soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

arqeologiis institutiarqeologiis institutiarqeologiis institutiarqeologiis institutiarqeologiis instituti

Sukhumi State UniversitySukhumi State UniversitySukhumi State UniversitySukhumi State UniversitySukhumi State UniversityInstitute of ÀrcheologyInstitute of ÀrcheologyInstitute of ÀrcheologyInstitute of ÀrcheologyInstitute of Àrcheology

Ñóõóìñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÑóõóìñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÑóõóìñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÑóõóìñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÑóõóìñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÈíñòèòóò àðõåîëîãèèÈíñòèòóò àðõåîëîãèèÈíñòèòóò àðõåîëîãèèÈíñòèòóò àðõåîëîãèèÈíñòèòóò àðõåîëîãèè

rezo xvistani

masalebi saqarTvelos qristianuliarqeologiisaTvis

Rezo Khvistani

MATERIALS FOR CHRISTIANARCHAEOLOGY

OF GEORGIA

Ðåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî Õâèñòàíè

Ìàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîéÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîéÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîéÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîéÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîéàðõåîëîãèè Ãðóçèèàðõåîëîãèè Ãðóçèèàðõåîëîãèè Ãðóçèèàðõåîëîãèè Ãðóçèèàðõåîëîãèè Ãðóçèè

TbilisiTbilisi

ÒáèëèñèÒáèëèñèÒáèëèñèÒáèëèñèÒáèëèñè20092009200920092009

uak 903.7 (479.22)uak 903.7 (479.22)uak 903.7 (479.22)uak 903.7 (479.22)uak 903.7 (479.22)

x-496x-496x-496x-496x-496

wignSi Tavmoyrili da ganxilulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi

avtoris mier bolo wlebSi arqeologiuri kvleva-ZiebiT gamovlenili qristia-nuli Zeglebi. gakeTebulia am masalis tipologiur-qronologiuri klasifikacia

da moZebnilia maTi adgili saqarTvelos arqeologiur kulturebs Soris.wigni gamiznulia studentebisa da saqarTvelos materialuri kulturis

istoriiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis. redaqtori ist. mec. doqtori, prof. j. afaqiZe

recenzenti ist. mec. doqtori, prof. v. jafariZe

In the book, there are collected and reviewed the Christianmonuments exposed by the author in different regions as a result ofthe archaeological researches. There is made a typological-chrono-logical classification of these materials and there is found their placeamong the archaeological culture of Georgia.

The book is aimed for the students and persons interested inthe history of the material culture of Georgia.

EDITOR Phd. prof. J. ApakidzeREVIEWER Phd. prof. V. Japaridze

 êíèãå ñîáðàíû è ðàññìîòðåíû âûÿâëåííûå àâòîðîì íà êíèãå ñîáðàíû è ðàññìîòðåíû âûÿâëåííûå àâòîðîì íà êíèãå ñîáðàíû è ðàññìîòðåíû âûÿâëåííûå àâòîðîì íà êíèãå ñîáðàíû è ðàññìîòðåíû âûÿâëåííûå àâòîðîì íà êíèãå ñîáðàíû è ðàññìîòðåíû âûÿâëåííûå àâòîðîì íà

ïðîïðîïðîïðîïðîòòòòòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â ðåçóëüòàòå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïîêÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â ðåçóëüòàòå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïîêÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â ðåçóëüòàòå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïîêÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â ðåçóëüòàòå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïîêÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â ðåçóëüòàòå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïîê

õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíõðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíõðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíõðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíõðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíûõûõûõûõûõ ðåãèîíîâ Ãðóçèè. Ïðîâåäåíà ðåãèîíîâ Ãðóçèè. Ïðîâåäåíà ðåãèîíîâ Ãðóçèè. Ïðîâåäåíà ðåãèîíîâ Ãðóçèè. Ïðîâåäåíà ðåãèîíîâ Ãðóçèè. Ïðîâåäåíà

òèïîëîãî-õðòèïîëîãî-õðòèïîëîãî-õðòèïîëîãî-õðòèïîëîãî-õðîîîîîíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êëàñèôèêàöèÿ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êëàñèôèêàöèÿ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êëàñèôèêàöèÿ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êëàñèôèêàöèÿ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êëàñèôèêàöèÿ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ è

íàéäåíî èõ ìåñòî íàéäåíî èõ ìåñòî íàéäåíî èõ ìåñòî íàéäåíî èõ ìåñòî íàéäåíî èõ ìåñòî âðÿäóâðÿäóâðÿäóâðÿäóâðÿäó àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð Ãðóçèè. àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð Ãðóçèè. àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð Ãðóçèè. àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð Ãðóçèè. àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð Ãðóçèè.

Êíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñòóäåíòîâ è ëèö èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿÊíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñòóäåíòîâ è ëèö èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿÊíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñòóäåíòîâ è ëèö èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿÊíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñòóäåíòîâ è ëèö èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿÊíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñòóäåíòîâ è ëèö èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿ

èñòîðèåé ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû Ãðóçèè.èñòîðèåé ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû Ãðóçèè.èñòîðèåé ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû Ãðóçèè.èñòîðèåé ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû Ãðóçèè.èñòîðèåé ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû Ãðóçèè.

ÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Ä. ÀïàêèäçåÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Ä. ÀïàêèäçåÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Ä. ÀïàêèäçåÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Ä. ÀïàêèäçåÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Ä. Àïàêèäçå

ÐÅÖÅÍÇÅÍÒ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Â. ÄæàïàðèäçåÐÅÖÅÍÇÅÍÒ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Â. ÄæàïàðèäçåÐÅÖÅÍÇÅÍÒ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Â. ÄæàïàðèäçåÐÅÖÅÍÇÅÍÒ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Â. ÄæàïàðèäçåÐÅÖÅÍÇÅÍÒ Äîêò. èñò. íàóê Ïðîô. Â. Äæàïàðèäçå

© revaz xvistani, 2009© gamomcemloba ‘meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-0-1616-5

3

Sesavali

saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis moswavleda student axalgazrdobaSi gaunelebliv Rvivis interesi CvenSimimdinare arqeologiuri muSaobisa da axal-axal aRmoCenaTamimarT. am interess sazogadoebis jansaRi patriotulisuliskveTeba asazrdoebs.

winamdebare wignSi Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos regionebSi(afxazeTi, svaneTi, qarTli) wina wlebSi Cvens mier arqeologiurikvleva-ZiebiT gamovlenili da samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotaniliqristianuli sakulto Zeglebi, romelTagan nawili werilebissaxiT ukve gamoqveynda periodul gamocemebsa da krebulebSi,nawili moxsenebadaa wakiTxuli specialistTa wreSi, nawili kipirvelad qveyndeba. maTi erT wignSi gaerTianebis mizani arisSeswavlili problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtis kvlevis SedegebiserTobliobaSi warmodgena da Semajamebeli daskvnebis gamotana.

Cveni kvleva aRniSnul ganaTxar masalaze msjelobisas ZeglisTaviseburebaTa garda, emyareba Tanadroul arqeologiur monacemebs,Zeglis stratigrafias, SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze mocemulganzogadebas, agreTve uaxles literaturas, maT Soris dRemdegamouqveynebel savele angariSebsa da dRiurebs. aRniSnuli masalakidev erTxel adasturebs, rom qarTvel ers moepoveba bevri ram,rac mxolod mas ekuTvnis da riTac mas Tamamad SeuZlia Seavsosmsoflio kulturis saganZuri.

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monacemebs iZleva.Sua saukuneebSi oqumiswyalis xeobidan miemarTeboda

mravali gza, romliTac igi ekonomikurad da strategiuladmomijnave raionebs ukavSirdeboda. xeoba samTo gza-gadasasv-leliT Crdilo kavkasiasac ukavSirdeboda. aRniSnuli gza-gadasasvleli, romelic mTisa da baris damakavSirebel arxswarmoadgenda, mihyveboda bunebrivad dacul wyalgamyof qedebs_ dadalZixs, JebiSxas, afSaras da xojals. aqedan misimianeTis(dRevandeli afxazeTis svaneTi) gavliT, gza md. kodorissaTaveebisaken miuyveboda da naharis uReltexiliT (karebiT)CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, uSgulanis xeobaSi, dRevandel yaraCaevo-CerqezeTSi Cadioda. xeobis zeda welze mravladaa adreulixanis cixe-simagreebis naSTebi, romlebic migvaniSnebensacixisTavo erTeulebis Seqmnaze. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia,rom isini Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimaval gzasac akontrolebdnen.aRsaniSnavia, rom swored istoriuli gzebiT gadahyavT dResacsaqoneli alpur saZovrebze. es gza, Tavis droze albaTdakavSirebuli iqneboda „darinis gzasTan“, did savaWromagistralTan, romelic CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebsakavSirebda.1

geografiuli saxelwodeba ̀ RumuriS“-i, Cveni azriT, svanurienis naTesaobiTi brunvisagan nawarmoebi toponimia, svanuri`Rumur“ niSnavs naZvs, `iS“ svanuri enis naTesaobiTi brunvisniSania (svan. ̀ RumuriS“-i, qarT. naZvisi), naTesaobiTi brunvisagannawarmoebi toponimebi yvela qarTvelur enaSi dasturdeba, mag.qarT. Tbilis-i, megr. jixa-iS-i, sv. xa-iS-i da sxv.

sakvlevi Zegli mdebareobs sof. RumuriSis Crdilo-dasaleTiT, soflidan sami kilometris daSorebiT, md.oqumiswyalis marjvena napirze, mcire xeobis siRrmeSi, damreciferdis mcire gavakebaze, adgil «sagergaioSi». adgilobrivma

1 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yauxCiSvilis

gamocema, t. IV, nakv. II, Tb., 1952, gv. 236-237.

