`saarqivo moambis~ erTguli mkiTxveli var ara mxolod me, aramed mTeli

Cemi ojaxi. ̀ saarqivo moambeSi~ Zalian saintereso masalebi ibeWdeba, romlebic

exeba warsuls da am warsulidan exmianeba Tanamedroveobas, rac yvela

TaobisTvis sainteresoa. amitom `saarqivo moambes~ siamovnebiT kiTxuloben

Cemi mSoblebi da Cemi Svilic.

Zalian mniSvnelovania erTi momenti _ yvela is dokumenti, romelic Tqvens

arqivSia daculi, Ria da xelmisawvdomia sazogadoebisTvis. nebismier adamians

SeuZlia am masalebis Seswavla, Tavisi warsulis gacnoba da miTic dokumentebis

gasaidumloebis Sesaxeb, Tqveni Jurnalisa da saitis damsaxurebiT dRes ukve

damsxvreulia. Tumca erTi ram cxadia, saiti ufro viwro wrisTvis aris

xelmisawvdomi, xolo aseTi maRali poligrafiuli donis Jurnali gacilebiT

farTo mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili.

`saarqivo moambis~ gamocemis idea Zalian drouli da gamarTlebulia. mivesalmebiT Cveni kolegebis

am warmatebul wamowyebas da vTvliT, rom es aris mniSvnelovani nabiji, romelic gadaidga qarTuli

sazogadoebis interesis dasakmayofileblad da kargi iqneboda, Tu sxva arqivebic da maT Soris Cveni arqivic

mibaZavda Tqven arqivs da, Sesabamisad, aseTive maRali donisa da aseve saintereso Jurnals gamouSvebda.

did madlobas gadagixdiT im adamianebs, romlebic Jurnal `saarqivo moambis~ momzadebaSi iRebT

monawileobas. imdenad maRali kvalifikacia da Tavdauzogavi Sroma Cans Tqveni, rom Cvens madlobas

namdvilad imsaxurebT.~

Teona iaSvili (saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis generaluri direqtori)

© Sss arqivi

saredaqcio kolegia:Jurnalis damfuZnebeli _ omar TuSuraSvili (Sss saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosi)mTavari redaqtori _ nino yifSiZestili da koreqtura _ qeTevan sarsevaniZe (filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati)

inglisuri teqstebis stili da koreqtura _ timoTi blauvelTi (mecnierebaTa doqtori,saerTaSoriso ganaTlebis amerikis sabWo,

politolog-istorikosi)maikl dobinsi (konstancis universiteti.

sazogadoebrivi politikisa da administraciis Tavmjdomare)

dakabadoneba _ meri barbaqaZeteqnikuri uzrunvelyofa _ lela gugulaSvili,

giorgi babucaSvilimTargmnelebi _ nana grigalaSvili, eka Zigoeva, lela gogoliZe, grigol giorgaZe

Jurnalis konsultantebi:Tornike jebaSvili (Sss sainformacio-analitikuri departamentis direqtoris moadgile)daviT alaverdaSvili (Sss saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile)ronald suni (miCiganis da Cikagos universitetebis profesori)timoTi blauvelTi (mecnierebaTa doqtori)vaxtang guruli (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori)qeTevan rostiaSvili (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori)giorgi mamulia (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa doqtori)giorgi kldiaSvili (istorikosi)levan avaliSvili (istorikosi)

Edition Board:Journal founder – omar tushurashvili (Head of the Archive

Administration of the MoIA)Editor-in-chief – nino KipshidzeEditing and proof reading – Ketevan Sarsevanidze

(Candidate of the Philology sciences)Editing and proof reading of English texts – timothy Blauvelt (PhD, American Councils for International

Education, Political scientist/historian)michael dobbins (university of konstanz, Chair of Comparative

Public Policy and Administration)imprint – mary Barbakadzetechnical support – Lela Gugulashvili, Giorgi Babutsashvilitranslators – nana Grigalashvili, Eka dzigoeva, Lela Gogolidze, Grigol Giorgadze

JournaL ConSuLtantS: tornike Jebashvili (Deputy Director of Informational-analytical

Department of the MoIA)davit alaverdashvili (Deputy Head of the Archive Administration

of the MoIA)ronald Grigor Suny (Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of

social and Political History, University of Michigan; Emeritus Professor, University of Chicago)

timothy Blauvelt (PhD, American Councils for International Education, Political scientist/historian)

Vakhtang Guruli (The Professor of Tbilisi state University)Ketevan rostiashvili (The Professor of Tbilisi state University)Giorgi mamulia (Doctor of social science)Giorgi Kldiashvili (Historian)Levan avalishvili (Historian)

“I myself am a devoted reader of The Archival Bulletin and both my family and I read this journal with great interest. The materials published in the Archival Bulletin are interesting and appealing to any generation. This journal sheds light on our past and present. My parents as well as my child are among the faithful readers.

The following factor is essential. All documents preserved in your archive are accessible to the people. Any person can study these materials and learn about his or her past. The myth about the inaccessibility of these documents has been dispelled with the aid of your journal and website. Although the site is accessible to a restricted group of people, such a high level polygraphical journal is provided for much wider readership.

The idea of publishing The Archival Bulletin was timely and justified.We praise the successful initiative of our colleagues and consider it to be an important step which has been taken for satisfying the interest of Georgian society. It would be better if the other archives followed the example of your archive and published such a high standard and interesting journal as this one.

I thank everybody who took part in publishing The Archival Bulletin. You really deserve our gratitude as you have revealed a high level of qualification and diligent work.

TEonA IAshvIlI ( Director General of the national Archive of the Ministry of Justice of Georgia)

suli amboxebuli unBEnDInG sPIrIT

37 wlis represiebs Sewiruli qarTveli mwerlebis Cvenebebi

The Testimonies of Georgian Writers Affected by the repression of 1937

`saarqivo moambis~ erTguli mkiTxveli var ara mxolod me, aramed mTeli

Cemi ojaxi. ̀ saarqivo moambeSi~ Zalian saintereso masalebi ibeWdeba, romlebic

exeba warsuls da am warsulidan exmianeba Tanamedroveobas, rac yvela

TaobisTvis sainteresoa. amitom `saarqivo moambes~ siamovnebiT kiTxuloben

Cemi mSoblebi da Cemi Svilic.

Zalian mniSvnelovania erTi momenti _ yvela is dokumenti, romelic Tqvens

arqivSia daculi, Ria da xelmisawvdomia sazogadoebisTvis. nebismier adamians

SeuZlia am masalebis Seswavla, Tavisi warsulis gacnoba da miTic dokumentebis

gasaidumloebis Sesaxeb, Tqveni Jurnalisa da saitis damsaxurebiT dRes ukve

damsxvreulia. Tumca erTi ram cxadia, saiti ufro viwro wrisTvis aris

xelmisawvdomi, xolo aseTi maRali poligrafiuli donis Jurnali gacilebiT

farTo mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili.

`saarqivo moambis~ gamocemis idea Zalian drouli da gamarTlebulia. mivesalmebiT Cveni kolegebis

am warmatebul wamowyebas da vTvliT, rom es aris mniSvnelovani nabiji, romelic gadaidga qarTuli

sazogadoebis interesis dasakmayofileblad da kargi iqneboda, Tu sxva arqivebic da maT Soris Cveni arqivic

mibaZavda Tqven arqivs da, Sesabamisad, aseTive maRali donisa da aseve saintereso Jurnals gamouSvebda.

did madlobas gadagixdiT im adamianebs, romlebic Jurnal `saarqivo moambis~ momzadebaSi iRebT

monawileobas. imdenad maRali kvalifikacia da Tavdauzogavi Sroma Cans Tqveni, rom Cvens madlobas

namdvilad imsaxurebT.~

Teona iaSvili (saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis generaluri direqtori)

© Sss arqivi

saredaqcio kolegia:Jurnalis damfuZnebeli _ omar TuSuraSvili (Sss saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosi)mTavari redaqtori _ nino yifSiZestili da koreqtura _ qeTevan sarsevaniZe (filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati)

inglisuri teqstebis stili da koreqtura _ timoTi blauvelTi (mecnierebaTa doqtori,saerTaSoriso ganaTlebis amerikis sabWo,

politolog-istorikosi)maikl dobinsi (konstancis universiteti.

sazogadoebrivi politikisa da administraciis Tavmjdomare)

dakabadoneba _ meri barbaqaZeteqnikuri uzrunvelyofa _ lela gugulaSvili,

giorgi babucaSvilimTargmnelebi _ nana grigalaSvili, eka Zigoeva, lela gogoliZe, grigol giorgaZe

Jurnalis konsultantebi:Tornike jebaSvili (Sss sainformacio-analitikuri departamentis direqtoris moadgile)daviT alaverdaSvili (Sss saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile)ronald suni (miCiganis da Cikagos universitetebis profesori)timoTi blauvelTi (mecnierebaTa doqtori)vaxtang guruli (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori)qeTevan rostiaSvili (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori)giorgi mamulia (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa doqtori)giorgi kldiaSvili (istorikosi)levan avaliSvili (istorikosi)

Edition Board:Journal founder – omar tushurashvili (Head of the Archive

Administration of the MoIA)Editor-in-chief – nino KipshidzeEditing and proof reading – Ketevan Sarsevanidze

(Candidate of the Philology sciences)Editing and proof reading of English texts – timothy Blauvelt (PhD, American Councils for International

Education, Political scientist/historian)michael dobbins (university of konstanz, Chair of Comparative

Public Policy and Administration)imprint – mary Barbakadzetechnical support – Lela Gugulashvili, Giorgi Babutsashvilitranslators – nana Grigalashvili, Eka dzigoeva, Lela Gogolidze, Grigol Giorgadze

JournaL ConSuLtantS: tornike Jebashvili (Deputy Director of Informational-analytical

Department of the MoIA)davit alaverdashvili (Deputy Head of the Archive Administration

of the MoIA)ronald Grigor Suny (Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of

social and Political History, University of Michigan; Emeritus Professor, University of Chicago)

timothy Blauvelt (PhD, American Councils for International Education, Political scientist/historian)

Vakhtang Guruli (The Professor of Tbilisi state University)Ketevan rostiashvili (The Professor of Tbilisi state University)Giorgi mamulia (Doctor of social science)Giorgi Kldiashvili (Historian)Levan avalishvili (Historian)

“I myself am a devoted reader of The Archival Bulletin and both my family and I read this journal with great interest. The materials published in the Archival Bulletin are interesting and appealing to any generation. This journal sheds light on our past and present. My parents as well as my child are among the faithful readers.

The following factor is essential. All documents preserved in your archive are accessible to the people. Any person can study these materials and learn about his or her past. The myth about the inaccessibility of these documents has been dispelled with the aid of your journal and website. Although the site is accessible to a restricted group of people, such a high level polygraphical journal is provided for much wider readership.

The idea of publishing The Archival Bulletin was timely and justified.We praise the successful initiative of our colleagues and consider it to be an important step which has been taken for satisfying the interest of Georgian society. It would be better if the other archives followed the example of your archive and published such a high standard and interesting journal as this one.

I thank everybody who took part in publishing The Archival Bulletin. You really deserve our gratitude as you have revealed a high level of qualification and diligent work.

TEonA IAshvIlI ( Director General of the national Archive of the Ministry of Justice of Georgia)

56-75 Tulni TulnI

ivane krawaSvilis dajgufeba

The Criminal Gang of Ivane kratsashvili

79-109 mecnieris gverdi sPECIAlIsT’s PAGE

dokumentebi da masalebi saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriisaTvis (1943-1946 ww.)

Documents and Materials on the history of the Georgian Church (1943-1946)

19-33 ucxo TvaliT forEIGn PErsPECTIvE

qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi qarTveli revolucioneris istoriis kvaldakval kavkasiidan kremlamde

A life lived Between Georgia and russia: Tracing the Personal history of a Georgian revolutionary from the Caucasus to the kremlin

37 nomris foto fEATurED PhoTo

4-1 1 gmirebi hEroEs

mixeil laSqaraSvili _ SeficulTagan erT-erTi da samSoblosaTvis Tavgadadebuli

Mikheil lashkarashvili: Compatriot and Devoted son of the homeland

78 gaxunebuli baraTebi fADED lETTErs

50-55 meore msoflio omi World WAr II

Битва за Кавказ. 1942-1943 гг. Кавказское соединение особого назначения «Бергманн»Battle for the Caucasus: 1942-43 The Caucasian special Purposes Battalion “Bergmann”

uaxlesi istoria MoDErn hIsTorY

qarTvel disidentTa moZraobazviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavs saqme

The Georgian Dissident Movement. The case of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab kostava34-36

mogonebani rECollECTIons

rusi jariskacis memuari

The Memoir of a russian soldier38-41

specgadasaxleba sPECIAl ExIlE

berZnebis, Turqebis, iranelebisa da sxva warmomavlobis mqone pirTa gadasaxleba 1949-1950 wlebSi

The Exile of Greeks, Turkmen, Iranians and other nationalities in 1949-1950.

42-49

12- 18

�

lia kereseliZe

Lia KErESELidzE

mixeil laSqaraSvili _

SeficulTagan erT-erTi

da samSoblosaTvis

Tavgadadebuli

1 s. zaldastaniSvili, ,,saqarTvelos 1924 wlis amboxeba”, Tb., 1989, gv. 44.

g mirebi / hEroEs

,,...magram ar SeiZleba momavali saqarTvelo avaSenoT, Tu mis warsul istorias ar moveqeciT faqizaT, pativiscemiT, siyvaruliT...… Tu ar gavixsenebT samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebulebs, misTvis msxverplad Sewirulebs, maT saflavebs ar gavixdiT wmidaTa-wmidas da maT erovnul mizans ar davisaxavT Cvens idealad...” 1

saqarTvelos istoria gmirebis istoriaa, gmirebis da, samwuxarod, moRalateebisac... samSoblosaTvis Tavgadadebuli, Rirseuli vaJkacebisa da angarebiani, gaurkveveli Zalebis msaxuri vai-kacebisa, romelTa wyalobiTac or zRvas Sua moqceulma ,,turfa” saqarTvelom vera da ver daimkvidra Zlieri da warmatebuli qveynis adgili msoflio rukaze. maTze saTqmels istoria ityvis. modiT, Cven im raindebze visaubroT, romelTa Tavganwirvis wyalobiTac, ase Tu ise, varsebobT, visi gmirobiTac mTelma erma unda viamayoT, vis magaliTzec Cveni Svilebi unda aRvzardoT da vaswavloT vaJkacoba, erTguleba, Tavdadeba, siyvaruli... aseTni ki, madloba ufals, marTlac

Mikheil lashkarashvili: CoMpatriot and

devoted son of the hoMeland

“Georgia can have no future unless

its past is treated with care, respect and love. We should

always remember those people who devoted themselves

to our country. Their graves should become sacred places

and their national goals our ideals.”1

on the one hand, the history of Georgia is full of

heroes, sons devoted to their homeland and courageous

men. But on the other hand, this history reveals many

traitors who served only their own interests. The latter

prevented Georgia from becoming a strong and successful

country on the world map. It is up to history to judge them.

now I would like to tell the story of those people who

played a major role in making Georgia what it is today.

The whole nation must be proud of their heroism. Their

lives must be an example to future generations. We must

1 s. Zaldastanishvili, “ The uprising of Georgia in 1924,” p. 44.

rom bevrni arian. arc ki viciT, saidan daviwyoT, magram, modiT, amjerad mixeil laSqaraSvilze SevCerdeT...

rogorc iqna, XX s.-is miwuruls tabu aixsna da qaqucas saxelma ifeTqa, sazogadoebis farTo masebma gaiges XX s.-is dasawyisis udidesi erovnuli gmiris _ qaquca ColoyaSvilis Sesaxeb, magram cota ram aris cnobili im vaJkacebze, romlebic mis mxardamxar dauRalavad ibrZodnen sabWoTa ruseTisa da moRalate qarTveli bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg, wlebis ganmavlobaSi ojaxur myudroebas mowyvetilebi tye-RreSi rom iyvnen gavardnilebi imisi imediT, rom qveyanas, inteleqtualur Zalas ixsnidnen okupantebisgan, ,,груз. чек”-as, ,,нквд”-s, ,,гпу”-s jalaTebisgan, uzneo ,,lumpenproletariatisgan”, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili boRmiT rom eZgernen keTilSobilT...

erT-erTi maTgani iyo mixeil laSqaraSvili, ubralo xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli erTi kargi janmrTeli glexi, vaJkaci, romelsac zneoba, kaikacoba, samSoblosa da megobrebis siyvaruli, erTguleba Zvalsa da rbilSi hqonda gamjdari. daibada qarTlis sof. qvemo xandakSi da sicocxle daasrula safrangeTSi. mis Sesaxeb Zalian cota ram aris cnobili...

saarqivo masalebis daTvalierebisas SemTxveviT gadavawydiT 1921 wels masze aRZrul sisxlis samarTlis saqmes, romelmac Tavisi dramatulobiT miiqcia Cveni yuradReba. amas daemata kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtoris, istorikos giorgi Cadunelis naambobi. kvals gavyeviT, CavediT laSqaraSvilis mSobliur sofel qvemo xandakSi, movusmineT iqaur mcxovreblebs, moxucebs, axalgazrdebs da, Cvenda sabednierod, erovnuli gmiric aRmovaCineT...

misi biografiis mokle monaxazi:daibada 1884 wels kaspis r.-is sof.

qvemo xandakSi, 1902-1903 ww. muSaobda iaralovis qarxanaSi, Semdeg rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnos sadurglo saamqroSi, monawileobda pirveli marqsistuli jgufebis CamoyalibebaSi, 1903-1905 ww. movlenebis dros iyo gvardiis savele sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, social-demokratiuli partiis aqtiuri wevri, magram, rogorc Cans, male Cawvda marqsistebis ideologiis sibinZures da

teach our children about their heroism, devotion and love.

Georgia has many heroes, and now I would like to tell you

a story about Mikheil (“Misha”) lashkarashvili.

While many have recently learned about Kakutsa

Cholokashvili, a 20th century national hero, little is known

about those brave people who fought together with him

against the soviet union and the Georgian Bolsheviks.

They lived in the forests for years in the hope of saving

their country from aggressors, such as the Cheka, the

nkvD, the state Political Administration (GPu) and amoral

bureaucrats.

lashkarashvili was one of these heroes, a kind and

hearty peasant from a poor family. Morality, courage and

love of country and friends were his main characteristics.

he was born in a village in kvemo (lower) khandaki and

died in france. little is known about his life.

In studying the archival documents, his file drew our

attention because of its dramatic nature. In addition, the

historian Giorgi Chaduneli, director of the kaspi museum,

provided us with further information. We then went to

lashkarashvili, the residents of which: the young people as

well as the old ones, characterized him as a hero.

A brief biography:

he was born in 1884, and in 1902-3 he worked in the

Yaralov factory. he then worked at a railway joiner’s shop.

He took an active part in forming the first Marxist group.

During 1903-5 he was the chairman of the field Court of

Guards and an active member of the social Democratic

�

�

ganudga. ai, ras wers Tavis mogonebebSi: ,,amnairaT, yvela is piri, vinc ki

marqsistebisTvis TvalSi mosawoni ar iyo, xdeboda teroristebis msxverpli, maT mier Cadenili muxanaTuri saqmeebis mowme me TviTon viyavi qarxanaSi muSaobis dros. mTeli marqsistuli moZraoba amazed iyo dayrdnobili da mamuliSvilebis umanko da udanaSaulo sisxlis daRvriT moikafavdnen gzas xelisuflebisaken. gana SemiZlia yvela im saSinelebis aRwera qaRalzed, rasac maSin isini STadiodnen?! es Zalian Sors wagviyvans, magram raca vsTqvi, es imitom, rom farda aexados maT saqmianobas da naTel vyoT yvelaferi, amiT utyuari suraTi gadavceT qarTveli eris momaval Taobebs da istorias, rogorc masala, rom yvelam icodes zemoT aRniSnuli Secdomebi da sastiki muxanaToba qarTveli eris winaSe Cadenili _ gadagvarebuli, garusebuli marqsistebis mier”.1

rogorc batoni giorgi Caduneli gviambobs, laSqaraSvili bolSevikebis mosvlis Semdeg wynarad cxovrobda mamiseul saxl-karSi da soflis meurneobiT iyo dakavebuli, magram Tanasoflel vinme mnacaka adamaSvils ramdenjerme Seuxsenebia sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis misi menSevikuri warsuli da ,,danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi” (mnacaka sofelSi cnobili yofila, gvapatios ufalma da, rogorc ganTqmuli dambezRebeli). erT-erT aseT Sexsenebas mohyva swored is ambavi, ramac aiZula mixeili mTebisTvis Seefarebina Tavi da kvlav erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi CarTuliyo. swored misi cxovrebis es epizodia Semonaxuli saarqivo sammarTvelos uSiSroebis arqivSi, fondi 6, saarqivo #21317.

1921 wlis 29 aprils goris mazris politbiuroSi Sevida TanamSromlebis _ arucevis, araqelovis, xemizuris gancxadeba, romelic iuwyeboda, rom sof. axalqalaqSi imyofeba menSevikuri mTavrobis jalaTi, samxedro _ savele sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare 1919 wels, komunistebis _ Saxnazarovis, zarapovis, mecxvariSvilis _ damxvreti mixeil laSqaraSvili. ra Tqma unda, sadamsjelo RonisZiebamac ar daayovna da milicieli araqelovi TanamSromel inaursa da sxvebTan erTad gaemarTa

1 mixeil laSqaraSvili, ,,mogonebebi”, gaz. ,,respublika”, 1991.

mixeil laSqaraSvili / Mikheil lashkarashvili

Party. But soon, having realized the emptiness of Marxism

ideology, he resigned. In his memoirs he writes: “Those

who were not approved by the Marxists became the victims

of the terrorists. I myself was a witness to their treachery

while working in the factory. The Marxist Movement was

based on cruel behavior. They paved the path to power by

destroying innocent patriots. Although it is difficult to put

all of their brutalities into words, I still want to expose them

and shed light on their behavior so that future generations

will know all of the atrocities committed against Georgians

by the degenerate Marxists.”1

According to Giorgi Chaduneli,

1 Mikheil lashkarashvili, Recollections, The Republic, 1991.

sof. qvemo xandakSi mixeilis Sesapyrobad. misi meuRlis, elene CivaZe-laSqaraSvilis dakiTxvis oqmSi vkiTxulobT:

,,29 aprils, diliT, daaxloebiT oTxi saaTi iqneboda, rodesac karebs dauwyes braxuni, gavige, avdeqi Caucmeli da gavaRe karebi, davinaxe SeiaraRebuli kacebi, me mivmarTe, vin xarT meTqi, maT Semiyvires, Cvena varTo, ro SevekiTxe, ra gindaT meTqi, maT miTxres, Tqvens saxls obiski unda davartyaTo, me, rasakvirvelia, mandati moviTxove, ra uflebiT unda gaeCxrikaT saxli, maT miTxres, mandati Cven aficers aqvso, me uTxari, wadiT, mandati moitaneT, sanam mec Cavicvam da mobrZandiTo, bevri aRar malaparakes, ai, es aris Cveni mandatio da moawvnen saxls da Semovidnen ZaliT, erTi karebSi gaCerda, orni akoSkasTan gaCerdnen, erTic mwolares mivarda mixeil laSqaraSvils da yelSi wauWira, me vTxovdi daSoSminebas da veubnebodi, daacadeT, adges da saxli ise gaCxrikeT, magram mainc yelSi wauWira erTi xeli da meore xeliT iRebda levarvels, me xeli dauWire, rom levarveli ar amoeRo da ar daertya, iman xeli mkra da gadamagdo iqiT, ucbad gavarda garedan Tofi da moxvda Cems dedamTils da waaqcia, ramodenime wuTis brZolis Semdeg me vaSvelebdi Cems qmars da Semosul kacs, momibrunda, mkra wixli Sig gul-mucelSi da gadavarda iqiT, am brZolaSi meore tyviac gavarda. saidan da rogor, ver gavige, me gavardi gareT da daviwye yvirili, xalxo, miSveleT _ meTqi, qmaric momikles da dedac, egec mokaliTo, momesma xma maTgan, maSin isini gacvivdnen da gaiqcnen, zogni ki aq sofelma daatyveva, vinaidan maT aranairi mandati ar aRmoaCndaT. var 32 wlisa, (qarTveli), es aris Cemi Cveneba, Cveneba namdvilia da xels awers elene laSqaraSvilisa...…1

datyvevebuli milicielebi xalxma maTi saxlis win mdgar Ciqovanebis koSkSi gamoamwyvdia. qvemo xandakis mkvidri, batoni murad mamulaSvili ixsenebs: meore dRes dabrunebula wina dRes fanjridan gadamxtari miSa, milicielebisTvis erTi ki Seuxedavs, rogor dagxocoT, magis Rirsic ar xarT, Tqveni gulisTvis xalxs aawiokebeno, dautiria Tavis ambavs Sewiruli deda da gadaxvewila. xalxSi

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), f. #6. saarq. #21 317, furc. 25, (stili daculia).

Ciqovanebis koSki / The Chikovanis’ Tower

lashkarashvili lived in his father’s house and took up

agriculture after the Bolsheviks came to power. his

compatriot Mnatsaka Adamashvili reminded the authorities

several times about lashkarashvili’s Menshevik past and

supposed crimes. Adamashvili was known in the village as

a teller of tales. After one of such denunciation against him,

lashkarashvili had to seek shelter in the mountains, where

he joined the national liberation Movement. This period

of his life is preserved in the Archive Administration of the

Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs, fond no. 6, case file

no. 21317.

on April 29, 1921 the Political Bureau of the Gori

region received statements from the following employees:

Arutsevi, Arakelova and khemizuri. According to the

statements, Mikheil lashkarashvili, a butcher of the

Menshevik authorities and chairman of the court martial

in 1919, was in the village of Akhalkalaki. he shot the

following communists: shakhnazarovi, Zarapov and

Metskhvarishvili. soon after, a punitive group went together

with the police officers with Arakelov and Inauri to the

village of kvemo khandaki to arrest lashkarashvili.

A passage from the criminal file of Elene Chivadze-

lashkarashvili: “ By 4 a.m. on April 29, I heard knocking

on the door. I got up and opened the door, though I was

only half dressed. Men in arms were standing before me.

They were preparing to conduct a search. In answer to my

�

�

xma dadioda, Turme miSa dedis dakrZalvas sasaflaos mopirdapire mTebidan, ,,mirianis boslebidan” durbindiT uyurebdao... komunistebma mas daabrales dedis sikvdili, Tumca saqmeSi daculia goris mazris miliciis ufrosis mimarTva politbiurosadmi, romelSic xazgasmiT aris naTqvami, rom laSqaraSvilis dedis da TarxniSvilis mkvleloba ,,gamowveuli iyo axalqalaqis da kavTisxevis revkomebis da maTi miliciis Semadgenlobis friad utaqtiko moqmedebis meoxebiT”1 (TarxniSvili gaxldaT mixeilis megobari, romelic misi gamoqomagebis gamo da frazisTvis _ ,,Tqven ra gvardielebi xarT, rom miSa laSqaraSvils daesxiT yaCaRuraT, bolSevikurad ki nu modixarT, vaJkacurad modiTo,” _ meore-mesame dRes dacxriles).

miSa ki gadaxvewila da gadaxvewila... velad gaWrilma laSqaraSvilma Semoikriba TanamebrZolebi da ukve 1922 wlis zafxulis xevsureTis ajanyebisTvis xelmZRvanelobda sakmaod did partizanul razms. erTxans imaleboda axalSen mirianSi, magram 14 enkenisTves (seqtembers) vinme kaciaSvilisgan gaigo damarcxebis ambavi, razmi nawilobriv daSala, Tavad uimedobam Seipyro, cixis Signidan gatexvam imedgacruebuli datova da SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze fiqrsac Tavi daaneba, mxolod saswaulis imediRa hqonda. gadawyvita, 1924 wlis gazafxulze meuRlesTan erTad osmaleTSi da iqidan evropaSi gadasuliyo, magram qaqucasgan Setyobineba miiRo da misi gegmebic CaiSala...

ajanyebis molodinSi mixeilma Tavis erTgul moZmeebTan erTad oTxi Tve gaatara manglisidan sami kilometris moSorebiT, sof. botisis tyeSi. Semdeg qaqucac SeuerTda danarCeni SeficulebiT, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba siyvaruliT

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), f. #6. saarq. #21 317, furc. 20.

request to show a warrant, they said that their officer had

the warrant and they stormed into the house. one of them

stopped at the door, the other two came to the window and

one wanted to kill Mikheil lashkarashvili, who was lying in

bed. I tried to hinder him but he pushed me and knocked

me down. suddenly somebody pulled a trigger outside and

a bullet hit my mother-in-law. While I was trying to part my

husband and one of the aggressors, I was punched and fell

down. After a second shot I ran out, yelling for help. The

villagers seized some of them, while others managed to

escape. I am 32 years old and a Georgian by nationality. In

confirmation of my words I, Elene Chivadze-lashkarashvili,

hereby sign my testimony.”1

The villagers

locked the arrested

policemen in

the Chikovanis’

Tower. Murad

Mamulashvili,

living in kvemo

khandaki, said: “The next day

Misha returned to mourn over

his dead mother. he left the

village without taking revenge

on the policemen. Misha was said to have watched his 1 II section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d. 21 317, p.25. (style is preserved).

�

amaragebda sursaT-sanovagiT, exmareboda moralurad. sagulisxmoa, rom arc erT glexkacs ar ucnobebia mTavrobis xalxisTvis samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis Tavgadadebuli devnili vaJkacebis TavSesafris adgilmdebareoba. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi meuRle elene, CivaZis qali, erTgulad edga mxarSi SeTqmulebs, mihqonda saWiro informaciebi da tyvia-wamali. Tavad mixeili wers: ,,Cemi meuRle... aramc Tu iyo yvela Cemi brZolebis Tanaziari, igi xSirad aqtiuraTac monawileobda da Zalian xSiraT did xifaTSiac iyo Cavardnili...”1

ajanyeba, romelsac komunistebma mogvianebiT ,,1924 wlis avantiura~ uwodes, 20 agvistosTvis iyo dagegmili, gadaido 28 agvistosTvis. ra Tqma unda, kvlavac Ralats hqonda adgili, jer juReli gasces, romelic gare kaxelebis dajgufebas xelmZRvanelobda (es is juRelia, somxebi rom miusia namZinarev qarTvel mebrZolebs, magram male mixvda ,,wiTlebis” veragobas da namdvil patriotebs SeuerTda). misma daWeram da dasjam (xmebi dairxa, rusebma cocxlad dawves yofili ,,amxanagio~) mniSvnelovnad Secvala ajanyebis bedi _ aw ukve bolSevikebis mier gamagrebul TbilisSi SeWris nacvlad gadawyvites regionebidan daecxoT. paritetulma komitetma laSqaraSvils qarTli Caabara. yvelaferi spontanurad xdeboda. aRmoCnda, rom didma

misiyvarulem da moamagem Tavisi qveynisa, qvemoWalelma polkovnikma mesxma, visi daxmarebis imedic

hqondaT, araferi icoda. (igi mzadyofnaSi yofila 1922 w. dagegmili ajanyebisTvis?!), magram ukan ar dauxevia,

1 mixeil laSqaraSvili, ,,mogonebebi”, gaz. ,,respublika”, 1991.

mother’s funeral train through binoculars from the opposite

mountain. The Communists blamed him for his mother’s

death, while the head of the Gori region police appealed

to the Political Bureau, stressing the fact that the death

of lashkarashvili’s mother and Tarkhnishvili were caused

by “the policemen of the revolutionary Committee of

Akhalkalaki and kavtiskhevi.” 1 (Tarkhnishvili was a friend

of Mikheil. he was shot for the following words: “You would

not have invaded Misha lashkarashvili’s house if you were

good guardsmen.”)

Mikheil disappeared. he gathered brothers-in-

arms and in 1922 he headed a guerrilla group during

the khevsurian uprising. for some time he hid in the

settlement of Miriani. on september 14, after the defeat

of katsiashvili, he became very discouraged and gave

up planning uprisings. In spring of 1924 he decided to

go to Europe through ossetia along with his wife. But he

received a message from kakutsa Cholokashvili, and all his

plans changed again.

Mikheil and his comrades had been in the forest near

the village of Botisi for four months when kakutsa joined

them. The local residents supplied them with food and

tried to cheer them up. It is noteworthy that

none of the peasants reported the presence

1 II section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d. 21 317, p.20.

10

bolomde uerTgula Seficulebs da, raRa Tqma unda, am ambavs Seewira kidec: 1924 wlis 31 agvistos 22 udanaSaulo qvemoWalelsa da amilaxvarTan erTad bolSevikebma daxvrites!

amas mohyva Seficul elizbar vaCnaZis marcxi manglisSi. okupantebma aqac gamcemis wyalobiT winaswar icodnen Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb da mzadyofnaSi iyvnen...

marTalia, qaqucam brZoliT aiRo duSeTi, Sevida zemo kaxeTSi, gadavida yaraiazsa da borCaloSi da daiwyo Tbilisis dazverva, magram... ajanyeba mainc marcxiT damTavrda... damTavrda da sisxlis niaRvaric wamovida...

,,jalaTur moskovs, orjonikiZes, maxaraZes da stalins maxvili galesili hqondaT da mzad iyvnen qarTvelebis sisxlis dasaRvrelad... Cekam kargad icoda paritetuli komitetis Semadgenloba, magram gangeb xels ar hkidebda, rom ajanyeba ar CaSliliyo, am mizeziT SemdegSi daerbia da sisxlSi CaexrCo mTeli saqarTvelo da Suri eZia yvela patriot mamuliSvilzed. misTvis es saocnebo dRec dadga da moRalateebisgan gacemuli ajanyebac CaixSo namdvil brZolebis dawyebamde...…”1 marqsistebi ,,mouwodebdnen glexobas, amoewyvitaT Tavadaznauroba... radgan yvela jiSis marqsistebisTvis Tavadaznauroba iyo marqsizmis winaaRmdeg is cixesimagre, rom mis daungrevlad marqsizms arasodes gamarjveba ar ewera... marqsistebi moiTxovdnen am xalxis amowyvetas, romlebic im xanebSi warmoadgendnen erovnuli brZolebisaTvis mTavar Zalas!”2

ena ver gadmoscems im zarals, rac maSin miadga qarTul jiSs, gensa da inteleqts. vinc gaaswro sazRvrebs gareT, gaaswro, vinc arada, daxvrites yvela Rirseuli, visac rame damsaxureba hqonda erisa da mamulis winaSe. axloblebs damarxvisa da datirebis saSualebasac ar aZlevdnen, yvelgan SiSi da sikvdili sufevda, mxolod ,,troikis” wevrebi da moRalateebi daTareSobdnen Tavisuflad. arakad dadioda orjonikiZis naTqvami: ,,Semiwiria ruseTisaTvis racxa milion naxevari qarTvelio”... aseTebze TavSi vTqviT, maTze saTqmels istoria ityviso da Tqva kidec, saflavebidan jer Tu ar amoiTxarnen, kvarcxlbegebidan mainc Camoiyarnen da Seirisxnen...1 mixeil laSqaraSvili, ,,mogonebebi”, gaz. ,,respublika”, 1991.2 iqve.

of these courageous men to the authorities. During this

time Elene Chivadze, lashkarashvili’s wife, supported her

husband and the other rebels. she supplied them with

necessary information and ammunition. Mikheil himself

wrote: “My wife often took part in the combat and put

herself in danger…”1

The uprising, later called the “risky venture of 1924”

by the Communists, was supposed to start on August 20,

but treason caused it to be delayed until August 28. Jugeli,

a leader of an external kakhetian division, was exposed.

It was this very Jugeli who set Armenians on the sleepy

Georgians. But soon after he realized the treacherousness

of the Communists and he joined genuine patriots. he was

arrested, punished and was said to have been burned

alive. After this, the rebels decided to attach the regions

instead of Tbilisi, a city in the hands of the Bolsheviks.

The rebellion committee assigned kartli to lashkarashvili.

Everything was taking place without pre-planning. Although

the Colonel Meskhi from kvemochala did not know about

the delay of the uprising, he did not retreat and was

committed to his comrades to the end. on August 31, 1924

the Bolsheviks shot him, together with 22 innocent people

from kvemochala and Amilakhvari. This was followed by

the misfortune of Elizbar Vachnadze in Manglisi. With the

help of a traitor the aggressors found out about a pending

attack beforehand and they were prepared for it. In spite

of that, kakutsa managed to occupy Dusheti, Zemo

kakheti, karaiazi, Borchalo and began even to reconnoiter

Tbilisi. But nevertheless the uprising ended in failure and

bloodshed.

“Moscow, represented by ordzhonikidze, Makharadze

and stalin, was prepared to destroy the Georgians.

Although the Cheka knew the membership of the rebellion

committee, it did not arrest them, since it intended to

use the uprising as a pretext to take revenge on the

Georgians. Their long-awaited day came and the uprising

was suppressed in blood.” The Communists “called on the

peasantry to destroy the nobles. The nobles were deemed

to be a fortress, and Marxism would never gain victory

without destroying that fortress. The Marxists demanded

that these people, who were the main force in the national

struggle, be killed!” 2

Georgia suffered a great loss. These people, who

had done a great service for their country, were not able

to flee abroad, and were instead shot. Their relatives were

not allowed to mourn them. Death was everywhere. only

1 Mikheil lashkarashvili, recollections, The republic, 1991.2 Ibid.

oqtombris dasawyisSi qaqucam, gadarCenil SeficulebTan erTad, guldaTuTqulma datova samSoblo da safrangeTSi gadavida, mogvianebiT misi bedi gaiziara mixeil laSqaraSvilmac.

sof. qvemo xandakSi pelagias biWze _ didTvaleba, jan-RoniT savse samarTlian miSa laSqaraSvilze amis mere aRara gaugiaT ra, mxolod is gviTxres, Turme ucxo qveyanaSi ministris xela kaci gamxdara da oqros trostiT dadiodao...

safrangeTSi, levilis qarTvelTa sasaflaoze gadaxvewilTa oTxasamde samarea, amaTgan orze vkiTxulobT:

mixeil laSqaraSvili 1884 _ 1952 elene laSqaraSvili 1884 _ 1950

the traitors reigned freely. ordzhonikidze’s words became

an aphorism: “let a million and a half Georgians be

donated to russia.” It is up to history to judge people like

ordzhonikidze. While their graves have not been dug up,

they have at least been removed from their pedestals.

At the beginning of october 1924, kakutsa and some

of his surviving compatriots left Georgia for france. soon

afterwards lashkarashvli shared this fate.

Mikheil lashkarashvili, from the village of kvemo

khandaki, the son of Pelagia, was full of strength and a

sense of justice. nothing more was heard about him. The

villagers knew that he had been elevated to ministerial

rank.

