiqikur mdgomareobaze savalalo gavlenas axdens. miuxe-davad imisa, rom bavSvi Zaladobis uSualo msxverpls ar war-moadgens, Zaladobis mowmed yofna, gansakuTrebiT iseT mniS-vnelovan adamianebs Soris, rogoric mSoblebia, uaryofiTadaisaxeba mis keTilganwyobaze da mowyvlads xdis agresiuliqcevebis aTvisebisa da SemdgomSi gamovlinebis mimarT~.82

rodesac saqme exeba arasrulwlovans, es iqneba msxverpliTu mowme, sasamarTloebma bavSvis saukeTeso interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT unda miiRon gadawyvetileba, miT ufro ma-Sin, rodesac aRiarebulia, rom ojaxSi Zaladoba negatiurgavlenas axdens bavSvebze, ungrevs maT stabilurobisa dausafrTxoebis gancdas.

dabolos, saxelmwifos valdebuleba _ uzrunvelyos gende-rul stereotipebze dafuZnebuli praqtikis aRmofxvra,gxvdeba araerT saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtSi. kerZod:

• gaeros `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvrisSesaxeb~ konvenciis me-5 muxli, konkretulad gansaz-Rvravs, rom monawile saxelmwifoebma saTanado RonisZie-bebis gatarebiT unda: a) Secvalon mamakacTa da qalTa qce-vis socialuri da kulturuli modelebi im crurwmenebisaRmofxvrisa da im adaT-wesebis da sxva praqtikis gauqme-bis mizniT, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs erT-erTi sqesisarasrulfasovnebis an upiratesobis, an mamakacTa da qal-Ta stereotipulobis idea; b) uzrunvelyon, rom ojaxuriaRzrda Seicavdes dedobis, rogorc socialuri funqciisswor gagebas da mamakacTa da qalTa saerTo pasuxismgeb-lobis aRiarebas TavianTi Svilebis aRzrdisa da ganviTa-rebisaTvis im pirobiT, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi umTavresiabavSvTa interesi;

• gaeros qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Se-saxeb komiteti, 2017 wlis 14 ivlisis #35 zogad komentar-Si aRniSnavs, rom marTlmsajulebis organoebma Tavi undaSeikavon diskriminaciuli xasiaTis qmedebebisgan an qalTa

82 rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 23 oqtombris ganaCenisaqmeze #1-466-17.


winaaRmdeg genderuli niSniT Zaladobis praqtikisgan, ga-moiyenon sisxlis samarTlis Sesabamisi debulebebi amgva-ri Zaladobis dasasjelad, uzrunvelyon, rom genderuliniSniT Cadenil danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT samarTlebriviprocedurebi warimarTos samarTlianad da miukerZoeblad,samarTlebrivi normebis genderuli stereotipebisa dadiskriminaciuli ganmartebebis gareSe, saerTaSoriso stan-dartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. komitetis rekomendaciiT (pa-ragrafi 44), qalebs unda hqondeT sasamarTlosa da tribu-nalebisadmi efeqturi xelmisawvdomoba, Sesabamisma or-ganoebma unda moaxdinon genderuli niSniT diskriminaci-ul saqmeebze adekvaturi reagireba, maT Soris, savaraudodamnaSavis sasamarTloSi wardgenis mizniT, danaSaulis ga-moZieba, sadac samarTlebrivi procedurebi unda ganxor-cieldes samarTlianad, miukerZoeblad, daCqarebul va-debSi, saTanado sasjelis SefardebiT. zogadi rekomenda-ciis (paragrafi 45) mixedviT, genderuli niSniT CadenilZaladobasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebze imperatiulad arunda vrceldebodes davis ganxilvis alternatiuli saSu-alebebi (magaliTad, mediacia). amgvari procedurebis ga-moyenebis SesaZlebloba unda iyos mkafiod regulirebu-li da nebadarTuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobsspecializebuli gundis Sefaseba, romelic uzrunvelyofsdazaralebulis/msxverplis informirebul da nebayoflo-biT Tanxmobas, rodesac dazaralebulis/msxverplis an mi-si ojaxis sxva wevrebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, aRar arse-bobs samomavlo riskebi. mniSvnelovania, rom davis gadaw-yvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebam barieri arunda Seuqmnas qalebs sasamarTlosadmi xelmisawvdomobiskuTxiT da ar unda Seuwyos xeli maT meoreul viqtimizaci-as marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi;

• qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxSi Zaladobis prevencii-sa da aRkveTis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos konvencia erT-erTimizania xeli Seuwyos qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvelaformis aRmofxvras da qalebs da mamakacebs Soris realu-ri Tanasworuflebianobis Camoyalibebas, maT Soris, qale-bisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemis gziT. konvencia aq-cents akeTebs saxelelmwifos valdebulebaze, uzrunvel-yos genderul stereotipebze dafuZnebuli praqtikis aR-mofxvra. kerZod, wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda gaataron


yvela saWiro zoma qalisa da mamakacis qcevis socialur dakulturul modelebSi cvlilebebis dasanergad im mizniT,rom aRmoifxvras is crurwmenebi, adaT-wesebi, tradiciebida yvela sxva praqtika, romlebic efuZneba qalTa arasrul-fasovnebis ideas an qalisa da mamakacis funqciis stereo-tipul warmodgenebs. stambolis konvencia krZalavs dave-bis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebul savaldebulo alterna-tiul procesebs, maT Soris, Suamavlobasa da morigebas (kon-venciis moqmedebis sferoSi Semavali yvela formis Zala-dobasTan mimarTebiT). aseve, wevrma saxelmwifoebma undauzrunvelyon, rom jarimis gadaxdis Sesaxeb gadawyveti-lebis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi, saTanadod iyos gaTvaliswi-nebuli damnaSavis SesaZlebloba, Seasarulos Tavisi fi-nansuri valdebulebebi msxverplis mimarT.


homo/bi/transfobiuri danaSauli dadiskriminacia seqsualuri orientaciis/

genderuli identobis safuZvelzesaqarTveloSi, bolo wlebSi ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelova-ni sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis miuxedavad, rogorc arasam-Tavrobo organizaciebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi, ise sa-erTaSoriso instituciebis mier momzadebuli angariSebiadasturebs, rom homo/bi/transfobiuri danaSauli da dis-kriminacia seqsualuri orientaciis/genderuli identobissafuZvelze sakmaod gavrcelebulia.