§1. qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswyalis zemowelze (RumuriSis eklesia)

oqumiswyalis xeobis materialuri kulturis ZeglTaSeswavla, romelic wlebis manZilze intensiurad warmoebda,kompleqsuri xasiaTisa iyo da emsaxureboda am regionis istoriisnaklebad gamokvleuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebas. saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris afxazeTisarqeologiuri eqspediciis (xelm. istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori m. baramiZe) sakvlevi kompleqsuri problemis erT-erTi rgoli Sua saukuneTa materialuri kultura iyo.

sakvlevi xeoba adre da ganviTarebul SuasaukuneebSi,egrisis saerisTavos (iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT sabedianos)nawili iyo. gvian SuasaukuneebSi igi jer samegrelos samTavrosnawilia, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnidan ruseTTan SeerTebamdeki saTavado samurzayanosi. Tanamedrove fizikur-geografiulidayofis mixedviT, aRniSnuli xeoba afxazeTis avtonomiurirespublikis galis raionSi Sedis.

oqumiswyalis, vaxuStis mixedviT dadiswyalis xeobaSi,SemorCenilia istoriis erT-erTi mniSvenlovani monakveTis,Suasaukuneebis sxvadasxva etapis eklesia-monastrebi, cixe-darbazebi, nasoflarebi da sxva Zeglebi, romlebic dro-JamisaTu mtris xeliT Semusvrilia da dRes nangrevebadaa qceuli.es Zeglebi Sua saukuneebSi cxovrebis Zlier majiscemaze,feodalur urTierTobaze, qristianuli ideologiis batonobasada mxaris mier erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Setanilwvlilze metyveleben. isini yuradRebas imsaxureben, erTi mxrivwminda mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, meore mxriv, rogorc mxarismaterialuri da sulieri kulturis ganviTarebis donisutyuari sazomi. maTi mniSvneloba kidev ufro matulobs, TumaT ganvixilavT socialur, politikur Tu ideologiurmovlenaTa sferoSi, rac Tavis mxriv regionis istoriulicxovrebis meti sicxadiT warmodgenisaTvis damatebiT

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mcenareuli safariT, romelTa fesvebi CaRweuli iyo iatakamdeda asaxavda misi gaukacurebis mTlian periods. gawmendisSemdgom gamovlinda nayarSi Camjdari darbazuli eklesiiskedlebi (4,5X7,5), romelTa SemorCenili simaRle erTidanor metramdea. darbazis gegma warmoadgens wesier sworkuTxeds,romlis mxrebiT gamoyofili absida aRmosavleTis mxarezegaredan, swor kedelSia Cawerili. darbazi Suazea gayofilisafexuredi pilastrebiT. absidis moedani iatakis donidanamaRlebulia Tanabari, saSualo zomis kirqvis kvadrebiT,romelic zemodan kiris xsnariTaa mosworebuli. absidiscentrSi kedelze midgmuli sakurTxevlis fuZis kirqviskvadria SemorCenili. darbazis dasavleT da samxreT kedlebSikarebia gaWrili. darbazis iatakic kiris xsnariTaa moswore-buli. (tab. I) darbazis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi erTimetri simaRlisa da naxevari metri radiusis mqone qvevriaCadgmuli. konqSi, xmis gasaZliereblad, Tixis WurWeli yofilamoTavsebuli. kedlis konstruqcia ormxrivi mopirkeTebisada mis Sua amovsebisagan Sedgeba.

zeda samSeneblo donis mwiri keramikuli masalidanyuradRebas ipyrobs ucxouri faiansis WurWlis fragmen-tebi, WurWels mkveTrad gamoyofili maRali qusli hqonia.ornamenti Sedgenilia mcenareuli da geometriuli motivebiT.mwvane, TeTri, lurji da Savi saRebavebiT Sesrulebuli xazebidaxvewilia. misi mxatvari, Cans kargad icnobs Tavisi droistradiciebs. WurWlis fragmenti maRali xarisxisaa, natifia,keci mkvrivia, gamomwvaria moTeTrod, Zlier wminda struqturismasalisagan (tab.II.4). WurWlis aRdgena da daTariReba xerxdebagalis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi dacul, analogiur, XVIIsaukuniT daTariRebuli WurWlis mixedviT.

qveda samSeneblo donis nagebobis naSTebi ufro fragmentu-lia, romelmac, albaT, dazianeba ganicada momdevno samSeneblodoneze warmoebuli saqmianobis dros. igi sagrZnobladdauzianebiaT samraxebsac. miuxedavad amisa, nagebobis miwisqveS

mosaxleobam ar icis Tu vis saxelzea eklesia agebuli darodis imarTeboda iq dReobebi. es garemoeba imaze undamiuTiTebdes, rom sagergaioSi axali mosaxleobis gaCenisdroisTvis (XVIII s.) eklesia SeiZleba ukve mwyobridan iyogamosuli da aRar funqcionirebda.

eklesiis ezo riyis qviT nagebi wriuli konfiguraciisgalavniT yofila Semofargluli, romlisganac amJamad mxolodmcire nawilebiRaa darCenili CrdiloeTiT, aRmosavleTiT dadasavleTiT. galavnis Sesasvleli amJamad ar Cans. adgilisreliefisa da misasvleli gzis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc Cans,kari galavans samxreTidan eqneboda mowyobili.

aRniSnuli Zegli 1959 wels vizualurad aRwera arqeologmam. TrafSma.1 aRniSnulma mkvlevarma Zeglis arqeologiurgamokvlevamde misi daTariRebisagan Tavi Seikava.