There are approximately 400 graves of Georgians

in leville Cemetery, and the following inscriptions are

engraved in two of them:

Mikheil Lashkarashvili 1884-1952

Elene Lashkarashvili 1884-1950

11

12

saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erT rTul periodze, gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebze, bevri Tqmula da dawerila. es periodi qarTuli genisa da niWis zeimad da aseve mis winaaRmdeg brZolad SeiZleba moinaTlos. Tumca amjerad Cven mravlad Tqmulisa da dawerilis gameorebisagan Tavs SevikavebT da mxolod im dokumentebze SevaCerebT Tqven yuradRebas, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi rom inaxeba da Tavmoyrilia im qarTvel moRvaweTa Cvenebebi, romlebic 37 wlis sisxlianma represiebma Seiwira. qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg brZola da maTi ganadgureba sabWoTa xelisuflebis umTavresi amocana gaxldaT. qarTvel mamuliSvilTa udidesi nawili ver egueboda sabWoTa politikas, xolo sabWoTa mmarTveloba maTi erovnuli sulis amboxebas. mwerloba, mxatvroba, Teatri qarTvel moRvaweTa erTaderTi sabrZolo asparezi iyo, amitomac sabWoTa xelisuflebis dartymis obieqti swored es

37 wlis represiebs Sewiruli qarTveli mwerlebis Cvenebebi

nino yifSiZe

nino KipShidzE

,,rogorc afris tkacuni mo

vardnili

cidan, iseTi vaJkacuri

gaqroleba minda...~

suli amboxebuli / unbending spir i t

Much has been said and written about the 1930s. This was one of the most difficult periods of Georgian history, which can be viewed as triumph of Georgian genius and talent as well as the struggle against this very talent and genius. This time we will abstain from repeating the same and would like to draw your attention to those documents which are preserved in the Archive Administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. here you can see the testimonies of Georgian writers who were the victims of bloody repression in 1937. The major task of the soviet Union authority was to fight against the representatives of the Georgian intelligence and to destroy them. Most of the Georgian patriots could not endure soviet policy and the soviet authorities could not withstand their resistance. The objects of the soviet authority’s aggression were writing, painting and theater, as they were the only “fighting fields” for Georgians.

Many Georgian writers fell victim to the bloodshed of 1937: Paolo Iashvili, Mikheil Javakhishvili, sandro Akhmeteli, nikolo Mitsishvili and others. The ‘confessions’ of these people are preserved in the abovementioned documents

ThE TEsTIMonIEs of GEorGIAn WrITErs AffECTEd By THE

rEPrEssIon of 1937

sferoebi gaxda. sisxlianma ocdaCvidmetma welma

Seiwira paolo iaSvili, mixeil javaxiSvili, sandro axmeteli, nikolo miwiSvili da sxvebi. swored am adamianTa `aRiarebiTi~ Cvenebebia Tavmoyrili zemoaRniSnul dokumentSi romelsac ` Доклад на пленуме ЦК КП (б) Грузии о вредительских к-р организациях в Грузии и мероприятиях по борьбе с последствиями вредительства~ hqvia da, rogorc ukve mixvdiT, es gaxlavT angariSi, romelSic moTxrobilia qarTuli inteligenciis `mavnebluri~, `Spionuri~, `agenturuli~, `kontrrevoluciuri~ saqmianoba. es dokumenti aseve Seexeba sxvadasxva sferoSi fexmokidebuli sabWoeTis mtrebis `mavneblur~ qmedebebsac. Tumca maSinac da, miTumetes, dResac yvelasaTvis naTelia, ra pirobebSi da rogori wamebis Semdeg uxdebodaT Cven Tanamemamuleebs msgavsi Cvenebebis micema. `aRiarebiTi~ Cvenebebidan vigebT, rom literaturuli jgufebi da gaerTianebebi, maT Soris `cisferyanwelebi~ qarTuli mwerlobisa da poeziis ganviTarebas ki ar emsaxurebodnen, aramed `faSisturi da kontrrevoluciuri organizaciebi~ yofilan. `mwerlebs Soris arsebobda faSisturi organizacia, romelsac dapatimrebuli daviT wereTeli (qarTvel mweralTa litfondis direqtoris moadgile) xelmZRvanelobda da romelsac Tavad daviT wereTeli gamoZiebisTvis micemul CvenebaSi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: es organizacia Sedgeba faSisturi elementebisagan da mkveTrad dapirispirebulia sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan. is eweva aqtiur brZolas sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da Sesaferis momentSi mzadaa ukiduresi moqmedebisaTvis. organizaciis platforma sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobasa da germaniis mfarvelobis qveS damoukidebeli saqarTvelos CamoyalibebaSi mdgomareobs. am kontrrevoluciur organizaciaSi Sedian mwerlebi – mixeil javaxiSvili, nikolo miwiSvili, paolo iaSvili, arCil miqaZe, daviT wereTeli~.1

rusTavelis Teatri ki kontrrevolucionerTa bude da TavSesafari yofila - `rusTavelis Teatris yofili direqtoris, sandro axmetelis mier Seqmnili faSistur-teroristuli organizacia ZiriTadad rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobebisagan Sedgeboda~, xolo mwerlebi _ paolo

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 123.

nino yifSiZe

nino KipShidzE

13

Доклад на пленуме ЦК КП (б) Грузии о вредителъских к-р организациях в Грузии и мероприятиях по борбе с последствиями вредителъства . These documents deal with ‘wrecked’, ‘spy’, ‘secret-service’ and ‘counter-revolutionary’ activities of the Georgian intelligence as well as with the activities of the soviet enemies who were active in various fields. It was obvious even then and ever more now that the ‘confessions’ of our countrymen, the so-called enemies, were made under gruesome torture. According to these ‘confessions’, the literary groups and units, including the Georgian symbolist group Blue horns, served not only the development of the Georgian literature and poetry, but they were also ‘fascist and counter-revolutionary’ organizations. There was a fascist organization among the writers under the leadership of imprisoned Davit Tsereteli, deputy director of the Georgian writers’ literary fund. he himself characterized the abovementioned organization in the testimony in the following way: ‘This organization consists of fascist elements and it is of sharply anti-soviet inclination.” It fights actively against the soviet authority and is ready to take extreme measures at a proper time. The platform of the organization was to overthrow the regime of the soviet union and to proclaim the independence of Georgia under the patronage of Germany. The members of this counter-revolutionary organization are: Mikheil Javakhishvili, nikolo Mitsishvili, Paolo Iashvili, Archil Mikadze and Davit Tsereteli.’1

rustaveli Theater was a hearth and a shelter of the counter-revolutionaries. A fascist-terrorist organization established by sandro Akhmeteli, a former director of the theater, mainly consisted of the actors from rustaveli

1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d.49, p.123.

1�

iaSvili, mixeil javaxiSvili, daviT wereTeli, germaniis, safrangeTis, italiisa da poloneTis agentebi, diversantebi, samSoblos mtrebi da mavneblebi iyvnen. Tumca am braldebebsa da aRiarebebSic aris raRac simarTlis marcvali. simarTlis marcvalic is gaxlavT, rom es adamianebi, marTlac, qveynis patriotebi da samSobloze usazRvrod Seyvarebulebi iyvnen da maTi erTaderTi mizanic Tavisufal saqarTveloSi cxovreba, sabWoTa uRlisagan Cveni qveynis gaTavisufleba da sabWoTa imperiis damarcxeba iyo. am brZolaSi qarTvel moRvaweTa iaraRi mxolod kalami gaxldaT.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi patriotizmi yvelaze did da upatiebel danaSaulad iTvleboda, romelsac `wiTelma mmarTvelobam~ sastiki omi gamoucxada. saarqivo sammarTveloSi dacul saqmeSi moTxrobilia sabWoTa kavSiris winsvlasa da warmatebebze, magram amave dros im agenturul-diversiul da moRalateobriv saqmianobaze, romelic cdilobda, Ziri gamoeTxara sabWoTa mmarTvelobisTvis. `kapitalisturi qveynebi diversiuli qmedebebiT cdiloben sabWoTa kavSiris siZlieris Seryevas. ucxouri qveynebis agenturam TiTqmis yvela sfero da organizacia moicva. agenturam ara mxolod qveda rgolebze SeaRwia, aramed Spionebi da agentebi arian sakmaod sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebzec. qveynis moRalateebi yvelafers akeTeben imisTvis, rom SpionaJiT, diversiiT, terorizmiT, faSisturi qveynebis daxmarebiT ziani miayenon sabWoTa kavSirs. maTi mizania saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSirisgan mowyveta... saqarTvelos mtrebma ideologiuri frontic gamoiyenes da cdiloben, gavlenis qveS moaqcion inteligencia~.1

saarqivo sammarTvelos arqivSi daculi saqmis mixedviT, erT-erT aseT mavneblad da diversantad cxaddeba mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili, romelsac jer apatimreben, sastiki wamebis Sedegad ki sasurvel aRiarebiT Cvenebasac CamoarTmeven da bolos daxvreten. ai, ra Cvenebas aZlevs wamebis Semdeg mixeil javaxiSvili, romelic mweralTa Soris arsebuli faSisturi organizaciis xelmZRvanelad inaTleba: _ `Cven gadanawilebuli gvqonda rolebi, me vxelmZRvanelobdi finansebs, g. qiqoZes evaleboda kavSiris damyareba sxvadasxva antisabWour organizaciebTan da

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 4.

Theater and the writers: namely, Paolo Iashvili, Mikheil Javakhishvili and Davit Tsereteli who were saboteurs, enemies of their native land, wreckers and agents of Germany, spain, Italy and Poland. still, there is a grain of truth to these charges and confessions. These people were true patriots of their country and their aims were to live in an independent Georgia, to free this country from the yoke of the soviet union and to defeat the soviet Empire. The only weapon of the Georgian writers in this fight was their pen. under the conditions of the soviet authority, patriotism was deemed to be the largest and the most unforgivable crime and the ‘red Authority’ declared a bitter war against it. The case, preserved in the Archive Administration, is concerned with success of the soviet union, as well as with those secret and treacherous acts of sabotage which tried to undermine the soviet authority. ‘Capitalistic countries attempt to weaken the soviet union with their acts of sabotage. The agents of foreign countries have covered every field and organization. The agents were not only ordinary employees but also people in very responsible positions. The traitors of the country did their best to do harm to the soviet union. Their aim was to separate Georgia from the soviet union. The enemies of Georgia used the ideological front and tried to gain influence over the intelligence.’1

According to the case preserved in the Archive Administration, the writer Mikheil Javakhishvili was regarded as one of the saboteurs and dissidents. his recalcitrance to the soviet ideological pressure cost him his life. first Javakhishvili was arrested and tortured in the presence of Beria until he signed a ‘confession’. Then he was shot. This is evidence given by Mikheil Javakhishvili after the torture. he was designated as the leader of the fascist organization, which existed among the writers: ‘Everybody had his duty. The finances were under my control. G. Kikodze’s duty was to make contacts with various anti-soviet organizations and groups. Paolo Iashvili assumed responsibility for holding negotiations with the foreigners and the arrangement of the organizational issues was up to Mosashvili. on the whole we believed the program of Italian fascism must be adjusted to the Georgian reality. We decided to have a representative in every region (Mazra) and a big center which will automatically be a part of the three-party coalition’.2 According to the abovementioned case, Mikheil Javakhishvili had connections with the representatives of the various anti-soviet parties: the social-federalist Meskhishvili and the Menshevik ninidze. Mikheil Javakhishvili added in his testimony: ‘We have decided to form an interparty block and agreed to get ready for the uprising, to hinder isolated uprisings in Georgia and to form a block which would consist

1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d.49, p.4.2 Ibid. p.123

1�

jgufebTan. ucxoelebTan molaparakebebis warmoeba Tavis Tavze aRebuli hqonda paolo iaSvils, xolo saorganizacio saqmeebis mogvareba mosaSvils evaleboda... saboloo jamSi italiuri faSizmis programa miviReT, romelic qarTuli realobisTvis unda mogvergo. Cven gadavwyviteT, yvela mazrasa da did centrSi gvyoloda TiTo warmomadgeneli, romelic TavisTavad sameulis Semadgeneli iqneboda.~1 aRniSnuli saqmis mixedviT, mixeil javaxiSvils kavSiri hqonda sxvadasxva antisabWouri partiebis warmomadgenlebTan _ social-federalist mesxiSvilsa da menSevik niniZesTan.

mixeil javaxiSvili CvenebaSi dasZens: `gadawyvetili iyo, Segveqmna interpartiuli bloki da Semdegze SevTanxmdiT: 1) yovelmxriv SevmzadebuliyaviT ajanyebisTvis, 2) ar dagveSva izolirebuli ajanyebebi saqarTveloSi, 3) Camogveyalibebina bloki, romelic sami partiisgan iqneboda Semdgari, 4) yoveli partia SeinarCunebda Tavis saxes, 5) bloks unda gaeZlierebina Tavis Semadgenloba, 6) did centrebSi Seiqmneboda aseTive sameulebi.

mweralTa faSisturi organizacia daukavSirdeboda saomar centrs da konsultaciebs gaivlida polonur, germanul da italiur centrebTan~...2 swored am qveynebis agentad da Spionad cxaddeboda mixeil javaxiSvili, romelsac sabWoTa jalaTebi Semdegi Sinaarsis da aranakleb absurdul Cvenebasac daawerineben. plenumisTvis gankuTvnil angariSSi javaxiSvilis Cvenebas es sityvebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli: _ `mixeil javaxiSvili zedmiwevniT mogviTxrobs Tavis Spionur kavSirebze poloneTis, germaniis, italiis konsulebTan~ da aRirebiTi Cvenebac ase iwyeba: - `me mivedi yvelaze saSinel aRiarebamde... paolo iaSvils vTxove, davekavSirebine poloneTis konsulTan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, piradad vewveodi konsuls, rac sakmaod saxifaTo iyo. ramdenime dReSi mestumra ucnobi pirovneba, romelmac miTxra, rom poloneTis konsulis TanaSemwe iyo~.3 konsulis TxovniT javaxiSvilma werili miswera Tavis nacnob polkovnik l. garsevaniSvils. Tavis mxriv ki poloneTis konsuls informacia unda miewodebina misTvis sazRvargareT arsebuli mdgomareobis

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 123.2 iqve, furc. 124.3 iqve, furc. 105.

mixeil ja

vaxiSvili

mixeil javaxiSvili

Mikheil Javakhishvili

of three parties. Besides, every party would keep its face: the block was to reinforce its staff and the same kind of the three-party coalition were to form in big centers.

The writers’ fascist organization would contact with the combat center and have consultations with Polish, German and Italian centers.’ 1Mikheil Javakhishvil, as an enemy of the people, an agent and spy of these countries was forced to write absurd testimonies by the soviet butchers. These words are prefaced with Javakhishvili’s testimony destined for the plenum: ‘Mikheil Javakhishvili retells in detail about his spy connections with the consuls of Poland, Germany and Italy.’ The ‘confession’ begins with these words: ‘I must make the most terrible confession. I asked Paolo Iashvili to associate me with the consul of Poland. otherwise I would visit the consul myself, which was rather dangerous. In a few days a stranger came to me who said that he worked as an assistant of the consul of Poland.’2 At the request of the consul, Javakhishvili wrote a letter to his acquaintance, Colonel l. Garsevanishvili. In return, the consul of Poland was to inform Javakhishvili about the current situation abroad and associate Javakhishvili with the representatives of the emigration government of Georgia.

Javakhishvili asked Iashvili to arrange the meeting between him and the consuls of Germany and Italy. ‘After a few days Paolo Iashvili came to me. he put a few packs of papers on my table and said that at midnight I was to meet with the consul of Germany and give him one pack of paper while the remaining ones were for the consuls of Italy and Poland. At the appointed time I rang the consul of Germany and came to the meeting. The consul of Italy was there too. Pointing to the consul of Italy, the consul of Germany said

1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d.49, p. 124.2 Ibid., p.105.

1�

Sesaxeb da javaxiSvili daekavSirebina saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan.

javaxiSvili aseve iaSvils sTxovs, Seaxvedros germaniisa da italiis konsulebs... `ramdenime dRis Semdeg CemTan movida paolo iaSvili. magidaze furclebis ramdenime Sekvra damido da miTxra, SuaRamiT germaniis konsuli gelodebao, romlisTvisac furclebis erTi Sekvra unda gadameca, xolo meore da mesame Sekvra italiisa da poloneTis konsulebisTvis... daTqmul dros davureke germaniis konsuls da Sexvedraze mivedi, masTan iyo italiis konsulic. germaniis konsulma miTxra, rom erTmaneTisgan araferi gvaqvs dasamalio, TiTiT italiis konsulze maniSna da daayola, Tan Cven ukve megobrebi varTo. am qaRaldebis sanacvlod me 6. 000 rubli gadmomces~.1 `Cekam~ mixeil javaxiSvilisgan sasurveli Cveneba miiRo da mwerali da sazogado moRvawe daxvrites. Tumca manamde erT-erTi pirveli, vinc am represiebma Seiwira, paolo iaSvili gaxldaT. Spionad, agentad, kontrrevolucionerad da teroristad monaTlulma poetma protestis niSnad Tavi moikla. am faqtma SeZra qarTuli inteligencia da mixeil javaxiSvilmac Semdegi sityvebi warmoTqva: `namdvili vaJkaci yofila, yvelas gvajobao!~

paolo iaSvilic iseTive `eris moRalate~, `agenti~ da `Spioni~ iyo, rogorc mixeil javaxiSvili da danarCenebi. Tumca qarTuli inteligenciis `aRiarebiTi~ CvenebebSi igi erT-erT warCinebul mzveravad da `damverbovkeblad~ cxaddeboda. `paolo iaSvili Tavad ,,averbovkebda~ xalxs kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobisTvis da nacionalistur jgufebSi saukeTeso organizatorad iTvleboda. is iyo safrangeTis, poloneTis italiisa da germaniis Spioni, agentiAda qveynis moRalate~.2 – vkiTxulobT saqmeSi... `qveynis moRalate~, romelic Tavs iklavs da wlebis Semdeg mas mwerali guram asaTiani am sityvebs uZRvnis _ `ara mxolod elvare niWis gamo, me paolo iaSvili im sabediswero gasrolisaTvis miyvars, radgan misi orluliani Tofidan gamovardnilma cecxlma sicocxles azri misca, Rirseba Semata da Cven, momdevno Taobebsac, Segvitrusa wamwamebi, ar mogvasvena da Cvens arCevanze, am soflad

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 105.2 iqve, furc. 126.

paolo iaSvili

Paolo Iashvili

to me that they had nothing to conceal from each other and added that they had already been on friendly terms. In return I was given 6,000 roubles.’ 1Javakhishvili, the poet and public figure, was shot after he had given the desired evidence to the Cheka. But beforehand one of the victims of the repression was Paolo Iashvili who had been labeled as a spy, agent, counter-revolutionary and terrorist. In protest he committed suicide. The news shook the Georgian intelligence and Javakhishvili pronounced the following words: ‘he turned out to be a real brave man and better than any of us.’

Paolo Iashvili was such ‘traitor to the nation’, ‘agent’ and ‘spy’ as Mikheil Javakhishvili and others, though in the ‘confessions’ of the Georgian intelligence he was characterized as one of the successful patrols. It is an extract from the case: ‘Paolo Iashvili won the people over for the counter-revolutionary activities. he was deemed to be the best organizer among the nationalist groups. he was a spy and agent of spain, Poland, Italy and Germany and a traitor to the country.’2 he was a traitor to the country who committed suicide and after some years the writer Guram Asatiani dedicated these words to him: ‘I love Paolo Iashvili not only for his lustrous talent but also for that fatal shot. fire, blown from his double-barreled gun, he gave sense and dignity to life and he made us, the next generations, think about our choice – necessity of keeping the human soul in this world.’

nikolo Mitsishvili, a member of the Blue horns, could not survive from the soviet cruel machine. like others, he was not forgiven his love toward the homeland and the years which he had spent abroad. he was christened as an agent and spy and fell in the hand of the soviet butchers. Mitsishvili 1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d. 49, p.105.2 Ibid., 126.

adamianad yofnis, adamianad darCenis uZneles aucileblobaze dagvafiqra.~

verc `cisferyanwelTa~ wevri nikolo miwiSvili gadaurCa sabWoTa ulmobel manqanas. danarCenebis msgavsad arc mas apaties samSoblos siyvaruli da sazRvargareT gatarebuli wlebi. isic agentad da Spionad Seiracxa da sabWoTa jalaTebs Cauvarda xelSi. miwiSvili 1937 wels daxvrites.

ai, rogor aris misi saqmianoba plenumis angariSSi gadmocemuli: `nikolo miwiSvili 1918-1922 wlebSi iyo gaerTianeba `cisferyanwelebis~ wevri, romelic im periodSi sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg gaxldaT ganwyobili. 1922 wels miwiSvili sazRvargareT miemgzavreba da emigraciuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs _ Jordanias, veSapels, qarumaZes, xvdeba. nikolo miwiSvili qarumaZis saSualebiT frangul dazvervasTan, xolo arCil miqaZis xaziT germanul dazvervasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.~1 1925 wels miwiSvili saqarTveloSi brundeba. sabWoTa xelisfleba, ra Tqma unda, nikolo miwiSvils apatimrebs da gamoZiebisTvis micemul CvenebaSi awerinebs, rom is qarTuli literaturuli gaerTianeba, romlis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelic Tavad iyo, faSistur organizaciad gardaiqmna. saqmeSi vkiTxulobT amonarids nikolo miwiSvilis Cvenebidan: `saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg me davukavSirdi nacionalisturad ganwyobil mwerlebs, romlebic gaerTianebuli iyvnen mixeil javaxiSvilis garSemo, aseve davukavSirdi qarTvel literatorebs, `cisferyanwelebs~: paolo iaSvilsa da sxvebs. es nacionalist-literatorTa gaerTianeba saboloo jamSi aralegalur faSistur organizaciad gardaiqmna, romlis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelic bolo dRemde me viyavi. Cveni mizani sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxoba da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Camoyalibeba iyo. aqedan gamomdinare kontrrevoluciuri organizaciis wevrebi literaturul saqmianobaSi nacionalisturi ideebis propagandas eweodnen.~2 nacionalisturi ideebis propaganda ar apaties reJisor sandro axmetelsac, romelic `cdilobda Tavis nacionalisturi ideebi, mxatvrulad SeniRbuli, mayureblamde mietana. im periodSi rusTavelis TeatrSi Cndeba

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 125.2 iqve, furc. 125.

paolo iaSvili

Paolo Iashvili

1�

was shot in 1937.This is how his activity is described in the account of

the plenum: ‘nikolo Mitsishvili was a member of the unit Blue horns in 1918-1922 which acted against the soviet authority during that time. In 1922 Mitsishvili went abroad and there he met the representatives of the emigrate government Zhordania, veshapeli and karumadze. karumadze was a connecting link between nikolo Mitsishvili and the french reconnaissance, while Archil Mikadze was a link between Mitsishvili and the German reconnaissance.1 In 1925 Mitsishvili came back to Georgia. of course, the soviet authority arrested him and he was made to write in the ‘confession’ that a literary unit, which was under his control, had been turned into the fascist organization. here is the extract from his ‘confession’: ‘having returned to Georgia I associated with the writers who had nationalist inclinations and were united around Mikheil Javakhishvili. I also made contacts with Blue horns, Paolo Iashvili and others, the Georgian writers. This unit, the members of which were nationalists and writers, was finally transformed into illegal fascist organization and I was one of the leaders until the last day. our aim was to overthrow the soviet authority and to gain independence of Georgia. hence it follows that the members of the counter-revolutionary organization propagandized nationalistic ideas in literary activities.’2 sandro Akhmeteli, Georgian theater director, was not forgiven for his propagandistic activity of nationalistic ideas which aimed to bring these ideas to the spectators through the literary disguise. During that period the plays, saturated with nationalism, appeared in the rustaveli Theater. In 1913 ‘Tetnuldi’, a play of shalva Dadiani, was staged in the theater which carried the idea of fighting for independence of Georgia. In this play svaneti represents independent

1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.6, d. 49, p.125.2 Ibid., p.125.

1�

nacionalizmiT gaJRenTili piesebi. 1913 wels TeatrSi idgmeba Salva dadianis piesa `TeTnuldi~, romlis ideac Tavisufali saqarTvelosTvis brZolas Seexeba. piesaSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelo gamoxatulia svaneTis saxiT. piesis mixedviT, svaneTi imarjvebs, xolo sabWoTa mmarTveloba marcxdeba.

konstantine gamsaxurdia cdilobs, axmetelis daxmarebiT Tavisi nacionalisturi piesis scenaze gatanas, romlis ideac nacionalizmsa da patriotizmSi mdgomareobs. akaki vasaZis mier idgmeba piesa `Slegebi~, romelic imave ideis matarebelia. cxadia, Teatris xelmZRvanels aseT Tamam nabijebs aravin apatiebda da amitomac isic kontrrevolucionerTa rigebSi Caiwera. plenumis angariSis mixedviT, sandro axmetels SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi faSistur-teroristuli organizacia hqonda Camoyalibebuli, romlis wevrebic msaxiobebi iyvnen. `centris muSaoba SemdgomSi mdgomareobda: nacionalisturi ideebis propagandiT xalxis ,,daverbovkeba~ unda mogvexdina. centri Sedgeboda rusTavelis Teatris warmomadgenlebis, mweralTa organizaciis, mxatvarTa, profesorTa, studentTa gaerTianebisagan. centris TiToeuli wevri awarmoebda kontrrevoluciur saqmianmobas im sferoSi, romelsac Tavad ekuTvnoda. ase, magaliTad, nacionalistur da kontrrevoluciur saqmianobas vxelmZRvanelobdi me~,1 _ dasZens CvenebaSi sandro axmeteli da sxvebis msgavsad isic ocdaCvidmeti wlis represiebis msxverpli gaxdeba.

saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi es saqme naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu ras Seewira qarTveli inteligenciis didi nawili. `me udanaSaulo var! qarTveli xalxisa da Cemi samSoblos winaSe araviTari danaSauli ar mimiZRvis, magram, radgan zvarakia saWiro, mzad var saqarTvelos Tavi Sevwiro, Tqven me momspobT, magram imas verasodes waSliT, rac davtove. saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze iseTi muxa davrge, romlis fesvebs verasodes aRmofxvriT~. _ es sityvebi mixeil javaxiSvils ganaCenis gamotanis Semdeg warmouTqvams da amiT ocdaCvidmeti wlis represiebs Sewirul qarTvel moRvaweTa saTqmelic Tqva.

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #6, s. #49, furc. 128.

sandro axmeteli

Sandro Akhmeteli

Georgia. According to the play, svaneti wins and the soviet authority is defeated.

konstantine Gamsakhurdia tried to stage his nationalistic play with the help of Akhmeteli.The play was full of nationalistic and patriotic ideas. Akaki vasadze staged the play which carried the same idea. It was clear that nobody would forgive the director of the theater for such a free step and he was deemed to be among the counter-revolutionaries. According to the Plenum account, sandro Akhmeteli had a formed fascist and terrorist organization in the rustaveli Theater and the members of this organization were the actors. ‘The activity of this center was the following: through the propaganda of nationalistic ideas, we intended to win the people over. The center consisted of the representatives of the rustaveli Theater, the writers’ organization, artists, professors and the student unit. Each member of the center carried the counter-revolutionary activities into the field to which he belonged. sandro Akhmeteli, one of the victims of the repression in 1937, said in his ‘confession’ that ‘the nationalistic and counter-revolutionary activities were under my control’.1

This case, preserved in the Archive Administration, is a clear sample of what the Georgian intelligence devoted itself to. ‘I am innocent! Though I have not committed any crime toward the homeland, I am ready to devote myself to Georgia if it is necessary. You will destroy me, not what I have left. The roots of the oak planted by me will never be eradicated.’ Mikheil Javakhishvili said these words after his verdict. With these words he expressed the opinion of those members of Georgian intelligence who were oppressed in 1937.

1 section III, of the Archive Administration of the MoIA f. 6, d. 49, p. 128.

1�

sandro axmeteli

Salva zurabis Ze eliavas cxovrebam naTlad asaxa dasustebuli rusuli imperiis winaaRmdegobrivi buneba da misi mcdeloba, rom caristuli imperia gadaqceuliyo mravalerovan sabWoTa saxelmwifod. eliava, romelic qarTveli aznauris ojaxSi daibada, TviTmpyrobelobis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege da bolSevizmis energiuli propagandisti gaxda. man revoluciuri wlebis umetesi nawili ruseTSi gaatara. Tavdapirvelad iyo iuridiuli fakultetis studenti sankt-peterburgSi, mogvianebiT ki, rogorc partiis aqtivisti, orjer iqna gadasaxlebuli ruseTis provinciebSi revoluciur presasTan faruli kavSiris gamo. ruseTis civi omis dros bolSevikur partiaSi gaerTianebis Sedegad eliava jer moskovidan TurqestanSi aRmoCnda, Semdeg ki, 1921 wels, saqarTveloSi dabrunda. swored es aris sabWoTa istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi ironia, romelic axdenda sabWoTa mmarTvelobis centralizebas da centralur aziasa da kavkasiaSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc

qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi qarTveli

revolucioneris istoriis kvaldakval

kavkasiidan kremlamde

The life of shalva Zurabovich Eliava reflected the

contradictions of the waning years of the russian Empire,

and the tensions of the effort to transform the tsarist empire

into a multiethnic soviet state. Born into a Georgian noble

family, Eliava became an ardent opponent of autocracy

and an energetic Bolshevik propagandist. A Georgian, he

spent most of his revolutionary years in russia, first as a

law student in st. Petersburg, later as a party activist twice

exiled to russia’s provinces for his participation in the

revolutionary underground press. his involvement in the

Bolshevik party led him from Moscow to Turkestan during

A life lived Between Georgia and russia: Tracing the Personal history of a Georgian revolutionary from the Caucasus to the kremlin

ucxo TvaliT/foreign Perspect ive

erik skoti kaliforniis universiteti, berkli

Erik r. skottuniversity of California, Berkeley

20

rusuli imperializmis axali forma, romelic garkveul wilad eTnikuri qarTvelebis mier iyo Seqmnili. eliavas didi rwmena hqonda im moaxloebuli utopiuri momavlisa, rodesac ar iqneboda pirovnebebis klasobrivi da eTnikuri niSniT dayofa. miuxedavad amisa, igi iyo qarTuli kulturis warmomadgeneli da me-20 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi partiul winsvlaSi mas qarTveli megobrebisa da mfarvelebis imedi hqonda.

me-20 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi bolSevikurma revoluciam xelisuflebaSi moiyvana gareSe pirebisagan Semdgari axali elitaruli jgufi. misi wevrebi ZiriTadad iyvnen dasustebuli ruseTis imperiis ganapira qalaqebidan da soflebidan, romelTa umravlesoba ar iyo rusuli warmomavlobis. eseni iyvnen mTavrobis samsaxursa da Tavisufali moZraobidan garicxuli is ebraelebi, romelTac ruseTis mefeebi marTavdnen. aRniSnul elitarul jgufSi Sediodnen aseve qarTvelebi da latvielebi, romlebic rusifikaciis caristuli politikis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen. jgufis yvela wevri Tavgamodebuli socialisti iyo, ris gamoc bevrma maTganma garkveuli wlebi patimrobasa da gadasaxlebaSi gaatara. revoluciam gaaerTiana es gansxvavebuli adamianebi da Tavi mouyara maT ruseTSi, axali sabWoTa saxelmwifos centrSi. nawili iyo muSaTa ojaxidan, zogi - provinciuli inteligenciidan, zogi ki - Sercxvenili da gakotrebuli aristokratiuli wridan.

sabWoTa dedaqalaqSi am dajgufebebidan yvelaze gamorCeulad TvalSisacemi qarTvelebi iyvnen. ioseb stalini dajgufebis yvelaze cnobili wevri gaxldaT. socializmis mSeneblobis masobrivi proeqtis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi mas mxarSi edga Zveli qarTveli megobari, politbiuros wevri sergo orjonikiZe. igi 1926 wels saxalxo ekonomikis uzenaesi sabWos mrewvelobas ganagebda, xolo 1932 wels mZime mrewvelobis pirveli ministri iyo.1 im drois yvelaze ambiciuri samrewvelo proeqtis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi mas ori qarTveli komunistis imedi hqonda, romelTac Tavad mfarvelobda. eseni iyvnen: Salva okujava da besarion (beso) lominaZe. amaTgan pirvels ekava partiis

1 ix. v. oleg xlevnuki “stalinis CrdilSi”: sergo orjonikiZis saqmianoba. red. edvard donald j. relifi, Targ. devid j. nordlenderi. armonki, niu - iorki da londoni: m. i. Sarfi, 1995.

the russian Civil War, and then back to Georgia in 1921; it

is one of the many ironies of soviet history that centralized

soviet rule, which many in Central Asia and the Caucasus

saw as a new form of russian imperialism, was in part

established by an ethnic Georgian. An ardent believer in

an imminent utopian future in which class difference would

be eradicated and ethnic identity would wither away, he

nevertheless was a product of Georgian culture, and relied

on networks of Georgian friends and patrons to advance

through the ranks of the Party in the 1920s and 1930s.

The new elite which the Bolshevik revolution brought

to power in the 1920s and 1930s was a group of outsiders,

in every imaginable sense of the word. Its members came

largely from cities, towns, and villages on the outskirts of

the shattered russian Empire; a disproportionately large

number were ethnically non-russian: Jews previously

barred from government service and freedom of movement

under the tsars, Georgians and latvians who chafed

against tsarist policies of russification. All were fervent

socialists, and many had served years in prison or in exile

on behalf of the cause. The revolution united this disparate

band, drawn from the

families of workers,

frustrated members

of the provincial

intelligentsia, and

disgraced and

impoverished

aristocratic lines, and

led them to Moscow,

the center of the new

soviet state.

Among those

groups most visible

in the soviet capital

were the Georgians.

While Joseph stalin is undoubtedly the most famous

member of this group, he was not alone. At the fore of

the massive project of building socialism was stalin’s old

Georgian comrade, sergo ordzhonikidze, the Politburo

member in charge of industrial planning for the supreme

Council of the People’s Economy in 1926 and the first

Minister of heavy Industry upon creation of the ministry

Salva eliava / shalva Eliava

21

mdivnis Tanamdeboba niJni TagilSi, meores ki - partiis mdivnis Tanamdeboba magnitogorskSi, sadac aSenda didi metalurgiuli kompleqsi, romelsac istorikosi stefan kotkini moixseniebs, rogorc saukunis yvelaze RirSesaniSnav, axal, umaRles, industriul movlenas, romelic sabWoTa ruseTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. qalaqi, romelic am kompleqss gars ekvroda, momavlis socialisturi qalaqis nimuSad iqca.1 dauRalav qarTvel organizatorTa Soris unda movixsenioT aseve abel enuqiZe, centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiumis mdivani da stalinis meuRlis, nadias, naTlia. Salva eliavas mWidro kavSiri hqonda yvela am politikur moRvawesTanac. 1921 wels, rodesac wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SemoiWra, igi Tavis moqmedebebs stalins uTanxmebda. me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos eliava orjonikiZesTan eZebda politikur TavSesafars. aseve 1931 wels xSirad ukavSirdeboda enuqiZesa da sxvebs moskovSi Tavisi dawinaurebis Taobaze. radganac maTi dajgufeba ar iyo sxva bolSevikebisgan gamoyofili, ruseTSi

moRvawe qarTvelma politikurma figurebma Camoayalibes farTo sazogadoeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo megobrobaze, saerTo gamocdilebaze, socializmisadmi Tavdadebasa da qarTuli kulturis Zirebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es kriteriumebi ar iyo winsvlis garantia da ver icavda dajgufebis wevrebs

1 ix. stefan kotkini, “magnituri mTa”, stalinizmi, rogorc civilizacia. berkli, kaliforniis universitetis presa, 1995, gv. 33-35.

in 1932.1 To ensure the completion of the most ambitious

industrial projects of the time, ordzhonikidze in turn relied

on two Georgian communists under his patronage, shalva

okudzhava and vissarion “Beso” lominadze. The former

was Party secretary in nizhnii Tagil, site of the mammoth

ural Coach Construction factory, the latter the Party

secretary in Magnitogosk, where an enormous metalurgical

complex, referred to by historian stephen kotkin as “the

most celebrated showcase of the new, superior industrial

age” that was to be realized in soviet russia, was rapidly

built and the city surrounding in it transformed into the

model “socialist city of the future.”2 Among the ranks of

these tireless Georgian organizational figures, we should

also include Abel Enukidze, secretary of the Presidium of

the Central Executive Committee, and godfather to stalin’s

wife nadya. shalva Eliava enjoyed close ties with all of

these political figures, coordinating his actions with stalin

during the red Army’s invasion of Georgia in 1921, seeking

the political patronage of ordzhonikidze upon the latter’s

rise to power in the late 1920s, and often socializing with

Enukidze and others upon his promotion to Moscow in

1931. While they were

not a group separate

from other Bolsheviks,

Georgian political

figures in Moscow did

form a loose community

held together by

bonds of friendship,

shared experience, a

dedication to socialism,

and a Georgian cultural

background. While

these bonds were not a

guarantee of promotion

and could not always

protect members of the group against political persecution,

their existence led many contemporaries to remark on the

prominence and visibility of Georgians at the highest levels

of power in the 1930s.

little is known and even less has been written

1 see oleg v. khlevniuk, In stalin’s shadow: The Career of “sergo” Ordzhonikidze. Ed. Donald J. raleigh, trans. David J. nordlander. Armonk, nY and london: M. E. sharpe, 1995.

2 see stephen kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: stalinism as Civilization. Berkeley: university of California Press, 1995: 33-35.

ioseb stalini / Joseph stalin sergo orjonikiZe / sergo ordzhonikidze

22

politikuri devnisgan, imaT arsebobam aiZula bevri Tanamedrove, xazi gaesva xelisuflebis umaRles safexurebze qarTvelebis didi mniSvnelobisaTvis me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi.

cota ram aris cnobili da ufro cota dawerili qarTveli revolucionerebis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb aRniSnul sazogadoebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Salva eliava ar iyo yvelaze cnobili qarTveli politikuri figura moskovSi, misi biografia saSualebas iZleva gavecnoT im periodis politikur viTarebas Sida wreebSi. man datova SesaniSnavi saarqivo Canawerebi istoriisTvis.

istorikosebis umravlesoba, romlebic Seiswavlian me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa politikur elitas, yuradRebas amaxvileben saarqivo masalebis simravleze, romelic inaxeba moskovSi arsebul socialur-politikuri istoriis ruseTis saxelmwifo arqivSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi, romlebic me-20 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen da kariera moskovSi gaikeTes, maTi fesvebi saqarTveloSi iyo da xSir SemTxvevaSi maT piraduli da profesiuli kavSirebi hqondaT TavianT samSoblosTan. qarTveli bolSevikebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Salva eliavas moRvaweobis Seswavlisas, me saaSkaraoze gamovitane unikaluri da aqamde Seuswavleli masalebi saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis arqividan, romlebic amJamad saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sammarTveloSia daculi. arqivis TanamSromlebis daxmarebiT, gavecani masalebs, romlebmac saSualeba momces gavcnobodi me-20 saukunis 20-30 wlebSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebis pirad cxovrebas. dokumenturma masalam, romelic saqarTveloSi Seviswavle ara marto srulyofili gaxada manamde moskovSi gacnobili masalebi, aramed gadamwyveti roli Seasrula imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor an ratom movidnen qarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi da ras niSnavda maTTvis kavkasiis respublika da misi kultura maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirs Tavad marTavdnen moskovidan.

gTavazobT Salva eliavas cxovrebisa da revoluciuri karieris mokle monaxazs, romelsac SeuZlia, garkveuli warmodgena Segviqmnas moskovSi moRvawe qarTvel wamyvan politikosebze.

about what participation in this community of Georgian

revolutionaries was like from the perspective of its

members. While shalva Eliava was not the most famous

Georgian political figure in Moscow, his biography offers

the possibility of exploring the issue from the perspective

of a Georgian political insider who left behind a fascinating

archival record for the historian to examine.