qveyanaSi arsebuli realoba cxadyofs, rom araerTi SemTxve-va arsebobs lgbt+ Temis warmomadgenlebis mimarT ganxor-cielebuli Zaladobisa, dawyebuli individebze Tavdasxme-biT sajaro adgilebSi da zogjer maT saxlebSic ki _ damTav-rebuli lgbt-is RonisZiebebze Zaladobis gamovleniT. faq-tia, rom lgbt+ adamianebi saqarTveloSi arian Zaladobis,Seviwroebis, devnis, Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciismsxverplni. angariSis momzadebis periodSi Seswavlili ga-dawyvetilebebis mixedviT, maT mimarT gamovlenili Zalado-ba da uTanasworo mopyroba ZiriTadad, vlindeba ojaxSi dasajaro sivrceSi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Zaladobis, mar-ginalizaciisa da socialuri gariyvis saxiT. amasTan, saqme-ebma cxadyo, rom xSiria lgbt+ pirebze seqsualuri orien-taciisa da genderuli identobis niSniT Zaladobis faqtebi.Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT mwvave formas iZens im SemTxveva-Si, rodesac transgenderi adamianebi sazogadoebaSi im ga-regnobiT Tu socialuri roliT Cndebian, romelic maT bio-logiur sqess ar Seesabameba. magaliTad:

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier ganxilul erT-erTsaqmeSi83 dadgenil iqna, rom TbilisSi, vagzlis moednismimdebare teritoriaze orma pirma (braldebulebma) Se-amCnia axalgazrda mamakaci (dazaralebuli), romelsachqonda grZeli SeRebili Tma da iqceoda gamomwvevad. ze-moaRniSnulma orma pirma miiCnia, rom axalgazrda mamaka-ci iyo aratradiciuli orientaciis mqone piri, ramac ga-moiwvia maTi gaRizianeba da urTierTSelaparakebis nia-

83 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2018 wlis 3 seqtembris ganaCenisaqmeze #1/2548-18.


dagze g. f-s misi genderuli identobis mimarT gamovle-nili Seuwynareblobis motiviT, saxisa da sxeulis sxva-dasxva nawilze xelis mravaljeradi dartymiT miayenesdazianebebi.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi braldebulebis qmedeba dakvalifi-cirebul iqna ssk-is 126-e muxlis 11 nawilis `b~ qvepunqtissafuZvelze. kerZod, aRniSnuli muxliT kriminalizebu-lia cema an sxvagvari Zaladoba, ramac dazaralebulis fi-zikuri tkivili gamoiwvia, magram ar mohyolia janmrTe-lobis msubuqi dazianeba misi xanmokle moSliT an saerToSromisunarianobis umniSvnelo an aramyari dakargva, Ca-denili jgufurad. aRniSnuli danaSauli sasjelis saxiTiTvaliswinebs jarimas an sazogadoebisaTvis sasargebloSromas vadiT 180-dan 240 saaTamde anda Tavisuflebis aR-kveTas vadiT or wlamde.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom braldebulebis pasuxismgeblo-bis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebaa maTi mxridan Cadenili da-naSaulis aRiareba da sinanuli. Tumca iqve dasZina, romamasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia braldebulebis pasuxis-mgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoebebi. kerZod, danaSau-lebrivi qmedeba _ cema Cadenili iqna jgufurad, gende-ruli identobis niSniT Seuwynareblobis gamo, rac gulis-xmobs adamianis uTanasworo, usamarTlo mopyrobas. gan-sakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac es mimarTulia raime niSniTgansxvavebuli adamianis winaaRmdeg, amgvari qmedeba ki mi-uTiTebs moZaladeebis xasiaTze, rom `isini uunaroni ari-an kontroli gauwion Tavis risxvas, romelic mimarTuliapirovnebis winaaRmdeg, romelic raime gansxvavebuli niS-nis matarebelia, rac miuTiTebs braldebulebis xasiaTsada maT arakanonmorCilebaze. Sesabamisad, amgvari faqtob-rivi garemoebebis arseboba xazs usvams braldebulebismxridan SesaZlo amgvari danaSaulis samomavlod Cadenas~.

sasamarTlom sasjelis gansazRvrisas ganmarta, rom imis-Tvis, rom moZalade ganimsWvalos marTlwesrigis dacvisada kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT, samarTli-anobis aRdgenis kuTxiT aseve, mniSvnelovania ara mxolodpiris msjavrdeba Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, aramed am qme-debisaTvis adekvaturi sasjelis gansazRvrac, ramac un-da daafiqros braldebuli Cadenili qmedebis irgvliv.


garda amisa, aucileblad unda moxdes dazaralebulis-Tvis miyenebuli uflebebis darRvevis kompensireba. Se-sabamisad, zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlombraldebulebi cno damnaSaved da sasjelis saxed ganu-sazRvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.

saqarTveloSi xSiria transgender seqsmuSakTa mimarT gan-xorcielebuli Zaladobrivi faqtebi. transgender qalTa na-wilisTvis TviTgadarCenis erTaderT wyarod iqca seqssamu-Sao, romelic Zaladobas maTi yoveldRiurobis nawilad aq-cevs. isini erTi mxriv, genderuli identobisa da meore mxriv,maTi saqmianobis gamo ormag Cagvras eqvemdebarebian da maTisicocxle, janmrTeloba da fsiqikuri mTlianoba safrTxisqveS dgeba.84 magaliTad:

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier ganxilul erT-erTsaqmeSi85 dadgenil iqna Semdegi faqtobrivi garemoebebi,kerZod, cirkis mimdebare teritoriaze, avtomobiliTmyofi piri (braldebuli), seqsualuri urTierTobis da-samyareblad nebayoflobiT SeuTanxmda transgenderqals, Caisva igi manqanaSi da nacvlad SeTanxmebuli adgi-lisa, waiyvana sxva teritoriaze, ris Semdgomac man gen-deruli identobis gamo Seuwynareblobis motiviT, sit-yvieri Seuracxyofa miayena mas da saxraxnisis gamoyene-biT sicocxlis mospobiT daemuqra. transgender qals ga-uCnda muqaris ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi, man moa-xerxa manqanidan gadmosvla da safexmavlo asasvleliTdabrunda cirkis mimdebare teritoriaze, Tavis megobartransgender qalebTan. braldebuli dazaralebuls fe-xiT, xolo Semdeg Tavisi avtomanqaniT gamoekida da sami-ve transgender qals jer agina uSveri sityvebiT, xoloSemdeg saxraxnisiT xelSi gadmovida manqanidan da imavemotiviT, mokvlis muqariT gaemarTa maTken. transgender-ma qalebma, gauCndaT ra muqaris ganxorcielebis safuZ-vliani SiSi, gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.