arqeologiur samuSaoebs RumuriSSi safuZveli Caeyara1986 wlis gazafxulze, rac ganapiroba Zeglidan momdinare,moyvarul mxareTmcodne n. Sonias mier 1955 wels aq aRmoCenilma,XI saukuniT daTariRebulma, soxumis muzeumSi daculma kirqvisfilam, romelzec amokveTilia asomTavruli warwera: „RmerTo,Seiwyale orTave cxovrebasa Sina amis taZrisa maSenebelideofalT-deofali sagduxt, nianias asuli, amen“.2 arqeologiurisamuSaoebi RumuriSSi damTavrda 1989 wels.

ferdi, sadac mdebareobs eklesia, moicavs daaxloebiT 800kv.m miwis movakebul Tu xelovnurad mosworebul teritorias.droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiis SemorCenili kedlebisaTvis, rogorcSigniT, ise gareT, SemoucliaT perangi, romelic mosaxleobasgamouyenebia samSeneblo Tu sabuxre qvebad.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamoiyo ori samSeneb-lo periodi. zeda samSeneblo donis eklesia dafaruli iyo

1 Òðàïø Ì.Ì. Òðóäû, ò. 4, Ñóõóìè, 1975, gv. 208.2 qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi II, dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi,

Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam, Tb., 1980, gv. 126.

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niadagis eroziuli cvlilebebisagan unda iyos gamowveuli.kompoziciuri sqemiT, xuroTmoZRvruli formebiTa da

samSeneblo masaliT RumuriSis qveda samSeneblo donis erT-naviani darbazuli eklesia, msgavsebas qarTlis, javaxeTis, aragvisxeobisa da raWis ZeglebTan avlens. igi mTlianad XI-XVsaukuneTa qarTuli xuroTmoZvrebis xazs agrZelebs.

qveda samSeneblo doneze gamovlenil arqiteqturulidetalebis mixedviT irkveva, rom eklesiis mxatvruliSemkobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofila cxovelxatuloba,dinamiuroba, dekoratiuli gaformebis simdidre. rac XIsaukuneSi qarTuli sakulto xelovnebisaTvis `mxatvruliSTabeWdilebis safuZvlad iqceva“.1 karnizebi, sarkmelTasapireebi da saTaurebi Semokbili yofila qvaze nakveTi saxeebiT.fasadTa kompoziciaSi CarTuli yofila jvrebi, rozetebi,kvadratebi, figuruli reliefebi. es morTuloba eklesiis,rogorc xuroTmoZRvruli nawarmoebis sruluflebianikomponenti yofila, sadac Crdil-naTelis dapirispirebiT gaco-cxlebul, plastikur CuqurTmaSi gansakuTrebul rolsmcenareuli saxeebi TamaSobs. (tab. II, 6, 7, 8, 9).

keramikuli masala qveda samSeneblo donezec mwiria, maTganyuradRebas iqcevs qvevrebis yel-piris naSTebi, saojaxo, sasufreWurWlis natexebi da qoTnebis fragmentebi.

masalis gamowvis, damuSavebis teqnikisa da ornamentaciismixedviT, keramikuli masala or jgufad iyofa. pirveli jgufisnatexebi normalurad gamomwvaria, wiTeli ferisaa, Tixa rbilia,sufTad ganleqilia, priala an daStrixulia, korpusi pirisgvirgvinis qvemoT Semkulia e.w. „naTiTurebiani“ sartyliT. meorejgufis natexebis feri moruxo-mowiTaloa. Tixa uxeSia, cudadganleqili da arasakmarisad gamomwvari.

samzareulo keramikac natexebiTaa warmodgenili (pirisada kedlis natexebi, yurebi, Zirebi). aRniSnuli WurWlis Tixa

1 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974, gv. 48.

moqceuli saZirkveli, romelic Sedgenilia riyis qvisa dakiris duRabisagan, TiTqmis mTlianadaa SemorCenili, romliTacZeglis nawilobrivi suraTis warmodgena SeiZleba. misi xuroT-moZRvruli kompozicia aseTia: dagrZelebul Sida darbazulsivrces samxreTidan sigrZiv RerZze ganviTarebuli,funqcionalurad dakavSirebuli da garegan masaTa agebulebiTdaqvemdebarebuli saTavso emijneba, romelic darbazis grZiviRerZis mimarT meore, ganiv RerZs qmnis. dasavleTis mxridandarbazs kidev erTi saTavso (stoa?) hqonia miSenebuli.darbazis gegma garedan sworkuTxovani moxazulobisaa, romlisaRmosavleT nawilSi sakmaod Zlieri mxrebiT gamoyofili,farTo absidia Cawerili. darbazs, rogorc aRniSneT, samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi minaSeni aqvs, aRmosavleTis mxareze igidarbazis gare xazs uswordeba da amitom Senobis saerToabrisSi safexuradaa Seweuli (tab. I). darbazis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi SemorCenilia kirisa da Tixis nazavisaganSemdgari iatakis fragmenti.