Most historians studying the soviet political elite of

the 1930s have focused on the wealth of archival materials

available at the russian state Archive of social and

Political history in Moscow. however, while the Georgians

who rose to power in the 1920s and 1930s made their

careers in Moscow, their roots were in Georgia, and

they frequently maintained personal and professional

connections in their native republic. In researching the

Georgian Bolsheviks in general and shalva Eliava in

particular, I uncovered unique and previously unexamined

materials in the archive of the Communist Party of Georgia,

now under the auspices of the Archive Administration of

the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) of Georgia. Aided in

my search by the helpful archive staff, I found materials

that have allowed me to begin to construct the personal

backgrounds and private lives of the Georgian political

figures of the 1920s and 1930s. The documents I found

in Georgia not only complemented those I had previously

identified in Moscow; they offered a new dimension

crucial for understanding how and why these Georgians

rose to power, and what the Caucasian republic and its

culture meant for them as they ruled the soviet union

from Moscow. In the pages that follow, I offer a preliminary

sketch of the life and revolutionary career of shalva

Eliava, drawing some tentative conclusions as to what

his biography can tell us about the larger community of

Georgian political leaders in Moscow.

A REvOlUTIOnARy COMIng Of AgE

like many of his contemporaries, shalva Eliava first

became a radical while studying at a tsarist educational

institution, the Kutaisi Gymnasium. While the Tbilisi

spiritual seminary is known to have spawned a generation

23

of atheist Bolshevik leaders, among them Joseph stalin,

filipp Makharadze, Mikha Tskhakaia, and nestor lakoba,

the Kutaisi Gymnasium also produced a number of fierce

opponents of tsarist rule, including Eliava and Mamia

orakhelashvili, the future secretary of the Communist Party

of Georgia. These educational establishments became

the site of confrontation between a politically ambitious

generation of Georgians espousing increasingly nationalist

and radical ideas and a tsarist state bent on centralization,

russification, and strict discipline.

Eliava’s school file reveals him to have been a

motivated student who generally did well in his classes,

despite a noted tendency to “lie.” It is mentioned, however,

that he was a “sickly” child, and that he boarded in the

house of someone living in kutaisi, though his mother

sometimes was not able to pay his boarding fees.1 While

Eliava belonged to the Georgian aristocracy, his family,

like many other Georgian families during this period, had

fallen on difficult economic times. The death of his father at

a young age exacerbated the situation. Growing up in an

atmosphere of lost privilege, inadequate opportunities, and

economic hardship undoubtedly fueled political discontent

among Eliava’s generation.

A very intimate portrait of Eliava’s youth is revealed in

the pages of the memoir of Puc’u Dgebuadze, typewritten

in Georgian with handwritten revisions and filed away

without ever being published in the archive of the

Communist Party of Georgia.2 The memoir is dated January

1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 8, op. 3, d. 748.2 Ibid., op. 2, d. 66.

nestor lakoba / nestor lakoba

abel enuqiZe / Abel Enukidze Salva okujava / shalva okudzhava

revoluciuri momwifeba

Salva eliava, Tavisi Tanamedroveebis msgavsad, erT-erTi pirveli radikali iyo, romelmac ganaTleba quTaisis gimnaziaSi miiRo. Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria aTeist bolSevik liderebs zrdida, romlebic caristul mmarTvelobas sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodnen. eseni iyvnen: ioseb stalini, filipe maxaraZe, mixa cxakaia da nestor lakoba, eliava da mamia oraxelaSvili, (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis mdivani). es saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba dapirispirebis kerad iqca politikurad ambiciuri qarTveli Taobisa, isini TandaTan ufro Rrmad ecnobodnen nacionalistur da radikalur ideebsa da caristuli saxelmwifos ideologias, romelic miiswrafvoda centralizebisaken, rusifikaciisa da mkacri disciplinisaken.

rogorc skolaSi arsebuli dokumentebidan irkveva, eliava sakmaod motivirebuli studenti yofila da miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad ityueboda, umetes SemTxvevaSi kargad swavlobda.

aseve misi piradi saqmidan irkveva, rom susti janmrTeloba hqonda. igi quTaisSi dadioda mavanis saxlSi sasadilod, Tumca dedamisi zogjer sadilis safasurs ver ixdida.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom eliava aristokratTa wres ekuTvnoda, misi ojaxi, sxva qarTveli ojaxebis msgavsad, im periodSi ekonomikurad mZime situaciaSi

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, aRw. # 3, saarq. #748.

2�

aRmoCnda. axalgazrda mamis gardacvalebam situacia kidev ufro gaamwvava. dakargulma privilegiebma, SezRudulma SesaZleblobebma da ekonomikurma gaWirvebam, arsebuli politikis mimarT ukmayofilod ganawyo eliava da misi Taoba.

fucu dgebuaZis mogonebebSi, romelic qarTulad aris dawerili da xeliT aris Sesworebebi Setanili, Semonaxulia eliavas axalgazrdobis portreti. es masala, romelic arasodes gamoqveynebula, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis arqivSi inaxeboda.1 aRniSnuli memuari Seiqmna 1957 wlis 30 ianvars. misi mizani iyo eliavas saxelis reabilitireba, romelsac Crdili miadga 1937 wlis wmendis dros. dgebuaZis memuari gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa, vinaidan is ar aris dawerili oficialur stilSi, romliTac biografia iqmneba. misi weris stilidan naTelia, rom igi daxelovnebuli ar yofila biografiis weraSi, Tumca misi idiokratiuli weris stili da drodadro sasacilo mogonebebi sicocxles matebs axalgazrda Salva eliavas ambavs.

memuarebis mixedviT, radikalizmis safuZvlebi quTaisis gimnaziaSi unda veZeboT, sadac eliava swavlobda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. gimnaziaSi ramdenime politikuri wre arsebobda, romlebic ukanonod gamoscemdnen gazeTs `faruli~.masSi akritikebdnen caristul sistemas da ibeWdeboda ukmayofilo glexebisa da muSebis werilebi. dgebuaZe ixsenebs, rogor aCvena mas eliavam es radikaluri xasiaTis gazeTi, rodesac is iyo Casuli mSoblebTan, Tan daariga: `aravis araferi uTxra amis Sesaxeb, aurzauri rom ar atydes... amis gamo SeiZleba CamomaxrCon, gadamasaxlon an skolidan gamricxon.~2. dgebuaZes survili gauCnda axalgazrda eliavasTan erTad monawileoba mieRo politikur saqmianobaSi. eliavam dascina mas da uTxra, rom mas mxolod mWadis gamocxoba evaleboda, Tumca bolos neba darTo, daxmareboda mas gazeTebis darigebaSi, Tan dahpirda, rom, rodesac gaizrdeboda, daexmareboda sakuTari politikuri wris CamoyalibebaSi.

dgebuaZe da eliava axlo naTesavebi iyvnen da erTad gaizardnen. dgebuaZis memuaridan ukeTesi warmodgena gveqmneba eliavaze, rogorc momaval

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, aRw. #2, saarq. #66.2 iqve.

30, 1957, and was written with the goal of rehabilitating

Eliava’s name in light of the charges brought against him

during the 1937 purges. Dgebuadze’s account is particularly

interesting because it does not closely adhere to the format

of official party biographies. from the style of her writing,

it is clear she was not an experienced party functionary,

but rather a committed family member whose idiosyncratic

narrative style and occasionally humorous remembrances

breathe human life into the story of young shalva Eliava.

According to the memoirs, the roots of radicalism

ran deep in the kutaisi Gymnasium, where Eliava was

a student in the early 1900s. According to Dgebuadze’s

account, there were several underground political circles

at the Gymnasium. These circles even had their own illicit

publication, P’aruli, which criticized the tsarist system and

published the letters of disgruntled peasants and workers.

Dgebuadze remembers Eliava showing her this radical

newspaper when he visited her parents’ house in kutaisi.

he instructed her to not “say anything to anyone, so that

no one will raise a fuss…they could have me hanged

or deported, and expelled from school.”1 Dgebuadze

yearned to join the young Eliava in his political activities.

he responded with an air of derision and condescension

befitting an older, male relative, noting that instead

Dgebuadze “ought to be making him cornbread (mch’adi).”

he did, however, ultimately allow her to help in the

distribution of the underground newspaper, and promised to

help her set up her own political circle when she was older.

Dgebuadze and Eliava grew up together as close

relatives in the same extended family. from Dgebuadze’s

memoir, we gain a better sense of the background vital

to understanding Eliava’s future as a revolutionary. she

remembers shalva Eliava’s father Zurab as an educated

man and an amateur poet, an enlightened nobleman

who developed roads around his estate and provided

medicine for his peasants. Criticism of the government

was apparently common in family discussions held

behind closed doors. Dgebuadze writes: “In our family, we

frequently heard the russian tsar cursed aloud: that he was

autocratic, that he had not kept his promises to Georgia,

that he took away all of our national rights, and so on.

such conversations in family circles sowed the seeds of

hatred against the autocracy among an entire generation of 1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 8, op. 2, d. 66.

2�

revolucionerze. igi Salva eliavas mamas, zurabs, ixsenebs, rogorc ganaTlebul kacsa da moyvarul poets. is iyo aznauri, romelmac mamulis garSemo gzebi gaakeTa da Tavisi glexebi samedicino daxmarebiT uzrunvelyo. ojaxur diskusiebSi, daxurul kars miRma rom mimdinareobda, mTavrobis kritika Cveuli movlena iyo. dgebuaZe wers: `Cvens ojaxSi xSirad gaigonebdiT, Tu rogor ilanZReboda ruseTis mefe, rom is iyo TviTmpyrobeli, rom man ar Seasrula saqarTvelosTvis micemuli piroba, rom is arRvevda Cveni, rogorc eris, uflebebs da a.S. ojaxur wreebSi aseTi saubrebi siZulvilis marcvals uRvivebda axalgazrdebs TviTmpyrobelobis mimarT.~ 1.

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1957 wels es sityvebi SeiZleba politikuri xriki iyo, Salva eliavas bedi miuTiTebs imaze, rom ojaxSi antisaxelmwifoebrivi ganwyobileba sufevda. Salvas erTi da, maro, 1907 wels daiRupa politikuri davalebis Sesrulebis dros. misi meore da, SuSana, skolidan garicxes revoluciuri kavSirebisTvis, xolo Zma, niko, bolSevikur partiaSi gaerTianda da 1937 wels ZmasTan erTad sikvdiliT dasajes.2

eliavas dedam fuli moagrova, raTa 1903 wels Salva sankt-peterburgis prestiJul iuridiul akademiaSi gaegzavna. igi imave wels garicxes saswavleblidan ruseTis dedaqalaqSi mowyobil studentur ajanyebaSi monawileobisTvis. rogorc eliavas oficialuri biografiidan irkveva, 1904 wels igi bolSevikur partiaSi gaerTianda, xolo 1905 wels saqarTveloSi dabrunda, raTa monawileoba mieRo `tiflissa~ da quTaisSi mowyobil amboxebaSi, romelic istoriaSi 1905 wlis revoluciis saxeliT aris cnobili.3 eliavas revoluciuri saqmianoba im periodSi gacilebiT ufro emociurad aris gadmocemuli dgebuaZis memuarebSi da Sesabamisad savsea winaaRmdegobebiT, vidre mis oficialur biografiaSi.

eliavam sakmao STabeWdileba moaxdina Tavis mSobliur dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc bolSevikma propagandistma. 1905 wlisTvis is iyo 22 wlis emociuri

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, saarq. #66.2 maTi saboloo bedi SeniSvnis saxiT weria dgebuaZis gamouqveynebel

memuarebSi.3 `Salva zurabis Ze eliava~, didi sabWoTa enciklopedia. red. a. m.

proxorovi. moskovi: sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1969.

youngsters.”1 While it might have been politically expedient

for Dgebuadze to write these words in 1957, the fate

of shalva Eliava and his siblings attests to a deep anti-

governmental trend in the family. shalva’s sister Maro died

in 1907 while engaged in underground political work, his

sister shushana was expelled from class for revolutionary

connections, and his brother niko joined shalva in the

Bolshevik party, only to be executed along with him in

1937.2

Eliava’s mother saved up her money in order to

send young shalva to the prestigious law academy in st.

Petersburg in 1903. he was, however, expelled the same

year for participation in student strikes in the russian

capital. According to Eliava’s official biography, he joined

the Bolshevik Party in 1904 and returned to Georgia to

take part in the 1905 uprisings in Tiflis and Kutaisi, part of

a wave of widespread unrest in the russian Empire known

in the historiography as the 1905 revolution.3 Dgebuadze’s

version of Eliava’s revolutionary activities in that year

provides an account that is more human—and accordingly

more filled with contradictions—than that of his official

biography.

As a Bolshevik propagandist traversing his native

western Georgia, Eliava must have cut quite a figure. By

1905, he was 22 years old, a passionate orator, and a

relentless

Party activist. one wonders what the Georgian

peasantry, the audience he hoped most to reach, thought of

this impetuous young man. According to Dgebuadze, when

the peasants saw him coming to town, they referred to him

1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 8, op. 2, d. 66.2 Their fates are mentioned in a handwritten note in the margins of Dgebuadze’s unpub-

lished memoir.3 “Eliava, shalva Zurabovich,” Bol’shaia sovetskaia Entsiklopediia. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov.

Moskva: sov. Entsiklopediia, 1969.

2�

oratori da partiis dauRalavi aqtivisti. SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra azris iyo am impulsur axalgazrdaze qarTveli glexoba, romlisTvisac mas undoda xma miewvdina. dgebuaZe ixsenebs, rom rodesac glexebma eliava dainaxes, mas `koWli komiteti~ Searqves.1 es saxeli miuTiTebda eliavas fexze, romelic man bavSvobaSi daiziana. aseve cxads xdida im faqts, rom glexebs mwiri warmodgena hqondaT im politikur terminebze, romelTac axalgazrda eliava, SemdgomSi sankt-peterburgSi iuridiuli fakultetis studenti, iyenebda Tavis gamosvlebSi. glexebma an ar icodnen sityva `komitetis~ mniSvneloba, an dasacinad iyenebdnen.

eliavas erT-erTi pirveli saprotesto moZraoba ojaxis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. dedamisi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi igeriebda im glexebs, romlebic met miwis nakveTs moiTxovdnen. igi uxsnida maT, rom isedac bankis vali hqonda da mTliani fuli, risi mogrovebac SeZlo, Tavisi Svilebis ganaTlebas moaxmara. eliava, axalgazrda bolSeviki aqtivisti, romelic SemdgomSi gamosvlebs awyobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, diliT mSobliur sofel RanirSi Cavida da saswrafod Seatyobina adgilobriv glexebs, rom saRamos maTTan Sexvedras gamarTavda.

saRamos TiTqmis mTeli sofeli Seikriba. glexebma mas mimarTes. isini moiTxovdnen eliavas dedis mier dapirebul maTi mamulis erT mesameds. Salva cota xniT Cafiqrda da Semdeg celi iTxova. man glexebi Tavis ezoSi waiyvana da xorblis rigebis seqciebad dayofa daiwyo. Semdeg man axlomdebare xeze proklamacia gaakra da gamoacxada, rom mTeli xorblis mosavali SeeZloT glexebs aeRoT im dayofis mixedviT, rac man gaakeTa. rogorc dgebuaZe aRniSnavs, glexebs es ar moewonaT. eliava sicils Zlivs ikavebda. gaisma karis mijaxunebis xma saxlis ukana aivnidan. cxadi iyo, rom eliavas dedam Seuracxyofilad igrZno Tavi, radgan ifiqra, rom misi qoneba glexebma Caigdes xelT, romelTac Tavisive vaJi xelmZRvanelobda. eliavas yuradReba ar miuqcevia dedis reaqciisTvis da Sekrebili xalxi sadilad miiwvia saxlSi.

eliavam dedamisi daarwmuna, rom yvelaze swori nabiji iyo glexebis

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, aRw. #2, saarq. #66.

as the “limping committee” (k’och’li k’omit’et’i).1 The term is

a reference to Eliava’s leg, hurt in a childhood injury; it also

signals that Eliava’s peasant audience had little grasp of

the political terminology the young, would-be st. Petersburg

law student employed in his speeches. They likely referred

to him as a “committee” because they did not know the

meaning of the word, or perhaps as a mild form of mockery.

one of Eliava’s first protest movements, according to

Dgebuadze, was oddly domestic in nature. his mother had

long been resisting peasant demands for greater use of her

land, pleading with them that she was already in debt with

the bank and needed all the money she could gather to

support her children’s education. A young Bolshevik activist

then engaged in making speeches around the western

Georgian countryside, Eliava arrived in the morning in his

native village of Ghaniri, and promptly informed the local

peasants that he would hold a meeting with them in the

evening.

Almost the whole village gathered to hear Eliava

speak at the evening’s meeting. The peasants appealed to

him, insisting that they were not being allowed access to

the one-third of the Eliava estate that his mother had finally

promised them. he paused for a moment to consider the

matter, and then asked the crowd for a scythe. leading

the peasants out of the meeting and into his family’s yard,

he began dividing the yard’s rows of corn into sections. he

then posted a proclamation on a nearby tree, announcing

that the entire cornfield could now be harvested by the

peasants, according to the divisions he had marked.

According to Dgebuadze, the peasants, led into the

Eliava family’s yard by this wayward son, began to feel

uncomfortable. Eliava, on the other hand, was doing all he

could to restrain his laughter. from the rear balcony of the

house, a door could be heard slamming, evidently Eliava’s

mother outraged that her property had been thus occupied

by a group of peasants led by her own son. Paying little

heed to his mother’s reaction, Eliava invited the assembled

group to dine with his family that evening.

Eventually Eliava’s mother agreed to meet the peasant

demands, persuaded by her son that it was the right thing

to do. It is not surprising that Dgebuadze’s story never

found its way into an official publication. The image of

Eliava leading a peasant revolt against his mother would 1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 8, d. 66.

2�

wiTeli armia / red Army

moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. gasakviri arc aris, rom dgebuaZis

memuari arasodes dabeWdila oficialur gamomcemlobaSi. is faqti, rom eliava viTomda saTaveSi Caudga glexebis ajanyebas sakuTari dedis winaaRmdeg, sasacilod Tu ara, absurdulad mainc JRerda. dgebuaZis nawerSi igrZnoboda ironia, romelic gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom eliava iyo revolucioneric da aristokratic. Tumca eliava amtkicebda, rom is iyo bolSeviki aqtivisti, man SeiTavsa im glexebis mfarvelis roli, romelTac misi ojaxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda. igi erTpirovnulad wyvetda miwis ra nawili unda mieca glexebisTvis.

saqarTveloSi dabruneba

Salva eliavam carizmis mmarTvelobis darCenili wlebi saqarTvelodan Sors gaatara. 1911 wels revoluciuri saqmianobisTvis igi olonecSi gadaasaxles, xolo 1915 wels - vologdaSi gazeT `pravdaSi~ muSaobis gamo. 1917 wlis revoluciis dawyebisas igi vologdaSi imyofeboda da male aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda. ganagebda ra Tavis partiul saqmianobas, socializmis energiuli qomagi, jer moskovSi gaemgzavra, Semdeg ki TurqestanSi civi omis frontze, sadac igi xels uwyobda sabWoTa mmarTvelobis damyarebas. 1920 wels yofili faruli publicisti da organizatori sabWoTa kavSiris sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli gaxda TurqeTsa da iranSi.1

eliava saqarTveloSi 1921 wels dabrunda, rodesac wiTeli armia SemoiWra qveyanaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es jari direqtivebs ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebisgan iRebda, maT win miuZRodaT qarTvel bolSevikTa jgufi, romelTa umetesobac mravali wlis ganmavlibaSi samSoblodan Sors imyofeboda. isini farul saqmianobas eweodnen ruseTis imperiaSi da xSirad iyvnen gadasaxlebulebi imperiis Soreul adgilebSi.

iyo ra qarTuli revoluciuri komitetis wevri, eliava Tavis qmedebebs sergo orjonikiZesa da stalins

1 `Salva zurabis Ze eliava~, didi sabWoTa enciklopedia.

have been too absurd to escape ridicule. There is also a

degree of unintentional irony throughout the story stemming

from the fact that Eliava was both a revolutionary and an

aristocrat. Although Eliava claimed to act as a Bolshevik

activist, in his behavior he assumed the role of patron to the

peasants that his family had long ruled over, determining

unilaterally how much of his family land would be shared

with them.

RETURn TO gEORgIA

shalva Eliava would spend most of the remaining

years of tsarist rule far away from his native Georgia.

In 1911 he was exiled to olonets for his revolutionary

activities, and exiled again, this time to vologda, in 1915

for his work on the Pravda newspaper. he found himself

in vologda at the outbreak of revolution in 1917, and

soon became chair of the vologda Executive Committee.

Dedicating himself to the Party as an energetic champion

of socialism, he went first to Moscow, then to the Civil

War front in Turkestan, where he was instrumental in

establishing soviet rule. In 1920, the former underground

publicist and organizer was made Plenipotentiary of the

soviet union in Turkey and Iran.1

When Eliava did return to Georgia, he did so alongside

the invading red Army in 1921. Although directed by the

central authorities in russia, the red Army was led into

Georgia by a group of Georgian Bolsheviks, many of whom

had spent many years away from their native republic,

1 “Eliava, shalva Zurabovich,” Bol’shaia sovetskaia Entsiklopediia.

2�

uTanxmebda moskovSi. sabednierod, maTi mimoweris detalebs Tavi mouyares da saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis arqivSi Seinaxes. atyobinebda ra orjonikiZesa da stalins wiTeli armiis warmatebis Sesaxeb, eliava werda: `wiTelma armiam davaleba Seasrula. maT mxari dauWires ajanyebul qarTvel glexebsa da muSebs. Cveni samxedro Zalebi mzad arian emsaxuron saqarTvelos damoukidebel socialistur sabWoTa respublikas da daexmaron revoluciur mTavrobas, raTa daicvan qarTveli mSromelebi nebismieri samxedro Tavdasxmisgan.~1

mas Semdeg, rac wiTeli armia Semovida TbilisSi, eliavas qarTveli inteligenciis, memarcxene federalistTa msgavsi partiebisa da social-revolucionerebis mxardaWeris imedi hqonda. man aseve organizeba gauwia qarTveli muSebisa da glexebis mxardasaWerad gamarTul samxedro aRlums. eliava depeSiT atyobinebs orjonikiZes Catarebuli aRlumis Sesaxeb. igi depeSaSi wers, rom mTeli `galavinskis prospeqti~ da `erevnis moedani~ savse iyo xalxiT, romelic taSiT esalmeboda wiTel armias. Tumca iyo winaaRmdegobrivi faqtebic. imave depeSaSi eliava aRniSnavs, rom “eqscesebi xdeboda wiTeli armiis mecxre danayofis saxeliT, romelic 90 procenti udisciplino partizanebisgan Sedgeboda.” msgavsi eqscesebisTvis Tavis gasarTmevad, eliavam orjonikiZes SesTavaza samxedro tribunalebis Seqmna.2

erT dros quTaisis gimnaziis ajanyebuli studentebi axla ukve mTavari politikuri figurebi iyvnen da saqarTvelos gasabWoebas meTvalyureobdnen. Tavdapirvelad eliava iyo sabWoTa saqarTvelos sazRvao flotisa da armiis saxalxo komisari. Semdeg, 1923-1927 ww., is iyo saqarTvelos ssrk saxalxo sabWos komisariatis Tavmjdomare da iTvleboda sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis oficialur xelmZRvanelad. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis Sexvedraze, romelic 1925 wlis 5 ivniss Catarda, eliavam gaakritika qarTveli sazogadoeba da gaafrTxila, rom sabWoTa mmarTvelobis pirobebSic ki SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo axali feodaluri mentaliteti. Sexvedraze man ganacxada:

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, aRw. #3, saarq. #792.2 iqve.

engaged in underground work throughout the russian

Empire, and often exiled to the Empire’s most distant

reaches.

As a member of the Georgian revolutionary

Committee, Eliava coordinated his efforts with sergo

ordzhonikidze and stalin in Moscow. fortunately for the

historian, the details of their correspondence were gathered

and stored in the archives of the Communist Party of

Georgia. reporting to both ordzhonikidze and stalin on the

success of the red Army’s advance, Eliava noted:

The red Army has fulfilled its mission to assist the

rebelling peasants and workers of Georgia. our military

force is prepared to serve the independent socialist soviet

republic of Georgia and at the first signal ready to aid its

revolutionary government in the defense of the toilers of

Georgia against any [military] attempt by the Entente. 1

After the red Army’s arrival in Tbilisi, Eliava sought

support among Georgian intellectuals and members of

sympathetic parties like the left federalists, and the

socialist-revolutionaries. he also helped organize a

parade designed to demonstrate local support for the

soviet cause among Georgian workers and peasants.

Eliava describes the parade in a discussion held with

ordzhonikidze by telegram. According to the telegram,

“all of Golovinskii Prospect” and “all Yerevan square”

was filled with people applauding the red Army. There

were, however, pockets of resistance to soviet rule, and

the actions of the occupying red Army could not always

be controlled. In the same telegram, Eliava noted that

“excesses were occurring on the part of the red Army’s

ninth Division…90 percent of the Division is composed of

partisans and they are poorly disciplined.” To deal with the

issue of soviet military “excesses,” Eliava suggested the

creation of military tribunals.2

The once rebellious student of the kutaisi Gymnasium

was now a major political figure who oversaw the

sovietization of Georgia. He first served as People’s

Commissar for the navy and Army of soviet Georgia.

Then, from 1923 to 1927, he was the official head of the

soviet Georgian government as Chairman of the Council

of People’s Commissars of the Georgian ssr. In this role,

he led the effort to remake Georgian society, shattering the

1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 8, op. 3, d. 792.2 Ibid.

2�

`saqarTvelo aris feodalur principebze dafuZnebuli feodaluri qveyana. ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa xelisuflebam mospo feodaluri saZirkveli, Tumca gamoCnda axali saxis feodaluri aristokratia, Tuki SeiZleba, ase vuwodoT, romelic aravis da arafris winaSe ar Tvlida Tavs angariSvaldebulad.~1. ironiulia is faqti, rom qarTveli aznauri, romelic sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis saTaveSi idga, akritikebda saqarTveloSi feodalizmis warmoSobis faqts.

bevri qarTveli bolSevikis msgavsad, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi samSoblodan Sors iyvnen wasulebi saswavleblad Tu samuSaod, eliava aprotestebda imas, rasac qarTuli kulturis naklad miiCnevda, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTonac am kulturis nawili iyo. sankt-peterburgis iuridiuli fakultetis yofil students ar mowonda samSobloSi legaluri kulturis nakleboba da aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli sazogadoeba anarqiuli da feodaluri tendenciis iyo: `aq yvela Tavisi Tavis ufrosia, dawyebuli miliciiT, romelic Tavis Tavs calke dafuZnebul organod Tvlis, damTavrebuli sazogadoebiT. amitomac vayeneb sakiTxs, Tu rogor unda gaRvivdes revoluciis marcvali legalurad.~2. eliava ruseTisa da sabWoTa imperializmis ubralo agenti ar iyo saqarTveloSi. misi gancxadebebidan Cans, rom is valdebuli iyo, saqarTvelo socialur sazogadoebad gardaeqmna. sabWoTa socialisturi idealis Zebna ki sastik da ulmobel meTodebs moiTxovda.

kavkasiidan kremlSi

revolucioneroba saidumlo saqmianoba ki ar iyo, romelic farul SekrebebiT Semoifargleboda, es saqmianoba did riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom akritikebdnen biurokratizms, revolucia gardauvali iyo. partiis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulebi iyvnen socializmis winaSe ara marto ideologiurad, aramed maT unda gamoeyenebiaT piradi kavSirebi da epovaT efeqturi mfarvelebi. bevri cdilobda karierul winsvlas saqarTvelos

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #14, aRw. #2, saarq. #439.2 iqve.

class structure that had been in place there for centuries.

In a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist

Party of Georgia held on June 5, 1925, Eliava railed against

the feudal nature of Georgian society, and warned that a

new feudal mentality might reemerge, even under soviet

rule. According to the transcript of the meeting, he stated:

Georgia is a feudal country, built on feudal principles.

soviet power has of course destroyed the basis of

feudalism here, yet a new sort of feudal aristocracy—if one

might describe them as such—has emerged, especially

in the countryside, who do not consider themselves

accountable to anyone and for anything. 1

The irony that a Georgian nobleman who now served

as head of the government of soviet Georgia would criticize

the reassertion of feudalism in Georgia under soviet power

appears to have been lost on Eliava.

like many other Georgian Bolsheviks who had spent

years studying and working away from their native republic,

Eliava found fault with what he saw as the shortcomings

of Georgian culture, despite himself being a product of this

culture. The former st. Petersburg law student bemoaned

the lack of a legal culture in his native republic, attributing it

to an anarchic and feudalistic trend in Georgian society:

here everyone is his own boss. It begins with the

police (militsiia), who see themselves as constituting a

private fiefdom, and from there this tendency extends

throughout society. for that reason, I raise the question,

above all else, of how to sow the seeds of revolutionary

legality.2

Eliava was not simply an agent of russian or soviet

imperialism in Georgia. his writings and statements show

a deep commitment to the transformation of Georgia into a

socialist society. Achieving this goal, however, necessitated

the endorsement of brutal and ruthless methods in pursuit

of the soviet socialist ideal.

fROM THE CAUCAsUs TO THE KREMlIn

Being a revolutionary was no longer a secretive affair

pursued in underground meetings, but instead a career

1 III section of the Archive Adminsitration of the MoIA, f. 14, op.2, d. 439.2 Ibid.

30

socialistur respublikaSi stalinsa da Sida wreebTan piradi kavSirebis saSualebiT.

me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi eliavas amxanagi da Tanamemamule _ sergo orjonikiZe swrafad dawinaurda da kavkasiidan moskovSi gadavida stalinTan. orjonikiZem Tavisi erTguleba daanaxa stalins, rogorc centraluri kontrolis komisiis prezidentma. igi ganagebda stalinis oponentebis partiidan garicxvis saqmes. orjonikiZe imave wels dainiSna politbiuroSi. 1930 wels gaxda umaRlesi sabWoTa erovnuli ekonomikis Tavmjdomare, xolo 1932 wels – mZime mrewvelobis komisari. orive Tanamdebobaze yofnisas man didi zegavlena moaxdina sabWoTa industrializaciaze. orjonikiZes unda moemzadebina safuZveli sabWoTa socializmisTvis da zedamxedveloba gaewia didi proeqtebisaTvis. misi xelisuflebaSi winsvla damokidebuli iyo stalinis xelisuflebasTan gaerTianebaze. Tavis mxriv, orjonikiZe mfarvelobda bevr Tavis revolucioner amxanags, romlebic mis gverdiT ibrZodnen civi omis dros. aseve erTad iyvnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi. Tumca misi amxanagi yvela qarTveli ar iyo, orjonikiZes gansakuTrebuli kavSiri hqonda qarTvel amxanagebTan Tavisi mfarvelis daxmarebiT. beso lominaZe dainiSna magnitogorskSi partiis mdivnad, romelic amaragebda sabWoTa samxedroebsa da samrewvelo aparats foladiT. Salva okujava, sabWoTa cnobili mgosnis - bulat okujavas mama, gaxda niJni TagilSi arsebuli partiis mdivani. orjonikiZis msgavsad, isinic daibadnen da gaizardnen dasavleT saqarTvelos quTaisis guberniaSi. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom okujavebis urTierTobas orjonikiZesTan saerTo kulturis fesvebi aZlierebda.

orjonikiZis imedi eliavasac hqonda. maT bevri rame hqondaT saerTo. orive daibada dasavleT saqarTvelos gaRatakebuli qarTveli aznauris ojaxSi. Tumca mxolod sami weli iyo maT Soris ganxvaveba, isini TiTqmis erTsa da imave periodSi Caebnen radikalur politikaSi da orive maTgani partiis wamyvani figura gaxda saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. maTi gzebi me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gaiyo, rodesac orjonikiZem Tavisi

with high risks and potentially great rewards. While

soviet leaders periodically railed against “bureaucratism,”

some degree of institutionalization of the revolution was

inevitable, and Party leaders had to possess not only an

ideological commitment to socialism, but also an ability to

make use of personal networks and find effective patrons.

With a handful of Georgians rising to the height of

soviet power in Moscow, many in the Georgian socialist

republic sought to advance their careers through personal

connections with stalin and his inner circle.

In the latter half of the 1920s, Eliava’s comrade and

countryman sergo ordzhonikidze rose quickly through

the Party ranks, leaving the Caucasus to work closely

with stalin in Moscow. ordzhonikidze demonstrated

his loyalty to stalin as President of the Central Control

Commission, where he supervised the expulsion of

the left opposition—many of them fierce opponents

of stalin—from the ranks of the Party. ordzhonikidze

was appointed to the Politburo the same year. In 1930,

ordzhonikidze became the Chairman of the supreme

soviet of the national Economy and in 1932 was made

the Commissar of heavy Industry. In both positions he

exerted an enormous influence over the direction of

the massive soviet industrialization drive. responsible

for building the material basis of soviet socialism and

overseeing gigantic construction projects, his rise to

power was tied to the consolidation of stalin’s authority.

In turn, ordzhonikidze served as a patron for many of his

revolutionary comrades who had fought alongisde him

during the Civil War and in the first years of soviet power.

While not all were Georgian, ordzhonikidze seemed

to have had a special connection with his Georgian

comrades. Thanks to his patronage, Beso lominadze

was appointed Party secretary of Magnitogorsk, which

provided the steel for the soviet military and industrial

machine. similarly, ordzhonikidze saw that shalva

okudzhava (father of the famous soviet bard, Bulat

okudzhava) was made Party secretary in nizhnii Tagil,

another major manufacturing center. like ordzhonikidze

himself, both were born and raised in western Georgia,

in the kutaisi guberniia. one imagines that a shared

cultural background strengthened the relationship of the

two men with their patron in Moscow.

31

kariera moskovSi gaagrZela, eliava ki saqarTveloSi darCa. igi 1927 wlidan iyo transkavkasiuri socialistur-federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis saxalxo komisariatis sabWos Tavmjdomare. aTwleulis bolos mas survili gauCnda, kariera centrSi gaegrZelebina. 1931 wels partiam igi yazaxeTSi gaagzavna, raTa meTvalyureoba gaewia sameurneo proeqtisTvis. Tavad eliava ukmayofilo iyo, radgan yovelive amas Tavisi energiisa da unaris fuWad dakargvad miiCnevda. viTareba gauaresda, rodesac misi coli avad gaxda da yazaxeTSi saTanado samedicino daxmareba ver aRmouCines. eliava sasowarkveTili iyo da gadawyvita, daxmareba orjonikiZisTvis eTxova.

1931 wlis 11 martiT daTariRebul werilSi eliava Tavis mfarvels atyobinebs, rom igi yazaxeTSi gaagzavnes iseTi saqmisTvis, romelic `verc Tavidan gavige da exlac Zlivs verkvevi.~1. igi mimarTavs Tavis `Zvirfas sergos~, rogorc Tavis megobarsa da mfarvels: `mogmarTav rogorc adamians, romelic yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda Cemi bedis warmarTvaSi. darwmunebuli var, uxeSobaSi ar CamomarTmev da mxedvelobaSi miiReb Cems saTxovars miuxedavad imisa, rom Soridan mogmarTav werilobiTi formiT.~2. werili grZeldeba surviliT, rom gadayvanili iyos moskovSi, sadac igi SeZlebda daemtkicebina, rom partiisTvis sargeblobis motana SeeZlo. garda amisa, misi coli miiRebda saTanado samedicino daxmarebas. yvelaze saintereso aris is faqti, rom werilis bolo abzaci qarTulad aris dawerili. kanonis Tanaxmad ki, sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi saxelmwifo moxeleebs Soris mimowera rusul enaze unda momxdariyo. eliavac da orjonikiZec Tavisuflad metyvelebda da werda rusulad. miuxedavad imisa, rom eliavas erTze met enaze aqvs werili Sesrulebuli, rac lingvisturad dasaSvebia, misi mizani iyo xazi gaesva orjonikiZisa da Tavis saerTo qarTul warmomavlobaze, eTnikuri solidarobis grZnobasa da ormxriv valdebulebaze. mas Semdeg, rac detalurad aRwera yazaxeTSi Tavisi saqmianoba, eliava qarTulad wers: `asea saqmeebi, Cemo Zvirfaso sergo. Tu isev gaxsovar da daxmareba SegiZlia, Zalian kargi. Tu ara, ras vizam!

1 ruseTis saxelmwifos socialuri da politikuri istoriis arqivi (RGASPI), f. #85, aRw. # 28, saarq. #55.

2 iqve.

Eliava also saw a patron in ordzhonikidze. The two

shared much in common, and not only in terms of shared

experience. Both were born to impoverished Georgian

noble families in western Georgia. only three years apart

in age, they both became active in radical politics around

the same time, and both established themselves as major

figures in the Party while outside of Georgia. Their paths

diverged in the mid-1920s, when ordzhonikidze pursued

his career in Moscow and Eliava remained in Georgia.

By the end of the decade, Eliava, who had served as

the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of

the Transcaucasian socialist federative soviet republic

since 1927, was beginning to yearn for a life and career

in the center. Eliava appears to have hit a low point in

1931, when he was sent by the Party to supervise an

economic project in kazakhstan. he took issue with the

posting, finding it a waste of his energy and skills. Matters

took a turn for the worse when his wife fell ill and was

unable to receive proper medical care in kazakhstan.

finding himself in a desperate position, Eliava decided to

write to ordzhonikidze for help.