84 ix.: https://emcrights.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/e183a2e183a0e18390e1839ce18 3 a 1 e 1 8 3 9 2 e 1 8 3 9 4 e 1 8 3 9 c e 1 8 3 9 3 e 1 8 3 9 4 e 1 8 3 a 0 e 1 8 3 9 8 -e18390e18393e18390e1 839be18398e18390e1839ce18394e18391e18398.pdf

85 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2019 wlis 13 ivnisis ganaCeni saqmeze#1/2249-19.


sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom `gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovania genderuli identobis Seuwynareblobis moti-viT Cadenil danaSaulebze adekvaturi reagireba imdenad,ramdenadac homofobiuri da transfobiuri ganwyobebi, si-Zulvilis enis gamoyeneba, genderul identobasa da seqsu-alur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanasworo mopyro-bisa da uflebadarRvevis faqtebi kvlav gamowvevad rCebasaqarTveloSi, transgenderi adamianebi problemebs aw-ydebian sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis araerT sferoSi dacalkeul SemTxvevebSi, iZulebulni arian, rom yoveldRi-ur cxovrebaSi warmoCindnen im garemoebiT, romelic arSeesabameba maT genderul TviTaRqmas, winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi isini SesaZloa gaxdnen sityvieri Tu fizikuri Se-uracxyofis an muqaris msxverplni, rogorc es moxda gan-saxilvel sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi~.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom moZaladisTvis adekvaturi sas-jelis gansazRvris mizani aris am problemis aRmofxvrisgza, Zaladobis msxverplis dacva moZaladisagan da ro-gorc braldebulze, ise sxva pirebze zemoqmedebac, raTaisini ganimsWvalon marTlwesrigis dacvisa da kanonis wi-naSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT.

sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina braldebulis pasuxismgeblo-bis rogorc Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi (danaSaulisaRiareba da monanieba), ise damamZimebeli (danaSaulebri-vi qmedebis Cadena genderuli identobis niSniT Seuwyna-reblobis motiviT) da sasjelis saxed da zomad ganusaz-Rvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 1 wlis vadiT, rac ssk-is 63-64-e muxlebis safuZvelze CaeTvala pirobiT da gamosac-del vadad daudginda 2 weli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs specialuri dokumentebi, rom-lebic uSualod lgbt adamianTa mimarT Zaladobas exeba dasaxelmwifoebs mouwodebs misi daZlevisaTvis qmediTi nabi-jebis gadadgmisken. magaliTad, evrosabWos rekomendacia cm/rec (2010)5 moicavs mniSvnelovan danawesebs lgbt jgufis dis-kriminaciisa da Zaladobisagan dacvis Sesaxeb. rekomendaci-aSi aRniSnulia, rom saxelmwifom unda aRiaros lesboseli,gei, biseqsuali da transgenderi adamianebis istoriuli dis-kriminacia, rom isini mudmivad eqvemdebarebodnen homofo-bias, transfobias, Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis sxva


formebs, maT Soris, sakuTar ojaxebSi _ kriminalizebis, mar-ginalizebis, socialuri eqskluziisa da Zaladobis kuTxiT,maTi seqsualuri orientaciisa da genderuli identobis sa-fuZvelze. Sesabamisad, specifikuri moqmedebebi aris misa-Rebi imisaTvis, rom maTi uflebebi srulyofilad iyos da-culi.86

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa im arasruwlovani bavSvebis in-teresebis dacva, romlebic Tavs lgbt+ Tems miakuTvneben.praqtikaSi gvaqvs saqmeebi, sadac maTi uflebebi arsebiTadirRveva ojaxis wevrebis mxridan. rogorc wesi, mSoblebismxridan Zaladoba xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac isini Seit-yoben arasrulwlovnis realur an navaraudevi orientacii-sa Tu genderuli identobis Sesaxeb an Tu Cndeba eWvi bav-Svis qcevaSi, romelic ar Seesabameba socialurad Camoyali-bebul genderul normebs. danaSaulebi, romelTac lgbt+jgufis wevrebi ojaxis wevrebis mxridan eqvemdebarebian, ma-Ti orientaciis, genderuli identobisa Tu genderuli gamo-xatvis gamo, warmoadgens SeuwynareblobiT Cadenil mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas. aRniSnuli Temis sailustraci-od qvemoT motanilia rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mierganxiluli saqme sadac:

braldebuli seqsualuri orientaciis niSniT Seuwynareb-lobis motiviT arasrulwlovan Svils (biWs) sistemurad _TveSi samjer ayenebda sityvier Seuracxyofas, mimarTav-da ucenzuro sityvebiT, amcirebda imis gamo, rom mas mos-wonda mamakacebi, hqonda gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi, ic-vamda qalis samoss, iRebavda Tmas da gamoiyureboda ro-gorc qali.

kerZod, zemoaRniSnuli motiviT, 2019 wlis 10 maiss, bral-debulma Svils agina, daamcira, uwoda `Zukna qali~, `pida-rasti~, dascinoda mis seqsualur orientacias da gareg-nobas. aRniSnulis Semdgom, mama miuaxlovda arasrulwlo-vans da daartya gaSlili xeli beWebSi, ris gamoc am uka-nasknelma ganicada fizikuri tkivili. garda amisa, bral-debuli Svils daemuqra, rom ar acocxlebda, ar surda hyo-loda misnairi `pidarasti~ Svili, uTxra _ `mogklav, Tavs