RumuriSis qveda samSeneblo donis eklesia miekuTvnebaqarTuli darbazuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Tavisebur tips, e.w.erTnavian darbazul eklesias. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnulitipis eklesiaSi absidis CrdiloeTiT, ZiriTad navTan kariTdakavSirebuli saTavsoa gamoyofili, romelic ZiriTad navTanSedarebiT mokle moculobiTi formisaa, ris gamoc Sesabamisfasadze safexurovani gadasvla iqmneba. msgavs eklesiebSinagebobis ZiriTad birTvs sxvadasxva mxares funqcionaluraddakavSirebuli da garegan masaTa agebulebiT daqvemdebarebuliminaSenebi emijneba (cxisi, tamala, garbani, CxorToli, xviliSa,bziana II, mRvime da sxv.).

qveda samSeneblo donis nagebobaSi yuradRebas iqcevseklesiis gegmis damaxinjeba, samxreTis saTavsos saerTo gegmi-dan gadaxra samxreT-dasavleTisaken, romlis mizezad ar SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos mSeneblis Secdoma. eklesiis samxreTi nawi-lisa da xelovnurad mosworebuli ezos dabla Camowola

1110

galavanSemovlebul ezoSi ki sasaflao gaumarTavT. XVII saukunisdasasrulidan, roca Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa Camowolis gamoadgilobrivi mosaxleoba ixizneba, aRniSnuli eklesia dasasaflaoc aRar funqcionireben.

zemoT aRniSnuli warweris gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasspecialur samecniero literaturaSi saTanado reagireba armohyolia. mklvevarTa msjelobis sagani arc sagduxt„deofalTadeoflis“ vinaobis dadgena gamxdara.

Cveni azriT, sagduxtis titulis (deoflis) gverdiT,mamis saxelis moxsenieba imis mimaniSnebelia, rom misiCamomavloba mamis mxridan socialurad mefis rangisaa. SesaZloaniania mefis gvaris Camomavalia.

rogorc cnobilia, niania qvabulis Zem, Tavi isaxela ranissulTan fadlonis qarTlidan gandevnaSi.1 1073 wels niania qvabulisZe ivane liparitis Zisa da svanTa erisTav vardanTan erTadgadaudga giorgi meores, daipyro quTaisi da xelSi Caigdosaxelmwifo xazina. mefe sxvas verafers gaxda, garda imisa, rommeamboxeebs wyaloba da mamulebi gaumravla.2

XI s-is saqarTvelos mefeebis Tanamecxedreebis saxe-lebi, garda giorgi meoris Tanamecxedris saxelisa, cnobilia.RumuriSis eklesiis qtitoris, nianias asul sagduxtis saxiT,vfiqrobT, saqme gvaqvs giorgi meoris TanamecxedresTan, daviTaRmaSeneblis dedasTan.

sakvlev periodSi oqumiswyalis xeobis ekonomikurmniSvnelobaze unda metyvelebdes is faqti, rom igi calkeadministraciul-ekonomikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. aRniSnuliviTarebis amsaxveli unda iyos RumuriSis eklesiis warweraSimoxseniebuli, xeobis ganmgebeli, dedofalT-dedofali sagduxti.

niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom amave xeobaSi, sofel

1 qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 310.2 miTiT. lit. gv. 315-316.

msxvilmarcvlovani da minarevebiania (qarsi, qviSa, kvarci),umeteswilad cudadaa ganleqili da keci araTanabradaagamomwvari.

RumuriSis qveda samSeneblo donis analogiuri keramikulimasala cxumisa da anakofiis cixeebze XI-XV saukuneebiTdaTariRebul fenebSi gvxvdeba.1

qveda samSeneblo donis eklesias miekuTvneba rkinissaketebi da grZeli, mrgvalTaviani lursmnebi, romelTac mravladmoepovebaT analogiebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

eklesiis samxreT dasavleTiT, galavnis gareT, 20 m sigrZis,riyis qviT mSralad nawyobi kedlis fragmenti gamovlinda,romelic uSualod galavnidan iwyeba.

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi sagergaio rom Zlieri samosaxloyofila, es naTelhyo eklesiis galavanSemovlebul ezoSi gamarTulisamarovnis Seswavlam. gaTxrebma cxadhyo, rom aRniSnul saukuneebSiaqauroba mWidrod yofila dasaxlebuli. samarxebis erTaderTitipi _ ormosamarxebia. damarxvis wesebi aqac iseTivea, rogorcsaerTod maSindel qristianul samyaroSi. samarxeul inventarSiZiriTadad erTi da imave saxis WurWeli, xeladebia (tab. II, 2, 3).iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos micvalebulTa Casayolebladmxolod erTi tipis WurWels iyenebdnen, rac religiuri moti-vebiT unda aixsnas, vidre ekonomikuri faqtoriT.

samarxeuli inventaridan yuradRebas iqcevs grZelyelianiucxouri minis WerWlis fragmentebi, romelic soxumis muzeumSidaculi analogiuri WurWlis mixedviT, XVII saukuniTTariRdeba. (tab. II, 5).

amgvarad, arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT da epigrafikul masalazedayrdnobiT irkveva, rom XI saukuneSi auSenebiaT erTnavianidarbazuli eklesia samxreTis minaSeniTa da karibWiT (12X14),romelic XVBsaukuneSi wyvets arsebobas. XVI saukuneSi misadgilze auSenebiaT mcire darbazuli eklesia (4,5X7,5), eklesiis

1 Òðàïø Ì.Ì. Òðóäû... gv. 131, nax. 46-47.