In a letter dated March 11, 1931, Eliava informed his

patron that he had been sent to work in kazakhstan on a

matter which he “could not understand and even now can

understand only poorly.”1 he appeals to his “dear sergo”

as his friend and protector:

I appeal to you as a person who has always played

an intimate role in my fate. I am sure that you will not

consider it awkward to consider my request, though it be

made from afar and in writing.2

he goes on to express his desire to be transferred to

Moscow, where he could prove his use to the Party and

his wife could receive the medical care she needs. What

is most interesting about Eliava’s letter is his change of

language from russian to Georgian in the final paragraph

of his letter. By law, russian was the official language of

correspondence among state employees at the union-

wide level, and both Eliava and ordzhonikidze wrote and

spoke fluent russian. Nevertheless, Eliava engaged in

what linguists refer to as “code-switching,” appealing to

his patron in Georgian as a way to affirm their shared

Georgian identity, and along with it a shared sense of

1 russian state Archive of social and Political history (rGAsPI), f. 85, op. 28, d. 55.2 Ibid.

32

gisurveb janmrTelobas da, dae, moxdes, rac mosaxdenia!~1. is werils amTavrebs orjonikiZis meuRlis, zinaidas, mokiTxviT qarTul enaze da dasZens, rom misma meuRlemac moikiTxa miuxedavad imisa, rom is mZimed aris avad da `Tavis kupeSi wevs.~2

orjonikiZem uari ver uTxra eliavas saTxovarze rogorc pirovnebam, misma mfarvelma da erovnebiT qarTvelma. orjonikiZis werilidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom man eliavas werili maSinve stalins gadaugzavna. imave wels eliava sabWoTa kavSiris garevaWrobis komisris moadgiled dainiSna.

sistema, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebda qarTuli partiis Cinovnikebs moskovsa da saqarTveloSi, ori mimarTulebiT muSaobda: moskovSi moRvawe Cinovnikebi exmarebodnen saqarTveloSi myof moxeleebs da piriqiT. rogorc garevaWrobis komisris moadgile, is exmareboda nestor lakobas, SemdgomSi afxazeTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis mdivans. 1931 wlis 16 noembers lakobasTvis miweril werilSi eliava xazs usvams Tavis valdebulebas lakobas mimarT, garevaWrobis sakiTxebSi daxmarebas sTavazobs da moskovSi epatiJeba. sanacvlod lakobas sTxovs piradad umaspinZlos afxazeTSi monRoleTis mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministrs. eliavas TqmiT, ministri `saWiro kacia~, romelsac `maqsimaluri yuradReba” unda mieqces da saTanadod unda iyos keTilmowyobili.3

me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebSi sabWoTa biurokratiisTvis politikuri mfarvelebis moZebna Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. qarTvel politikosTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebi gacilebiT ufro SesamCnevi iyo, radgan isini sabWoTa elitis sxva wevrebisagan eTnikuri niSniT gamoirCeodnen. eliavas werilidan Cans, rom es gamowveuli iyo saerTo lingvisturi da kulturuli foniT, rac miuwvdomeli iyo sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis. gasakviri ar iyo is, rom moskovSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebi qarTul yaidaze zeimobdnen. maT saqarTvelodan gemiT CahqondaT saWmeli da Rvino, kremlSi marTavdnen qeifebs da gvian RamiT qarTul simRerebs mRerodnen. isini erTad ikribebodnen

1 ruseTis saxelmwifos socialuri da politikuri istoriis arqivi (RGASPI), f. #85, saarq. #55.2 iqve.3 huveris arqivi, “nestor lakobas piradi sabuTebi, 1922-1936.”

ethnic solidarity and mutual obligation. After describing in

detail the state of his affairs in kazakhstan, he writes in

Georgian: “such are the state of things, my dear sergo. If

you have not forgotten me and can offer me help—good.

If not, what can I say! Be healthy, and let happen what

will happen to me.”1 he closes by sending his regards

in Georgian to ordzhonikidze’s wife Zinaida, and notes

that his own wife sends her regards too, though she

is “seriously ill” and currently “lying down in her train

compartment.”2

ordzhonikidze was not able to resist this appeal

to his decency as a human being, as a patron who

could offer help, and as a fellow Georgian. Based on

ordzhonikidze’s notes in the margins, we can see that

he forwarded the letter immediately to stalin. later that

year, Eliava was appointed Deputy Commissar of foreign

Trade of the soviet union.

The networks which linked Georgian Party officials

in Moscow with Party officials in Georgia worked in both

directions: patrons in Moscow could help advance the

careers of clients in Georgia, and clients in Georgia

could offer favors in return. As Deputy Commissar of

foreign Trade, Eliava traded favors with nestor lakoba,

then secretary of the Central Executive Committee of

Abkhazia. In a letter to lakoba dated november 16,

1931, Eliava notes his obligation to lakoba and offers

lakoba his support in foreign trade matters. he invites

lakoba to come to visit him in Moscow. In return, Eliava

asks lakoba to personally host the Minister of Trade

and Industry of Mongolia in Abkhazia, saying that the

Minister is a “needed person” who should be shown

the “maximum attention” and provided with the best

accommodations.3

Trading favors and seeking out political patrons

were common practices in the soviet bureaucracy of the

1930s. Georgian political networks were more noticeable

because their members were ethnically distinct from other

members of the soviet elite. Also, as Eliava’s letter to

ordzhonikidze shows, Georgian networks were based on

a shared linguistic and cultural background inaccessible

to the majority of soviet citizens. It is perhaps no surprise

that Georgian Bolsheviks who made their career in

1 russian state Archive of social and Political history (rGAsPI), f. 85, d. 55. 2 Ibid.3 hoover Institution Archives, “nestor lakoba Papers, 1922-1936.”

33

mniSvnelovani movlenebis aRsaniSnavad. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, gundis erT-erTi uxucesi wevris, abel enuqiZis dabadebis dRe.1 qeifs eswrebodnen partiis araqarTveli wevrebic, Tumca isini qarTuli kulturis tradiciebs fexs ver uwyobdnen. im faqtma, rom me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi sakmaod bevri qarTveli aRmoCnda sabWoTa xelisuflebis saTaveSi, sabWoTa elitarul kulturas kavkasiuri elferi Semata.

politikuri warmatebisTvis marto qarTveloba ar iyo sakmarisi. ideologiurobisa da politikuri mizanSewonilobis fonze megobroba da eTnikuroba ukana planze gadavida. 1935 wels abel enuqiZe partiidan iqna garicxuli imis gamo, rom aRwera kavkasiaSi momxdari revoluciuri brZola, ramac stalinis reitingis daweva gamoiwvia. imave wels magnitogorskSi orjonikiZis mfarvelobis qveS myofma beso lominaZem Tavi moikla, radgan politikuri devnis obieqti gaxda. TviTon sergo orjonikiZesac SeeSinda im represiebis, rasac stalini axorcielebda da 1937 wels iaraRiT moikla Tavi, Tumca viTareba, romelSic is gardaicvala, dResac eWvs iwvevs2.

rac Seexeba eliavas, igi imave wels daapatimres da sikvdiliT dasajes. isic, iseve, rogorc bevri Zveli bolSeviki, Seewira did politikur wmendas. maTi umetesoba saqarTvelosa da moskovSi moRvawe qarTvelebi iyvnen, romlebic 1917 wlamde stalinis gundSi imyofebodnen.

sabolood, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam Tavisi arsebobis kulminacias miaRwia, stalinis gverdiT mxolod misi axlobeli adamianebi darCnen, romelTa erTgulebac sabWoTa lideris mimarT kiTxvis niSnis qveS iyo.

1 ruseTis saxelmwifos socialuri da politikuri istoriis arqivi.2 orjonikiZis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

mimoxilva, ix. oleg v. xlevnuki “stalinis CrdilSi: sergo orjonikiZis kariera.”

Moscow socialized and celebrated in the Georgian

manner. They held Georgian feasts in the kremlin,

shipping in food and wine from Georgia for the occasion

and singing Georgian songs late into the night. They

gathered together for important celebrations, such as the

birthday of Abal Enukidze, one of the older members of

the group.1 Party members who were not Georgian were

also included at these events, though they of course

could not participate in Georgian cultural traditions to the

same extent. The fact that so many Georgians had risen

to the height of soviet power lent a Caucasian coloring to

soviet elite culture in the 1930s.

Being Georgian, however, was not sufficient to

ensure political success. friendships and ethnic bonds

were sacrificed at the expense of ideology and political

expediency. Abal Enukidze was expelled from the Party

in 1935 for writing a history of the revolutionary struggle

in the Caucasus that downplayed the role of stalin.

ordzhonikidze’s client in Magnitogorsk, Beso lominadze,

committed suicide that same year when faced when

political persecution. sergo ordzhonikidze himself,

dismayed at the repressive direction stalin was taking,

allegedly shot himself in 1937, though the circumstances

of his death remain in dispute.2 Eliava was arrested and

executed that same year as part of the Great Purges that

targeted many old Bolsheviks, among them most of the

Georgians in Georgia and Moscow that had struggled

alongside stalin before 1917. ultimately, at the pinnacle

of soviet power there was room only for loyalty to stalin,

and even the loyalty of those who shared an intimate

history with the soviet leader was called into question.

1 russian state Archive of social and Political history (rGAsPI), f. 667, d. 119. 2 for a discussion of the circumstances surrounding ordzhonikidze’s death, see oleg v.

khlevniuk, In stalin’s shadow: The Career of “sergo” Ordzhonikidze.

3�

me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli araerTi istoriuli kvleva Catarda sabWoTa kavSiris mravalerovani imperiis Sesaswavlad, romlebmac cxadi gaxades, rom imperiis daSla gamowveuli iyo erovnulobisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. aRniSnul kvlevebs safuZvlad udevs hipoTeza imis Taobaze, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSla iyo imperiuli da mravalerovani saxelmwifos daqucmacebis Sedegi, rac, Tavis mxriv, eTnikurma mravalferovnebam ganapiroba, Tumca nacionalurma opoziciurma dajgufebebma es procesi daaCqares. didi yuradReba daeTmo rusuli sabWoTa imperiis uzarmazar, mravalerovan da ierarqiul Sida struqturas, Sida eTnikur konfliqtebsa da centrisa da periferiebis urTierTobas. ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda ruseTze, sadac rusebi dominirebdnen. Zalian cota kvleva arsebobs, romelic naTels gaxdis, Tu ra rols asrulebda erovnuli opozicia Tavisi saqmianobiT.

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos respublika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. is, rogorc sabWoTa respublika politikuri da ekonomikuri niSniT, uSualod iyo damokidebuli moskovze. miuxedavad amisa, man SeZlo, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebina kulturuli damoukideblobis elementebi imperiis farglebSi. kerZod, rusebs gadaurCa kulturis iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa: ena, literatura, religia da kino. qarTuli kultura CamoSorda rusuls, rac moskovis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris mier arCeuli strategiis winaaRmdegi iyo. sabWoTa imperiaSi Semavali ramdenime

mariam farsadaniSvili

In history research since the beginning of the 1990s there have been an increasing number of analyses on the soviet union as a multi-ethnic empire which examine the collapse of the country by placing particular emphasis on the nationality issue. such analyses are based on the hypothesis that the breakup of the soviet union was a consequence of the disintegration of the “imperial multi-ethnic state”, triggered by its ethnic diversity and accelerated by the respective national opposition groups. numerous analyses have focussed on the internal structures of the large, polyethnic and hierarchically structured (russian-soviet) empire, on the internal ethnic conflicts and the interplay between the center and the peripheries as essential constant features of the empire. Apart from a few exceptions though, the main focus has been placed on the russian-dominated soviet center, thus the titular nation. The multi-ethnic periphery has yet to attract much attention. There are only very few analyses which shed light on the role of the national opposition and its activities in the respective republics.

In this context the Georgian republic plays a significant role. As a soviet republic, Georgia was directly dependent on Moscow. Despite its direct political and economic dependence on the soviet union, Georgia was able to maintain elements of its independent cultural identity for a long time period at the edge of the empire. In particular cultural elements such as language, literature, religion and film were spared from the

the GeorGian dissident MoveMent

the Case of Zviad GaMsakhurdia and Merab

kostava

qarTvel disidentTa moZraoba

zviad gamsaxurdiasa da

merab kostavs saqme

uaxlesi istoria/Modern history

nawili I

konstancis universitetis mecnier-

muSaki

UUniversity of Konstanz science Worker Part I

mariam parSadaniShViLi

3�

respublikis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi oficialur saxelmwifo enad qarTuli iTvleboda. me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTuli kulturis damoukidebloba erovnuli elitis gaZlierebiT dagvirgvinda. am periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen is dajgufebebi, romlebic orientirebulebi iyvnen erovnulobaze da mkacrad akritikebdnen ara marto sabWoTa politikas, aramed politikur saxelisuflebo sistemasac. maT gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis warmoSobisa da konsolidaciis saqmeSi, aseve xalxSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaZlierebaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula 1976 wels daarsebulma qarTul-helsinkurma dajgufebam, romelic dRemde arsebobs. misi damaarseblebi da ZiriTadi aqtivistebi: zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da viqtor rcxilaZe, sabWoTa periodSi wamyvani qarTveli opozicionerebi iyvnen. 1973 wels maT Camoayalibes adamianTa uflebebis sainiciativo jgufi, xolo 1976 wels – helsinkTa jgufi. zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas ramdenime aTwleulianma saqmianobam gza gaukvala qarTul damoukidebel moZraobas. miuxedavad amisa, maTi saqmianobis amsaxveli Zalian mwiri mecnieruli naSromi arsebobs.

am mxriv mravlismTqmelia saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi sisxlis samarTlis saqme #131. saqme 55 tomisagan Sedgeba da dasaTaurebulia Semdegnairad: `brali edeba zviad konstantines Ze gamsaxurdiasa da merab ivanes Ze kostavas danaSaulSi, saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis $71, pirveli muxliT.~ gamsaxurdiasa da kostavas saqme aRiZra 1977 wlis 7 aprils, xolo ganaCeni antisabWoTa agitaciisTvis 1978 wlis 19 maiss gamoitanes. saqmeSi inaxeba rogorc policiis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebis masalebi da daskvna, gansxvavebuli Cvenebebi, mosazrebebi, gancxadebebi, cnobebi da SeniSvnebi, aseve mosamarTlisa da saxelmwifo prokuroris mier gamotanili ganaCeni, sadamkvirveblo oqmebi da werilebi.

aRniSnuli dokumentebi Zalian mniSvnelovania ramdenime mizezis gamo. erTi mxriv, mravlad aris dakiTxvis oqmebi, romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia dajgufebis wevrebis vinaobis dadgena. rogorc ukve zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da viqtor rcxilaZe dajgufebis yvelaze cnobili

russification efforts. Georgia culturally distanced itself from russia, much to the dissatisfaction of the center of the empire in Moscow. Tensions between soviet integration strategies and Georgian resistance could be observed at all times. for example, the Georgian republic was among the few republics in the soviet empire, in which the ethnic language – Georgian – was accepted as the official written and spoken language. The cultural independence of the Georgians resulted in the consolidation of a national elite already at the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s. During this period the nationally oriented groups, which criticized not only the soviet nationality policy, but also the system of political authority, were particularly active. They made a decisive contribution to the emergence and consolidation of the educated national elites and to the strengthening of the national consciousness among the people.

In this context the Georgian helsinki Group (founded in 1976 and still in existence today) plays an important role. Its founders and primary activists Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Merab Kostava and Viktor rzkhiladze were the leading figures of the Georgian opposition during the soviet era. In 1973 they founded the Initiative Group for human rights and in 1976 the helsinki Group. Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s and Merab kostava’s activities over several decades paved the pathway towards the Georgian independence movement.

However, there are very few scientific analyses which focus on and examine in greater depth the activities and undertakings of these groups.

In this regard the criminal file no. 131 in the archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is highly informative and revealing. The file is entitled “Po obvineniju Gamsachurdia Zviada konstantinovicha i kostava Merba Ivanovicha v sovershenii prestuplenija, predusmotrennogo chast’ju 1 stat’i 71 Ck Gruzinskoj CCr’/Accusations against Gamsachurdia, Zviad and kostava, Merab due to a crime based on § 71 Para. 1 of the Penal Code of the Georgian ssr) and consists of 55 volumes. The file was set up on 7 April 1977 and documents the entire circumstances regarding the arrest of Gamsakhurdia and kostava until their sentencing on 19 May 1978 due to “Anti-soviet agitation”.

It includes the results of police investigations and clues, circumstances, various interrogations, opinions, statements,

merab kostava / Merab kostava zviad gamsaxurdia / Zviad Gamsakhurdia

Part I

3�

wevrebi iyvnen. eWvs gareSea, rom swored isini warmoadgendnen dajgufebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas. TumcaRa sakmaod bevri adamiani iyo Cabmuli aqtiurad am organizaciaSi da sazogadoebaSi misi interesebis gavrcelebas cdilobda.1 meore mxriv, am masalebiT SeiZleba gavecnoT dajgufebis wevrebis saqmianobas: mag., isini amravlebdnen da avrcelebdnen TavianTive Seqmnil literaturas. aseve maTi daxmarebiT hqondaT kavSiri nacionalistur Zalebsa da rus disidentTa moZraobas. maT mierve daarsebul gazeTSi `qronika~ sergei kovalovma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT `mimdinare movlenebis qronika~. garda amisa, saqmes axlavs gazeTebi: `saqarTvelos moambe~2 da `oqros sawmisi~, romlebsac zviad gamsaxurdia da merab kostava gamoscemdnen da avrcelebdnen.3 es masalebi saSualebas iZleva, gavecnoT dajgufebis ZiriTad miznebs da imas, Tu rogor ikidebda fexs aRniSnuli dajgufeba sazogadoebaSi komunikaciisa da mediis saSualebiT.

kvlevis am etapze SeiZleba gamovyoT maTi Semdegi miznebi: qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis SenarCuneba, simarTlis garkveva 1921 wels saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSirTan SeerTebis Taobaze, sabWoTa simboloebis qarTuli erovnuli simboloebiT Canacvleba, qarTuli Zeglebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da aseve qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis aRdgena erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisTvis (damatebiTi cnobebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT `saarqivo moambis~ Semdeg nomerSi).

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, Tu rodis da ra formiT moxda erovnuli damoukideblobis moTxovnis Canacvleba kulturuli avtonomiis moTxovniT.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania disidenturi moZraobis saqmianobis Seswavla me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, radganac am periodSi kulturuli moTxovnebis win dadga politikuri moTxovnebi. aseve win wamoiwia masobrivma disidenturma moZraobam, romelmac asaxva pova saxalxo protestSi.

(nawili II ixileT `saarqivo moambis~ Semdeg nomerSi.)

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), s. #131 `braldebebi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas winaaRmdeg.~ tomi #6,7-10.

2 iqve, t. #18-19.3 iqve, t. #6,7-10.

references, notes for files, as well as decisions taken by judges and state prosecutors, observation protocols, correspondences, etc.

These files are extremely significant in several respects: on the one hand, they consist of numerous interrogation documents and files, on the basis of which the members and actors in these groups can be identified. As already described above, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Merab kostava and viktor rzchiladze are the best known members of this group. They were, without doubt, the driving force of this group. however, many more people were actively involved and promoted the interests of this group in society 1.

on the other hand, one can gain an overview of the activities of this group: for example the duplication and diffusion of the samizdat literature, the organizational networking between the nationalist forces and the russian dissident movement as well as the forms and structures of communication between them (e.g. Georgian publications in the samizdat magazine Chronika tekuščich sobytij/Chronic of current events published by sergey kovalyov ).

furthermore, the file contains the samizdat newspapers / magazines which were published and distributed by Z. Gamsachurdia and M. kostava: sakartvelos moambe/Georgian herald2 and okros satsmisi/The Golden fleece . 3

This material enables us to identify the main objectives of this group and observe how they were promoted in society by means of communication and media.

At the current state of preliminary research, the following objectives can be discerned: demands for the preservation of Georgian as the national language and language of education, demands for truthful accounts on the incorporation of Georgia into the ussr in 1921, demands for the replacement of soviet symbols with Georgian national symbols, demands for the preservation of Georgian monuments and Georgian cultural heritage, as well as demands for the renaissance of the Georgian orthodox Church to reinforce national identity (see the next edition of The Archival Bulletin for more on this).

The emphasis placed on cultural distinctness is reflected in the marking and “downgrading” of soviet elements. By contrast, their own Georgian elements are “upgraded”.

In this context it is interesting to examine when and in what forms the demands for national independence superseded demands for more cultural autonomy.

The analysis of the dissident movement of the 1970s and 1980s is extremely important because during this period the cultural demands were outpaced by political demands and the mass dissident movement, which was reflected in public protests.

read Part II in the next edition of Archival Bulletin

1 s. file no. 131 in the archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs ‘Accusations against Gamsachurdia, Zviad and kostava, Merab...’, vol. 6,7-10 etc.

2 Ibid., vol. 18, 19.3 Ibid., vol. 44.

3�

es suraTi gadaRebulia 1928 wels WiaTuraSi:

dabadebulia 1911 wels. pirvelaT iRebs xelSi

Stikian SaSxanas, revolvers 1928 wels

WiaTuraSi momxdar kulakur bandis gamosvlebis

winaaRmdeg. daTiko nestoris Ze

Datiko nestorovich: It’s hard in the woods without a nagan revolver.

This photo was taken in Chiatura in 1928. he was born in 1911. In

1928 he took a rifle with a bayonet and a revolver to surppress demonstra-

tions of a kulak gang in Chiatura.

nomris foto/featured Photo

3�

rusi jariskacis memuariCveni erTguli mkiTxvelisaTvis

ukve naTelia, rom saqarTvelos

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi

uamravi saintereso da mravalferovani

dokumenti, piradi Canaweri, werili Tu

foto inaxeba.

amjerad Tqvens yuradRebas erT

patara saarqivo saqmeze SevaCerebT,

romelic rusi jariskacis memuari

gaxlavTYda 1920 wliT TariRdeba. es

mokle biografiuli narkvevi, rogorc

Tavad avtori uwodebs, wiTeli

armiis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

ganxorcielebul saomar operacias

Seexeba da mogviTxrobs, rogori marcxi

awvnies kazakebma rusis jars da rogor

mouwiaT rus jariskacebs CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan gaqceva saqarTveloze

gavliT.

aRniSnuli saqme imiT aris

sayuradRebo, rom kargad Cans, Tu

rogori ganwyoba sufevda im periodSi

ruseTis mimarT mTel kavkasiaSi; igi

rogorc damxmare da gadamrCeni ise ki

ar moevlina mezobel qveynebs, aramed

rogorc dampyrobeli. amitomac rusis

jars ganTqmuli kavkasiuri stumar-

maspinZlobiT, cxeli saWmeliTa da

Tbili mosasvenebeliT aravin xvdeba, rac

gulubryvilod ukvirs rigiT jariskacs.

TiTqmis sruli saxiT da Seulamazeblad

gTavazobT wiTelarmielis Canawers.

mokle biografiuli narkvevi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saomar operaciaze da vladikavkazis teritoriidan wiTeli armiis ukan daxevis Sesaxeb...

nino yifSiZe

nino KipShidzE

mogonebani

oUr dEVoTEd rEAdErs ArE AlrEAdy AWArE

ThAT MAnY InTErEsTInG DoCuMEnTs, MEMoIrs,

lETTErs AnD PhoTos ArE PrEsErvED In ThE

ArChIvE ADMInIsTrATIon of ThE MInIsTrY of

INTErNAl AffAIrs of GEorGIA. THIs TIME WE

drAW yoUr ATTENTIoN To A sMAll fIlE, A MEMoIr

of A russIAn solDIEr DATED 1920. ThE AuThor

hIMsElf CAlls IT A shorT BIoGrAPhICAl EssAY

ConCErnInG MIlITArY ACTIons CArrIED ouT In

ThE norTh CAuCAsus BY ThE rED ArMY. ThE

soldIEr dEsCrIBEs HoW CossACKs dEfEATEd

THE rEd ArMy TrooPs ANd HoW THE rUssIAN

solDIErs hAD To flEE froM ThE CAuCAsus

ThrouGh GEorGIA.

THE fIlE Is TrUsTWorTHy BECAUsE IT

sEEMs To DEPICT ThE ATTITuDE of ThE EnTIrE

CAUCAsUs ToWArds rUssIA, WHICH WAs dEEMEd

As A ConquEror rAThEr ThAn A CounTrY

hElPInG ITs nEIGhBors To survIvE. for ThIs

rEAson, To ThE russIAn solDIEr’s surPrIsE,

THE rEd ArMy soldIErs WErE NoT MET WITH THE

fAMous CAuCAsIAn hosPITAlITY In AnY of ThEsE

The MeMoir of a russian soldier

/ rECollECTIons

3�

rusi jariskacis memuari

,,1919 wlis 1 Tebervalipirveli Tebervlis dRe mSvidad

gadis. cotaa moseirne adamianebic, yvelas SeiZleba mxiaruli ganwyoba SeamCnio. Ramis 12 saaTisTvis ki modis telefonograma, romelic kazakebis moaxloebas ityobineba. telefonogramis paralelurad miviReT brZaneba frontze saswrafod gasvlis Sesaxeb.

Cveni nawilebi im droisaTvis Zalian mcire iyo, xolo kazakebis _ bevrad ufro meti. wiTelarmielebis poziciebi vladikavkazis garSemo gaxldaT gamagrebuli. qveiTma jarma sangrebi daikava, samxedro batareebi yvelgan idgnen. ase velodiT `yubanis arwivebs~...

2 Tebervals, dilis oTxi saaTisTvis, kazakebma pirvelad Semogvities, rac maTi didi danakargiT dasrulda, magram ukan namdvilad ar dauxeviaT, piriqiT, cxra dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mTeli SemarTebiT gvitevdnen. kazakebis sadamsjelo razmebi ganukiTxavad da Seubraleblad xocavdnen mSromel masebs. maT rigebSi aseve SeimCneodnen patara cxenebze amxedrebuli osuri jgufebic. mtris mravalricxovnebis miuxedavad, Cven medgrad videqiT da sakadris winaaRmdegobasac vuwevdiT. Tumca am winaaRmdegobiT gacxovelebulebi kidev ufro axali ZalebiT gvitevdnen. meaTe dRe-Ramis Semdeg ukve iZulebulebi gavxdiT ukan dagvexia. mizezi tyvia-wamlis gaTaveba da autaneli sicive iyo, Cven mTlianad mowyvetilebi viyaviT garesamyaros. amitomac darialisaken davixieT da sofel balTaSi gavCerdiT. yazbegSi gavgzavneT delegacia TxovniT, sazRvarze gadaveSviT, Tan nel-nela saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvrisken miviwevdiT.

axali da Zveli larsis gadasasvlelTan gagvaCeres. naxevar gzaze viyaviT larsidan darialis xidamde daSorebulebi da oTxi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mSivrebi da gayinulebi trial mindorze mouTmenlad velodiT sazRvarze gadasvlis nebarTvas. rogorc iqna, mexuTe dRe-Ramis Semdeg mogvces sazRvarze gadasvlis neba da ganvagrZeT gza, imediT, rom yazbegSi Tbili saWmliT gagvimaspinZldebodnen. yazbegamde mivaRwieT, magram gaurkveveli pirebis mier Cveni qoneba elvissiwrafiT iqna datacebuli. xolo cxeli saWmlis magivrad WuWyian sajiniboSi SegviSves. sicivisa da SimSilis gamo mTeli Rame ar mogvixuWavs Tvali. es Rame bevrs mwared

CounTrIEs.

WE PrEsENT WErE A NEArly fUll ANd

unAlTErED vErsIon of ThE MEMoIr of ThE rED

ArMY solDIEr.

“A shorT BIoGrAPhICAl EssAY ABouT

MIlITArY ACTIons In ThE norTh CAuCAsus AnD A

sTory of HoW THE rEd ArMy rETrEATEd froM

vlADIkAvkAZ.”

february 1, 1919

The first day of february passed quietly. There

were few people in the streets and everybody was in a

good mood. The telephone message with the news of

the approaching Cossacks arrived by midnight. We were

ordered to go to the front at once.

By that time we had had very few units, while the

Cossacks had many more. The red Army soldiers were

deployed around vladikavkaz. The infantry took control

over the trenches and the artillery batteries had clear lines

of fire. so thus we awaited the “Kuban eagles.”

By 4 a.m. on february 2, the Cossacks had made the

first attack on us. Although they took heavy losses, they

did not retreat. Moreover, they continued assaulting us for

nine days and nights. Their punitive detachments brutally

exterminated the working masses. ossetian cavalry could

be observed among the Cossacks detachments. Although

the enemy was numerous, we resisted bravely, which

�0

daamaxsovrda. diliT erT mwkrivad dagvayenes da

yovel Cvengans 150 rubli gamogvarTves im gzis safasurad, sadac lamis tyavi gagvaZvres. xolo saWmelsa da pirveladi moxmarebis nivTebs cecxlis fasi daades. amis Semdeg ki gaurkveveli bneli Zalebi gamoCndnen, romlebmac Cvengan iaraRi moiTxoves da iaraRis nacvlad yvelaferi wagvarTves, rac ki moewonaT da jibeSi groSic ar dagvitoves. tanjva-wamebagamovlili wiTelarmielebi gzas ganvagrZobdiT. vfiqrobdiT, Tbiliss rac ufro mivuaxlovdebodiT, Tbilad migviRebdnen. mivediT kobis sadgurTan imediT, rom iq mainc mogvcemdnen Tbil masasvenebelsa da gvaWmevdnen rames. Tumca amaod, isev mware imedgacrueba. kobis sadguris komendatis civsisxlianobis gamo, kvlav Ria cisqveS aRmovCndiT. Tbili mosasveneblis ZiebaSi veluri mglebiviT davexetebodiT, magram, samwuxarod, yvelgan erTi da igive pasuxs viRebdiT – ar SeiZleba! es veluri mxecebi dagvcinodnen, mxecebSi me osebs vgulisxmob.

SuaRamemde xetialiT daRlilma Tormeti saaTisTvis gadavwyvite, kidev erTxel mecada bedi da TavSesafari meTxova. erTi saxlis karze davakakune. kari 60 wlis osma moxucma kacma gamiRo. vTxove, saxlSi SeveSvi, moxucma momigo, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tbil wamosasxams momcem, xolo winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ar SemogiSvebo. aseT mdgomareobaSi myofs uaris Tqmis Tavi ar mqonda da davTanxmdi. wamosasxamis garda maspinZelma damatebiT 25 rublic gamomarTva.

diliT adre Cveni partia isev gaudga gzas jvris uReltexiliT. amindi gvwyalobda. sofel mleTasTan misulebs arc Tu ise megobrulad Segvxvdnen. ukmayofilebas xalxs gamoxedvaSic ki SeamCnevdi, magram amisTvis namdvilad

enfuriated them and made them fight more severely.

After ten days and nights of continuous violent atrocities,

a lack of bullets and a severe frost forced our troops

to retreat. We were entirely isolated from the outside

world. Therefore we retreated to the Darial Pass and

took lodgings in the village of Balta. While moving slowly

towards the border separating russia from Georgia, we

sent a delegation to kazbegi requesting permission cross

the frontier.

We were halfway away from larsi to the darial Pass

when we were stopped. not having eaten anything for four

days and nights, we were very cold in the field and were

looking forward to permission to cross the border. finally,

on the fifth day we were allowed to cross. While we hoped

to find a hot meal in Kazbegi, but instead we were looted

by robbers when we arrived, and instead of a hot meal we

were locked in a dirty stable. We could not sleep a wink

the whole night because of cold and hunger. That night is

lodged in our memories forever.

In the morning we were all made to stand in a line,

and they took 150 roubles from each of us. food and

other necessities were very expensive. Then vague,

dark characters appeared who demanded our rifles, but

when they couldn’t find any they looted everything. so

we were left without a penny in our pockets. But despite

our suffering, we continued on our way. The closer we

came to Tbilisi the more we expected to be treated kindly.

We reached the Kobi station where we hoped to find

shelter, but we were bitterly disappointed when we were

left out in the open by a brutal local commandant. We

were like wandering wolves looking for a warm den. But

unfortunately everybody refused to put us up. Those wild

animals, I mean the ossetians, laughed at us. having

wandered till midnight, I was very tired and decided to try

once again and ask someone to put me up for the night. I

knocked on a door. An old man of about sixty opened it. I

asked him to let me in, but in exchange for he wanted my

warm cape. Being very tired I accepted. In addition to the

cape he took 25 rubles.

Early in the morning our group continued its way

through the Jvari Pass. The weather was fine. In the

village of Mleta we were not met kindly. You could see

displeasure in people’s eyes, but we had no time to pay

attention to such things. finally, a hospitable man gave

ar gvecala. rogorc iqna, movZebneT Tbili maspinZeli da kargadac movewyveT. Tumca bednierebam didxans ar gastana. 9 saaTisTvis milicielebi gamoCndnen, romlebsac Tan ori oficeri axlda. nabrZaneb iqna, yvelani ezoSi gavsuliyaviT da movwyobiliyaviT. or mwkrivad dayofilebs dagvpirdnen, rom mosasveneblad yazarmebSi gadagvanawilebdnen. bednieri iyo is, vinc pirvel rigSi moxvda, xolo boloebs mZime xvedri gvergo wilad, radgan 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gaunZrevlad erT adgilze yofna mogviwia. amis Semdeg Cvenc wagviyvanes. SevdivarT yazarmaSi, romelsac arc fanjara aqvs, arc kari da sadac xalxis mTeli jgroa. mTeli Rame visxediT da Tvali ar mogvixuWavs. diliT ki isev gzas gavudeqiT.

ananuris sadgurTan pirvelad vnaxeT ingliselebi, romlebic Zvirfas mundirebSi iyvnen gamowyobilni. ukve Rame iyo, magram ingliselebma ar mogvces ufleba, Rame ananurSi gagveTia. ramac Zalian gagvakvirva. qarTvelebis miwaze gankargulebas ingliselebi iZleodnen. mkacrad iqna nabrZanebi, saswrafod dagvetovebina es teritoria. gamoCndnen badragebi da gagvyares sityvebiT: sami versis moSorebiT aris Tbili yazarma, sadac mSvenivrad moewyobiTo. dapirebuli Tbili yazarmis nacvlad binZur ,,saraiaSi~ amovyaviT Tavi cxvrebiviT. amis Semdeg ki gacxovelebuli Zarcva wavida, gvarTmevdnen Sinelebs, Ceqmebs, fulsa Tu beWdebs, anu yvelafers, rac moewonebodaT, xolo sanam xelmZRvanelobas mivmarTavdiT, es pirebi gaqrnen. isini demokratiuli respublikis jariskacebi iyvnen, Tu jariskacis niRabs amofarebuli yaCaRebi, rTuli gamosacnobia, magram faqti erTia, mZarcvelebi jariskacis nacrisfer SinelebSi iyvnen.

komendatis mier dapirebuli Tbili saWmeli Cven verc duSeTSi miviReT. ase mSieri kuWiT mogviwia mcxeTamde misvla. mcxeTaSi ki, rogorc iqna, gviwyalobes puri. Tbilisamdec CavaRwieT, sadac TavSesafari mogvces. gadatanili tanjva-wamebis Semdeg Cveni cxovreba Cveuli ritmiT gagrZelda. amiT vasruleb Cems narkvevs, radgan tifiT davvaaddi da saavadmyofoSi gamaqanes.

1920 wlis 5 ivlisi~.1

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), f. #8, s. # 501.

�1

us shelter. But our happiness did not last long. Policemen

and two officers came at 9 o’clock. They ordered us to

go into the yard and stand in a line. They divided us into

two groups and promised to take us to barracks to sleep.

Those who were in the first group were lucky, while the

others found themselves in a difficult situation because

we had to stand motionless for two hours. Then we were

taken to a barrack without doors or windows. It was also

filled with a crowd of people. We could not sleep a wink

the whole night, and in the morning we continued on our

way.

At Ananuri station I saw the English for the first

time. They were in expensive full-dress coats. Much to

our surprise, the English did not let us spend the night

in Ananuri, although it was already evening. It was the

English who were in charge in Georgia. We were strictly

ordered to evacuate at once. Escorts came and made

us leave the place. They told us that we stay in warm

barracks that were three versts away. But instead of warm

barracks we found ourselves in dirty shed. robbers took

everything they liked from us: boots, money and rings.

They fled before we could appealed to the authorities. I

could not make out whether they were the soldiers of a

democratic republic or robbers in disguise.

We did not have a hot meal in dusheti either. so

we were starving when we reached Mtskheta. There

somebody gave us some bread. In Tbilisi we were given

shelter. After so much suffering our life went on in an

usual way. Here I finish my memoir as I have caught

typhus and have been sent to hospital.

July 5, 1920.”1

1 III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.8, d.501.

�2

berZnebis, Turqebis, iranelebisa

da sxva warmomavlobis mqone

pirTa gadasaxleba 1949-1950

wlebSi

1949 1950

daviT alaverdaSvili

daVit aLaVErdaShViLi

ssrk ministrTa sabWos 1949 wlis 29

maisis #2214-856 dadgenilebisa da imave

wlis 20 maisis ssrk Sss #00183 brZanebis

safuZvelze, romelic instruqciiT

adgenda saberZneTis qveSevrdomebis,

im momentisaTvis moqalaqeobis armqone

saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebis,

SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeobis

mimReb saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebisa

da SavizRvispira teritoriebze mcxovrebi

moqalaqeebis specgadasaxlebis wessa

da rigs, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebidan

gadasaxlebul iqnen:

1) saberZneTis yvela qveSevrdomi;

2) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi,

romelTac im momentisaTvis ar gaaCndaT

moqalaqeoba;

3) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi,

romlebmac SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris

moqalaqeoba miiRes.

the exile of Greeks,

turkMen, iranians and

other nationalities in

1949-1950

on the basis of resolution no. 2214-856, passed

by the ussr Council of Ministers on May 29, 1949, and

resolution no. 00183 of the ussr Ministry of Internal

Affairs of May 20, 1949, the following peoples were

specgadasaxleba /sPECIAl ExIlE

�3

gadasaxlebas eqvemdebarebodnen

aRniSnuli kategoriis pirTa ojaxebis

srulwlovani wevrebi, imaT garda,

romlebic adre an im momentisaTvis ar

yofilan saberZneTis moqalaqeebi, xolo

arasrulwlovani wevrebi ki sxva danarCen

pirebTan, anu TavianT naTesavebTan erTad

igzavnebodnen specgadasaxlebis adgilebSi.

gadasaxlebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen

SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeobis

mimRebi saberZneTis yofil im qveSevrdomTa

ojaxebi, romlebic meore msoflio

omis dros sabWoTa armiis rigebSi an

partizanuli danayofebis SemadgenlobaSi

iaraRiT xelSi ibrZodnen agresorebisagan

qveynis dasacavad, an dajildoebulni iyvnen

Semdegi saxelmwifo jildoebiT: leninis,

wiTeli droSis, mSromelTa wiTeli droSis,

wiTeli varskvlavis, Rirsebis, samamulo

omis, suvorovis, kutuzovis, naximovis,

uSakovis, aleqsandre nevelisa da bogdan

xmelnickis saxelobis ordenebiT, agreTve

medlebiT `sabrZolo mamacobisaTvis”,

`sabrZolo damsaxurebisaTvis”,

`samsaxureobrivi movaleobis

keTilsindisierad SesrulebisaTvis” da

`samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas

Tavis gamoCenisaTvis”, an romelTac

gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebebi hqondaT

saxelmwifos winaSe (damsaxurebuli

moRvaweebi, laureatebi, umaRlesi, saolqo

da adgilobrivi sabWoebis deputatebi da

sxva).

gadasaxlebas agreTve ar

eqvemdebarebodnen im momentisaTvis

moqalaqeobis armqone, an SemdgomSi

sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeobis mimRebi

saberZneTis is yofili qveSevrdomebi,

romelTac, gamomdinare maTi janmrTelobis

mdgomareobidan, ar SeeZloT damoukideblad

gadaadgileba an saWiroebdnen mudmiv

movla-patronobas da amasTanave ojaxis

SemadgenlobaSi ar hyavdaT gadasaxlebas

daqvemdebarebuli Sromisunariani pirebi.

yovel gadasaxlebul ojaxze iqmneboda

gadasaxlebis saqme.

gadasaxleba xorcieldeboda Sesabamisi

teritoriuli erTeulis uSiSroebis

samsaxuris ufrosis mier saqmis ganxilvis

safuZvelze gamotanili daskvnisa da misi

mokavSire respublikis olqis, mxaris da a.S.

prokuroris mier damtkicebis Semdeg.

operaciis dawyebis win gadasasaxlebelT

acnobdnen gadawyvetilebas maTi ssrk

Soreul adgilebSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb

(Tu vis mier iyo aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba

exiled from the soviet socialist republics of Georgia and

Azerbaijan: all those with Greek citizenship, stateless

people who had previously been Greek citizens, and

people who had been Greek citizens but who had later

become soviet citizens. Minors were also banished to

special places of exile along with their relatives.