86 ix.: https://emc.org.ge/uploads/products/pdf/Domestic-violence-based-on-SOGI-fi-nal-2018_1544786801.pdf gv. 9.


mogaWrio~. aRniSnuli qmedebiT msxverpls gauCnda sicoc-xlis mospobis muqaris ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina bralde-bulis pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc Semamsubuqebeli gare-moeba, rom igi aRiarebs Cadenil danaSauls, ise damamZi-mebeli garemoeba _ ojaxuri Zaladoba Cadenili seqsua-luri orientaciis niSniT Seuwynareblobis motiviT. gar-da amisa, sasamarTlom dasZina, rom muqara ganxorciele-bul iqna ojaxis erTi wevris mier ojaxis sxva wevris mi-marT imave motiviT. amasTan, sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSimiiRo braldebulis nasamarTlobis faqti, romlis mixed-viTac k. f. gasamarTlebulia imave dazaralebulze Zala-dobis gamo.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom braldebu-li damnaSaved cno da sasjelis saxed da zomad ganusaz-Rvra Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 2 wlis vadiT.87

lgbt+ Temis warmomadgenel adamianTa sakiTxebze momuSavearasamTavrobo organizaciebi xSirad apelireben sasamar-Tloebis mxridan moZaladeebis mimarT Sefardebul lmobi-er da naklebad mkacr sanqciebTan dakavSirebiT, rac badebskiTxvis niSnebs Zaladobis saqmeebze msxverplis mier gan-cdili tanjvis arasaTanado SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. sa-marTliania aRiniSnos, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi, moZala-deebi maT mimarT warsulSi arsebuli gamamtunebeli ganaCe-nebis arsebobis miuxedavad, kvlav Cadian axal danaSauleb-riv qmedebas, rac SesaZlebelia miuTiTebdes marTlmsaju-lebis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis humanuri gadawyveti-lebebis maprovocirebel rolze, rac maTi mxridan momaval-Si xelaxali danaSaulis Cadenis mometebul safrTxes war-moadgens da ver uzrunvelyofs sasjelis miznebis ganxor-cielebas.

87 mosamarTlem aRniSnuli sasjeli daniSna ssk-is 50-e muxlis me-5nawilis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, braldebuls sasje-lis nawili _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 1 wliT vadiT ganesazRvra peni-tenciur dawesebulebaSi moxdiT, xolo sasjelis darCenili nawi-li _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 1 wlis vadiT, CaeTvala pirobiT da ga-mosacdel vadad daudginda 2 weli.


saqarTveloSi problemur sakiTxs warmoadgens siZulvilisenis Semcveli gancxadebebis sixSire lgbt+ pirTa mimarT. aR-niSnuls amwvavebs seqsualur orientaciasa da genderul iden-tobasTan dakavSirebuli stigmac, romelic saqarTveloSi Za-lian Zlieria. faqtia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereo-tipebi negatiur gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebis xarisxze.

siZulvilis ena xels uwyobs mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokide-bulebis damkvidrebas ama Tu im niSniT gansxvavebuli jgu-febis mimarT. amaTan garkveul SemTxvevebSi amarTlebs anreklamas uwevs siZulvils, diskriminacias, mtrul damoki-debulebas maT mimarT.

2016 wlis pirvel marts gamoqveynebul angariSSi evropis sab-Wos rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropulma ko-misiam saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aRniSna, rom siZulvilis enismasStabi lgbt pirebis mimarT farToa da moicavs, rogorcyofiT Seuracxyofas, ise politikosebis, Jurnalistebis ansaqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier gamoxatul si-Zulvilis Semcvel komentarebs.88

faqtia, saqarTveloSi homofobiuri ganwyobebis xarisxi Se-maSfoTeblad maRalia. sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisTvislgbt+ jgufis warmomadgenlebis uflebebisTvis brZola`qarTuli erovnuli Rirebulebebis pirdapir da ZiriTad wi-naaRmdegobad da dasavluri garyvnilebis qarTveli xalxis-Tvis Tavsmoxvevis mcdelobad ganisazRvreba~89 da ZiriTadad,lgbt+ aqtivizmi `homoseqsualobis propagandad~ iracxeba.aRniSnul TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqme-ze veidelandi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,90 romelSic sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom momCivanTa damnaSaved cnoba homofobiuri pro-pagandis Semcveli broSurebis gavrcelebis gamo, ar warmo-adgenda adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dac-

88 evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg _ mox-seneba saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, monitoringis mexuTe cikli, 2015, §35.

89 ix.: https://emc.org.ge/ka/products/statia-homonatsionalizmi-tu-homoseksualobis-propaganda-17-maisis-geopolitikuri-analizi

90 veidelandi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Vejdeland and others v. Sweden), ¹1813/07, 9 Tebervali, 2012, ix.: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22ite-mid%22:[%22001-109046%22]}


vis konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevas, romelic gamoxatvisTavisuflebas icavs. kerZod:

gansaxilvel saqmeSi SvedeTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom 4(oTxi) piri cno damnaSaved _ skolebSi homoseqsualizmiswinaaRmdeg propagandis Semcveli gancxadebebis mqonebroSurebis gavrcelebisTvis.91 strasburgis sasamarTlodaeTanxma uzenaes sasamarTlos, rom momCivnis mizani _daewyo debatebi SvedeTis skolebSi ganaTlebis dabalixarisxis Sesaxeb _ iyo gamarTlebuli, Tumca aucilebeliiyo broSurebis formulirebis gaTvaliswineba, sadac aR-niSnuli iyo, rom homoseqsualizmi aris `anomaliuri seq-sualuri midrekileba“, mas gaaCnia sazogadoebaze `mora-lurad damangreveli gavlena~ da pasuxismgebelia iseTidaavadebebis gavrcelebaze rogoricaa, aiv infeqcia daSidsi. aseve naTqvami iyo, rom `homoseqsualizmis lobi-rebiT~ naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba pedofilias. miuxe-davad imisa, rom aRniSnuli broSurebi pirdapir ar mou-wodebdnen Zaladobisken, isini mainc miCneul iqna serio-zulad da zianis momtan braldebebad.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SvedeTisuzenaesma sasamarTlom cno momCivanTa ufleba _ gamoxa-ton sakuTari ideebi, Tumca manve aRniSna, rom broSureb-Si asaxuli gancxadebebi Seuracxmyofeli iyo. amasTan, sa-samarTlom gaiTvaliswina is faqti, rom broSurebi ganTav-sebuli iyo skolis moswavleebis pirad Casaket karadeb-Si, rac miCneul iqna informaciis Tavze moxvevad. gardaamisa, evropulma sasamarTlom damatebiT ganmarta, romaxalgazrdebi imyofebodnen mgrZnobiare/sensitiur asak-Si da amasTan, broSurebis gavrcelebas arc erTi momCiva-ni ar eswreboda da ar hqondaT Tavisufali wvdoma am uka-nasknelze.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, evropulma sasamarTlom