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§2. CxorTolis eklesia

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvleviscentris afxazeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam gegmazomierisavele arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba Caatara galis raionSi.eqspediciis sakvlevi problemis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, rogorcwina paragrafSi aRiniSna, SuasaukuneTa materialuri kulturisSeswavla iyo.

eqspediciis mier wlebis manZilze intensiurad warmoe-bul samuSaoebis procesSi gamovlinda Suasaukuneebis mravaliarqeologiuri Zegli, zogierT maTganze gakeTda sadazvervoTxrilebi, SeirCa pirvel rigSi gasaTxreli da SesaswavliZeglebi, Seswavlil iqna ramdenime naeklesiari, Segrovda dadamuSavda didZali arqeologiuri masala. galis mxareTmcod-neobis muzeumSi da fiCoris arqeologiur bazaze daculi esuaxlesi arqeologiuri koleqciebi, romelTa nawili kameralu-radac ki ar iyo damuSavebuli, samwuxarod, afxazeTSi bolowlebSi datrialebulma tragediam Seiwira.

eqspediciis mier warmoebuli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad gairkva,rom regioni gajerebulia qristianuli sakulto ZeglebiT,romelTa qronologiuri diapazoni adre Suasaukuneebisadreuli etapidan moyolebuli gviani Suasaukuneebis CaTvliTetaps moicavs.

regionSi gamovlenil qristianul sakulto ZeglTa ricxvsmiekuTvneba eqspediciis mier 1985-86 wlebSi SeswavliliCxorTolis darbazuli eklesia,1 romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

sofeli CxorToli mdebareobs samurzayanos dablobisCrdilo-dasavleTiT, galidan 26 km-is daSorebiT, mdinareebis

1 Áàðàìàäçå Ì.Â. ×èãîøâèëè Ò.Å. Ôõàêaäçå Ã. Êâèðêâåëèÿ Ã.Ò.Äæèáëàäçå Ë.Â. Xâèñòàíè Ð.Ã. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âÃàëüñêîì ðàéîíå â 1986-87 ãã. Aðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå îòêðûòèÿ Àáõàçèè,Òá., 1987, gv. 17.

warCeSi SemorCenilia darbazuli eklesiisa da galavnis naSTebi,romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba „mafaS oxvame“-s uwodebs,rac dedoflis salocavs niSnavs. aqvea wyaro, romelsac „mafaSwyurvils“ (dedoflis wyaro) uwodeben. aRniSnulisaxelwodebebi dakavSirebulia adgilobriv mosaxleobaSisxvadasxva variantiT SemorCenil legendasTan, romlismixedviTac am mxares odesRac dedofali ganagebda.1

1 Øåðâàøèäçå Ë.À. Ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿ æèâîïèñü Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1980, gv.163.

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adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ar icis, rodis imarTebodasakvlev eklesiaSi dReobebi da vis saxelzea aSenebuli igi.ufro metic, naeklesiars isini „jixa“-s (qarT. cixe) _uwodeben. aRniSnuli faqti imis sabuTia, rom CxorTolSiaxali mosaxleobis gaCenis droisaTvis eklesia aRar funqcio-nirebda.

eklesiis nangrevi xeebiT, buCqebiTa da kolxeTisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli gauvali ekal-bardiT iyo dafaruli. albaTamiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom Zegli romelic arcTu iseSorsaa dasaxlebuli punqtidan, ara marto Seuswavleli iyo,aramed mkvlevarTa TvalTaxedvis miRma iyo darCenili. Zeglzemcenareuli safaris moxsnis Semdeg gamoCnda miwis zedapirzeSemorCenili eklesiis ezos Semomfargvleli wriuli konfigu-raciis mSralad nawyobi qvis galavnis fragmentebi, galavnisaRmosavleT kedelTan miaxloebuli eklesiis Crdilo kedlisnangrevi da galavnis gareT, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, qvis uzarmazarmonoliTze nagebi oTxkuTxa koSkis naSTebi (tab. III, 1).

arqeologiuri samuSao, obieqturi mizezebis gamo amjeradeklesiis gawmendiT Semoifargla. eklesiis ezoSi sagulvebelisamarovnisa da eklesiis Crdilo-dasavleT mxareze SesaZlonamosaxlaris arqeologiuri gaTxra samomavlod gadaido.

eklesiis nangrevze aseul wlobiT mcenareTa lpobisada dangreuli kedlebisagan miRebuli 1 m-dan 3,5 m-mdesimZlavris „fenis“ moxsnis Semdeg gamovlinda oTxkuTxanagebobis miwisqveS moqceuli sxvadasxva simaRlis kedlebisfragmentebi. gamoikveTa samnawiliani eklesiis gegma (tab. III,2, 3), romlis centraluri saTavso (12X8) garedan sworkuTxamoyvanilobisaa, sadac aRmosavleT nawilSi sakmaod ZlierimxrebiT, farTo, naliseburi absidaa gamoyofili.