The following people and their families were excluded

from the exile lists: those who had fought for the soviet

Union during the second World War; those who had

received the order of lenin, the order of the red Banner,

the order of the Workers’ Banner flag, the red star, and

various other medals for bravery in combat and for service.

honored workers, laureates and regional and local soviet

deputies were excluded from exile, as were stateless

persons who could not relocate because of poor health and

needed constant care, and whose family members were

not in exile.

The authorites created files on each deported family.

The deportations were carried out on the basis of a

resolution passed by the heads of the security services of

particular territorial units and after confirmation by the union

republic prosecutor.

first those who were to be exiled to distant places

were informed of the decision made by the state. The name

of the person making the decision was not provided. They

were then ordered to surrender any firearms and side arms,

after which they were searched. They were warned against

resisting or attempting to avoid exile, and they were to

prepare their property for transport. They were only allowed

to take clothing, kitchen utensils, agricultural implements,

money, jewelry and foodstuffs – up to one ton for each

family.

The rest of their belongings became the property of

the state after it had been inventoried by local committees

that were responsible for protecting and securing it,

including live-stock and food.

Those to be exiled had the right to give power of

attorney to officials of the local organs in order to transfer

ownership of the remainder of their property to another

person. If this was impossible, the owner gave power of

attorney to the local officials to sell the property and send

��

miRebuli, ar mieTiTeboda).

gadasaxlebas daqvemdebarebul pirebs

winadadeba eZleodaT, CaebarebinaT

maT mflobelobaSi SesaZlo arsebuli

cecxlsasroli an civi iaraRi, ris Semdegac,

miRebuli pasuxis miuxedavad, tardeboda

Cxreka.

winaaRmdegobis gawevis, an

gadasaxlebisaTvis Tavis aridebisaTvis

dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb

gafrTxilebis Semdeg, gadasasaxlebelT

sTavazobdnen, transportirebisaTvis

gaemzadebinaT TavianTi qoneba.

maT neba eZleodaT, Tan waeRoT piradi

da sxva nivTebi (tanisamosi, WurWeli,

sasoflo-sameurneo da saojaxo inventari,

fuli, Zvirfaseuloba, sakvebis maragi),

ojaxze araumetes 1 tonisa.

gadasaxlebulTa mTeli darCenili

qoneba, sayofacxovrebo inventari da

sameurneo savargulebi aRiwereboda

adgilobrivi komisiebis mier da

gadaecemoda saxelisuflebo organoebs.

maTve ekisrebodaT pasuxismgebloba

gadasaxlebulTa darCenili qonebis

(pirutyvi, produqtebi...) dacvis

uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT.

gadasasaxlebelT, maTive

Sexedulebisamebr, eZleodaT adgilobrivi

organoebis warmomadgenelTaTvis

mindobilobebis micemis ufleba darCenili

qonebisa da pirutyvis sxva pirTaTvis

gadacemis Sesaxeb.

sxva pirisaTvis qonebis gadacemis

SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, gadasasaxlebeli

adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo organos

warmomadgenels utovebda mindobilobas

qonebis Semdgomi realizaciisa da miRebuli

Tanxis misTvis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb. aseTi

mindobilobis gacemaze uaris SemTxvevaSi

dgeboda aqti, romelic gadaecemoda

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebs,

qonebis gayidvisa da amonagebi Tanxebis

misi mflobelis depozitur angariSze

Casaricxad.

gadasaxlebis momentSi gadasaxlebis

ganmaxorcielebeli operatiuli jgufis

xelmZRvaneli, an operatiuli muSaki

avsebda specialur formas gadasaxlebas

daqvemdebarebul ojaxis ufrosze,

romelSic aRiwereboda dawvrilebiTi

monacemebi ojaxis TiToeuli wevrisa da

gadasasaxlebeli maTi sxva naTesavebis

Sesaxeb. amasTan warmoebda gadasasaxlebelTa

mier miwodebuli informaciebis sapasporto

monacemebTan, cnobebTan, dabadebis

mowmobebsa da maTive xelT arsebul sxva

the money to them. however, if the owner did not accept

these terms, a certificate of purchase of the estate was

created for the owner.

Prior to the deportation, the head of the operational

group filled in a special form with the data of each member

of the family and their relatives. They also compared the

data given by the persons who were to be exiled with

the data in their passports, birth-certificates and other

documents.

Every member of the family over 15 had to give his

or her precise personal information and confirm it with a

signature. heads of households dictated the biographical

particulars of their family members.

Documentation was created in duplicate on each

family. one copy was given to the head of the transport

column while the other was affixed to the case file. during

the transfer of the families to the railway station, echelon

lists were created in triplicate, two of which were given to

Department “A” of the state security Ministry (the local

administration), while the third copy was for the head of the

transport column.

In case any family members were absent, their

location had to be indicated and it was included in the

family documentation. If the absent person was nearby,

special measures were taken to find and prepare him or her

for deportation.

searches were made for those who tried to avoid

exile. such people were later sent to places of exile on

the basis of a resolution passed by a special deliberative

committee of the state security ministry. It was prohibited

for foreigners to gather near the houses of exiled persons.

In case of armed resistance or any excesses, measures

were taken to eradicate them, using firearms if necessary.

According to the resolution and instruction included

in resolution no. 00183 of the ussr Ministry of Internal

Affairs of May 20, 1949, the following persons were to be

exiled: subjects of Iran and former subjects of Iran who

were stateless at that time but who had later become

soviet citizens, excluding Armenians. The deportation of

these people continued from 1949 until february 14, 1950.

An analogous policy was carried out with regard

dokumentaciasTan Sedareba.

ojaxis yvela mozrdili wevri (15 wlidan

da zemoT) valdebuli iyo, zusti monacemebi

miewodebina Tavisi pirovnebis Sesaxeb,

rasac anketaze xelmoweriT adasturebda.

ojaxis TiToeuli wevris anketuri da

sxva monacemebi gamokiTxvis furcelze

Seitaneboda ojaxis ufrosis karnaxiT.

yvela ojaxis Sesaxeb dgeboda

cnoba 2 egzemplarad, romelTaganac

erTi gadaecemoda etapirebis procesis

xelmZRvanels, xolo meore daerTvoda saqmes.

garda amisa, etapirebis ufrosisaTvis

ojaxebis gadabarebisas, maTi gamgzavrebis

adgilebSi (rkinigzis sadgurebSi),

dadgenili wesiT 3 egzemplarad dgeboda

saeSelono siebi, romelTaganac 2 egzemplari

gadaecemoda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis

saministros (adgilobrivi sammarTvelo)

`a” ganyofilebas, xolo mesame piri ki _

etapirebis procesis ufross.

ojaxis romelime wevris aryofnis

SemTxvevaSi irkveoda maTi fizikuri

adgilmdebareoba, ris Sesaxebac Sesabamisi

aRniSvnebi Seitaneboda gamokiTxvis

furcelsa da cnobaSi.

Tu armyofi piri axlomaxlo adgilebSi

imyofeboda, miiReboda zomebi misi dakavebisa

da etapirebisaTvis.

gadasaxlebisaTvis Segnebulad

Tavis amridebel, agreTve operaciis

ganxorcielebis momentisaTvis adgilze

armyof pirebze cxaddeboda Zebna, romlebic

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros

gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiroebis daskvnis

safuZvelze, Semdgom igzavnebodnen

gadasaxlebis adgilebSi.

gadasasaxlebelTa sacxovrebeli

adgilebis maxloblad ar daiSveboda

gareSe pirTa Sekrebebi. SeiaraRebuli

winaaRmdegobebis gawevis an raime sxva

eqcesebis SemTxvevebSi miiReboda zomebi

maTi aRmofxvris mizniT. saWiroebisas

nebadarTuli iyo cecxlsasroli iaraRis

gamoyenebac.

amave dadgenilebisa da 1949 wlis

20 maisis ssrk Sss #00183 brZanebiT

damtkicebuli gadasaxlebis instruqciis

Sesabamisad, gadasaxlebul iqnen iranis

qveSevrdomebi, im momentisaTvis moqalaqeobis

armqone iranis yvela yofili qveSevrdomi

da Semdgomad sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mimRebi

iranis yvela yofili qveSevrdomi, somxuri

warmoSobis pirTa gamoklebiT. aRniSnuli

kontigentis gadasaxleba warmoebda 1949

wlidan 1950 wlis 14 Tebervlamde.

��

��

analogiuri procesebi xorcieldeboda

TurqeTis qveSevrdomebis, im momentisaTvis

moqalaqeobis armqone TurqeTis yvela

yofili qveSevrdomisa da Semdgomad

sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mimRebi TurqeTis

yvela yofil qveSevrdomTan dakavSirebiTac.

aRniSnuli kontigenti gasaxlebul iqna

qonebis konfiskaciis gareSe.

saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebidan

imave dokumentebze dayrdnobiT iqnen

gasaxlebulni yofili daSnakebi da maTi

ojaxebi.

gasaxlebas eqvemdebareboda daSnakTa

yoveli ojaxis TiToeuli srulwlovani Tu

arasrulwlovani wevri da maTTan erTad

mcxovrebi axlo naTesavi.

sayuradReboa afxazeTis avtonomiuri

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikidan

berZenTa specgadasaxlebis faqti.

rogorc afxazeTis assr Ss ministris,

p. arSbas saqarTvelos ssr Ss ministr

v. janjRavasadmi mimarTuli 1955 wlis

18 oqtombris #2/3043 werilidan irkveva,

1949 wels afxazeTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikidan gasaxlebul

iqnen berZeni erovnebis pirebi, sxva

qveynebis qveSevrdomebi da moqalaqeobis

armqoneni. maTTan erTad arasworad iyvnen

gadasaxlebulni ssrk moqalaqe berZeni

erovnebis pirebi, romlebzec wesiT da

rigiT ar unda gavrcelebuliyo ssrk

ministrTa sabWos 1949 wlis 29 maisis #2214-

856 dadgenileba, agreTve amave kategoriis

pirebi, romelTac Tavad gamoTqves survili

yofiliyvnen gadasaxlebulni afxazeTis

avtonomiuri respublikis farglebs gareT.

specCasaxlebis adgilas, kerZod,

yazaxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi

respublikaSi Casvlisas, ssrk moqalaqeobis

mqone berZnuli erovnebis pirebi saerTo

wesiT iqnen ayvanilni speckomendaturebis

aRricxvaze da maTzec, gadasaxlebulTa

kontigentis sxva warmomadgenelTa

analogiurad, gavrcelda dadgenili yvela

SezRudva da akrZalva.

SezRudvis erT-erT RonisZiebas

warmoadgenda specCasaxlebis

adgilebidan gamgzavrebis akrZalva,

romelic Semdgom gauqmebul iqna

da maT miecaT yazaxeTis ssr

mTel teritoriaze Tavisuflad

gadaadgilebis ufleba.

1950 wels berZeni erovnebis

sabWoTa moqalaqeebis nawili

(anu is pirebi, romlebic ar

to Turkish subjects and former Turkish subjects who

were stateless but had later become soviet citizens.

These groups were exiled without having their property

confiscated. on the basis of the same documents, former

Armenian “Dashnak” nationalists and their families were

exiled from Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. All family

members and close relatives living with them were sent into

exile, regardless of age.

A special deportation of Greeks from the soviet

socialist Autonomous republic of Abkhazia is noteworthy.

According to correspondence no. 2/3043, dated

october 18, 1955, persons of Greek nationality, citizens

of other countries and stateless people were exiled from

the soviet socialist Autonomous republic of Abkhazia in

1949. The correspondence was between P. Arshba, the

Minister for Internal Affairs of the Abkhazian Assr, and

v.Janjgava, the Minister for Internal Affairs of the Georgian

ssr. Persons of Greek nationality who were soviet citizens

were exiled along with them by mistake. resolution no.

2214-856, passed by ussr Council of Ministers on May

29, 1949, should not have applied to them. some people

were exiled from Abkhazia “voluntarily.”

The persons of Greek nationality who were soviet

citizens were registered when they arrived at their places of

settlement in the soviet socialist republic of kazakhstan.

The same restrictions and prohibitions applied to them as

applied to all other exiled persons.

��

eqvemdebarebodnen specgadasaxlebas) _ sul 1

362 suli, TviTneburad dabrunda afxazeTis

avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi

respublikis teritoriaze, romlebic

ZiriTadad dasaxldnen gulrifSisa da

soxumis raionebSi, agreTve uSualod q.

soxumSi. bevrma maTganma, xelmZRvaneli

organoebis gadawyvetilebiT, daibruna

adrindeli sacxovrebeli bina da qoneba.

kerZod, soxumisa da gulrifSis raionebSi

sakuTar saxlebSi cxovrebis ufleba miiRo

42 dabrunebulma, xolo q. soxumSi ki _ 22

pirma.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli dabrunebuli

araTu ar cdilobda, Tavi aeridebina

xelisuflebis organoebTan kontaqtisaTvis,

aramed TiTonve aRZravda Suamdgomlobas

pasportis dabrunebis, sacxovrebel adgilze

Caweris da dawesebuli akrZalvebis moxsnis

Sesaxeb. TumcaRa, vinaidan maT saregistracio

mowmobebSi ukve Setanili iyo aRniSvnebi

dadgenili SezRudvebis Sesaxeb, afxazeTis

assr Ss organoebi aseTi tipis gancxadebebs

daukmayofileblad tovebdnen.

amasTan yazaxeTis ssr Ss organoebi ki

TviTneburad dabrunelebTan dakavSirebiT

axorcielebdnen samZebro RonisZiebebs.

Sesabamisad, afxazeTis avtonomiuri

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Ss

saministroSi maTi yazaxi kolegebisagan

masobrivad daiwyo Semodineba samZebro

moTxovnebma da davalebebma aRniSnuli

kategoriis pirTa dadgenisa da maTTvis

sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

dakisrebis mizniT. garda amisa, iTxovdnen

specCasaxlebis adgilebSi gamoqceulTa

iZulebiT dabrunebas.

aRniSnuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebis

procesSi afxazeTis assr Ss organoebi

axorcielebdnen operatiul-samZebro

RonisZiebebs sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone

berZeni erovnebis pirTa dadgenis mizniT

(Tumca gaugebaria, ra iyo dasadgeni da

mosaZiebeli, rodesac aRniSnuli pirebi

arsad ar imalebodnen da sakuTar binebSi

cxovrobdnen), ris Sesaxebac atyobinebdnen

iniciatorebs, xolo aRniSnul pirebs ki

arTmevdnen xelwerilebs specCasaxlebis

adgilebze dabrunebis Sesaxeb.

TumcaRa gatarebuli RonisZiebebi

uSedego aRmoCnda da aRniSnuli kategoriis

dadgenili pirebi kvlav ganagrZobdnen

avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze

cxovrebasa da muSaobas. amasTan afxazeTis

assr Ss organoebs ar hqondaT sxva

zomebis miRebis ufleba da saSualeba,

At first leaving places of special settlement was

forbidden. however, later this decision was annulled and

the exiled were allowed to relocate throughout the entire

territory of the kazakhstan ssr.

In 1950, some Greeks with soviet citizenship, 1362

persons in all, returned to Abkhazia. They settled mainly in

the regions of Gulripshi and sukhumi, and also in the city of

sukhumi. Many of them got their houses and property back

on the basis of a government decision: 42 persons were

allowed to live in the regions of Gulripshi and sukhumi, and

22 persons in sukhumi.

It is noteworthy that these people did not avoid

contacts with the government. Moreover, they were

mediators who tried to annul all the restrictions and to

regain their passports and residence permits. But as these

restrictions were written in their registration certificates,

the Abkhazian internal affairs organs did not agree to

these requests. They investigated the cases of those who

returned to sukhumi voluntarily. The Ministry of Internal

Affairs of the soviet socialist Autonomous republic of

Abkhazia received an order from their kazakh colleagues

to identify these people and subject them to criminal law.

They also demanded that escaped persons be returned to

their places of special settlement.

While performing these tasks, the Abkhazian security

organs took measures to identify ethnic Greeks who had

soviet citizenship. however, it is not clear what they were

investigating, since these people were not in hiding and

were living in their homes. They nevertheless carried out

the investigation and tried to force the inhabitants to return

to their places of exile.

But all these measures were in vain. The inhabitants

continued to live and work in Abkhazia. The soviet

government in Abkhazia could not take stricter measures

to force escaped Greeks to return to their places of exile.

There were no special documents or legislative bases

that could solve the problem of the deportation of these

people. It was impossible to meet the demands of the

Party organization in Kazakhstan even if the case files

were sent, since these people were formally citizens of the

soviet union. These facts caused a feeling of annoyance

��

riTic aiZulebda sabWoTa moqalaqeobis

mqone gamoqceul berZnebs specCasaxlebis

adgilebze dabrunebas, vinaidan ar

arsebobda saTanado dokumentacia da

sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic am pirebis

usityvo deportacias uzrunvelyofda.

yazaxeTis ssr Ss organoebis moTxovnebis

Sesruleba SeuZlebeli iyo gaqcevasTan

dakavSirebuli winaswari gamoZiebis

masalebis maT mierve gadmogzavnis

SemTxvevebSic, vinaidan aRniSnuli pirebi

formalurad ssrk moqalaqeebad rCebodnen.

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli iwvevda yazaxeTis

Ss organoTa ukmayofilebasa da protests,

ris Sesaxebac isini atyobinebdnen ssrk

Ss saministros xelmZRvanelobas da

aRniSnavdnen, rom gaqceul berZenTaTvis

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis

daukisrebloba sxva kategoriis

gadasaxlebul pirTac uRvivebdaT

specCasaxlebis adgilebis datovebis

survils.

sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZeni

erovnebis pirTa `sakuTari neba-surviliT”

specgadasaxlebis Sesaxeb istoria ki

imiT damTavrda, rom ssrk ministrTa

sabWos 1955 wlis 24 noembris #8121-РС

gankargulebis safuZvelze yazaxeTis

Ss organoebs winadadeba miecaT 1956

kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganexilaT

yvela ukanonod gadasaxlebuli berZeni

erovnebis piris (sul _ 5 570 piri) saqme da

Sesabamisi daskvnis safuZvelze, rogorc

ukanonod gadasaxlebulni, moexsnaT

isini speckomendaturebis aRricxvebidan,

gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT miyenebuli

materialuri zianis anazRaurebiT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos ssr

ministrTa sabWos 1957 wlis 21 maisis

#44-РС gankargulebiT, afxazeTis assr

ministrTa sabWos daevala, erTi Tvis

vadaSi daesrulebina 1949 wels afxazeTis

avtonomiuri respublikidan ukanonod

specgadasaxlebul da 1957 wlis 1

Tebervlamde TviTneburad ukan dabrunebul

sabWoTa moqalaqeobis mqone berZeni

erovnebis pirTa gancxadebebis ganxilva

miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebiT.

aRniSnulis aRsrulebis procesSi,

daaxloebiT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,

saqarTvelos ssr da afxazeTis assr

centraluri komitetebisa da ministrTa

sabWoebis mier damtkicebul iqna 723 aqti

1949 wels afxazeTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikidan ukanonod

specgadasaxlebul sabWoTa moqalaqeobis

and protest in the Internal Affairs Ministry in kazakhstan.

They let the central authorities know about this, declaring

that the fact that escapees had impunity made others want

to leave as well.

The story of the Greeks with soviet citizenship

who were “voluntarily” sent into exile concluded with the

following resolution: on the basis of resolution no. 8121,

passed by ussr Council of Ministers on november 24,

1955, the organs of Internal Affairs of kazakhstan were

ordered to review the cases of the Greeks, 5570 people

in total, who had been deported illegally. In addition, these

people were to receive compensation for material losses

due to the exile. on the basis of resolution no. 44, passed

by ussr Council of Ministers on May 21, 1957, the

soviet socialist Autonomous republic of Abkhazia was to

complete investigations within a month of cases of people

who had been exiled illegally from Abkhazia in 1949. They

were also to review the cases of those Greeks with soviet

citizenship who willfully left their places of exile prior to

february 1, 1957.

Within a year, 723 complaints were considered by

the Georgian Party and by the Central Committee and

Councils of Ministers of the Abkhazian Assr which

resolved the property situations of those Greeks who

had been illegally exiled from Abkhazia in 1949 and had

protested this fact prior to february 1, 1957. By november

12, 1958, 712 persons of the 723 received 161,491,000

rubles in compensation. The Georgian Party apportioned

15,601,300 rubles from its budget, the Abkhazian Assr

263,300 rubles and the kazakhstan ssr 279,500 rubles.

no further information about these people can be found in

the archives.

In addition, many soviet citizens who had been

neither citizens of foreign countries nor stateless persons

in the past had been illegally sent into exile by a special

committee through ussr Council of Ministers resolution

no. 2214-856, which was passed on May 29,1949.

on the basis of a resolution passed by the Presidium

of the Ussr supreme soviet in 1955, the case files of

these persons were reviewed. The office of the Prosecutor

complained to the supreme Court of the ussr about

��

mqone im berZeni erovnebis pirTa qonebrivi

mdgomareobis aRweris Sesaxeb, romlebmac

Sesabamisi pretenzia gamoTqves 1957 wlis

1 Tebervlamde. 723 meurneobidan 712-s 1958

wlis 12 noembramde aunazRaurda 161 491

aTasi maneTi (Zvel fulad erTeulebSi), maT

Soris: saqarTvelos ssr biujetidan - 15601.3

aTasi maneTi, afxazeTis assr biujetidan

- 263.3 aTasi maneTi, xolo yazaxeTis

respublikidan miRebuli Tanxebidan ki _

279.5 aTasi maneTi. aRniSnul kontigentTan

dakavSirebiT raime saxis sxva damatebiTi

monacemebi da cnobebi ar moipoveba. garda

amisa, ssrk ministrTa sabWos 1949 wlis 29

maisis #2214-856 dadgenilebis darRveviT,

gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiroebis mier

ukanonod iqna gadasaxlebuli rigi sabWoTa

moqalaqeebisa, romlebic ar warmoadgendnen

sxva qveynebis qveSevrdomebs da agreTve

warsulSic ar yofilan moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebi.

aRniSnul pirTa saqmeebi, maTi

calkeuli gancxadebis safuZvelze,

eqvemdebareboda gadasinjvas ssrk

umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis 1955 wlis

19 agvistos brZanebulebis safuZvelze. im

pirebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic cnobil

iqnebodnen ukanonod gadasaxlebulebad,

prokuraturis organoebs saqarTvelos

ssr umaRles sasamarTloSi SehqondaT

protesti gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo

uSiSroebis saministros gansakuTrebuli

saTaaTbiroebis mier adre gamotanil

gadawyvetilebaTa gasauqmeblad, am

kategoriis pirTa specgadasaxlebis

adgilebidan gasaTavisufleblad da maT

mimarT dawesebuli yvela akrZalvisa da

SezRudvis mosaxsnelad.

aseTi wesiT gaTavisuflebul iqna

daaxloebiT 4 134 ojaxi.

1949-1950 wlebSi specgadasaxlebulTa

danarCeni kontigenti (martoxela

invalidebis gamoklebiT) specaRricxvidan

moixsna da uwindel sacxovrebel adgilebze

dabrunebis uflebis gareSe specCasaxlebis

adgilebidan gaTavisuflda ssrk umaRlesi

sabWos prezidiumis 22 seqtembris #144/29

brZanebulebis safuZvelze. martoxela

invalidebs miecaT adrindel sacxovrebel

adgilebze TavianT naTesavebTan dabrunebis

ufleba.

cases of people who had been illegally exiled,

requesting that the resolution passed by a special

committee of the state security Ministry be annulled. In

this case, persons in this category were to be released

from their places of exile and all the restrictions abrogated.

Approximately 4,134 families were released as a result of

this.

In 1949-1950 on the basis of order no. 144/29 of

the supreme Council of the ussr, the remaining special

exiles, excluding solitary invalids, were removed from the

exile list. Although they were released from their places

of exile, they were not allowed to return to their previous

residences. The solitary invalids, however, were allowed

to return to their places of previous residence and to their

relatives.

�0

ГеорГий МаМулиаGIorGI MAMulIA

(for PArT I - sEE ~ThE ArChIvAl BullETIn,~ # 2,3)(dasawyisi ix. ,,saarqivo moambe~ #2, 3)

1 Французский перевод данной главы опубликован нами в военно-историческом журнале « 39-45 Magazine ». См. Mamoulia G. la bataille du Caucase. une unité spéciale caucasienne: le sonderverband « Bergmann ». 39-45 Magazine, Bayeux: Editions heimdal, 2006. n° 235. p. 40-46.

2 Beher h. Erinnerungen an den sonderverband, drei Bataillone und an die kamerad-schaft Bergmann. Krailling: seehamer Verlag, 1983. ss. 24-25; Kaltenegger r. Ge-birgsjäger im kaukasus. Die operation „Edelweiss“ 1942/43. Graz-stuttgart: leopold stocker verlag, 1997. s. 144.

Битва за КавКаз. 1942-1943 ГГ.Кавказское соединение особого назначения «Бергманн»1

BATTlE for ThE CAuCAsus: 1942-1943

The Caucasian special Purposes Battalion “Bergmann” 1

1 The french translation of this article was published in the military history journal 39-45 Magazine. see Mamoulia, G. “la bataille du Caucase. une unité spéciale caucasienne: le sonderverband ‘Bergman,’” 39-45 Magazine, n. 235, 2006, pp. 40-6.

meore msoflio omi / world war ii

В своих записках командир батальона

«Бергманн», капитан Т. Оберлендер, оставил

нам описание интересных деталей данной

пропагандистской компании:

«Как только вечером, находящиеся на позициях

грузины стали хором исполнять свои боевые песни,

они сразу были услышаны их товарищами из советской

дивизии. [...] Каждый из нас до сих пор помнит, как

в те летние вечера, пробиравшихся к нам через

заросли ромашек и одуванчиков перебежчиков, с

превосходным германским вином в руках встречали их

соплеменники в формах офицеров и унтер-офицеров

Германского Вермахта.

Нам не надо была их разоружать. Они сами

охотно сдавали свое вооружение. Очень часто они

были родственниками друг друга, родом из одной

деревни, или учились в одной школе. Объяснения

были излишни. Перебежчики сами видели, что люди

прослужившие год или два в Тбилиси в рядах Красной

армии, ныне, будучи унтер-офицерами Германского

Вермахта, носят немецкую униформу.

Желающим мы позволяли вернутся назад,

отлично зная, какое влияние окажет этот факт на

грузин-красноармейцев за линией фронта. В течение

нескольких дней из стоявшей напротив нас Грузинской

дивизии перешло на нашу сторону 800 перебежчиков,

в том числе, целая батарея во главе со своим

командиром».2

За успешную пропагандистскую акцию, личный

состав 1-й и 5-й грузинских рот «Бергманна»

In his notes, “Bergmann” Battalion commander

Captain T. oberländer has left us a description of some

interesting details of a particular propaganda campaign:

“As soon as evening fell, the Georgians began to

singing their military songs in chorus from their positions,

which were instantly audible to their comrades from

the soviet division... We all remember to this day how

the defectors came over to us through the thickets of

chamomiles and dandelions, and how they met their

countrymen in the uniforms of officers and NCos of the

German Wehrmacht with excellent German wine in their

hands.

We did not have to disarm them: they handed their

weapons over themselves. They were often related to one

�1

удостоился особой похвалы командующего 52-м

армейским корпусом, генерала от инфантерии О. Отта .1

Эффективность действий «Бергманна» была

настолько высокой, что еще 29 сентября 1942 г.

командование 1-й танковой армии издало приказ

обязывающий Оберлендера, в дополнении к

имеющимся пяти ротам соединения, сформировать

из числа местных добровольцев, перебежчиков и

военнопленных еще пять рот и два кавалерийских

эскадрона, по 200 человек в каждом подразделении:

1) Состоящую из чеченцев и дагестанцев 6-ю

роту для 3-й танковой дивизии.

2) Укомплектованный дагестанцами, чеченцами

и азербайджанцами 7-й эскадрон для 3-й танковой

дивизии.

3) Состоящие из черкесов 8-й и 9-й эскадрон для

1-й танковой армии.

4) 10-ю грузинскую роту для 40-го танкового

корпуса.

5) 11-ю азербайджанскую роту для 40-го

танкового корпуса.

6) 12-й грузинский эскадрон для 1-й танковой

армии.

7) 13-ю запасную роту для 1-й танковой армии.

Планировалось вооружить добровольцев

германскими карабинами, придав каждой из рот и

эскадронов 6 легких и 2 тяжелых пулемета, 4 легких

гранатомета. Как и прочие роты «Бергманна», новые

подразделения временно должны были оставались в

тактическом подчинении командования 1-й танковой

армии, а так же германских соединений, при которых

и осуществлялось их формирование. Местом

формирования 8-го, 9-го и 12-го эскадронов, являлся

район между Пятигорском и Кисловодском.

В соответствии с этим же приказом, командованию

«Бергманна» поручалось проверка боеспособности

и надежности всех других кавказских формирований,

введенных в состав 1-й танковой армии.

Контрразведывательное обслуживание данных частей,

применение которых на фронте, до завершения

данных мероприятий, категорически воспрещалось . 2

Приток новых добровольцев, позволил поздней

осенью 1942 г. завершить процесс формирования

новых рот и эскадронов «Бергманна».

1 hoffmann J. kaukasien 1942/43. SS. 111-112.2 Aufstellung von Turk-verbänden durch die Einheit „Bergmann“ und Einsatz der Turk-

Btle. Pz.Aok 1, Ic, nr. 6611/42 geh., 29. 9. 1942. u.s. national Archives and records Administration (NArA), WashdC. National Archives Microfilm Publications (Captured German records). T. 311, r. 149/7196583-7196584.

another, born in the same village or studied in the same

school. no explanations were necessary. The defectors

saw for themselves that people who had served for a year

or two in Tiflis in the ranks of the red Army were now

non-commissioned officers in the Wehrmacht and wearing

German uniforms.

We allowed anybody who wanted to go back to do

so, knowing full well what effect this fact would have on

the Georgian red Army soldiers behind the front line.

800 defectors from the Georgian Division facing us came

over to our side, including a whole battery led by its

commander.”1

for their successful propaganda action, the

personnel of the 1st and 5th Georgian companies received

a special commendation from Infantry General Eugen ott,

commander of the 52nd Army Corps.2

The “Bergmann” Battalion was so effective that on

29 september 1942 the command of the 1st Tank Army

gave an order obliging oberländer to form, in addition to

the existing five companies, five more companies and two

cavalry squadrons of 200 men each from among local

volunteers, defectors and prisoners of war:

1) The 6th Company for the 3rd Tank Division,

comprising Chechens and dagestanians;

2) The 7th squadron for the 3rd Tank Division, made

up of dagestanians, Chechens and Azerbaijanis;

3) The 8th and 9th squadrons for the 1st Tank Army,

comprised of Cherkessians;

4) The 10th Georgian Company for the 40th Tank

Corps;

5) The 11th Azerbaijani Company for the 40th Tank

Corps;

6) The 12th Georgian squadron for the 1st Tank Army;

7) The 13th reserve Company for the 1st Tank Army.

It was planned to equip the volunteers with German

carbines, assigning each company and squadron six light

and two heavy machine guns, and four light grenade

launchers. As with other “Bergmann” companies, the new

formations were temporarily to be subordinated to the

tactical command of the 1st Tank Army and the German

units under which they were created. The 8th, 9th and 12th

squadrons were formed in the region between Piatigorsk

and kislovodsk.

1 Beher, H. Erinnerungen an den Sonderverband, drei Bataillone und an die Kameradschaft Berg-mann (Krailling: Seehamer Verlag, 1��3), pp. 2�-2�; Kaltenegger, R. Gebirgsjäger im Kaukasus. Die Operation „Edelweiss“ 1��2/�3 (Graz-Stuttgart: Leopold Stocker Verlag, 1���), p. 1��.

2 hoffmann, J, kaukasien 1942/43, pp. 111-2.

�2

При формировании этих подразделений,

Оберлендер отдавал преимущество кавказцам,

добровольно перешедшим на сторону Вермахта.

Так как большинство из них составляли «свежие»

перебежчики, лишь недолгое время находящиеся в

лагерях для военнопленных, боевой дух новичков-

добровольцев был достаточно высок.

Типичным примером этого, может служить

история одного из бывших красноармейцев-грузин, - Б.

Курхули, - служившего в 626-м полку 151-й стрелковой

дивизии РККА. В начале октября 1942 г., части 13-й

и 23-й танковых дивизий Вермахта нанесли удар по

626-му советскому полку, дислоцированному в то

время под Нижним Череком, недалеко от Нальчика.

Оборонительные позиции полка были прорваны в

первый же день.

Далее приведем слова самого Курхули, наряду

с прочим, свидетельствующие о том, что и многие

русские красноармейцы, отнюдь не горели желанием

защищать сталинскую тиранию:

«Наша часть в продолжение четырех суток

находилась в окружении немецких войск. Я, вместе с

двумя русскими бойцами, […] утром 25 октября 1942 г.

был пленен немцами при следующих обстоятельствах.

С названными русскими бойцами я находился в окопе.

Вдруг к нам приблизился немецкий танк и остановился.

С этого танка сошли два красноармейца и направились

к нам. Мы не стали стрелять в них. Они подошли

к нам. Оказались русскими военнопленными, без

оружия. Они уговорили нас сдаться в плен противнику,

после чего, мы все пятеро подошли к немецкому

танку. Там оказалось несколько немцев, которым

я и мои товарищи сдали свои русские винтовки с

боевыми патронами. Немцы разбили эти винтовки и

вместе с боевыми патронами выбросили там же. А

нас посадили на танк, довезли до ближайшего села,

пересадили на грузовую машину и вместе с другими

военнопленными […] отвезли в сел[о] Черек» .1

Около месяца Курхули содержался в лагере

военнопленных под Прохладном.

В январе 1943 г. добровольно изъявил желание

вступить в новые формирующиеся роты соединения

«Бергманн», и, впоследствии, отлично проявил себя

в боевых действиях в Крыму и на Балканах. Был

награжден медалью «за храбрость для восточных

народов» II класса. Получил черненный германский 1 См. Дело по обвинению Курхули Б. Г. Архив Министерства внутренних дел

Грузии (АМВДГ). Ф. 6. Архивное дело № 4715-58. Л. 23-34.

In conjunction with this order, the “Bergmann”

command was instructed to inspect the military

preparedness as well as reliability from the

counterintelligence point of view of all other Caucasians

units that were part of the 1st Tank Army. The use of these

units on the front was categorically forbidden until the

completion of this inspection.1

The flow of new volunteers allowed the process of

forming the new “Bergmann” companies and squadrons to

be completed by the fall of 1942.

In creating the new units, oberländer gave preference

to Caucasians who had voluntarily crossed over to the

Wehrmacht. since the majority of them were “fresh”

defectors who had been in prison camps for only a short

time, the fighting spirit of these new volunteers was quite

high.

A typical example is the story of B. kurkhuli, one

of the former soviet Georgian soldiers who had served

in the 626th regiment of the 151st Infantry Division of the

red Army. In the beginning of october 1942, units of the

Wehrmacht’s 13th and 23rd Tank Divisions delivered a blow

to the soviet 626th regiment that at the time was dislocated

outside of nizhnyi Cherek, not far from nalchik. The

regiment’s defensive positions were destroyed during the

very first day of fighting.

kurkhuli’s own words demonstrate, among other

things, that even many russian red Army soldiers were

not overcome with desire to defend stalinist tyranny:

“our unit was surrounded for four days and nights

by German forces. on the morning of 25 october 1942

two russian soldiers and I were taken prisoner by the

Germans under the following circumstances: I was in a

trench together with the afore-mentioned russian soldiers.

suddenly a German tank approached us and halted.

Two red Army soldiers climbed off the tank and headed

towards us. We didn’t fire on them. They came up to us,

and they turned out to be unarmed russian prisoners of

war. They convinced us to give ourselves up to the enemy

as prisoners, and all four of us went up to the German

tank. There were several Germans there, to whom my

comrades and I gave our russian rifles and ammunition.

The Germans smashed these rifles and threw them down

together with the ammunition. They sat us on the tank

1 Aufstellung von Turk-verbänden durch die Einheit „Bergmann“ und Einsatz der Turk-Btle. Pz.Aok 1, Ic, nr. 6611/42 geh., 29. 9. 1942. u.s. national Archives and records Administration (NArA), Washington, dC. National Archives Microfilm Publications (Captured German records). T. 311, r. 149/7196583-7196584.