91 erovnuli sasamarTlos mier momCivnebs msjavri daedoT `erovnu-li an eTnikuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg agitaciisaTvis~, romelsac iT-valiswinebda SvedeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-16 Tavis me-8 muxli. es ukanaskneli, im droisTvis aseve, moicavda muqaris Sem-cvel an gamoxatul Seuracxyofas pirTa jgufis mimarT seqsualurorientaciasTan dakavSirebiT.


miiCnia, rom momCivanTa mimarT arsebuli braldeba da maTmimarT gansazRvruli sasjeli iyo legitimuri miznis pro-porciuli da rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom Sesabamisad da-asabuTa sakuTari gadawyvetileba. amrigad, erovnuli xe-lisuflebis mier Careva SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc au-cilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa reputaci-isa da uflebaTa dasacavad.

dabolos, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarTebiT evropissabWos rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg evropul-ma komisiam kritikulad Seafasa 2013 wlis 17 maisis movlene-bi da aRniSna, rom mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis mxridan Za-ladobrivi qmedebebis dagmobis miuxedavad, maTi gancxade-bebi ar Seexeboda tolerantobisa da pativiscemis Sesaxebmowodebas lgbt pirTa mimarT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, mom-xdar ZaladobaSi figurirebda lgbt organizaciaTa dadana-Saulebis diskursi, romelic maT provokatorebad moixseni-ebda.92 aseve unda gavixsenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze identoba da sxvebi sa-qarTvelos winaaRmdeg,93 sadac sasamarTlom daadgina, romxelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo sakuTari procedurulivaldebulebebis Sesruleba gamoeZiebina ra moxda 2012 wlis17 maisis incidentis dros, sadac gansakuTrebulad xazgas-muli iyo diskriminaciuli motivis aRiareba da im pirebis ga-movlena, vinc homofobiuri Zaladobis Cadenaze iyo pasuxism-gebeli.

92 evropuli komisia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg _ mox-seneba saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, monitoringis mexuTe cikli, 2015, §72.

93 identoba da sxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (Identoba and Others v.Georgia), #73235/12, 12 maisi, 2015, ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3032951?publication=0


daskvna

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi, mniSvne-lovani nabijebi gadaidga sakanonmdeblo garemosa da insti-tuciuri meqanizmebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT, qveyanaSi Ta-nasworobis uflebis dacva kvlav gamowvevad rCeba.

arsebuli realoba cxadyofs, rom siZulvilis motiviT Ca-denili danaSaulis SemTxvevebi xSiria. amasTan, TiTqmis yo-veldRiurad gvesmis siZulvilis ena, romelic xels uwyobsmkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebis damkvidrebas ama Tuim niSniT gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimarT. rogorc wesi, aR-niSnul jgufebSi ZiriTadad, Sedian gansxvavebuli rasis,kanis feris, erovnebis, eTnikurobis, sqesis, religiis, seq-sualuri orientaciis mqone adamianebi. saqarTveloSi arse-bul siZulvilis enaSi ZiriTadad, moiazreba rasistuli, qse-nofobiuri, homofobiuri, nacionalisturi da sxva saxis ga-movlinebebi. Sesabamisad, xSiria Zaladobisken da diskrimi-naciisken mowodebis faqtebi, zogadi xasiaTis iqneba igi TumimarTuli konkretuli adresatisadmi. aqve unda aRiniSnos,rom kanonmdebelma sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaar daadgina siZulvilis enis gamoyenebaze, garda im SemTxve-vebisa, rodesac igi qmnis myisieri, Seuqcevadi da aSkara Za-ladobis muqaras.94 kerZod, 2015 wels ssk-s daemata 2391 mux-li, romliTac dasjadi gaxda Zaladobrivi qmedebisaken sa-jarod mowodeba `rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli, kuTxu-ri, eTnikuri, socialuri, politikuri, enobrivi an/da sxvaniSnis mqone pirTa jgufebs Soris ganxeTqilebis Camosagde-bad, Zaladobrivi qmedebisaken zepirad, werilobiT an gamo-xatvis sxva saSualebiT sajarod mowodeba Tu es qmnis Zla-dobrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebis aSkara, pirdapir da arse-biT safrTxes~.95 normis dispoziciidan Cans, rom danaSaulidamTavrebulia ara Zaladobrivi qmedebisaken sajaro mowo-debis momentidan, aramed maSin, Tu am mowodebam gamoiwviakonkretuli safrTxe. kerZod, Seqmna Zaladobrivi qmedebisaSkara, pirdapiri da arsebiTi safrTxe. Sesabamisad, siZul-

94 mesxoraZe l., sabaziso kvleva saqarTveloSi diskriminaciis, siZul-viliT motivirebuli danaSaulebisa da siZulvilis enis winaaRmdegbrZolaze mimarTuli qmedebebisTvis, 2018, gv. 23.