absidis moedani (ardabagi) saTavsos (darbazis) iatakisdonidan Sirimis kvadrebisagan gamoyvanil ori safexuriTaa(safexuris simaRle _ 18 sm, sigane _ 15 sm) amaRlebuli,romelic darbazs Crdilo kedelze midgmul, Sirimis kvadre-

_ oxojesa da oqumiswyals Soris. sakvlevi eklesiis nangrevimdebareobs soflis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, centridan 5 km-ismanZilze, md. oxojes Senakad juxus siRrmeSi, mdinaris marcxenamxareze, damreci ferdis mcire gavakebaze.

sakvlevi Zeglis Sesaxeb istoriul matianeebSi araviTaricnoba ar mogvepoveba. arqanjelo lambertis rukaze (XVII s.)CxorTolis Crdilo mxareze, mTis ZirSi, aRniSnulia nangrevida am punqtis saxelwodeba _ „girpig“-i. imave adgilasaaaRniSnuli nangrevi xuTversian (genStabis) rukazec.

CxorTolis centrSi daculi eklesia XIX-XX ss. mijnazeaaSenebuli adgilobrivi Tavadebisa da qristianobis aRmdgenelisazogadoebis mier. Tu mxedevlobaSi ar miviRebT soflisteritoriaze SemorCenili nacixarebis „jixa“-sa da „jotoSjixa“-s kompleqsebSi moqceul, afxazeTis arqeologiurieqspediciis mier gamovlenil mcire samlocveloebis naSTebs,saklevi Zeglis garda, soflis teritoriasa da mis maxlobladsxva eklesia ar dasturdeba. unda vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnulrukebze miTiTebuli nangrevi CxorTolis eklesia unda iyos.1

soflis saxelwodeba „CxorTol“-i, Cveni azriT megruli„Cxoro Tol“-idan (qarTuli cxra Tvali) unda momdinareobdes,rac SeiZleba daukavSirdes soflis teritoriasa da misSemogarenSi ganfenil sameTvalyureo cixeebs, romlebic CrdilokavkasiasTan damakavSirebel samTo-samesaqonlo gza-gadasasv-lels akontrolebdnen.2 cxra ricxvidan nawarmoebi toponimebiqarTvelur enebSi mravladaa, mag., qarT. CxoreTi, svan. CixareSi,megr. Cxorowyu da sxv. lambertis mier aRniSnuli saxelwodeba„girpig“-i SesaZloa megr. „Jin pij“-is (qarTuli _ zedanapiri) laTinuri transformacia iyos.

1 xvistani r. oqumiswyalis xeobis qristianuli Zeglebi, saistorio

Ziebani, #2, Tb., 1999, gv. 240.2 xvistani r. qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswyalis zemo welze (RumuriSis

eklesia), Ziebani, #2, 1998, gv. 88.

1716

rigis simaRle meryeobs 0,35 sm-dan 0,4 m-mde. kvadrebissisqe saSualod 0,15 _ 0,2 m-ia.

dasavleTis saTavsos kedlebis saSenad gamoyenebuliafleTili qva da kirisa da qviSis xsnari.

centralur saTavsoSi, nayarSi, dafiqsirda sqelkecianiqvevris natexebi, mowiTalo feris gverdebakecili kramitis(akecili gverdis saSualo simaRle 5 sm, kecis sisqe _ 1,5sm) natexebi, wiTlad SeRebili baTqaSis fragmentebi da Sirimisarqiteqturuli detalebi (pilastris safexurebi, kamarisnawilebi da sxva). amave saTavsoSi, absidis nayarSi dafiqsirdaniSebisa (Taroebis) da sarkmlis saTaurisa da fuZis qvebi.absidis moednis iatakze aRmoCnda Txelkeciani Tixis WurWlisusaxo natexebi. dasavleTis saTavsos Crdilo-aRmosavleTkuTxeSi, iatakze grovad ewyo irmisa da arCvis rqebi.

samnawiliani eklesiis centralur saTavsosa (darbazis)da masTan Crdilo, Semxeb kedelSi mierTebuli saTasos gegmisSigniTa lakonuri da ubralo moxazuloba emTxveva gareTamoxazulobas da araviTari konstruqciuli gaumarTaoba maTSoris ar SeiniSneba. idealurad moxazuli naliseburi absidamwyobri, tanadi mxrebiT ekvris kedlis svetebiT danawevrebuldarbazs. Senobis orive nawili erTdroulad, erTnairi masaliTada samSeneblo teqnikiTaa aSenebuli. SeerTebis adgilas arSeimCneva raime nakeri, saTavsoebs safasado mxares, irgvliverTsafexuriani (simaRle _ 20 sm) Sirimis kvadrebiszeZirkveli Semouyveba.

aRniSnuli saTavsoebis kedlebi ormxrivi, monoliTurimopirkeTebis maRali mxatvrul-teqnikuri xerxiTaa Sesrulebuli,sadac Sirimis kvadrebis or paralelur rigs Soris wvrilqvas awyoben da zemodan kiris xsnars asxamen. kvadrebi isesaguldagulod, guldasmiTaa erTmaneTze morgebuli, rom xsnarigareT ar iRvreba. simZimis masis ZiriTad datvirTvas ara gareTakvadrebi, aramed maT Soris sivrcis Semvsebi duRabi Rebulobs.Sirimis kvadrebi mxolod erTgvari, „Seficvris“, mopirkeTebis

bisagan gamoyvanil samsafexurian (safexuris simaRle _ 15sm) kibiT ukavSirdeba.