�3

знак за ранение III степени. Дослужился до должности

командира минометного взвода .1

К середине декабря 1942 г., после выполнения

Соединением основных стоящих перед ним боевых,

разведывательно-диверсионных и пропагандистских

операций, оно было выведено из под юрисдикции

Абвера и подчинено Верховному командованию

сухопутных войск .2

После 1 января 1943 г., когда германским

командованием был издан приказ об отходе Вермахта

с Кавказа, подразделения «Бергманна» осуществляли

арьергардное прикрытие отходящих войск. 2 февраля

1943 г. с Таманского полуострова соединение было

выведено в Крым и подчиненное командующему

германских войск полуострова, использовалось по охране

коммуникаций, в районе шоссе Бахчисарай – Ялта, а

также морского побережья, севернее Джанкоя .3

Наряду с этим, находясь на Кавказе,

командование батальона, в лице капитана Т.

Оберлендера, участвовало в выработке планов

и концепций, относительно политики Германии в

отношении Кавказского региона в целом. В этом деле

Оберлендер пользовался полной поддержкой как

командующего германскими войсками на Кавказе,

генерал-полковника Э. фон Клейста, так и своего

непосредственного начальника, адмирала В. Канариса.

В памятной записке «Германия и Кавказ»,

составленной Т. Оберлендером еще в октябре 1941 г.,

а затем, летом 1942 г., розданной в качестве памятки

командирам задействованных на Кавказе германских

соединений, особо подчеркивалась необходимость

установления с народами Кавказа равноправных,

партнерских взаимоотношений.

В документе дается настолько глубокий анализ

геополитического положения Кавказа, что многие

содержащиеся в нем выводы, думается, не потеряли

свою актуальность и в наши дни.

Как указывал Оберлендер:

«Для будущего Кавказа, необходимо

существование двух предпосылок:

1) Господство одной державы. В противном

случае, начнется борьба всех против всех.

2) Без сотрудничества с местным населением,

Кавказ нельзя будет ни взять, ни удержать. Если

это все же и будет возможным, то лишь с большими 1 См. Дело по обвинению Курхули Б. Г. Архив Министерства внутренних дел

Грузии (АМВДГ). Ф. 6. Архивное дело № 4715-58, л. 58, 63, 76-77.2 Ibid., - S. 115.3 Ibid.,- SS. 119-120.

and took us to the nearest village where we were put in a

truck and taken with other prisoners of war to the village of

Cherek.”1

Kurkhuli was kept in a PoW camp near Prokhladnyi

for about a month. In January 1943 he voluntarily stated

his desire to join a new company of the “Bergmann”, and

he later demonstrated himself well in fighting in Crimea and

in the Balkans. he was awarded with a 2nd Class Eastern

People’s Medal for bravery, as well as with a 3rd Grade

German Wound Badge. He was promoted to the position of

commander of a mortar platoon.2

In the middle of december 1942, after fulfilling its

entire military, intelligence and propaganda operations, the

“Bergmann” Battalion was transferred out of jurisdiction of

the Abwehr and subordinated to the Army high Command

(okh).3

After 1 January 1943, when the German command

gave the order for the Wehrmacht to withdraw from the

Caucasus, the “Bergmann” units carried out rear guard

actions to cover the departing troops. on 2 february 1943

the battalion was transported from the Taman Peninsula to

Crimea and subordinated to the German command there to

be used for guarding lines of communications in the region

of the Bakhtshisarai-Yalta highway and on the coastline to

the north of Djankoy.4

While still serving in the Caucasus, the battalion

commander Captain oberländer participated in working

out plans and concepts related to Germany policies for

the Caucasus region as a whole. In this oberländer had

the full support of Colonel-General Ewald von kleist, the

commander of the German forces in the Caucasus, as well

as his immediate superior, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris.

In a memorandum entitled “Germany and the

Caucasus” that oberländer compiled in october 1941

and distributed the summer of 1942 to commanders of

German units dislocated in the Caucasus, he particularly

emphasized the necessity of establishing partnerships with

the peoples of the Caucasus based on respect and equality

of rights.

The document gave such profound analysis of the

geopolitical situation in the Caucasus that many of the

conclusions it contains might still be relevant today.

oberländer argued that “the future of the Caucasus

1 see file on B.G. Kurkhuli, Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, fond 6, file № 4715-58, pp. 23-34. 2 Ibid., pp 58, 63, 76-77.3 Ibid., p. 115.4 Ibid., pp. 119-120.

��

потерями.

Германия не граничит с Кавказом. У нее никогда

не было, каких-либо трений с Кавказом, подобно

России, Англии и Турции. Лишь один раз, в 1918 г., она

с оружием в руках вступила на Кавказ, оставив о себе

среди кавказских народов лучшие воспоминания. Хотя

Германия и не имела тогда каких-либо существенных

военных и промышленных успехов на Кавказе, ей, тем

не менее, удалось одержать психологическую победу» .1

Отмечая, что «большинство Кавказа едино в

своей ненависти к большевизму»2 , Оберлендер в

дальнейшем подчеркивал, что с пропагандистской

точки зрения, необходимо положительное решение

следующих трех вопросов:

1) О земле.

2) Национальной автономии.

3) О предоставлении народам Кавказа свободы в

религиозной и культурной сфере .3

Таким образом, после занятия Вермахтом

Кавказа, необходим роспуск колхозов и возврат земли

крестьянам.

При введении местного самоуправления, большую

часть полномочий необходимо передать в руки

представителей местного населения.

В связи с этим Оберлендер указывал, что «не

следует особо опасаться нежелательных тенденций к

излишней независимости, ибо в данном случае, речь

идет о малых народах, не имеющих возможности

составить какую-либо опасную комбинацию с целью

захвата власти. Если военное и хозяйственное

управление останется в немецких руках, вполне можно

предоставить местным народам компетенцию в сфере

финансов, юстиции и культуры. Равным образом

внутреннее управление, включая обладание местной

полицией» .4

Кроме этого, в записке был, затронут вопрос

языка, как средства межнационального общения

народов Кавказа. Оберлендер указывал, что на место

русского языка, необходимо внедрение немецкого,

без которого не может быть и речи, о подлинном

освобождении кавказских народов.

Особо отмечалась объективная

заинтересованность Германии в деле повышения

культурного уровня народов Кавказа, поскольку 1 oberländer Th. der osten und die deutsche Wehrmacht. sechs denkschriften aus den

Jahren 1941-43 gegen die ns-kolonialthese. Ingolstadt: MuT-verlag, Asendorf, 1987. s. 43.

2 Ibid., - S. 44.3 Ibid., - S. 44.4 Ibid., - S. 47.

requires two preconditions:

1) The dominance of one great power. Without this,

conflict will begin of all against all.

2) Without the cooperation of the local population,

the Caucasus can neither be taken nor held, at least

without very heavy losses.

Germany does not border with the Caucasus and

has never had any conflicts there, unlike russia, England

and Turkey. only once, in 1918, did Germany enter the

Caucasus with weapons in hand, and the Germans left

behind good impressions among the Caucasians. Although

Germany never had any real military or industrial success

in the Caucasus, she nevertheless has been able to gain a

psychological victory.”1

While noting that “the bulk of the Caucasus is united

in its hatred for Bolshevism,”2 oberländer emphasized that

from the point of view of propaganda, the three following

issues must be resolved favorably:

1) The issue of land;

2) The issue of national autonomy;

3) The issue of religious and cultural freedom for the

peoples of the Caucasus.3

Thus following the occupation of the Caucasus by

the Wehrmacht, the collective farms must be disbanded

and the land returned to the peasants. In introducing

local governance, most powers must be handed over to

representatives of the local population.

In this respect, oberländer pointed out that “one

should not fear unwanted tendencies towards excessive

independence, since we are speaking about small

peoples that are unable to create any sort of dangerous

coalition in order to seize power. If military and economic

administration remains in German hands, responsibility can

be given to local peoples in the spheres of finance, law and

culture, as well as maintenance of internal order, including

control over the local police.”4

The issue of language was also touched upon as a

means of inter-ethnic communication among peoples of

the Caucasus. oberländer maintained that German must

be introduced in the place of russian, as otherwise any

real liberation of the peoples of the Caucasus would be

impossible.

1 oberländer, Th. der osten und die deutsche Wehrmacht. sechs denkschriften aus den Jahren 1941-43 gegen die ns-kolonialthese (Ingolstadt: MuT-verlag, Asendorf, 1987), p. 43.

2 Ibid., p. 44.3 Ibid.,4 Ibid., p. 47.

��

«использование наличного сырья, зависит от

достаточного количества квалифицированной

рабочей силы. Германия и вся Европа нуждаются в

образованной, в своей массе, местной интеллигенции,

создать которую, можно лишь с помощью

соответствующих учебных заведений» .1

Еще раз подчеркнув необходимость проведения

на Кавказе, являющегося, как считал Оберлендер,

интегральной частью Европы, разумной,

дружественной местному населению политики,

автор записки следующими словами подытоживал

свои наблюдения относительно геополитико-

геоэкономического значения для Германии и Европы

кавказского региона в целом:

«Обладание высочайшими европейскими горами,

а так же нефтяными доходами, предоставит в будущей

системе Европы народам Кавказа место, далеко

превосходящее их нынешнему количеству и влиянию.

Для обеспечения продолжительной связи Кавказа

с Европой, использовать следующие три средства:

Оружие, право, а так же верное в психологическом

отношении управление. Все это, наряду с духовными

основами, обеспечит стабильное доверие к нам

освобожденных народов. Лишь таким образом, можно

добиться включения Кавказа в новую Европу» .2

Небезынтересно отметить, что в записке,

проникнутой искренней симпатией ко всем, без

исключения, народам Кавказа, подчеркивается,

что «грузины являются народом высокой культуры,

обладающие мировоззрением, близким Центрально-

Европейским нациям» . 3

1 oberländer Th. der osten und die deutsche Wehrmacht. sechs denkschriften aus den Jahren 1941-43 gegen die ns-kolonialthese. Ingolstadt: MuT-verlag, Asendorf, 1987. S. 47.

2 Ibid., - S. 48.3 Ibid., - S. 22.

Germany’s objective interest in improving the cultural

level of the peoples of the Caucasus was given particular

attention, since “exploitation of the national resources

located there depends on having a sufficiently large and

qualified work force. Germany and all of Europe needs an

educated local intelligentsia, which can only be created with

the help of educational institutions.”1

Emphasizing once again the importance of a policy

that is rational and amicable to the local population in the

Caucasus, a region that oberländer considered an integral

part of Europe, the author summed up his observations

on the geopolitical and geo-economic significance of the

Caucasus for Germany and for Europe in the following way:

“Possession of the highest mountains in Europe as

well as oil resources will give the peoples of the Caucasus

a place in the future European system that far exceeds their

current population size and influence. The following three

means can be used to ensure a continuing link between the

Caucasus and Europe: weapons, law, and administration

that is proper in the psychological sense. These things,

together with a spiritual framework, will ensure that the

liberated peoples will have unshakeable confidence in us.

only in this way can the Caucasus be included in the new

Europe.”2

It is interesting to point out that oberländer’s

memorandum, which is permeated with sympathy for all the

peoples of the Caucasus, emphasize that “Georgians are a

people with a high level of culture and possessed of a world

view close to that of the Central European nations.”3

1 oberländer, Th. der osten und die deutsche Wehrmacht. sechs denkschriften aus den Jahren 1941-43 gegen die ns-kolonialthese (Ingolstadt: MuT-verlag, Asendorf, 1987), p. 43.

2 Ibid., p. 48.3 Ibid., p. 22.

��

qeTevan sarsevaniZe

KEtEVan SarSEVanidzE

aRsaniSnavia, rom krawaSvili-

molaSvilis jgufi miiCneoda, rogorc

yvelaze aqtiur kriminalur-politikur

dajgufebad kaxeTSi, radgan wevrTa

umetesi nawili yofili gvardielebi

da menSevikebi iyvnen. TviTon

krawaSvili ki gvevlineba kriminalad

da mxardamWerad iseTi gamousworebeli

sisxlis samarTlebrivi damnaSavisa,

rogoric iyo, magaliTad, giJo, rac

bandas aZlevda kriminalur saxes.

isic cnobilia, rom, miuxedavad

ColoyaSvilis dajgufebidan misi

gagdebisa, krawaSvils mainc eqneboda

maTTan kavSiri. mas aucileblad

eqneboda saqmiani SeTanxmeba da

krawaSvili aucileblad miiRebda

zogierT miTiTebasa da direqtivas

ColoyaSvilisagan.

ivane krawaSvilis dajgufeba

ivane krawaSvili siRnaRis mazris sof. Wotoridan iyo, socialuri mdgomareobiT _ kulaki. 1905 wlidan mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda menSevikuri partiis wevrebTan da aqtiuradac exmareboda maT faruli davalebebis SesrulebaSi. amave dros mas axlo kavSiri hqonda damnaSaveTa samyarosTan da TviTonac eweoda kriminalur saqmianobas.

sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveTa Soris krawaSvili didi popularobiTa da avtoritetiT sargeblobda imis gamo, rom igi yovelTvis kargad axerxebda mefis JandarmTa xelidan Tavis daRwevas, xolo misi yvela danaSauli ukvalod qreboda.

1911 w. krawaSvili oficialurad gaxda menSevikuri partiis wevri, xolo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave daikava lagodexis erobis Tavmjdomarisa da siRnaRis erobis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis Tanamdebobebi.

Tulni / Tulni

It should be noted that the gang of kratsashvili-

Molashvili was deemed to be the most active criminal-

political unit in kakheti.

It can be estimated as a political gang due to its

members social status -the most members of the gang

were former guardsmen and Mensheviks.

kratsashvili himself was a criminal and he

supported many guilties of criminal law such as Gizho.

This gives a criminal status to the gang. According to the

aforementioned this brotherhood can be considered as a

criminal-political gang.

It is known that though kratsashvili was banished

from the gang of Cholokashvili, he was still in alliance

with the members of it.They were in business terms and

Cholokashvili used to give him instructions.

Ivane kratsashvili, kulak by social status, was from the

village of Chotori of the signagi region. since 1905 he has

been in tough alliance with the Menshevik party members

and helped them to accomplish confidential missions.At

the same time he was closely associated with the criminals

and he himself committed the crimes.

kratsashvili was very popular among the guilties of

the criminal law and had authority over them as he always

managed to escape from the state gendarme and none of

his crimes was ever investigated.

In 1911 Kratsashvili became an official member

of the Menshevik party and after Georgia had gained

independence he held the positions of Deputy Chairman

of the Elective District Counsils of lagodekhi and signagi.

vladimer, Ivane’s brother became an organizer of a

People’s Guard of Mensheviks.. he brought his brother

����

misi Zma vladimeri ki menSevikebis saxalxo gvardiis samazro organizatori gaxda, romelmac daaaxlova Tavisi Zma gvardielebs da romelTa Sorisac vanom aseve didi ndoba da siyvaruli moipova.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dRidan vano krawaSvili gansakuTrebulad frTxilad iyo, rogorc ityvian, cali Tvali tyisken eWira, magram partiuli muSaoba ar miutovebia da mTeli 1921 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda Tavisi soflis yofil gvardielebs. Sekrebebi ZiriTadad soflis eklesiis SenobaSi, an dangreul saguSagosTan imarTeboda.

saerTod, krawaSvilebis ojaxis yvela wevri, oTxmocdaaTi wlis moxuciT dawyebuli aTi wlis bavSviT damTavrebuli, mkveTrad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebas da Riad acxadebda Tavs mis uborotes mtrad, amitomac gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom 1922 wlis gazafxulze krawaSvili uecrad gaqra da Camoyalibebis procesSi myof qaquca ColoyaSvilis partizanul razms miemxro, sadac didxans ar gauCerebiaT. ColoyaSvilis dajgufebis rigebidan kriminaluri midrekilebis gamo gaaZeves: vano krawaSvili, stefane molaSvili, pepo CobaSvili, giga SixaSvili, levan (vano) tuxaSvili da sxv.

ColoyaSvilisagan Serisxulebma calke dajgufeba Camoayalibes, romlis xelmZRvaneloba Tavs ido ivane krawaSvilma.

krawaSvilis saZmo Siraqis velze eweoda sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, Tumca Tavs politikuri organizaciis mebrZolebad asaRebdnen.

damnaSaveTa jgufis likvidaciisaTvis siRnaRis politbiuros pirveli nabijebi is iyo, rom gamoaaSkaraves maTi mfarvelebi da xelSemwyobebi _ kaWreTis mkvidrni: Tedore ilias Ze gocaZe da Tedore giorgis Ze gocaZe. aseve cnobili gaxda, rom yaCaRad gaWrilebs informaciiT, sursaTiTa da sxva saWiro nivTebiT sistematurad amaragebda

stefane molaSvilistephane Molashvili

closer to the guardsmen who had great faith and love in

Ivane.

since the sovietization of Georgia vano kratsashvili

has been extremely careful. he did not give up an active

activities in the party and he was a head of former

guardsmen of his village in 1921.The meetings were held

either in the church of the village or at the demolished

posts.

Each member of the kratsashvili’s family from ninety-

year-old person up to the ten-year-old child declared their

opposition to the soviet authority and openly announced

themselves to be the bitterest enemies of it. for this

reason it was not surprising when kratsashvili disappeared

in summer of 1922 and joined up with the partisan

detachment of kakutsa Cholokashvili but soon he was

exiled.

Many people were exiled from Cholokashvili’s

detachment for their

criminal inclination:

namely,vano kratsashvili,

stephane Molashvili, Pepo

Chobashvili,Giga shikhashvili,

levan(vano) Tukhashvili and

others.

The people who had been

denounced by Cholokashvili

formed their own detachment

under the leadership of Ivane

kratsashvili.

Though the brotherhood of

kratsashvili announced itself to

be a political unit, the members

of it often violated the criminal

law and committed many crimes

at the shiraki valley.

The Political Bureau

ThE CrIMInAl GAnG of IvAnE krATsAshvIlI

��

krawaSvilebis ojaxic. 1922 w. ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi

moTareSeTa gasanadgureblad siRnaRis mazraSi gaigzavna saqarTvelos `Cekas~ razmis cxenosanTa ockaciani jgufi i. ivaniZis meTaurobiT.

razmma gadaCxrika Siraqis veli, magram banda ver aRmoaCina, mxolod misi xuTi mokavSire gamoaaSkarava da rva Tofi amoiRo.

xelisuflebisagan Seviwroebulma yaCaRebma dazavebis survili gamoTqves. maT moiTxoves mosalaparakeblad siRnaRis gareubanSi mosuliyo politbiuros romelime SeuiaraRebeli TanamSromeli.

yaCaRebs politbiuros ufrosi gegelia Sexvda, romelsac Semdegi moTxovnebi wauyenes: ar CamoerTmiaT maTTvis iaraRi da TavianT sofelSi Tavisufali cxovrebis neba daerToT.

gegelia iaraRTan dakavSirebiT kompromisze ar wavida, amitom yaCaRebma Sin dabrunebaze uari ganacxades da miimalnen.

1922 w. ivlisis pirvel ricxvebSi

of signagi took prevantive measures for destroying the

aforementioned criminal gang.The first step was the

following: the supporters of the gang who were the

residents of kachreti were exposed: namely, Tedore

Gotsadze( son of Ilia Gotsadze) and Tedore Gotsadze (son

of Giorgi Gotsadze). They also learnt that kratsashvili’s

family systematically supplied the criminal gang with

information, food and all useful items.

In the middle of June of 1922 a cavalry of the Cheka

of Georgia consisting of twenty soldiers was sent to the

signagi region (Mazra).The leader of the cavalry was

I.Ivanidze and its aim was liquidation of the criminal gang of

kratsashvili.

The detachment conducted a search at the shiraki

valley but they were not able to bring the criminal gang to

the light.only five accomplices were exposed and eight

guns were found.

The oppressed criminals wanted to conclude peace

with the authority. for negotiation they demanded to meet

with a disarmed employee of the Political Bureau in the

signagi suburb.

Gegelia, head of the Political Bureau, met the robbers

who had the following requirements: not to left them without

armament and let them live in their village.

Gegelia did not compromise on the issue of

armament. for this reason the robbers refused to return

home and they disappeared.

At the beginning of June in

1922 the detachment of kratsashvili

hid in Chotori region. They were

well-equiped. They had Mauzeri model

revolvers, carabines and so forth.

later it was found out that kratsashvili

spent that month at home.his wife asked

him to give up a robbery life, to move to Tbilisi

with the family and to live calmly there. But

kratsashvili’s mother had different point of view.

she said to her son: “ You’d rather die for your

homeland, for the independence of Georgia than fall

into the hands of such Authority!”

vano deemed the mother’s opinion more reasonable

and went to the wood again.he sent a letter to Tsitsishvili,

��

krawaSvilis dajgufeba Wotoris raionSi imaleboda. isini kargad iyvnen SeiaraRebulni, hqondaT `mauzeris~ tipis revolverebi, karabinebi da a.S.

rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, am periodSi TiTqmis mTeli Tve krawaSvilma Tavis saxlSi gaatara. meuRle mas sTxovda, mietovebina yaCaRuri cxovreba, ojaxTan erTad TbilisSi gadasuliyo da mSvidad ecxovraT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb krawaSvilis dedas sxva mosazreba gaaCnda.

_ vano, umjobesia mokvde samSoblos, saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi, vidre am ZaRlebis xelSi Cavarde! _ eubneboda igi.

dedis mosazreba vanom ufro marTebulad miiCnia da isev tyes miaSura. vanom werili gaugzavna samxareo miliciis siRnaRis ganyofilebis ufros ciciSvils. igi afrTxilebda adresats, ar daerbiaT yaCaRTa ojaxebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi komunistTa ojaxebis awiokebiT imuqreboda.

male krawaSvilma inteligenturi Sesaxedaobis axalgazrdis xeliT 2 werili miiRo ColoyaSvilisagan – erTi Telavidan, meore duSeTidan. rogorc Cans, igi ar wyvetda kavSirs ColoyaSvilTan, miuxedavad masTan formaluri daSorebisa.

1922 w. agvistos dasawyisSi siRnaRis mazris kodalos raionSi krawaSvilis Tanamzraxvelebma: sardion qadagiSvilma da vasil geTiaSvilma Camoayalibes damxmare jgufi, romelSic gaerTiandnen: lelo goderZaSvili, mixeil maTaiSvili, sandro da ioseb yandoSvilebi.

axlad Seqmnil dajgufebas saTaveSi sardion qadagiSvili Caudga, mis moadgiled ki arCeul iqna maTiaSvili. saZmo vaSlovnis tyeSi ganlagda. maT informacias awvdida da sursaT-sanovagiT amaragebda sardion qadagiSvilis biZaSvili, sof. maRaros mkvidri giorgi qadagiSvili, romelTanac sardionma am sakiTxis mosagvareblad 2 dRe gaatara.

1922 w. 2 agvistos yaCaRebma gaZarcves xaSmis mcxovrebni: giorgi simonis Ze qarumiZe da daviT ivanes Ze mTvaraZe. naZarcvma 15 mln qarTuli boni Seadgina. Semdeg vaSlovnis tyeSi mwyemsebisTvis warTmeuli cxvriTa da qadagiSvilis motanili aryiT moilxines da navaxSmevs, daaxloebiT 10 saaTze, jimiTis tyis mimarTulebiT gaswies. sof. yelmeCurSi, iaraRis moTxovniT, maT alya Semoartyes kp (b) wevr gabriel denisovis saxls.

molaSvilis dajgufebis mokavSireni (marcxnidan

marjvniv): abriko maWaraSvili, Txovra

xositaSvili, sandro pavliaSvili, vasil

taryaSviliAccomplices of the Molashvili Gang (from left to right):Abriko

Macharashvili, Tkhovra khositashvili, sandro Pavliashvili, vasil Tarkashvili

head of the signagi Department of the regional Police.In

the letter the addressee was warned not to raid the robber’s

families otherwise he threatened to do the same with the

Communists’ families.

soon after, kratsashvili received two letters from

Cholokashvili-one from Telavi and the other from Dusheti.

he seemed not to break off relations with Cholokashvili

though their formal separation.

At the beginning of August in 1922 sardion

kadagishvili and vasil Getiashvili,the accomplices of

kratsashvili, formed an auxiliary detachment in the kodalo

region of the signagi region (Mazra). lelo Goderdzishvili,

Mikheil Mataishvili, sandro kandoshvili and Ioseb

kandoshvili joined up with the detachment.

head of this newly created detachment was sardion

kadagishvili while Matiashvili was elected as Deputy head

of it.The detachment deployed in the vashlovani forest.

They were supplied with information and food by Giorgi

kadagishvili from the Magaro village who was a cousin of

sardion kadagishvili. The cousins have been trying to settle

this issue for two days.

on August 2, 1922 the robbers robbed Giorgi

karumidze (son of simon karumidze) and David

Mtvaradze( son of Ivane Mtvaradze) the residents of

khashmi.The loot was 15 million Boni, Georgian bank-note.

Then the robbers hold a feast. They ate the mutton that had

been violantely taken from the shepherds in the vashlovani

forest and drank vodka which had been brought by

�0

Tu ra moxda Semdeg, informacia ar arsebobs.

mZarcvelebma gza Siblianis tyisken ganagrZes, sadac 2 dRe darCnen rostom aruTinaSvilis mier motanili sursaTis maragiT.

1922 w. 4 agvistos krawaSvilis jgufi, 6 kacis SemadgenlobiT, gamoCnda lagodexis mTebSi. maT informacias awvdidnen da sursaT-sanovagiT amaragebdnen sof. Tamarianis mcxovrebni, kp (b) wevri vasil SixaSvili da isak sanduxaZe.

8 agvistos qadagiSvilis jgufis wevrebi Tavs afarebdnen sof. jimiTSi mcxovreb kp (b) wevr andronik gegelias ojaxSi, romlis Semdgomi bedi gaurkvevelia.

qadagiSvilis jgufis gasanadgureblad Tbilisidan gamogzavnes saqarTvelos `Cekas~ razmi piCuginisa da karapetovis meTaurobiT. razmi Tavs daesxa bandas da gaimarTa xanmokle brZola uSedego srolebiT. yaCaRebma vaSlovnis tyes Seafares Tavi.

meore dRes kakabeTis gzis gaswvriv, tyeSi mimaval yaCaRebs simReris xma SemoesmaT. win mimavali yofili milicieli abria baRaSvili1 gzaze gamovida da Tvali mohkra nacnob miliciel saba raqviaSvils, romelsac, or TanamSromelTan erTad, duSeTidan gadahyavda patimari. yaCaRebma ganaiaraRes milicielebi da xelfexSekrulebi tyeSi datoves. patimari gigo osiaSvili maT gahyva.

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), saarq. s. #22459, furc. 5.

molaSvilis dajgufebis mokavSireni (marcxnidan marjvniv):

abdul aziz aTasi oRli, ajim maxam oRli, maxmad

nurisxma oRli, vasil xelaSvili

kadagishvili. After supper at about 10 o’clock they went

toward the Jimiti forest. In kelmechuri they lay siege to

the house of Gabriel Denisov, Bolshevik of the Communist

Party, and demanded the weapon. The information about

the development of this incident does not exist.

The robbers continued the way to the shibliani forest

where they have stayed for two days. rostom Arutinashvili

supplied them with food.

on August 4, 1922 the criminal gang of kratsashvili

consisting of six robbers appeared in the lagodekhi

mountains. They were supplied with information and food

by vasil shikhashvili and Isak sandukhadze,Bolsheviks of

the Communist Party from Tamariani.

on August 8 the members of the criminal gang of

kadagishvili found shelter in Andronik Gegelia’s family,a

member of the criminal-political gang who lived in Jimiti.

The future fate of Gegelia is obscure.

The detachment of the Cheka of Georgia under

the leadership of Pichugini and karapetovi was sent from

Tbilisi to destroy the gang of kadagishvili. The detachment

attacked the gang and a short-term fight took place.The

robbers fled in the Vashlovani forest.

The next day the robbers while walking in the forest

heard the singing from kakabeti. Abria Bagashvili, a former

policeman, was going along the road and caught sight of a

familiar policeman saba rakviashvili who was transferring

a prisoner with two employees.The robbers disarmed the

policemen and left them tied up in the forest. The prisoner

Gigo osiashvili followed them.

The robbers with a released prisoner attacked the

Communards levan Zarikashvili and Badura Zarikashvili in

shibliani.They were disarmed,beaten and warned to stop

collecting tax on food.

The criminals held the meeting in the same village.

They tried to convince the local peasantry that very soon

the soviet union would be overthrown, the Mensheviks

would be in authority, People’s Guard would be formed

again and etc. The meeting lasted for two hours.After

that the robbers returned to the place where they had left

disarmed policemen, released them and started to

the Cheremi forest. on the way they went into Jimiti,

where they held the meeting, beat one of the local Accomplices of the Molashvili Gang (from left to right): Abdul Aziz Atasi ogli Makham ogli, Makhmad nurikhma ogli,vasil khelashvili

�1

gaTavisuflebul patimarTan erTad yaCaRebi SiblianSi Tavs daesxnen komunarebs levan da badura zariqaSvilebs, romlebic aseve ganaiaraRes, scemes da gaafrTxiles, aRar SeegrovebinaT sasursaTo gadasaxadi.

am sofelSive borotmoqmedebma Caatares mitingi. isini adgilobriv glexebs arwmunebdnen, rom male sabWoTa xelisufleba daemxoboda da menSevikebi movidodnen, isev Camoyalibdeboda saxalxo gvardia da a. S. mitingi daaxloebiT 2 saaTi gagrZelda, Semdeg yaCaRebi dabrundnen iq, sadac datoves ganiaraRebuli milicielebi, gaaTavisufles isini da gaemarTnen Weremis tyisken.

gzad isev Seiares jimiTSi da Caatares mitingi, scemes erTi adgilobrivi milicieli da ubrZanes, aRar Seegrovebina sasursaTo gadasaxadi.

sagulisxmoa, rom yaCaRebs hqondaT TavianTi wiTeli droSa da lozungi: `Zirs komunistebi!~, `gaumarjos saqarTvelos!~ da sxv.

1922 wlis 15 agvistos krawaSvilis 25-30 kacamde gazrdili dajgufeba dabanakda kaWreTis raionSi, xolo qadagiSvilis jgufi jimiTis tyidan gaemarTa WeremSi da ganlagda borjis xevSi.

ramdenime xnis Semdeg guSagma vano jariaSvilma, metsaxelad `sarTiWalelma~, SeniSna maTken momavali `Cekas~ razmi. yaCaRebma razms cecxli gauxsnes. gaimarTa brZola.

yaCaRebis Zlieri Setevis Sedegad piCuginma da karapetovma ukan daixies. daiWra erTi wiTelarmieli da erTi mebrZoli ki razms CamorCa, romelic banditebma Seipyres. man acnoba yaCaRebs, rom wiTelarmielebi eqvsni iyvnen da urCia, dasdevnebodnen.

yaCaRebma es ar gaakeTes, ganiaraRebuli ucnobi gaaTavisufles, TviTon ki Weremis tyeSi meRoreebTan Seafares Tavi.

agvistos bolos siRnaRis politbiurom Seityo, rom krawaSvili Sin imyofeboda. yaCaRis xafangSi Setyuebis

mixeil SiSniaSviliMikheil shishniashvili

policemen and gave him instruction not to

collect tax on food any more.

It should be noted that the robbers had

their red flag and the slogan: “ down with

Communists!”, “long alive Georgia!” and

others.

on August 15, 1922 the criminal gang of

kratsashvili with an increased membership

which accounted for 25-30 persons put up

in kachreti region while the criminal gang of

kadagishvili left the Jimiti forest for Cheremi

and put up in the Borge Gorge.

After a while vano Jariashvili a

guardsman nicknamed “sartichaleli” noticed

the detachment of the Cheka coming toward

them.The robbers opened fire on it. A fight took

place.

As a result of this attack Pichugin

and karapetov retreated.one soldier of the red Army

was wounded and another fell behind the detachment.

unfortunately he was captured by the robbers. The captive

informed the robbers that there were only six red Armians

and adviced to pursue them.

The robbers did not follow his advice. They let a

disarmed captive go and went to the swine-herds’ place in

the Cheremi forest.

At the end of August the Political Bureau of signagi

found out that kratsashvili was at home.The staff of the

Political Bureau sent a man to him to hold negotiation

for concluding peace but their real aim was to arrest the

robber.kratsashvili seemed to guess their secret intention,

turned down the suggestion and concealed himself at once.

The next day the detachment of the Political Bureau

of signagi arrested vano Guramishvili who was sleeping

in the nukriani forest. Guramishvili was a member of

the gang. After a while the Cheka of Georgia imposed

a sanction on his shooting.kratsashvili was sleeping

in the same forest but he managed to escape from the

detachment.The robbers left a cape, high boots and two

strings of bullets in the forest.

At the end of August the criminal gang of kratsashvili

hid in the Chalaubani forest. They robbed vano and his

mizniT politbiuros aparatis TanamSromlebma masTan kaci gagzavnes winadadebiT: gaemarTaT molaparakeba dazavebis Sesaxeb. krawaSvili TiTqos mixvda maT farul ganzraxvas, uari SeuTvala da maSinve miimala.

meore dRes siRnaRis politbiuros razmma nukrianis tyeSi daapatimra bandis mZinare wevri nukrianeli vano guramaSvili, romelic saqarTvelos `Cekas~ sanqciiT daxvrites. aqve eZina krawaSvilsac, romelmac gaqceva moaxerxa. yaCaRebs darCaT nabadi, Ceqmebi da ori savse patronaSi.

agvistos miwuruls krawaSvilis jgufi imaleboda Calaubnis tyeSi. am dros nukrianSi maT gaZarcves vinme vano da misi Zma zosime; sof. maRaroSi _ kp (b) wevri vasil navrozaSvili, romlisganac waiRes 80 mln qarTuli boni da sxva nivTebi. Tavdamsxmelebs navrozaSvilis

saqarTvelos ,,Cekas” siRnaRis politbiuros banditizmis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli razmi (marcxnidan marjvniv, I rigSi): mixeil gegeWkori

(politbiuros ufrosis moadgile), mixeil Saxsuvarovi, devdariani,

(politbiuros ufrosi), mixeil ciciSvili (siRnaRis miliciis ufrosi); (II

rigSi): giorgi TvarelaSvili, vano elizaraSvili, xato robitaSvili,

aleqsi xuroSvili, Saqro saduniSvili, vano varsimaSvili, odiSeliZe,

vano TvarelaSvili

Detachment of the Political Bureau of signag of the Cheka , of Georgia for struggling against Banditism (from left to right, in the first row):Mikheil Gegechkori(Deputy head of Political Bureau), Mikheil shakhsuvarovi, Devdariani (head of the Political Bureau), Mikheil Tsitsishvili (Head of signagi Police); (in the second row): Giorgi Tvarelashvili, Vano Elizarashvili, Khato

robitashvili, Alex khurashvili, shakro sadunishvili, vano varsimashvili, odishelidze, vano Tvarelishvili

�2

brother Zosime in nukriani,

vasil navrozashvili,

Bolshevik of the Communist

party, from whom they took

away 80 million of Georgian

Boni and other items.The

aggressors wanted to kill

navrozashvili but sandro

kandoshvili, his countryman,

protested against it and

navrozashvili was released.

The robbers went to kanduri.

on the way in the Gori forest

they arrested,disarmed and

killed niko Tevdorashvili,

a member of the Yopung

Communist league. After that the robbers went to the

Chalaubani forest where Mikho shishniashvili and Abria

Bagashvili had to move away from the gang for their poor

health. They decided to cure at the Alazani.

on the same day the members of the criminal

gang of kadagishvili:namely,

vaso Getiashvili, sandro

kandoshvili, Ioseb kandoshvili,

lelo Goderdzashvili, Mikho

Matiashvili and Gigo osiashvili

started to the kardanakhi

forest.

kadagishvili’s sister

who lived in kardanakhi

systemetically helped the

robbers. she informed the

members of the gang that

vano kratsashvili wanted to

see them.The robbers went to the

Chotori forest at once.They hid in

the forest in the day time but at

night they visited kratsashvili where

molaSvilis dajgufebis mokavSireni (marcxnidan marjvniv):

aji musa oRli, giga oganaSvili, uluxan maxa oRli

Accomplices of the Molashvili Gang (from left to right): Adji Musa ogli, Giga oganashvili, ulukhan Makha ogli.

�3

mokvla undodaT, magram mis Tanasoflel yaCaR sandro yandoSvilis protestis gamo gaaTavisufles, TviTon ki yandaurisken gaemarTnen. gzaSi Seipyres da ganaiaraRes komkavSireli niko TevdoraSvili da goris tyeSi mokles. Semdeg yaCaRebi dabrundnen Calaubnis tyeSi, melaanis mimdebare teritoriaze, sadac avadmyofobis gamo jgufs CamoSordnen mixo SiSniaSvili da abria baRaSvili. maT gadawyvites alazanze emkurnalaT. imave dRes qadagiSvilis jgufis wevrebi: vaso geTiaSvili, sandro da ioseb yandoSvilebi, lelo goderZaSvili, mixo maTiaSvili da gigo osiaSvili, gaemerTnen kardanaxis tyisaken.

kardanaxSi cxovrobda qadagiSvilis da, romelic sistematurad exmareboda tyeSi gaxiznulebs. man acnoba, rom bandis wevrebs TavisTan ixmobda vano krawaSvili. jgufi maSinve gaemarTa Wotoris tyeSi. yaCaRebi dRisiT tyes afarebdnen Tavs, RamiT ki krawaSvils Sin stumrobdnen, sadac maT sursaTiT amaragebdnen.

krawaSvilma yaCaRebi gaafrTxila, rom qadagiSvils emoqmeda Zalian frTxilad da xelSi ar Cavardnoda xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic ukve metismetad mkacr zomebs iRebdnen maT gasanadgureblad.

krawaSvilisagan miRebuli direqtivebiT datvirTuli qadagiSvilis jgufis wevrebi gaemarTnen vazianis tyis gavliT, gzaze scemes da ganaiaraRes ori cxenosani. Siblianis tyeSi glexebs waarTves nabdebi, aryis tikebi, Semdeg gaaSiSvles da miatoves.

28 agvistos qadagiSvilis jgufidan Svidma kacma ganaiaraRa maT gasanadgureblad Casafrebuli xuTi komunisti. srolebis dros daiWra kp (b) wevri pugalovi.

imave dRes jgufis wevrebma SiblianSi TavianT mokavSires, metsaxelad `vankos~, Sesanaxad Caabares naZarcvi iaraRi da gza ganagrZes axalSenis tyisken. am dros avad gaxda sardion qadagiSvili, romelic datoves mokavSiresTan axalSenSi. jgufis

saqarTvelos ,,Cekas” siRnaRis politbiuros banditizmis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli razmi (marcxnidan marjvniv, I rigSi): giorgi yambaraSvili,

devdariani (politbiuros ufrosi), mixeil ciciSvili (siRnaRis

miliciis ufrosi), lado ciciSvili; (II rigSi yofili yaCaRebi): aleqsi

CokoSvili, mixeil safaraSvili, pavle jaWvaZe, aleqsi xuroSvili,

Saqro saduniSvili da razmeli vano xuroSvili

Detachment of the Political Bureau of signagi of Georgia for struggling against Banditism (from left to right, in the first row): Giorgi Kambarashvili, devdariani (Head of the Political Bureau),Mikheil Tsitsishvili (head of signagi Police), lado Tsitsishvili, (in the second row the former robbers):Alex Chokoshvili,

Mikheil sapharashvili, Pavle Jachvadze, Jachvadze, Alex khuroshvili, shakro sadunishvili and vano khuroshvili (combatant)

they were supplied with food.

kratsashvili warned kadagishvili to be very careful

not to be arrested by the representatives of the authority

because the authority had taken very strict measures to

liquidate them.