95 ix.: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16426?publication=213


vilis enaze per se gamoZieba ar tardeba.

dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba argansazRvravs konkretulad siZulviliT motivirebul dana-Sauls da ar axdens mis kriminalizacias, Tumca, sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsi rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, seqsualu-ri orientaciis, genderis, genderuli identobis, asakis, re-ligiis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis, SezRuduli SesaZ-leblobis, moqalaqeobis, erovnuli, eTnikuri an socialurikuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi an wodebrivi mdgomare-obis, sacxovrebeli adgilis an diskriminaciis Semcveli sxvaniSniT Seuwynareblobis safuZvelze Cadenil danaSaulsbraldebulis damamZimebel garemoebad miiCnevs.96 amasTan,sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi diskriminacias ganixilavs, ro-gorc adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdegmimarTul danaSauls da axdens mis kriminalizacias.

kvlevis farglebSi ganxilul iqna bolo wlebSi gamovlenilirasobrivi niSniT Seuwynareblobis ramdenime gaxmaurebuliSemTxveva, rac ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi momrav-lebuli da gaaqtiurebuli neonacisturi jgufebiT, romle-bic gamoirCevian agresiulobiT, siZulvilis eniT, Zaladob-rivi mowodebebiTa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, ucxoelebzeTavdasxmebiT. zogadad, sasamarTloebSi rasobrivi Seuwyna-reblobiT motivirebuli danaSaulebis ganxilvis dabali sta-tistika arsebobs, rac SesaZlebelia imiT aixsnas, rom gamo-Zieba saerTod ar iwyeba, wydeba an dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, wa-rimarTeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis im muxlebiT, romleb-Sic rasobrivi Seuwynareblobis motiviT danaSaulis Cadenaar Cans. amasTan, xSirad ucxoelebi Tavs arideben maT mimarTganxorcielebul samarTlebriv darRvevebze policiisaTvismimarTvas, rac gamomdinareobs undoblobiT, SiSiT, samar-Tlebrivi meqanizmebis arcodniT da zog SemTxvevaSi, enob-rivi barieriTac.97

rasizmTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs saerTo sasamarTloebi ixi-laven adamianis uflebaTa dacvis konstituciur da saerTa-SorisosamarTlebrivi standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Ziri-

96 ssk-is 531 muxlis 1-li nawili.97 https://www.tdi.ge/sites/default/files/tdi_angarishi_rasobrivi_diskriminacia_

ucxoelebis_uplebebi.pdf gv. 24.


Tadad, maTi kvlevis sagani xdeba: 1) braldebulebi motivi-rebulebi iyvnen Tu ara rasobrivi SuRliT _ aRniSnuli mid-goma niSnavs damtkicdes, rom pirebs ar amoZravebdaT subi-eqturi anu piradi midgoma; 2) danaSaulebrivma qmedebam ar-sebiTad xelyo Tu ara potenciuri dazaralebulis ufleba,rac SefasebiTi cnebaa da mxedvelobaSia misaRebi qmedebisCadenis adgili, viTareba, misi intensivoba da xangrZlivoba.amasTan, sasamarTlo xazs usvams, rom msgavsi tipis saqmeeb-Si damnaSave piris mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba SesaZle-belia erTi SexedviT, ar iZleodes dazaralebulis uflebisarsebiT xelyofas da qmedebis monawile mis mier Cadenil moq-medebas ar afasebdes, rogorc swored dazaralebulis uf-lebis arsebiT xelyofas, Tumca aRniSnul SefasebaSi didwi-lad, swored msxverplis percefciaze modis, radgan adamia-nis damcirebisas, swored dazaralebulis mier xdeba realu-ri sinamdvilis asaxva fsiqikaSi, rac Tavis mxriv, dazarale-bulis fsiqikidan gamomdinare sxvagvarad xelyofs mis uf-lebas.

garda amisa, meore instanciis sasamarTlom erT-erT gaxmau-rebul saqmeze, romelic exeboda ultranacionalisturi moZ-raobebis mier marjaniSvilis gamzirze Catarebuli marSisdros gamovlenili Zaladobis, agresiis, diskriminaciisa daqsenofobiis SemTxvevebs, xazgasmiT miuTiTa saxelmwifos mi-er Sesasrulebel valdebulebebze da ganmarata, rom `im sis-xlis samarTlis samarTlis saqmeebSi, sadac SesaZlebelia ik-veTebodes diskriminaciuli motivebi da siZulvilis enis ti-raJireba, saxelmwifos pirdapiri valdebulebaa, gamoZiebaar iyos zerele, arasakmarisi, ar Semoifarglebodes mtkice-bulebebis moCvenebiTi simravliT da arsebobdes realuri in-teresi efeqtiani gamoZiebisa da namdvili damnaSaveebis sa-Tanado dasjisa~.

kvlevam aseve cxadyo, rom saqarTveloSi kvlav aqtualuriareligiur umciresobebze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebi. kerZod,winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili ganaCenebis mi-xedviT, religiuri Seuwynareblobis niadagze Cadenili yve-la danaSauli mimarTuli iyo iehovas mowmeebis winaaRmdeg.iehovas mowmeebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresia ZiriTa-dad, gamoixateba stendebis dazianebasa da religiuri li-teraturis ganadgurebaSi. amasTan, aRniSnul qmedebebs Tanaxlda fizikuri da sityvieri Seuracxyofa. Seswavlili saq-


meebis mixedviT, agresia rogorc wesi, sajaro sivrceSi vlin-deba da iehovas mowmeebs umetesad quCaSi msaxurobis drosuswordebian kerZod, religiuri literaturisa da bukle-tebis gavrcelebis dros. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli Te-mi yvelaze aqtiurad eweva prozelitizmur saqmianobas daswored amitom yvelaze xSirad ganicdis diskriminaciul, Za-ladobriv da winaswar ganwyobebze dafuZnebul negatiur da-mokidebilebebs.

iehovas mowmeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenilma samarTaldarRveve-bis analizma cxadyo, rom sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi,saqarTvelos pirveli da meore instanciis sasamarTloebs er-Ti ganaCeni aqvT miRebuli ssk-is 155-e muxlis safuZvelze,xolo oTxi _ ssk-is 156-e muxlis safuZvelze. yvela aRniS-nul saqmeze dadga gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni. Tumca, adamia-nis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centri garkve-ul SemTxvevebSi, miuTiTebs iehovas mowmeTa mimarT Cade-nil danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT, sasamarTlos mier sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas garkveulloialur damokidebulebaze, ramac SesaZloa gazardos re-cidivis albaToba.

kvlevis farglebSi, saerTo sasamarTloebidan miRebuli ga-naCenebis mixedviT, mxolod erT saqmeSi figurirebda ada-mianis devna _ sityvis, azris gamo da mis profesiul moRva-weobasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, braldebulebisTvis miu-Rebeli iyo Jurnalistebis mier Seqmnili gadacemebi reli-giur Temebze, maT mier gamoxatuli azri da SexedulebebimarTmadideblur eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnul saqme-Si sasamarTlo detalurad Seexo, rogorc dadgenil faqtob-riv garemoebebs, ise yvela im sadavo Sefasebas, romlebicbraldebisa da dacvis mxaris mier iqna gaJRerebuli sasamar-Tlo sxdomaze. sasamarTlom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba siRrmi-seulad ganmarta samarTlebriv WrilSi (ixileT 38-e gverdi).

saqarTveloSi, ojaxSi Zaladoba da qalTa mimarT ZaladobaerT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Zaladobis formebia. kvle-vam cxadyo, rom saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebisTvismniSvnelovan gamowvevad rCeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa daojaxuri danaSaulebis saqmeebze efeqturi da genderuladmgrZnobiare marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba. Tumca undaaRiniSnos, rom gaizarda gamomZiebelTa cnobiereba siZul-


viliT motivirebul danaSaulebis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad, da-ixvewa gamoZiebis procesSi motivis identifikaciis teqnika,ramac pirdapirproporciulad gaaumjobesa sasamarTloebismier ssk-is 531 muxlis gamoyenebis maCvenebli, romlis gamo-yenebis dabali praqtika wlebis ganmavlobaSi kritikis saga-ni iyo.

dabolos, saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelovani sa-kanonmdeblo cvlilebebis miuxedavad, rogorc arasamTav-robo organizaciebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi, ise saerTa-Soriso instituciebis mier momzadebuli angariSebi adastu-rebs, rom homo/bi/transfobiuri danaSauli da diskrimina-cia seqsualuri orientaciis/genderuli identobis safuZ-velze sakmaod gavrcelebulia.

qveyanaSi arsebuli realoba cxadyofs, rom araerTi SemTxve-va arsebobs lgbt+ Temis warmomadgenlebis mimarT ganxor-cielebuli Zaladobisa, dawyebuli individebze Tavdasxme-biT sajaro adgilebSi da zogjer maT saxlebSic ki _ damTav-rebuli lgbtq RonisZiebebze Zaladobis gamovleniT.

faqtia, saqarTveloSi homofobiuri ganwyobebis xarisxi Se-maSfoTeblad maRalia. sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisTvislgbt+ jgufis warmomadgenlebis uflebebisTvis brZola`qarTuli erovnuli Rirebulebebis pirdapir da ZiriTad wi-naaRmdegobad da dasavluri garyvnilebis qarTveli xalxis-Tvis Tavsmoxvevis mcdelobad ganisazRvreba~98 da ZiriTa-dad, lgbt+ aqtivizmi `homoseqsualobis propagandad~ miiC-neva. Sesabamisad, lgbt+ adamianebi saqarTveloSi arian Za-ladobis, Seviwroebis, devnis, Seuwynareblobisa da diskri-minaciis msxverplni. angariSis momzadebis periodSi Seswav-lili gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT, maT mimarT gamovleniliZaladoba da uTanasworo mopyroba ZiriTadad, vlindebaojaxSi da sajaro sivrceSi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Zala-dobis, marginalizaciisa da socialuri gariyvis saxiT. amas-Tan, Seswavlili saqmeebis mixedviT, xSiria lgbt+ pirebzeseqsualuri orientaciisa da genderuli identobis niSniTZaladobis faqtebi. Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT mwvave formasiZens im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac transgenderi adamianebi sa-

98 ix.: https://emc.org.ge/ka/products/statia-homonatsionalizmi-tu-homoseksualobis-propaganda-17-maisis-geopolitikuri-analizi.


zogadoebaSi im garegnobiT Tu socialuri roliT Cndebian,romelic maT biologiur sqess ar Seesabameba.

garda amisa, praqtikaSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac lgbt+Tems mikuTvnebuli bavSvebis uflebebi arsebiTad irRvevaojaxis wevrebis mxridan. rogorc wesi, mSoblebis mxridanZaladoba xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac isini Seityoben aras-rulwlovnis realur an navaraudevi orientaciisa Tu gende-ruli identobis Sesaxeb, an Tu Cndeba eWvi bavSvis qcevaSi,romelic ar Seesabameba socialurad Camoyalibebul gende-rul normebs. danaSaulebi, romelTac lgbt+ jgufis wevre-bi ojaxis wevrebis mxridan eqvemdebarebian, maTi orienta-ciis, genderuli identobisa Tu genderuli gamoxatvis gamo,warmoadgens SeuwynareblobiT Cadenil marTlsawinaaRmde-go qmedebas.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebaSimudmivad unda igmobodes Zaladoba. saxelmwifom unda ga-dadgas qmediTi nabijebi siZulvilis gamoxatvisa da umci-resobebis mimarT SuRlis gamwvavebisa da diskriminaciis sa-winaaRmdegod, magram ara gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRud-vis xarjze. sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebe-biT unda gaumjobesdes umciresobebis ndoba, rom saxelmwi-fos aqvs unari daicvas isini Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan.


danarTi

danarTis saxiT gTavazobT saintereso informacias, rome-lic `qalTa iniciativevbis mxardamWeri jgufis~ (WISG) mierganxorcielebul kvlevaSi _ `siZulviliT motivirebuli da-naSauli lgbti pirTa mimarT gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi~iyo mocemuli.99 kerZod:

siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSaulis gamoZiebis FBI-issaxelmZRvanelos mixedviT, siZulvilis motivi dgindebaSemdegi kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT:

1) damnaSave da msxverpli arian sxvadasxva rasis, religiis,seqsualuri orientaciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, sqesis dageneruli identobis matarebeli pirebi. magaliTad, msxver-pli aris afroamerikeli, xolo damnaSave TeTrkaniani;

2) damnaSavis mxridan adgili hqonda msxverplis mimarT si-Zulvilis Semcvel zepir gamonaTqvamebs, werilobiT mimar-Tvas an Jestikulacias. magaliTad, damnaSave msxverpls mi-marTavda rasistuli epiTetiT;

3) siZulvilis gamomxatveli naxati, niSani, simbolo, grafi-ti iqna datovebuli danaSaulis adgilze. magaliTad, dam-naSavem svastika daxata sinagogaze, meCeTze da lgbt pir-Ta centrSi;

4) danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze datovebuli iqna specifi-kuri sagani, rac miuTiTebs siZulvilis motivze, magali-Tad, damnaSaves exura TeTri qudi da dawva jvari (iyo kukluq klanis wevri).