The members of the gang of kadagishvili went

through the vaziani forest.kratsashvili had given them

many instructions.on their way they beat and disarmed two

horsemen. In the shibliani forest they took away the capes

and vodkaskins from the peasantries.Then the robbers

bared them and left alone in the forest.

on August 28 seven members of the criminal gang

of Kadagishvili disarmed five Communists who had laid an

ambush to liquidate the criminals.Pugalov-Bolshevik of the

Communist Party was wounded.

on the same day the members of the gang transferred

ownership of the loot to their accomplice nicknamed

“vanko” and went on the way to the Akhalsheni forest.

sardion kadagishvili got ill and stayed with the accomplice

in Akhalsheni. vaso Getiashvili assumed the responsibility

for being a temporary head of the gang.

on August 30 kratsashvili’s gang was noticed

��

xelmZRvaneloba droebiT daevala vaso geTiaSvils.

30 agvistos RamiT krawaSvilis Tormetkaciani jgufi SemCneul iqna Wotoris tyeSi. qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufi ki am dros axalSenis tyeSi iyo da fafrisxevis midamoebSi Zarcvavda axalSenel SaRaSvils.

4 seqtembers jgufi Tavs daesxa wnoriswylis milicias.

5 seqtembers ki vardisubnis maxloblad krawaSvilis TxuTmetkacian jgufs Tavs daesxa `Cekas~ razmi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyo xmliT SeiaraRebuli 50 da xiStiT SeiaraRebuli 20 mebrZoli, magram uSedegod.

6 seqtembers saRamos 8 saaTze krawaSvilis oci-ocdaaTkacianma dajgufebam alya Semoartya sof. daSkovkas da ganaiaraRa yvela adgilobrivi komunisti, daaxloebiT 11 kaci. isini moZaladeebma nacemi da iaraRayrilebi waiyvanes tyeSi da mxolod Ramis 10 saaTze gaaTavisufles. Semdeg Tavdamsxmelebi gaemarTnen zaladenis tyisaken, romelsac razmelebma maSinve alya Semoartyes, magram yaCaRebis povna ver SeZles.

imave dRes qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufs SeuerTda maTi informatori, cixidan gamoqceuli araSendeli zaqaria begaSvili, romelic yaCaRebisaTvis cxvris motacebis faqtze iyo dapatimrebuli.

7 seqtembers cixis hospitalSi gardaicvala krawaSvilis patimari meuRle.

9 seqtembers wnoriswylis SemogarenSi gamoCndnen krawaSvilis jgufis wevrebi _ vardisubnelebi: zuriaSvili da zedelaSvili, daSkovkeli vano tuxaSvili da voroncovkeli SixaSvili, stefane molaSvilis meTaurobiT. es ukanaskneli Tavisi saxlis axlos trialebda.

12 seqtembers qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis eqvskacianma jgufma axalSenTan gaZarcva 40 mgzavri, romelTa Soris aRmoCnda lagodexis raionis partkomitetis mdivani sarqis Tarxanovi, romelsac mZarcvelebma waarTves karabini, `mauzeris~ tipis revolveri da sxvadasxva dokumentebi.

SiblianSi qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufis wevrebi vankosTan Sexvdnen Saqro (giJo) mosuliSvilis mier gamogzavnil kacs, romelmac acnoba, rom giJo maT bakurcixeSi Sexvedeboda.

qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufi

stefane molaSvili, vaso CulaSvilistephane Molashvili, vaso Chulashvili

in the Chotori forest at night.At this time the gang of

kadagishvili-Getiashvili was in Akhalsheni and was robbing

shagashvili,a resident of Akhalsheni.

on september 4 the gang attacked the Tsnoristskali

police.

on september 5 the detachment of the Cheka

consisting of 50 soldiers armed with swords and 20 fighters

armed with bayonets did attack the kratsashvili’s gang

consisting of fifteen persons in the vicinity of Vardisubani

but in vain.on september 6 at 8 o’clock kratsashvili’s

gang consisting of 20-30 criminals laid siege to Dashkovka

village and disarmed about 11 local Communists.

The aggressors beat and took them to the forest. The

Communists were released only at 10 p.m. After that

incident the attackers went to the Zaladeni forest. Though

the combatants laid siege to the forest at once they failed to

find the robbers.

on the same day Zakaria Begashvili from Arashenda

joined up with the gang of kadagishvili- Getiashvili. he was

an informator who was arrested for stealing the sheep but

he managed to escape from there.

on september 7 kratsashvili’s wife died in the prison

hospital.

on september 9 the members of kratsashvili’s gang

��

bakurcixisaken gaeSura. maT avadmyofobis Semdeg momjobinebuli mixo SiSniaSvilic SeuerTda.

damxvdurebma SexvedrisTanave stumrebs iaraRis dayra mosTxoves.

giJom maT ubrZana:- Tu gindaT, Cemi ndoba moipovoT, sof.

maRaroSi daxoceT aRmaskomis Tavjdomare da mdivani!

ganiaraRebulebma qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufis wevrebma upasuxes:

- Cven Cveni surviliT ar movsulvarT da arc gvinda vicnobdeT giJos. Cven mkvlelebi ar varT! axlave wavalT qadagiSvilTan da momxdaris Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT movuyvebiT. - upasuxes.

giJo vaso geTiaSvilTan ganmartovda. danarCenebma dro ixelTes da gaparva daapires, magram giJom Tvali mohkra fexakrefiT mimavalT da ukan dabruneba ubrZana. isini ar daemorCilnen brZanebas, maSin giJom esrola. yaCaRebs tyvia ascdaT da Tavi tyes Seafares.

gaqceulebi araSendisaken gaemarTnen, gzaze miliciis razms gadaeyarnen, romelTac yaCaRebi daapatimres. dapatimrebulTa Cvenebis safuZvelze, miliciam vanko da giJos erT-erTi mokavSire aiyvana, romlisganac 9 Tofi amoiRes.

22 seqtembers siRnaRSi politbiuros TanamSromlebma daapatimres geTiaSvilis jgufis wevri zaqaria begaSvili, romelmac, giJos mokavSiresTan dapirispirebis Semdeg, aRiara Tavisi qalaqSi gamoCenis mizezi, giJos davalebiT unda moeZebna sardion qadagiSvili.

Tvis miwuruls miliciam Seipyro qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufis wevri abria baRaSvilic.

ase, rom 1922 wlis 1 oqtombrisTvis qadagiSvil-geTiaSvilis jgufis wevrebidan darCnen: vasil geTiaSvili, mixo SiSniaSvili, vano jariaSvili, igive `sarTiWaleli~, da gigo osiaSvili.

sardion qadagiSvilma ki uari Tqva ara marto jgufis meTaurobaze, aramed am jgufis wevrobazec da vano krawaSvilis dajgufebas miekedla.

vano krawaSvilis jgufis wevrebma 6 oqtombers, dilis 6 saaTze, Siblianis tyeSi daiWires yandauris aRmaskomis TanamSromeli, Siblianeli nika CaliaSvili, romelic saRamos 6 saaTis Semdeg gaaTavisufles erTi pirobiT, maTTvis Tofebi moetana.

appeared in the vicinity of Tsnoristskali:namely, Zuriashvili

and Zedelashvili from Vardisubani; Vano Tukhashvili from

Dashkovki and shikhashvili, stephane Molashvili from

vorontsovka. The latter was near his house.

on september 12 kadagishvili-Getiashvili’s

gang consisting of six criminals looted 40 passengers

among whom was sarkis Tarkhanov, head of the Party

Committee of the lagodekhi region. The robbers took

away a carabine, a ‘Mauzeri’ model revolver and different

documents.

In shibliani at vanko’s house the members of

kadagishvili-Getiashvili gang met a man who had been

sent from shakro (Gizho) Mosulishvili. The man told them

that Gizho would meet them in Bakurtsikhe.

The gang of kadagishvili-Getiashvili went to

Bakurtsikhe. A recovered Mikho shishniashvili joined up

with them. In Bakurtsikhe they were ordered to surrender

the weapon.

Gizho commanded: “ kill head and Deputy head of

the Executive Committee in Magaro village if you want

me to trust you.” The disarmed members of kadagishvili-

Getiashvili gang answered: “ We are not here at our own

will and we don’t wish to know Gizho. We are not killers!

We shall go to Kadagishvili at once and tell him everything

going on here.”

Gizho met vaso Getiashvili in solitude.The others tried

to take the chance and escape from there but Gizho caught

sight of noiselessly goers and ordered them to come back.

Gizho opened fire in reply of their disobedient. But the

robbers were able to flee in the forest.

The escapers went toward Arashenda. on the way

they came across the police detachment who arrested

them. The police managed to arrest vanko and one of the

accomplices of Gizho basis of the evidence of the arrested

criminals.The police took nine guns from them.

on september 22 the employees of the Political

Bureau arrested Zakaria Begashvili, a member of

Getiashvili gang.After he had met Gizho’s accomplice he

admitted the purpose of his arrival in town. He was to find

sardion kadagishvili on the instruction of Gizho.

At the end of the month the police arrested Abria

Bagashvili, member of kadagishvili-Getiashvili gang.

��

oqtombersa da noemberSi krawaSvilis jgufs danaSauli ar Caudenia, erTi gamonaklisis garda. 27 noembers Wiauris tyeSi, alazanTan, yaCaRebi Tavs daesxnen muSebs, romlebic rkinigzis Spalebs amzadebdnen da waarTves yvelaferi, rac ki ebadaT.

29 oqtombers 4 kacisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelTa Soris iyvnen krawaSvili da molaSvili, anagaSi daWra adgilobrivi komunari siamaSvili da gvardieli, maTi cxeni ki gaitaces. siRnaRis politbiuros razmi maT fexdafex gahyva. moxda Setakeba. Sedegad razmelebma mZarcvelebs daatovebines gatacebuli cxeni, 2 Tofi da 4 nabadi. devnilebma ki anagis tyeSi miimalnen.

10 noembers Weremis raionSi milicielebma mixeil safaraSvilma, zaqaria gelaSvilma, pavle jafariZem da giorgi abesaZem mokles imave soflis rwmunebuli giorgi xomasuriZe da SeuerTdnen krawaSvilis jgufs.

12 noembers banditebis am jgufma Weremsa da veliscixes Soris monakveTSi gaZarcva gzaze mimavali ori glexi.

siRnaRis politbiurosa da `Cekas~ aparati aqtiurad moqmedebda yaCaRebis gasanadgureblad. 14 noembers siRnaRis politbiuros TanamSromlebma wiTelwyaros raionSi daapatimres krawaSvilis Tanamzraxvelebi giorgi aleqsis Ze didberiZe da gigo osiaSvili.

meore dRes ki siRnaRis politbiuros razmma wiTeli mTis midamoebSi miagno yaCaRTa erT jgufs. mZarcvelebma droulad SeniSnes razmis moaxloeba da swrafad miimalnen, adgilze datoves Sekazmuli cxeni xurjiniTa da 2 nabdiT.

1923 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi siRnaRis politbiuros gankargulebiT tyeSi gaWrilebze mkacri agenturuli meTvalyureoba dawesda. 10 ianvars politbiuros ufrosma devdarianma miiRo cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom bandis erT-erT wevrs ganzraxuli hqonda xelisuflebas nebayoflobiT Cabareboda. devdarianma moaxerxa piradad Sexvedroda am yaCaRs

mixeil safaraSvili, tabataZeMikheil saparashvili, Tabatadze

In conclusion by october 1,

1922 kadagishvili-Getiashvili gang

had only the following members: vasil

Getiashvili, Mikho shishniashvili, vano

Jariashvili nicknamed “sartichaleli”

and Gigo osiashvili.

What about sardion kadagishvili

he separated from the gang and

joined up with the vano kratsashvili’s

gang.

on october 6 at 6 a.m the

members of vano kratsashvili’s

gang seized nika Chaliashvili,

an employee of the Exacutive

Committee of kandauri in the

shibliani forest. he was released

after 6 in the evening provided that

he had to bring them the guns.

In october and november the members of kratsashvili

committed only one crime.on november 27 they attacked

the workers while preparing the sleepers in the Chiauri

forest in the vicinity of the Alazani. The criminals took

everything away.

on october 29 in Anaga the criminal gang consisting

of four persons among whom were kratsashvili and

Molashvili wounded siamashvili,a local Communard and

a guardsman.The robbers took their horses away. The

detachment of the Political Bureau of signagi followed their

trace. An attack took place.The detachment managed to

make the robbers give the loot back: a horse, two guns and

four capes. The robbers themselves fled in the Anagi forest.

on november 10 Mikheil saparashvili, Zakaria

Gelashvili, Pavle Japaridze and Giorgi Abesadze,

the policemen of the Cheremi region, killed Giorgi

khomasuridze, an attorney of the same village.After this

they joined up with the kratsashvili’s gang.

on november 12 this gang looted two peasantries

going on the way between Cheremi and velistsikhe.

The Political Bureau of signagi and the Cheka took

an active measures for destroying the gang. on november

14 in the Tsiteltskaro region the employees of the Political

Bureau of signagi arrested Giorgi Alexidze ( son of Alex

��

Weremis tyeSi da srul amnistias dahpirda, Tuki is gascemda yvela Tavis Tanamzraxvels. yaCaRi dasTanxmda da devdarianTan miiyvana ori amxanagi, romlebic Tanaxmani iyvnen yvelanair pirobaze, oRond Tavi gadaerCinaT. devdarianma samive yaCaRs: bodbisxevelebs, aleqsi CokoSvilsa da aleqsi xuroSvils da Siblianel Saqro sadunaSvils, daavala, daexocaT bandis mTavari wevrebi.

15 ianvars, RamiT, davaleba sisruleSi iqna moyvanili, TanamoZmeTa xeliT daixocnen: vano krawaSvili, 20 wliani yaCaRuri cxovrebis mqone vaso geTiaSvili da bodbeli vano jariaSvili, gamousworebeli yaCaRi, ramdenjerme daxvretamisjili, romlisgan Tavi ruseTSi gaqceviT gadairCina. dapatimrul iqna dajgufebis wevri giorgi didebaSvili.1

davalebis Sesrulebis

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), saarqivo saqme #2369.

mixeil abulaSvili, nikoloz beJaSvili, stefane molaSvili,

vasil CulaSvili

Mikheil Abulashvili, nikoloz Bechashvili, stephane Molashvili, vasil Chulashvili

Alexidze) and Gigo osiashvili who were

the accomplices of kratsashvili.

on the next day near red Mountain

the detachment of the Political Bureau

of signagi found a group of the robbers

who noticed the detachment on time and

managed to flee.They left a horse with a

saddle-bags and two capes on its back.

At the beginning of January in

1923 the Political Bureau of signagi

commended the criminals to be under

a strict supervision. on January 10

Devdariani, head of the Political Bureau,

received a notification that one member

of the gang voluntarily intended to

surrender the authority. Devdariani

managed to meet this robber in the

Cheremi forest and he promised to

grant him a full amnesty if he betrayed his accomplices.

The robber accepted the suggestion and he brought his

two comrades to Devdariani.The robbers were ready to

accept every suggestion to survive. Devdariani ordered

Alex Chokoshvili and Alex khuroshvili from Bodbiskhevi

and shakro sadunashvili from shibliani to kill the main

members of the gang.

on January 15 at night the task was fulfilled. The

criminals killed their comrades: namely, vano kratsashvili,

��

Semdeg CokoSvili, saduniSvili da xuroSvili Cairicxnen banditizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol razmSi.

ZiriTadi birTvis likvidaciis Semdeg jgufi ramdenime nawilad gaiyo. dajgufebebs saTaveSi Caudgnen stefane molaSvili, pepo CobaSvili da mixeil safaraSvili.

stefane zaqarias Ze molaSvili, mcxovrebi siRnaRis mazris sof. asanurSi, yofili gvardieli da menSevikuri partiis wevri iyo. Cadenili aqvs partmuSakebis 16 mkvleloba da mravali Zarcva. mis jgufSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen kargad SeiaraRebuli yaCaRebi: vasil ZamiaSvili, metsaxelad `jabana~, vasil CulaSvili, Saqro beJaSvili, giorgi iasonis Ze SalutaSvili, mixeil abulaSvili; nikoloz beJaSvili, metsaxelad `dibiri~, lado (vladimer) buTxuzi, sardion qadagiSvili da sxv. maTi moqmedebis areali iyo maCxaanis, lagodexisa da gurjaanis raionebi. P

pepo CobaSvili, yaCaRobis Tormetwliani staJiT, man Tavis jgufSi gaaerTiana: stefane CitinaSvili, giga SixaSvili da baziraSvili. moqmedebdnen lagodexisa da kodalos raionebSi da azerbaijanis sazRvarTan.

mixeil safaraSvili Tavis ramdenime TanamzraxvelTan erTad moqmedebda Weremis raionSi.

1923 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi

siRnaRis politbiuros TanamSromlebi da yaCaRebi razmi (marcxnidan marjvniv, I rigSi):

ismail RaWelaSvili, mixeil Saxsuvarovi. yaCaRi stefane molaSvili, polSini,

abram kikilaSvili; (II rigSi yaCaRebi) mixeil abulaSvili, vasil CulaSvili, mixeil

odiSeliZe, nikoloz beJaSvili

staff of the Political Bureau of signagi and robbers ( from left to right, in the row): Ismail Gachelashvili, Mikheil shakhsuvarovi (robber), stephane Molashvili, Polshini, Abram kikilashvili, (robbers in the second row):mikheil Abulashvili,

vasil Chalashvili, Mikheil odishelidze, nikoloz Bechashvili

vaso Getiashvili who had been acting as a robber for 20

years and vano Jariashvili from Bodbe.The latter was an

irreparable criminal. Though he has been condemned to

death several times he managed to flee and survive. Giorgi

Didebashvili, a member of the gang, was arrested.

After Chokoshvili, sadunishvili and khuroshvili had

fulfilled their task they joined up with the detachment

fighting against the thuggery.

having destroyed the kernal of the gang, it was

divided up into several divisions. stephane Molashvili,Pepo

Chobashvili and Mikheil sapharashvili assumed the

leadership of the divisions.

stephane Molashvili (son of Zakaria Molashvili)

from Asanuri village of the signagi region was a former

guardsman and a member of the Menshevik Party.he

had killed 16 members of the Party and committed many

robbery. Well-equiped criminals joined up with the gang.

here is a list: vasil Dzamiashvili nicknamed “Jabana”, vasil

Chulashvili, shakro Bezhashvili, Giorgi shalutashvili(son

of Iason shalutashvili), Mikheil Abulashvili, nikoloz

Bezhashvili nicknamed “Dibiri”, lado(vladimer) Butkhuzi,

sardion kadagishvili and others.They committed crimes

in the Machkhaani region, the lagodekhi region and the

Gurdjaani region.

Pepo Chobashvili who had 12 years’ service enrolled

in his gang the following criminals:

stephane Chitinashvili, Giga

shikhashvili and Bazirashvili.

They operated in the lagodekhi

region and the kodalo region

and at the border of Azerbaijan.

Mikheil sapharashvili along

with his accomplices was in the

Cheremi region.

At the beginning of January

in 1923 Molashvili sheltered vaso

Tamazashvili, member of the

Cholokashvili gang, but

he has been in the gang

only for several days.

The reason of it remained

obscure for the other

��

molaSvilis jgufs miekedla ColoyaSvilis dajgufebis wevri vaso TamazaSvili, romelic maTTan mxolod ramdenime dRe darCa. misi mosvla-wasvlis mizezi jgufSi ver gaarkvies.

amasobaSi siRnaRis politbiuro axali SetevisTvis emzadeboda. 26 ianvars SeiaraRebuli da sursaT-sanovagiT momaragebuli eqvsi Semorigebuli yaCaRisagan Semdgari saidumlo jgufi gaigzavna molaSvilis dajgufebis Semadgenlobisa da samyofelis dasadgenad.

gagzavnil razmsa da oTxkacian yaCaRTa jgufs Soris 31 ianvars, RamiT, Weremis tyeSi moxda Setakeba, daiWra erTi yaCaRi, romelic amxanagebTan erTad miimala. gaqceulebs darCaT 2 cxeni, 2 nabadi, 2 Tofi da `naganis~ sistemis revolveri tyviebiT.

5 Tebervals siRnaRis politbiuros razmma, xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg, Weremis tyeSi daapatimra mixeil zaqarias Ze safaraSvili, pavle ioramis Ze jaWvaZe da zaqaria vladimeris Ze gelaSvili.1

gelaSvili siRnaRis cixeSi gamoamwyvdies, safaraSvili da jaWvaZe, rogorc naklebad damnaSaveni da saimedoni, gaaTavisufles da banditizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol razmSi Caricxes.

Tebervalsa da martSi yaCaRTa arc erTi jgufi aRar gamoCenila. isini emalebodnen `Cekas~ razmebis mudmivsa da mkacr meTvalyureobas.

19 marts erT-erTi damsjeli razmi gadaeyara mixo SiSniaSvils, arCil

1 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), saarq. s. #23633, furc. 2,6,10,16.

members of the gang.

At this time the Political Bureau of signagi was getting

ready for a new attack. on January 26 a secret group

consisting of six former robbers, supplied with the rifle and

food, was sent to find out the location and the membership

of the Molashvili gang.

on January 31 at night an attack took place in the

Cheremi forest between the sent detachment and the

criminal gang. one robber was wounded but he was able to

run away along with his comrades.They left two horses, two

capes, two guns and “nagani” ( type of the revolver) with

its bullets.

on february 5 after a long fight the detachment

of the Political Bureau of signagi arrested Mikheil

sapharashvili(son of Zakaria sapharashvili), Pavle

Jachvadze(son of Ioram Jachvadze) and Zakaria Gelashvili

( son of vladimer Gelashvili).

Gelashvili was imprisoned in signagi while

sapharashvili and Jachvadze were deemed to be

trustworthy. for this reason they were released and join up

with the detachment fighting against thuggery.

In february and March neither of the criminal

gang appeared on the area.They were hiding from the

detachments of the Cheka who controlled each step of

the robbers.

�0

mindiaSvilsa da andriaSvils. brZolaSi ori yaCaRi mokvda, SiSniaSvilma ki gaqceva moaxerxa.

23 marts kvlav moxda Setakeba am or dapirispirebul banaks Soris, romlis drosac mokvda kakabeTeli milicieli Saqro CikoZe. SemTxvevis adgilze maSinve gaemgzavra siRnaRis politbiuros ufrosi devdariani razmTan erTad da, milicielis sisxlis sanacvlod, daapatimres yaCaRTa yvelaze erTguli 2 mokavSire. siRnaRSi gadayvanis dros, dapatimrebulebma gaqceva scades, risTvisac isini daxoces. Semdeg daangries menaxire mWedliSvilis sadgomi da konfiskacia gaukeTes mis sarCo-sabadebels molaSvilis bandis sistematuri mfarvelobisaTvis.

tyeSi gaWrilebi ki danaSaulebriv saqmianobas agrZelebdnen. 3 aprils molaSvilma mokla azerbaijaneli, kovaxCis mkvidri dada oRli. aprilis Sua ricxvebSi ki imave sofelSi CobaSvilis jgufis wevrebma cecxlze dasves ori muslimani, romelTa gvarebi cnobili ar aris, aseve ucnobia am danaSaulTa mizezebi.

24 aprils siRnaRis politbiuros nebarTviT Camoyalibda yaCaRebis mier Seviwroebuli 30 mwyemsisagan Semdgari banditizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli razmi, meTaurad dainiSna politbiuros TanamSromeli varsimaSvili. meore dResve razmi gaigzavna fanianis tyeSi.

am droisTvis molaSvilis jgufs erTi wevri Seemata, Tumca 4 _ gamoaklda, romlebic saxlSi dabrundnen. ase, rom jgufSi darCa daaxloebiT 8-9 kaci.

siRnaRis politbiurom moaxerxa Semoerigebina vaxo SiSniaSvili, romelic gaamweses kodalos raimiliciis TanamSromlad.

30 maiss politbiuros razmi azerbaijanis sazRvarTan, daRestnis tyis midamoebSi, Tavs daesxa CobaSvilis jgufs. brZolaSi daixocnen: CobaSvili da baziraSvili. CitinaSvili da SixaSvili gaiqcnen. SixaSvili molaSvils miekedla. CitinaSvili SeuerTda ColoyaSvilis dajgufebis damxmare jgufs, romelsac vaso TamazaSvili meTaurobda.

ivnisis pirvel ricxvebSi siRnaRis politbiurom kategoriulad gadawyvita, gaenadgurebina stefane molaSvilis jgufi. amisaTvis daaxloebiT 2 Tve gagrZelda banditebze mudmivi meTvalyureoba da

on March 19 one of the punitive detachments came

across Mikho shishniashvili, Archil Mindiashvili and

Andriashvili. Two robbers were killed while shishniashvili

managed to escape.

on March 23 one more attack took place between

these two sides during which shakro Chikodze, policeman

from kakabeti, was killed. Devdariani ,head of the Political

Bureau of signagi, went to the place of the incident along

with the detachment. They arrested the most devoted

two accomplices of the criminals in revenge for killing

the policeman. While moving to signagi the prisoners

tried to flee but they were killed.Then they destroyed the

abode of Mchedlishvili, a herdsman, and his property

was confiscated. The herdsman was treated like this for

systematically assisting the criminals.

The rest of the robbers kept on committing the crimes.

on April 3 Molashvili killed Azerbaijanian Dada ogli from

kovakhchi. In the middle of April at the same village the

members of the Chobashvili gang killed two Muslims whose

surnames as well as the reasons of their crimes are not

known.

With the permission of the Political Bureau of signagi

the detachment consisting of 30 peasantries was formed

fighting against thuggery.Varsimashvili,collaborator of the

Political Bureau, was appointed as the head.The next day

the detachment was sent to the Phaniani forest.

By this time one member joined Molashvili gang while

four members extracted and returned to their houses.After

this changes there were 8-9 members left in the gang.

The Political Bureau of signagi managed to conclude

peace with vakho shishniashvili who became an employee

of the police of kodalo district.

on may 30 the detachment of the Political Bureau

attacked on Chubashvili gang at the border of Azerbaijan

near the wood.Chobashvili and Bazirashvili were killed.

Chitinashvili and shikhashvili ran away. Molashvili gave the

shelter to shikhashvili. Chitinashvili joined an auxiliary gang

of Cholokashvili which was ruled by vaso Tamazashvili

At the beginning of June the Political Bureau made

a very firm decision to destroy stephane Molashvili gang.

They have been spying on the robbers and have been

getting ready for two months.The gang was passing 30-40

�1

salikvidacio operaciisaTvis mzadeba. banda TiTqmis yoveldRe gadaadgildeboda 30-40 km-iT.

9 ivniss siRnaRis politbiuros ufrosma devdarianma mwyemsebisagan Seityo, rom yaCaRebma gaitaces 5 kameCi da mirekes Siraqis velze momTabare mecxvare doxasTan. devdarianis brZanebiT, doxa daapatimres. mecxvarem xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada. igi gauZRva razms Tavisi binisaken da arwmunebda, rom mZarcvelebi aucileblad movidodnen saqonlis wasayvanad.

razmma binis irgvliv safari moawyo. daaxloebiT 40 wuTis mere tyis piras, safaridan daaxloebiT naxevari kilometris daSorebiT, yaCaRebic gamoCdnen. maT gamoeyo ori kaci da pirdapir Casafrebulebisaken gaemarTa. maT Soris erT-erTi maTgani devdarianma icno da, misi gadarCenis mizniT, gamafrTxilebeli niSnis micema daiwyo. magram igi ver mixvda da safarisaken moZraoba gaagrZela. maSin devdariani iZulebuli gaxda haerSi esrola. mxolod maSin mixvda devdarianis nacnobi, rac xdeboda. igi Sebrunda da buCqebs Seafara Tavi. meore yaCaRi daiWra, magram imanac moaxerxa mimalva.

tyeSi darCenilma yaCaRebma, srolis xma rom gaiges, araorganizebulad gaxsnes cecxli. razmi Setevaze gadavida. yaCaRebis mier nasroli tyviebis wvimis qveS mimavalma razmma miaRwia tyis pirs, magram yaCaRebma tyis siRrmes Seafares Tavi. devna Ramis 11 saaTamde gagrZelda. Sedegi miRweuli ar iqna, Tu ar CavTvliT ukan dabrunebul 5 kameCsa da mitovebul farajas. am RonisZiebis Sedegad gairkva yaCaRTa jgufis personaluri Semadgenloba, sul 12 kaci. isini iyvnen: stefane molaSvili, stefane dimitris Ze CitinaSvili jugaanidan, nikoloz Tedores Ze beJaSvili, vasil abrikes Ze CulaSvili saqobodan, Saqro beJaSvili nukrianidan, giorgi ivanes Ze SalutaSvili clunkaanidan, vladimer mixeilis Ze buTxuzi qedadan, vasil SiukaSvili (igive beriSvili) clunkaanidan, sardion qadagiSvili kelmenCuridan, vasili ZamiaSvili jugaanidan, pavle dariaSvili axalsoflidan, mixeil abramis Ze abulaSvili jugaanidan.

15 ivniss dilis 7 saaTze uzunTalaSi (adgili qedasa da maCxaans Soris) yaCaRebma srola autexes gzaze mimaval qedis

Saqro beJaSvilishakro Bezhashvili

kilometers daily.

on June

9 Devdariani,

head of the

Political Bureau

of signagi,

learnt from the

peasantries that

the robbers had

taken away five

buffaloes and

brought them to

Dokha, a nomadic

sheep-breeder

on the shiraki

valley. Devdariani

commanded to

arrest Dokha. The

sheep-breeder

accepted to

negotiate with the authority.he led the detachment to his

house and convinced them that the robbers would return to

take the cattle.

The detachment made a cover-shelter around the

house. After 40 minutes the robbers appeared in the

wood, about half kilometer away from the cover-shelter.

Two robbers went straight to the detachment.Devdariani

recognized one of them and tried to take preventive action

to save his life. But the robber did not understand it and

went on moving toward the cover-shelter. Devdariani’s

aquaintance guessed everything only after Devdariani had

shot in the air. he turned and hid in the bushes.The other

robber was wounded but he managed to run away.

on hearing the noise of the shooting the rest of the

robbers who were in the forest opened fire in disorder.The

detachment made an attack and they approached the forest

under the rain of the bullets.After a while the criminals hid in

the depths of the wood.The detachment was chasing them

till 11p.m. The goal was not reached.only five buffaloes

and an abandoned greatcoat were taken back. After

this operation the members of the gang were identified.

They were twelve in all: stephane Molashvili, stephane

�2

aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare ilia giorgis Ze alikaSvilsa da miliciels, daiWra alikaSvili. yaCaRebi ki tyeSi miimalnen.

22 ivniss yaCaRTa jgufs miekedlnen jugaanelebi ilia zaqros Ze zedelaSvili da mixeil abulaSvili. politbiurom maSinve konfiskacia gaukeTa maT qonebas da saxlebi daluqa. am dros dajgufebis wevrebis didi nawili jugaanis teritoriaze imaleboda. iq gagzavnilma razmma mZevlad aiyvana oc yaCaRTan kavSirSi eWvmitanili, romlebsac sarCo-sabadebelic CamoarTves bandis likvidaciamde.

23 ivniss TavwyaroSi Catarebuli operaciidan momaval politbiuros Tavmjdomare devdariansa da politbiuros TanamSromel ciciSvils Casafrebulma molaSvilis jgufma cecxli gauxsna. cxenidan droulad Camomxtarma devdarianma da ciciSvilma sroliTve upasuxes. Setakeba oriode wuTs gagrZelda. yaCaRebma tyes Seafares Tavi. devdariani da ciciSvili ukan mihyvnen Tavdamsxmelebs da tyeSi waawydnen bandis informator giorgi sabas Ze zubaSvils, romelic, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, devdarianze Tavdasxmis iniciatori yofila.

meore dRes yaCaRTa dajgufebis salikvidacio RonisZiebaSi nebayoflobiT CaerTvnen jugaanisa da bodbisxevis mcxovrebni. siRnaRis mazris glexebis ganwyoba yaCaRebis mimarT uaryofiTi iyo da amitom bevrma siamovnebiT miiRo

molaSvilis dajgufebis mokavSireni (marcxnidan marjvniv): giorgi

CalaTaSvili, ivane gogebaSvili, nikoloz xvTisiaSvili, Saqro

merabaSvili, giorgi RviniaSvili

Accomplices of the Molashvili Gang (from left to right): Giorgi Chalatashvili, Ivane Gogebashvili, nikoloz Ghvtisishvili, shako Merabishvili, Giorgi Gviniashvili.

Chitinashvili ( son of Dimitri

Chitinashvili) from Jugaani,

nikoloz Bezhashvili (son of

Tedore bezhashvili), vasil

Chulashvili ( son of Abrike

Chulashvili) from sakobo,

shakro bezhashvili from

nukriani, Giorgi shalutashvili (

son of Ivane shalutashvili) from

Tslunkaani, vladimer Butkhuzi

(son of Mikheil Butkhuzi) from

keda), vasil shiukashvili

(Berishvili) from Tslunkaani,

sardion kadagishvili

from kelmenchuri, vasil

Dzamiashvili from Jugaani,

Pavle Dariashvili from Akhalsopeli, Mikheil Abulashvili(son

of Abram Abulashvili) from Jugaani.

on June 15 at 7a.m. the robbers opened fire on Ilia

Alikashvili (son of George Alikashvili), head of the Executive

Committee of kedi, and a policeman who were in uzuntala,

a place between keda and Machkhaani. Alikashvili was

wounded. The robbers fled to the forest.

on June 22 Ilia Zedelashvili( son of Zakro

Zedelashvili) and Mikheil Abulashvili joined up with the

gang. The Political Bureau confiscated their property and

sealed up their houses. At this time the most members

of the gang were hiding in Jugaani. Twenty people were

taken hostage by the detachment. They deemed to be

accomplices of the gang. Everything was taken away from

them before the liquidation of the gang.

on June 23 Devdariani, head of the Political Bureau,

and Tsitsishvili, an employee of the Political Bureau, were

returning from the operation in Tavtskaro. The Molashvili

gang opened fire on them. devdariani and Tsitsishvili got

off the horses quickly and opened fire in return. The attack

has continued for several minutes.The robbers fled to the

forest. Devdariani and Tsitsishvili chased the attackers

and in the wood they came across Giorgi Zubashvili( son

of saba Zubashvili), an informator of the gang. later it

became clear that he had been an initiator of the attack on

Devdariani.

�3

monawileoba maT winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 24 ivniss saRamos 5 saaTze Zvel

anagaSi yaCaRebsa da politbiuros razms Soris moxda Setakeba, romelic didxans gagrZelda. banditebma isargebles sibneliT da tyes Seafares Tavi. tyeSi gaWrilTa devna gagrZelda, dasaxmareblad movida politbiurosa da miliciis ockaciani razmi Saxsuvarovisa da ciciSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. glexebis naambobiT, am Setakebis dros daiWra mxolod erTi yaCaRi.

26 ivniss banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis siRnaRis gansakuTrebuli sameulis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad daxvrites bandis dapatimrebuli mokavSireebi: giorgi sabas Ze zubaSvili, aleqsandre ilias Ze jorkoSvili da aleqsi basikos Ze jorkoSvili.

28 ivniss abram kikilaSvilma, romelic flobda informacias borotmoqmedTa Sesaxeb, politbiurodan miiRo davaleba, dakavSireboda Tavis biZas, dajgufebis erT-erT wevr niko beJaSvils, daeyoliebina saidumlo Sexvedrasa da Serigebaze, raTa Semdeg misi daxmarebiT ganxeTqileba SeetanaT bandis wevrebs Soris.

xangrZlivi Zebnis Semdeg kikilaSvilma moaxerxa yaCaRebTan Sexvedra. magram mis winadadebaze: yaCaRebi Sexvedrodnen da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan molaparakeba gaemarTaT, molaSvilma kategoriuli uari ganacxada, magram TanamoZmeebs neba darTo, survilisamebr moqceuliyvnen.

didi xnis xvewnisa da molaparakebis Semdeg kikilaSvilma molaSvili daiyolia, rom devdarians Sexvedroda. yaCaRma wamoayena aucilebeli piroba: Sexvedraze devdariani unda mosuliyo marto an mxolod erTi kacis TanxlebiT da aucileblad uiaraRod. Sexvedra dainiSna ori kviris Semdeg, siRnaRidan 25 km daSorebiT, tyian adgilze, cixianTyureSi. warmatebuli molaparakebis miuxedavad, politbiuros mainc ar moudunebia yuradReba moTareSeebis mimarT.

3 ivliss

molaSvilis dajgufebis mokavSireni (marcxnidan marjvniv): sergo qadagiSvili, ivane

koWlamazaSvili, mixeil bakaSvili, ivane bakaSvili, abram jibRaSvili

Accomplices of the Molashvili Gang (from left to right): sergo kadagishvili, Ivane kochlamazashvili, Mikheil Bakashvili, Ivane Bakashvili, Abram Jibgashvili

The next day the residents of Jugaani and

Bodbiskhevi were voluntarily involved in the operation for

the liquidation of the gang. The peasantry of the signagi

region had very bad attitude toward the criminals and

so they took part in the fight against the gang with great

pleasure.

on June 24 at 5 o’clock in the evening the attack

between the robbers and the detachment of the Political

Bureau has lasted for a long time. The robbers were at

an advantage of the dark and managed to escape. The

detachment consisting of 20 persons who were from the

police and the Political Bureau came to help. It was under

the leadership of shakhsuvarovi and Tsitsishvili. The

peasantries said that only one robber was wounded during

the attack.

on June 26 under the commend of the Department

of the fighting Against the Thuggery of the three of

signagi the arrested accomplices of the gang were shot.

They were: Giorgi Zubashvili( son of saba Zubashvili),

Aleksandre Jorkoshvili( son of Ilia Jorkoshvili) and Alexi

Jorkoshvili( son of Basiko Jorkoshvili).

on June 28 Abram kikilashvili who had an information

about the robbers was instructed from the Political Bureau

to meet his uncle niko Bezhashvili who was a member of

the gang. kikilashvili was to convince his uncle to commit

peace with the authority. In this way they intended to make

disorder in the gang.

kikilashvili managed to meet with the robbers after a

long search. he suggested them to surrender and commit

��

diliT politbiurom miiRo informacia, rom yaCaRTa cametkaciani jgufi gaemarTa anagis gavliT alazanze. imave dRis 10 saaTze bandis savaraudo samyofelisaken politbiuros rwmunebulis damxmaris ciciSvilis meTaurobiT daiZra 10 kaciani razmi. isini saRamos 7 saaTze mdinare afenis midamoebSi miewivnen yaCaRebs. gaimarTa orTabrZola. yaCaRebma tyes Seafares Tavi. mZimed daWrilma, datyvevebulma SiukaSvilma, romelmac mxolod 5 wuTi icocxla, damsjeli razmis warmomadgenlebs acnoba, rom yaCaRebs gadawyvetili hqondaT, gadasuliyvnen Telavis mazraSi.