5) msxverpli aris iseTi specifiuri organizaciis wevri, ro-melsac emijneba im dasaxlebis macxovrebelTa absolu-turi umravlesoba, sadac msxverpli cxovrobda da dana-Sauli moxda;

6) msxverpli imyofeboda iseT adgilas, sadac adre moxdasiZulviliT motivirebuli danaSauli msxveroplis rasis,religiis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, sqesis, genderuli iden-tobis gamo da sadac msxverlis jgufis mimarT mtrobis

99 ix.: https://women.ge/data/policy%20paper/WISG_hate-crime_policy_paper_ILGA-2016.pdf gv. 49-51.


xarisxi Zalian maRalia.

7) erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave adgilas moxda ramde-nime danaSauli, romelic Cadenili iyo erTi da imave re-ligiis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, seqsualuri orienta-ciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, sqesis da genderuli iden-tobis mqone piris mimarT.

8) im dasaxlebis macxovrebelTa mniSvnelovani nawilis mi-er, sadac incidenti moxda, danaSauli aRqmuli iqna ro-gorc siZulvilis motiviT Cadenili;

9) msxverpli eweoda iseT saqmianobas, rac dakavSirebuliiyo sakuTari rasis, religiis, SezRuduli SesaZleblo-bis, seqsualuri orientaciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, sqe-sis, genderuli identobis gaZlierebasTan. magaliTad,msxverpli iyo feradkaniani adamianebis mxardaWeris erov-nuli asociaciis wevri an monawileobda lgbt aRlumSi.

10) incidenti moxda Sesabamisi rasis, religiis, SezRuduliSesaZleblobebis, seqsualuri orientaciis, eTnikurikuTvnilebis, sqesis, genderuli identobis dResaswaul-ze an maTTvis RirSesaniSnav dRes, magaliTad, martin lu-Ter kingis dRe, transgenderis xsovnis dRe;

11) danaSaulis Camdeni piri adre monawileobda msgavsi dana-Saulis CadenaSi an aris rasistuli, qsenofobiuri an ho-mofobiuri jgufis wevri;

12) radikaluri jgufis monawileobaze miniSneba, magaliTad,danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg radikalurma dajgufebam pa-suxismgebloba aiRo danaSaulze an es dajgufeba danaSa-ulis Cadenis adgilas aqtiuria.

13) arsebobs istoriuli dapirispireba damnaSavisa da daza-ralebulis jgufebs Soris.

14) dazaralebuli Tavad ar aris mizanSi amoRebuli rasobri-vi, religiuri, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, seqsualuriorientaciis, eTnikuri, sqesis, genderuli identobis jgu-fis wevri, magram msxverpli sajarod mxars uWers mow-yvlad jgufs.

zemoxsenebul kriteriumebTan dakavSirebiT, FBI-s in-


struqciebSi vxvdebiT gafrTxilebas; imisaTvis, rom Ta-vidan iqnas acilebuli gamomZieblis mier motivTan dakav-SirebiT Secdomis daSveba, gamomZiebelma yuradReba un-da miaqcios Semdeg garemoebebs;

1. saxezea SecdomaSi Semyvani faqti _ magaliTad, damnaSa-vem msxverplis mimarT gamoiyena rasistuli epiTeti, mag-ram siZulviliT motivirebul danaSauls adgili ar aqvs,vinaidan msxverplic da damnaSavec erTi da imave rasiswarmomadgenelia.

2. damnaSavem moaxdina siZulvilis danaSaulis insceni-reba _ kaTolikuri skolis kaTolike moswavlem daazianasakuTari skolis Senoba. skolaSi datova antikaToliku-ri warwerebi, imisaTvis rom gakveTili gacdeniliyo.

3. damnaSavem msxverpli SecdomiT miakuTvna mizanSi amo-Rebul jgufs _ Tundac damnaSave cdebodes msxverplisrasis, religiuri kuTvnilebis, SezRuduli SesaZleblo-bis, seqsualuri orientaciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, sqe-sis, genderuli identobis niSanSi, saxeze mainc gveqnebasiZulviliT motivirebuli danaSauli, vinaidan danaSau-li ar moxdeboda damnaSaves mtruli damokidebuleba romar hqonoda konkretuli jgufis mimarT. magaliTad, saSu-alo asakis heteroseqsuali mamakaci moZraobda im barismimarTulebiT, sadac xSirad gei mamakacebi ikribebian. amdros aRniSnul heteroseqsual mamakacs Tavs daesxa 6axalgazrda, romelsac msxverpli baridan gamosul homo-seqsualSi aeria. mocemul SemTxvevaSi axalgazrdebs pa-suxismgebloba unda daekisros seqsualuri orientaciissiZulvilis motiviT Cadenili danaSaulisTvis.

4. motivis cvlileba axali mtkicebulebis aRmoCenis ga-mo _ SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad, danaSauli ar iyos siZul-vilis motiviT Casdenili, magram es garemoeba gamoZiebisSemdeg etapze gamoikveTos. aseve SesaZloa Tavdapirve-lad, arsebobdes mtkicebuleba, rom danaSauli rasobri-vi siZulvilis motiviT moxda, Tumca mogvianebiT, SesaZ-loa dadgindes religiuri siZulvilis motivi. axladaR-moCenil mtkicebulebis Sedegad unda xdebodes monace-mebis ganaxleba. FBI Tavis bazaSi ar asaxavs sasamarTlosmier dadgenil motivs.


saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloTbilisi 0110, Zmebi zubalaSvilebis q. #6

tel.: (995 32) 299 82 08www.supremecourt.ge

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