Setakebis adgilidan amoRebul iqna 6 Tofi, 8 patrontaSi, 1 `mauzerisa~ da 2 `naganis~ tipis revolveri, 1 yumbara, 7 faraja, 6 kurtaki, 10 fafaxi, 1 durbindi, 2 tyavis tiki, aseve sxva saWiro aRWurviloba da iaraRi.

brZolis dros razmelebma daxoces: vasil SiukaSvili, ilia zedelaSvili, vasil ZamiaSvili. mdinareSi gadaxtomiT uSvela Tavs daWrilma pavle dariaSvilma.

am Setakebis Semdeg yaCaRebma: sardion qadagiSvilma, lado buTxuzma, giorgi SalutaSvilma, stefane CitinaSvilma, Saqro beJaSvilma da pavle dariaSvilma uari ganacxades, darCeniliyvnen dajgufebis wevrebad da sTxoves molaSvils, neba daerTo maTTvis, Tavisi gziT wasuliyvnen. maT ganizraxes, cal-calke yofiliyvnen da TviTon miexedaT TavisTvis. dariaSvilma maSinve miatova TanamoZmeebi da axal-sofelSi gadavida. qadagiSvili, buTxuzi, SalutaSvili, CitinaSvili da beJaSvili jgufs gamoeyvnen im ganzraxviT, rom zogi daRestanSi gadasuliyo, zogi ki ganjas Seafarebda Tavs.

15 ivliss devdariani da Saxsuvarovi, kikilaSvilTan erTad, gaemarTnen cixianTyurisaken molaSvilTan molaparakebis gasamarTavad.

partmuSakebis miaxloebisas sapirispiro mxridan mdinare naviT gadmolaxa bandis orma wevrma.

_ sad aris molaSvili? TviTon ratom ar movida? _ ikiTxa devdarianma.

_ stefane mxolod winaswari molaparakebisa da usafrTxoebis myari garantiebis micemis Semdeg mova! _ upasuxes molaSvilis Tanamzraxvelebma.

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisagan garantiebis miRebis Semdeg molaSvilma

peace with the authority.Though Molashvili himself turned

down the suggestion he allowed the others to behave at

will.

After a long negotiation kikilashvili persuaded

Molashvili to meet Devdariani provided that Molashvili

would come alone or with only one accomplice without any

armament. The meeting was appointed after a fortnight in

Tsikhiantkure, 25 kilomiters away from signagi. In spite of

a successful negotiation the Political Bureau didn’t weaken

the attention toward the robbers.

on July 3 in the morning the Political Bureau was

informed that the gang consisting of thirteen robbers went

to Alazani through Anaga.

on the same day at 10 o’clock the detachment

consisting of 10 persons went to the presumeble location

of the gang. The detachment was under the leadership of

Tsitsishvili, an attorney of the Political Bureau. At 7 o’clock

in the evening they caught up with the robbers in the

vicinity of the Apheni river.The robbers fled to the wood.

shiukashvili was alive only for 5minutes after he had been

wounded and captured but still he was able to inform the

detachment that the gang was going to move to the Telavi

region (Mazra).

The detachment found the following things at

the attack place: 6 guns, 8 strings of the bullets, one

“Mauzeri” and 2 “nagani” (types of the revolver), 1 bomb, 7

greatcoats, 6 coats, 10 papakha (tall Caucasian hat usually

of sheepskin), 1binocular, 2 wineskins of leather as well as

a lot of other useful equipment and weapon.

During the struggle the members of the detachment

killed vasil shiukashvili, Ilia Zedelashvili, vasil

Dzamiashvili. The wounded Pavle Dariashvili saved his life

by jumping in the river.

After this attack a few criminals no longer wanted to

be in the gang. They asked Molashvili to let them go.These

robbers were: sardion kadagishvili, lado Butkhuzi, Giorgi

shalitashvili, stephane Chitinashvili, shakro Bezhashvili

and Pavle Dariashvili. They were going to be separated.

Dariashvili left his comrades at once and went toward

Akhalsopheli. kadagishvili, Butkhuzi, shalutashvili,

Chitinashvili and Bezhashvili left the gang. some of them

moved to Daghestan, others to Ganja.

��

erT yaCaRTan erTad gadmolaxa md. alazani da devdarianisa da Saxsuvarovis winaSe warsdga.

Serigebis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis winadadebaze molaSvilma daxvretis SiSiT uari ganacxada, magram mTeli rigi argumentirebuli dapirebebis Semdeg moxerxda misi da kidev 3 yaCaRis: niko beJaSvilis, mixeil abulaSvilisa da vasil CulaSvilis dayolieba. maT piroba dades, rom sasargeblo saqmianobas mohkidebdnen xels.

yaCaRebi politbiuros TanamSromlebTan erTad gaemgzavrnen siRnaRSi. Semorigebam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina mTel regionze da gazarda `Cekas~ avtoriteti adgilobriv mcxovreblebze, romlebic, faqtobrivad, daterorebulebi iyvnen yaCaRebisagan.

26 ivliss saZmos kidev 4 wevri: sardion qadagiSvili, stefane CitinaSvili, lado buTxuzi da giorgi SalutaSvili, Cabarda xelisuflebas.

yaCaRma pavle dariaSvilma rom gaigo, Tavisi amxanagebis xelisuflebasTan Semorigebis ambavi, TviTonac gamocxadda Telavis politbiuroSi. A

ase, rom dajgufebis mTeli Semadgenlobidan mxolod erTi yaCaRi, Saqro beJaSvili, afarebda Tavs tyes. igi azerbaijanSi, zaqaTalis mazraSi, sof. mosulis teritoriaze imaleboda. 12 agvistos politbiuros TanamSromlebma beJaSvilis adgilsamyofels miagnes da daapatimres.

26 agvistos bandituri elementebis siRnaRis mazris mTlianad gawmendis mizniT molaSvilis jgufis Semorigebuli wevrebi Seityues politbiuros SenobaSi, sadac ganaiaraRes da daapatimres.

SerisxulTa Soris moxvda mixo SiSniaSvilic, rogorc gamousworebeli Zveli yaCaRi. dapatimrebulma simwrisagan miliciis sakanSi TiTqmis yvelaferi dalewa.

27 agvistos adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovniT, banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis sagangebo sameulis dadgenilebiTa da saqarTvelos `Cekas~ sanqciis Tanaxmad dapatimrebulebi: stefane molaSvili, stefane CitinaSvili, lado buTxuzi, giorgi SalutaSvili, Saqro beJaSvili, vladimer nandoSvili, nika beJaSvili, mixo abulaSvili da mixo SiSniaSvili daxvrites. gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvanis dros sardion

on July 15 Devdariani, shakhsuvarovi and kikilashvili

started for Tsikhiantkure to hold negotiation with Molashvili.

on their appearing two members of the gang crossed

the river on boat.

“Where is Molashvili? Why has not he come himself? “

Devdariani asked.

“ stephane will come only after preliminary

negotiations and after firm guarantees are given! “

answered the Molashvili’s comrade.

After the representatives of the authority had given

Molashvili firm guarantees, he crossed the Alazani

river with one robber and came up to Devdariani and

shakhsuvarovi. Molashvili didn’t accept their suggestion

about committing peace with the authority for fear of being

shot.Though he and three other robbers niko Bezhashvili,

Mikheil Abulashvili and vasil Chulashvili were convinced

after they had been given argumentative promises. The

robbers promised to take up useful work.

The robbers went to signagi with the members of the

Political Bureau. The reconciliation between them made

a great impression on the whole region. he increased the

power of the Cheka upon the local inhabitants who had

been in terror of the robbers.

on June 26 four more members of the gang surrended

the authority: namely, sardion kadagishvili, stephane

Chitinashvili, lado Butkhuzi and Giorgi shalutashvili.

When Pavle dariashvili, a robber, learnt about the

reconciliation between the authority and his comrades, he

hemself appeared in the Political Bureau of Telavi.

In conclusion only one member of the gang was

hiding in the forest. It was shakro Bezhashvili. he was in

Mosuli village (Azerbaijan, the Zakatala region (Mazra).

on August 12 the members of the Political Bureau find the

location of Bezhashvili and he was arrested.

on August 26 the reconciled members of the

Molashvili gang were enticed in the building of the Political

Bureau where they were disarmed and arrested.The goal of

this action was to clean signagi from all the criminal gangs.

shishniashvili was among the arrested robbers. he

broke everything in jail with anger.

on August 27, with a demand of the local residents

and under the sanctions have been imposed by the

��

qadagiSvilma SeZlo gaqceva.xangrZlivi agenturuli muSaobis

Sedegad, 22 seqtembers, xelisflebis warmomadgenlebma sardion qadagiSvilis kvals miagnes, magram dapatimrebis mcdelobis dros man isev moaxerxa gaqceva. politbiuros TanamSromlebma igi mainc moZebnes da mokles.

dajgufebis likvidaciis Semdeg banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis TanamSromlebma daapatimres yaCaRebTan urTierTobaSi yvela eWvmitanili, maTi damxmareni, mfarvelebi da mokavSireni, maT Soris iyvnen: giorgi iosebis Ze CalaTaSvili, ivane daviTis Ze gogebaSvili, nikoloz ioramis Ze xvTisiaSvili, Saqro gios Ze merabaSvili, giorgi isakis Ze RviniaSvili, sergo iasonis Ze qadagiSvili, ivane daviTis Ze koWlamazaSvili, mixeil gegenis Ze bakaSvili, ivane gegenis Ze bakaSvili, abram stefanes Ze jibRaSvili, abriko simonis Ze maWaraSvili, Txovara daviTis Ze xositaSvili, aleqsandre wyalobas Ze pavliaSvili, vasil sabas Ze taryaSvili, vasil levanis Ze xelaSvili, giga vasilis Ze oganaSvili, abdul aziz aTasi oRli, aji maxam oRli, maxmed nurixma oRli, aji musa oRli da uluxan maxa oRli.

isini, vinc ar daapatimres, rogorc gamoaSkaravebuli warsulis mqone pirebi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos `Cekas~ organoebi iyenebdnen banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis muSaobaSi. eWvmitanilebi: aleqsi CokoSvili, Saqro saduniSvili, ivane xuroSvili ki iZulebulni iyvnen Tavi gamoeCinaT, rogorc sabolood gamosworebulebs.

ase grZeldeboda 1927 wlamde. 1927 wlis 29 agvistos ivane

xuroSvili, aleqsi CokoSvili, aleqsi ziraqiSvili SiblianSi Tavs daesxnen da mokles xelisuflebis Semorigebuli yaCaRi, yofili Tanamzraxveli Saqro saduniSvili. Tavdasxmis dros daixocnen barbare saduniSvili, sandro xuroSvili, vano xuroSvilis coli, sofio, da Tbiliseli stumari 12 wlis biWi. Tavdamsxmelebma saduniSvilis saxlidan gaitaces moklulis Tofi, `mauzeris~ tipis revolveri da miimalnen.

am SemTxvevis Semdeg samive yaCaRi imaleboda, magram danaSauli ar CaudeniaT. seqtemberSi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebis Semdeg,

Division of the Three fighting Against the Gangs and

by the Cheka, the arrested criminals were shot: namely,

stephane Molashvili, stephane Chitinashvili, lado

butkhuzi, Giorgi shalutashvili, shakro Bezhashvili, vladimer

nandoshvili, nika Bezhashvili, Mikho Abulashvili and Mikho

shishniashvili.

sardion kadagishvili managed to escape.

on september 22 the representatives of the authority

found the trace of kadagishvili after a long secret service

work. Though he was able to run away again, the members

of the Political Bureau found and killed him.

The members of the department fighting against the

thuggery arrested all the accomplices of the gang after

they had liquidated the criminals of the gang: namely,

Giorgi Chalatashvili ( son of Ioseb Chalatashvili), Ivane

Gogebashvili ( son of David Gogebashvili), nikoloz

khvtisiashvili( son of Ioram khvtisiashvili), shakro

Merabishvili (son of Gio Merabishvili), Giorgi Gviniashvili

( son of Isak Gviniashvili), sergo kadagishvili (son of

Iason kadagishvili), Ivane kochlamazishvili ( son of David

kochlamazashvili), Mikheil Bakashvili( son of Gegeni

Bakashvili), Ivane Bakashvili ( son of Gegeni Bakashvili),

Abram Jibghashvili (son of stephane Jibghashvili), Abriko

Macharashvili (son of simon Macharashvili), Tkhovara

khositashvili (son of David khositashvili), Aleksandre

Pavliashvili ( son of Tskaloba Pavliashvili), vasil Tarkashvili

(son of saba Tarkashvili), vasil khelashvili (son of levan

khelashvili), Giga oganashvili (son of vasil oganashvili),

Abdul Aziz Atasi oghli, Adji Makham oghli, Makhmed

nurikhma oghli, Adji Musa oghli and ulukhan Makha

oghli.

Those who were not arrested for their exposed past

were used in the departments of the Cheka in fighting

against the thuggery. Alex Chokoshvili, shakro sadunishvili

and Ivane khuroshvili had to behave properly.

And so it continued till 1927.

on August 29, 1927 in shibliani Ivane khuroshvili,

Alex Chokoshvili and Alex Zirakishvili attacked and

killed shakro sadunishvili( the former robber). Barbare

sadunishvili, sandro khuroshvili, sophio ( vano

khurashvili’s wife) and the Georgian guest twelve- year-

old boy. The attackers took away a gun, “Mauzer” model

��

vano xuroSvili da aleqsi ziraqiSvili daTanxmdnen Serigebaze. gamoCenisTanave isini daapatimres.

aleqsi CokoSvilma ki martom ganagrZo yaCaRuri cxovreba da Tavs ZarcviT irCenda.

25 seqtembers vano xuroSvili, Cadenili mkvlelobis gamo, dakiTxvaze miiyvanes politbiuros ufros miskinsa da banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ganyofilebis rwmunebulis TanaSemwesTan. dakiTxvis oqmis gaformebisa da saqmis arsis garkvevis dros xuroSvilma iTxova wylis dasalevad ramdenime wuTiT gareT gasvla.

uceb koridorSi rwmunebulis TanaSemwe beroSvilma yvirili atexa. igi miskins uxmobda.

miskins xuroSvili iatakze tkivilisagan dakrunCxuli daxvda.

_ ra moxda, ra daemarTa?! _ ikiTxa gaocebulma miskinma.

_ moulodnelad dariSxana dalia! _ upasuxa beroSvilma.

gamoiZaxes eqimi da provizori, romlebmac momakvdavs Sesabamisi SxamsawinaaRmdego saSualeba misces, magram uSedegod.

_ xuroSvilma dalia ara dariSxana, aramed stiqnini, _ Tqva eqimma, romelmac mowamlulis mdgomareobisa da procesis mimdinareobis Sesabamisad dasva diagnozi.

xuroSvili daaxloebiT erT saaTSi gardaicvala.

mogvianebiT gairkva, rom, rogorc Tavdasxma da mkvleloba, aseve TviTmkvleloba moxda saduniSvilisa da xuroSvilis colis, sofios, intimuri urTierTobis faqtis gamo. xuroSvilma TavdasxmiTa da mkvlelobiT Suri iZia moRalateebze, TviTmkvlelobiT ki Tavidan aicila faqtis gaxmaurebis Semdeg mosalodneli tkivili da pativmoyvareobis Selaxva.

revolver from the dead’s house and ran away.

After this incident three of these robbers were hiding

and they did not commit any crime. In september after

the negotiation with the spokesman of the authority vano

khuroshvili and Alex Zirakishvili concluded peace with

them. In spite of this they were arrested as soon as they

appeared while Alex Chokoshvili went on earning his living

with robbery.

on september 25 vano khuroshvili was questioned

for the murder by Minskin, head of the Political Bureau

and deputy head of the department fighting against the

thuggery.While the examination record was being drawing

up khuroshvili asked to go out to drink some water.

suddenly in the hall Beroshvili, an assistant attorney

began to cry. he was calling Minsk who found khuroshvili

on the floor doubled up with pain.

“What’s wrong? What has happened?- Minsk asked in

surprise.

“he has drunk arsenic!” Beroshvili answered.

The doctor and the pharmaceutist were sent for who

gave the dying person an antidote but all was in vain.

“khuroshvili has drunk stiknini,”- the doctor said

who diagnozed based on the condition of the poisoned

khuroshvili and the carrying procession.

khuroshvili died about in an hour. later as it turned

out khuroshvili made an attack on sadunishvili and then

he committed suicide for the sexual activity between his

wife,sophio, and sadunishvili. By killing sadunishvili

khuroshvili took revenge on the betrayers while by

committing suicide he avoided the pain and the shame

caused by the divulging of the fact.

��

vilad deda Cemo rom ar miWirdes ar SegawuxebdiT. kaci Tavis Tavs ar

moiklavs rom ar uWirdes asten sikvdils asten sikvdili jobia. mec ubnobdi

mad sikvdilis fasi ra unda gauWirdesTqva mara axla rom uyureb saqmes male

sikvdili kargi yofila ra vqna meti veraferi movifiqre. iwerebi vcdilobTo

imaze ar iwerebi rodis iqneba mova werili maqidan gamixardeba axla yorifeli

SemomiTvale yorifeli namdvilaT rodis iqneba simarTle SemomiTvale ase

Cemo deda Tu ar geZulebi. sxva deda zamTrisa iwerebi Zalian siciveebia xan

Tovs yinvebi sul qia zamTris mowerisas ras deveZeb Tavi maq moZulebuli zam-

Tari ki ara amas sami dilaa rom vwer minutis mocla ar maq. qe vici Seni gu-

lis ambavi Seni Wirime Cemo deda amisana werils ar unda gwerde mara ra vqna

CumaT rom movkvde arc is ivargebs Tu rame iqnes SemomiTvale meoreT TuTuni

ar mimiRia fuli raSi ixarjeba ici aqidan baRdaCi rom geiqce Sieri raneira

Seiqnebi vyidulobT purs imaSi ixarjeba kido Ceqmis paCinka yorifels mayid-

vineben fulze nametani sacodavi yofila saldaTi ase Cemo deduka bevri

maq mosaweri mara ver vclilob. Cemi gaWirveba measedi ar ici

Tvara an amdexan rafraT gouZeli ase ityvi miSikos aTasi

akoce Cemsmagivra Tu maq aris werilze bodiSi momTxove

gwers Seni sicocxliT datanjuli Svili sevenarian demetraZe~

saq. Sss-s arqivi, (IV), f. #6, s.# 21177 (stili daculia)

“Dearest mother, I beg the Almighty for your well-being and that of your children. Mother, as for me, I am getting

by somehow or other. Thank you for sending the money and tobacco. I would have been more grateful if I had heard some good news from you. I had three friends here. We helped each other to make our lives easier. unfortunately, they have gone and I feel that life is no longer endurable. upon receiving the money and tobacco I send you a letter. soon after, I got another letter informing me that you are doing your best to help me. Don’t lie, dearest mother, and tell me when I shall leave this place. I would not have troubled you if I were not really having difficulties. I have always thought that one should not commit suicide, but now I often think of death. Please, mother, tell me

the truth about when I shall get out of here. It is very cold in winter. But I don’t care about that. I have been writing this letter for three mornings. Although I know that you will worry about me, I don’t want to die in silence. I don’t have enough money to run away to Baghdad. Your money was spent on bread and repairing my boots. soldiers need money for everything. I have a lot to say but I have no time. You would be very disappointed if you knew everything. kiss Mishiko for me.

Your tortured son, severian Demetradze”

Iv section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f. 6, d. 21117

gaxunebuli baraTebi / faded letters

`batono dedaCemo! RmerTs vTxov Sens kargaT yofnas Seni SvilebiT. Cemo deduka Cems ambavs

ikiTxav suli midgia meti araferi. Seni gamogzavnili fuli miviRe da TuTinic Zalian madlobeli var da ufro madlobeli viqnebodi Cemi rom gexarebina rame. sworeT ar SemiZlia amxanagebi wevidnen sami iyo CemTan erTi mamis xnevovebiT ori rogorc me. mqonda saSveli imaTiT, weviden axla sul veRar vZleb. TuTuni da fuli rom miviRe werili maSvinaTe gamogigzavne Sedginac momivida werili. mere iwerebi gamogzavnili Tu gaq werili nu gamogzavni malevo mara me vifiqre egeb ar mouvida weriliTqva deda Cemo iwerebi Sens saqmes vcTilobTo genacvale rodisRa mere Tu matyuveb SemomiTvale Tu arada rodis iqneba namdvilad deda Cemo rom ar miWirdes ar SegawuxebdiT. kaci Tavis Tavs ar moiklavs rom ar uWirdes asten sikvdils asten sikvdili jobia. mec ubnobdi mad sikvdilis fasi ra unda gauWirdesTqva mara axla rom uyureb saqmes male sikvdili kargi yofila ra vqna meti veraferi movifiqre. iwerebi vcdilobTo imaze ar iwerebi rodis iqneba mova werili maqidan gamixardeba axla yorifeli SemomiTvale yorifeli namdvilaT rodis iqneba simarTle SemomiTvale ase Cemo deda Tu ar geZulebi. sxva deda zamTrisa iwerebi Zalian siciveebia xan Tovs yinvebi sul qia zamTris mowerisas ras deveZeb Tavi maq moZulebuli zamTari ki ara amas sami dilaa rom vwer minutis mocla ar maq. qe vici Seni gulis ambavi Seni Wirime Cemo deda amisana werils ar unda gwerde mara ra vqna CumaT rom movkvde arc is ivargebs Tu rame iqnes SemomiTvale meoreT TuTuni ar mimiRia fuli raSi ixarjeba ici aqidan baRdaCi rom geiqce Sieri raneira Seiqnebi vyidulobT purs imaSi ixarjeba kido Ceqmis paCinka yorifels mayidvineben fulze nametani sacodavi yofila saldaTi ase Cemo deduka bevri maq mosaweri mara ver vclilob. Cemi gaWirveba measedi ar ici Tvara an amdexan rafraT gouZeli ase ityvi miSikos

aTasi akoce Cemsmagivra Tu maq aris werilze bodiSi momTxove gwers Seni sicocxliT datanjuli Svili sevenarian demetraZe~

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam (1801-1810 ww.) da saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebam (1811-1814 ww.) mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo qarTveli eri. saqarTvelo umaRlesi saero (samefo) da saeklesio xelisuflebis gareSe darCa. es qmnida imis safrTxes, rom ruseTi advilad SeZlebda koloniuri politikis realizebas _ qarTveli eris asimilacias da saqarTvelos gadaqcevas ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad. sabednierod, es didi safrTxe Tavidan iqna acilebuli.

qarTveli eris, saqarTvelos gadarCenaSi samRvdeloebis wvlili didia. qarTveli samRvdeloeba ar Serigebia saxelmwifoebriobisa da avtokefaliis gauqmebas. amitom iyo, rom ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulidan sul male aRdga saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts mcxeTis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi qarTvelma samRvdeloebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo. 1917 wlis 17 seqtembers saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam kaTolikos-patriarqad airCia kirion II. ruseTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam ar cno saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena.

1918 wlis 26 maiss aRdga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. sabWoTa ruseTma ar cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris daido

dokumentebi da masalebi saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriisaTvis(1943-1946 ww.)

vaxtang guruliomar TuSuraSviliVaKhtanG GuruLiomar tuShuraSViLi

��

The Tsarist russian Empire occupied and annexed Georgia in 1801-1810 and in 1811-1814 Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous orthodox was subsumed into the russian church. for these reasons, the Georgian nation found itself in a terrible situation. Georgia was left without the supreme state and church authority. It resulted in the danger that russia would easily enforce its colonial policy - the assimilation of the Georgian nation and transformation of Georgia into an indivisible part of the russian Empire. fortunatelly, this grave danger was avoided.

The Georgian clergy played a major role in the survival of the Georgian nation. It did not tolerate the abolishment of the autocephaly and state system. for this reason, following the overthrow of the russian Empire Georgia’s bishops unilaterally restored the autocephaly of the Georgian orthodox Church in the svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta

doCuMents and Materials on the history on the GeorGian

ChurCh(1943-1946)

mecnieris gverdi / specialist’s Page

vilad deda Cemo rom ar miWirdes ar SegawuxebdiT. kaci Tavis Tavs ar

moiklavs rom ar uWirdes asten sikvdils asten sikvdili jobia. mec ubnobdi

mad sikvdilis fasi ra unda gauWirdesTqva mara axla rom uyureb saqmes male

sikvdili kargi yofila ra vqna meti veraferi movifiqre. iwerebi vcdilobTo

imaze ar iwerebi rodis iqneba mova werili maqidan gamixardeba axla yorifeli

SemomiTvale yorifeli namdvilaT rodis iqneba simarTle SemomiTvale ase

Cemo deda Tu ar geZulebi. sxva deda zamTrisa iwerebi Zalian siciveebia xan

Tovs yinvebi sul qia zamTris mowerisas ras deveZeb Tavi maq moZulebuli zam-

Tari ki ara amas sami dilaa rom vwer minutis mocla ar maq. qe vici Seni gu-

lis ambavi Seni Wirime Cemo deda amisana werils ar unda gwerde mara ra vqna

CumaT rom movkvde arc is ivargebs Tu rame iqnes SemomiTvale meoreT TuTuni

ar mimiRia fuli raSi ixarjeba ici aqidan baRdaCi rom geiqce Sieri raneira

Seiqnebi vyidulobT purs imaSi ixarjeba kido Ceqmis paCinka yorifels mayid-

vineben fulze nametani sacodavi yofila saldaTi ase Cemo deduka bevri

maq mosaweri mara ver vclilob. Cemi gaWirveba measedi ar ici

Tvara an amdexan rafraT gouZeli ase ityvi miSikos aTasi

akoce Cemsmagivra Tu maq aris werilze bodiSi momTxove

gwers Seni sicocxliT datanjuli Svili sevenarian demetraZe~

saq. Sss-s arqivi, (IV), f. #6, s.# 21177 (stili daculia)

Iv section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f. 6, d. 21117

�0

xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac sabWoTa ruseTma de-iure cno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris urTierTobis samarTlebrivad daregulirebas ar mohyolia urTierTobis mogvareba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebs Soris _ ruseTis eklesia kvlav ar cnobda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi _ kirion II (1917-1918 ww.) da leonidi (1918-1921 ww.) ruseTis eklesiis mxridan arcnobis pirobebSi yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias Rirseuli adgili daemkvidrebina msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris.

1921 wels saqarTvelo ruseTma daipyro. cxadia, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobiTa da Semdgom, 1922 wels, saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi ZaldatanebiT gaerTianebiT ruseTis eklesiis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Sansi kidev ufro Semcirda. amitom iyo, rom ruseTis eklesiis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis cnobis sakiTxi uimedod da uperspeqtivod gamoiyureboda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis _ ambrosisa (1921-1927 ww.) da qristefores (1927-1932 ww.) moRvaweobis periodSi. viTareba sasikeTod Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, kerZod, 1943 wels. am droisaTvis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi iyo uwmidesi da unetaresi kalistrate (1932-1952 ww.). sabWoTa kavSir _ germaniis omis periodSi (1941-1945 ww.) ioseb stalinis iniciativiT sabWoTa xelisuflebam ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan loialuri urTierTobis damyarebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. aRar izRudeboda RvTismsaxureba, Sewyda samRvdeloebisa da morwmuneTa devna-Seviwroveba. ioseb stalinis nebiT cixeebidan da gadasaxlebis adgilebidan vadaze adre daabrunes ramdenime aTasi sasuliero piri, romlebic usamarTlod iyvnen msjavrdebulebi. ufro metic, ioseb stalinma aRasrula ruseTis samRvdeloebis didi xnis natvra _ patriarqis institutis aRdgena.

ruseTSi patriarqoba 1943 wels aRadgines. ruseTis eklesias saTaveSi amieridan kvlav moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi Caudga. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma,

on March 12 (25), 1917. on september 17, 1917 kyrion II was elected as Catholicos-Patriarch by the Georgian Church Meeting. The russian orthodox Church did not recognize the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian church.

on May 26, 1918 Georgia adopted an act on the restoration of Georgian independence, although the soviet russia did not recognize the independence of Georgia. on May 7, 1920 a treaty was drawn up between the Democratic republic of Georgia and soviet russia. According to this agreement soviet russia de jure accepted the Democratic republic of Georgia. Although mutual relations between Georgia and russia became stable in juridical terms, the russian church did not change its attitude toward the Georgian church and did not recognize the autocephaly of the Georgian church.While the russian orthodox Church did not accept the autonomy of the Georgian church kyrion II (1917-1918) and leonide (1918-19210), Catholicos-Patriarchs of All Georgia, took great effort to ensure that the Georgian orthodox Church gained its worthy place among the orthodox Churches of the world.

russia annexed Georgia in 1921. After Georgia had been occupied and then in 1922 violently integrated into the union of soviet socialist republics, the chances of the russian church recognizing the autocephaly of the Georgian church were reduced. for this reason, during the period of Ambrosi (1921-1927) and kristefore (1927-1932), Catholicos-Patriarchs of All Georgia, this issue seemed to be hopeless and with no prospect. The situation of the church strongly improved during World War II in 1943. At that time, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia was his holiness and

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe

Tbilisis da mcxeTis arqiepiskoposi da manglisis mitropoliti

kalistrate Tsintsadze, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia The Archbishop of Mtskheta and Tbilisi and the Metropolitan of Manglis

�1

uwmidesma da unetaresma kalistratem kargad gamoiyena Seqmnili viTareba, kerZod: 1. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobisa da piradad ioseb stalinis loialuri damokidebuleba eklesiasTan; 2. piradi urTierToba ioseb stalinTan. uwmidesi patriarqi kalistrate ioseb stalins axalgazrdobis wlebidan icnobda. i. stalini afasebda patriarqs, angariSs uwevda mis azrs.

ioseb stalinisa da uwmidesi patriarqis kalistrates pirad urTierTobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. ruseTis patriarqi sergi ioseb stalinis nebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ver gadawyvetda iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rogoric iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnoba. 1943 wels ruseTis eklesiam cno saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. es iyo didi gamarjveba. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareoba kvlav mZime rCeboda. mosagvarebeli iyo bevri sakiTxi. am sakiTxebis mogvareba dauyovnebliv iyo saWiro, radgan aravin icoda rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi, rogor Seicvleboda sabWoTa politikuri xelmZRvanelobis damokidebuleba eklesiasTan.

ruseTis eklesiis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Semdgom periodSi (1943-1946 ww.) sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis kalistrates moRvaweobas warmoaCens dokumentebi, romelic daculia saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. saarqivo saqme asea dasaTaurebuli: ,,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mimowera saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da sxv. “ (saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (III), fondi 14, aRw. #20, saqme #270).

saarqivo saqmeSi Semdegi dokumentebia daculi:

1. ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis 1943 wlis 19 noembris #12 gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Taobaze;

2. moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq sergis werili sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Taobaze;

3. moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq sergis mimarTva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi marTlmadidebeli rusebisadmi saqarTvelos

Beatitude, kalistrate (1932-1952). During the war between the soviet union and Germany (1941-1945), on Joseph stalin’s initiative, the soviet authority decided to establish loyal relations with the russian orthodox Church. Public worship was no longer restricted. Clergy and believers were not oppressed and persecuted for their religious beliefs any longer. At Joseph stalin’s will a few thousands elesiastics, who had been unfairly charged, were freed from prisons and places of exile ahead of time. Moreover, Joseph stalin fulfilled the russian clergy’s long dream of restoration the Patriarch Institution.

The patriarchate was restored in russia in 1943. The head of the russian orthodox Church became the patriarch of Moscow and of All russia. kalistrate, his holiness and Beatitude, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, utilized the current situation: namely (1). he took advantage of the loyal relations between the church and the political authority of the soviet union, (2).he took advantage of his personal relationship with Joseph stalin. his holiness, the Patriarch kalistrate had known J. stalin since his youth. The latter respected the patriarch and always took his opinion into consideration.

The mutual relationship between Joseph stalin and His Holiness, the Patriarch Kalistrate was definitive. The patriarch of russia could not recognize the autocephaly of the orthodox Church in Georgia without stalin’s agreement. The autocephaly of the Church of Georgia was recognized in 1943 by the Church of russia. Although it was considered a great victory, the Church of Georgia still remained in a very difficult situation. There were many issues left which had to be solved immediately, because nobody was aware of how the events would develop or how the attitude of the soviet union authorities would change toward the church.

In the Archive Administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs the documents are preserved

sruliad ruseTisa da moskovis kaTolikos-patriarqi sergei

sergei,Catholicos Patriarch of Moscow and All russia

�2

eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT;

4. moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqis sigelebi msoflios marTlmadidebel patriarqebs saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT;

5. moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq sergis mier TbilisSi movlinebuli stavropolisa da piatigorskis arqiepiskopos antonis moxseneba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Taobaze;

6. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates (cincaZe) da saqarTvelos eklesiis episkoposebis mokle biografiuli cnobebi.

eqvsive dokumenti 1944 wels gamoqveynda moskovis sapatriarqos JurnalSi (ix. ,,Журнал Московской Патриархии’’ 1944, #3).

7. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates werili saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivan kandid Carkvians (1945 wlis 10 ianvari) Tbilisis jvris mamisa da lurji monastris Taobaze;

8. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates werili saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivan kandid Carkvians (1946 wlis 27 dekemberi) saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebis dacvis Taobaze;

9. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates werili sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saqmeTa sabWos Tavmjdomare giorgi karpovisadmi (1946 wlis 27 dekemberi) saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobisa da am mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT gasatarebeli cvlilebis Taobaze;

10. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrates werili ioseb stalinisadmi (1946 wlis 5 ianvari) saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobis Taobaze;

11. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos- patriarq kalistrates mier Sedgenili ,,samaxsovro’’ (,,Памятка’’) (1946 wlis 9 Tebervali) saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobis Taobaze.

gTavazobT dokumentebs (stili daculia).

which reveal the work of his holiness and Beatitude, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate, after the autocephaly of the Georgian church was recognized by the russian church (1943-1946). This file is entitled Correspondence of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia about the Georgian Church and other things. (The archive #3 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, file #14)

The following documents are preserved in the Archive files: 1.The decision #12 made by the holy synod of the russian Church on november 19, 1943 about recognizing the autocephaly of the Georgian church; 2.The letter of sergei, the Catholicos-Patriarch of Moscow and All russia, to kalistrate, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, informing him about accepting the autocephaly of the Georgian church; 3.The appeal of sergei, Catholicos-Patriarch of Moscow and All russia to the orthodox russians living in Georgia about accepting the autocephaly of the Georgian church; 4.deeds of the Cathoticos-Patriarch of Moscow and All russia to the orthodox patriarchs of the world about accepting the autocephaly of the Georgian church; 5.The report of Anton, archbishop of stavropole and Piatigorsk, who was sent to Tbilisi by sergei, the Catholicos-Patriarch of Moscow and All russia about accepting the autocephaly of the Georgian church; 6. short biographical facts of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate (Tsintsadze), and the bishops of the Georgian church.

These six documents were published in 1944 in the journal of Moscow patriarchate (see The Journal of Moscow Patriarchate 1944, #3)

7. The letter of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia,Kalistrate, to Kandit Charkviani, the first deputy of the central committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia about the priest from the Jvari Monastery and about the Blue Monastery.(January 10,1945) 8. The letter of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate, to kandit Charkviani, the first deputy of the central committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia about protecting the rights of the Georgian church. (December 27,1946) 9.The letter of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate, to Giorgi karpov, deputy of the committee of russian orthodox Church, coexisted with the soviet union Council of Ministers about the situation of the Georgian church and about some changes in order to improve this situation (December 27, 1946). 10.The letter of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate, to Joseph stalin about the situation of the Georgian church.( January 5,1946) 11 ‘Memorial’ (‘Pamiatka’) made by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, kalistrate, about the situation of the Georgian church (february 9, 1946)

here are these documents. The style is preserved.

�3saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270.

dokumenti # 1

��

��

�� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 17-18.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, pp. 17-18.

��saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 19.

dokumenti # 2

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 19.

dokumenti # 3

�� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 19.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 19.

����

dokumenti # 4

saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, f. 19.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 19.

�0 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 20-21.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, pp. 20-21.

dokumenti # 5

�1

�2

�3

��

��

��

saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 23-26. ��III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, pp. 23-26.

dokumenti # 6

�� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 27.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 27.

dokumenti # 7

��saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 1.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 1.

dokumenti # 8

100 saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 7.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 7.

dokumenti # 9

101

102

103

10�

10�

10� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 8-13.III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, pp. 8-13.

dokumenti # 10

10�

10� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 14-15.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, pp.14-15.

10�

dokumenti # 11

10� saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (III), fondi #14, aRwera #20, saqme #270, furc. 16.

III section of the Archive Administration of the MoIA, f.14, op. 20, d. 270, p. 16.

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi daculi saqmeebis mimarT sazogadoebaSi interesi sul ufrodaufro Rvivdeba. am interesiTaa gamowveuli Cveni Jurnalis gamocema, filmis gadaReba, satelevizio gadacemebi da aseve gamofenebi. swored saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi dokumentebis safuZvelze moewyo kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi gamofena saxelwodebiT - `wiTeli terori~, sadac warmodgenili iyo sabWour represiebs Sewirul pirTa amsaxveli dokumenturi masala. gamofena vano jaxuasa da kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtoris, giorgi Cadunelis organizatorobiT gaimarTa.

Interest in the files preserved in Archive Administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia is growing in society. for this reason Archive Administration published the journal, shot the film and held many exhibitions. one of them red Terror was held at the museum of study of kaspi lore which exhibeted the files of donated people to the soviet repression. It was organized by vano Jakhua and Giorgi Chaduneli, director of the museum of study of kaspi lore.

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sammarTvelos Jurnaligamodis kvartalSi erTxelgasayidad ar gavrceldeba

daibeWda Sss-s stambaSiprinted by moia’s printing house

Journal of the archive administration of the moiaiSSuEd quartErLy not for sale

misamarTi: vaJa-fSavelas 72, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo tel.: (995 32) 41-23-68; 41-22-91; 32-38-98.

address: 72 Vaja-pshavela ave., tbilisi, Georgia tel.: (995 32) 41-23-68; 41-22-91; 32-38-98. web: www.police.ge e-mail: moambe@pol.ge