absidis moedanze kedlidan 1 m-iT daSorebuli, Sirimiskvadrebisagan Semdgari oTxkuTxa, Selesili sakurTxevlis(trapezis) qveda nawilia (simaRle _ 44 sm, sigrZe _ 1 m,sigane _ 71 sm SemorCenili. xuroTmoZRvars gamouyenebiaadgilze daxvedrili, miwaSi uryevad Camjdari didi qva, romelicmoxdenilad Causvia absidis kedlis centrSi, sakurTxevlisukan. absidis kedelze gayolebulia Sirimis kvadrebisaganSemdgari Selesili safexuri (Camosajdomi, merxi), romlissimaRlea 40 sm, sigane ki 30 sm.

darbazis Crdilo kedlis aRmosavleT nawilSi viwroRiobia datovebuli karebisaTvis, romliTac igi CrdilosaTavsos ukavSirdeba. dasavleTis kedlis centrSic Riobia(sigane 1 m da 1,5 sm) datovebuli karebisaTvis. orive kariswirTxli Sirimis kvadrisaganaa gamoyvanili. darbazisa daabsidis moednis iataki kirisa da qviSis nazavis xsnarissqeli feniTaa mosworebuli.

Crdilo, absidiani saTavso (8X4) aRmosavleTis mxarezedarbazis gare xazs uswordeba da Senobis saerTo abrisSidasavleTis mxareze safexuradaa Seweuli. iataki aqac kirisxsnarisa da qviSis nazaviTaa mosworebuli.

dasavleTis saTavsos (4,5X8) dasavleTis kedlis centrSiSesasvlelisaTvis Riobia (1 m da 15 sm) datovebuli, romliswirTxlad grZeli, damuSavebuli qvaa gamoyenebuli. iataki aqTixatkepnilia.

darbazisa da Crdilo saTavsos kedlebi (sisqe 1 m)garda darbazis SemorCenil Crdilo kedlis pilastrebs Sorismoqceuli nawilebisa, sadac wyobaSi Sirimis kvadrebssaguldagulod damuSavebuli qvebic urevia (rac albaTTavidanve Sesalesad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli), nagebia Sirimiskvadrebis ori paraleluri rigiT, maT Soris sivrceamovsebulia wvrili qviT. kirisa da qviSis xsnariT. TiToeuli

1918

nanadirevis rqebs, isrispirebs, boZalebs da sxva nivTebs.unda vivaraudoT, rom CxorTolis eklesia wminda giorgissaxelobisa iyo.

absidaSi gamovlenili wiTlad SeRebili baTqaSis fragmen-tebis mixedviT dgindeba, rom konqi mxatvrobiT yofila Semkuli.absidas Crdilo da samxreT kedlebSi niSebi, xolo aRmosavleTkedelSi sarkmeli hqonia, razec aq gamovlenili niSebisa dasarkmlis fuZe da saTauri qvebi metyveleben.

rogorc vxedavT, CxorTolis arqeologiuri monapovariZalian mwiria, amitom Zeglis daTariRebisaTvis wina planzemisi mxatvrul-xuroTmoZRvruli formebi da maTi kvlevisistoriul-SedarebiTi meTodi unda gadmovitanoT.

CxorTolis eklesia (darbazi da Crdilo saTavso) gegmisgadawyvetiT warmogvidgeba rogorc darbazuli xuroTmoZRv-rebis Taviseburi ti pi, e.w. erTnaviani darbazuli eklesia.aRniSnul eklesiebSi dagrZelebul darbazul Siga sivrcesCrdiloeTidan sigrZiv RerZze ganviTarebuli, funqcionaluraddakavSirebuli da garegan masaTa agebulebiT daqvemdebarebulisaTavso emijneba, romelic darbazis grZivi RerZis mimarT,meore, ganiv RerZs qmnis.

qarTuli sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis mTelmanZilze mis ZiriTad xazs gumbaTovani Temis mravalgvarivarianti warmoadgenda. gavrcelebuli iyo ugumbaTo sakultoxuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebic, e.w. samnaviani bazilikebi da maTniadagze aRmocenebuli sakulto nagebobebi, romelTacxelovnebaTmcodneebi wminda qarTuli warmomavlobis ZeglebadmiCneul „sameklesiian“ bazilikebs uwodeben.1

aranakleb gavrcelebuli iyo erTnaviani darbazulieklesiebic. zemoT CamoTvlil eklesiaTa tipebs Soris, saqarTve-

rols asruleben.eklesiis dasavleTis saTavsos Crdilo da samxreTi

kedlebi centralur saTavsos dasavleT kedelze samSeneblonakeriTaa gadabmuli. saTavsos asimetriuli zomebi da propor-ciebi ar jdeba nagebobis saerTo gegmaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, masalis, samSeneblo teqnikisa dakompoziciuri sqemis mixedviT, Zeglze aSkarad gamoirCevagansxvavebuli samSeneblo periodebi.

darbazis absidis moedanze dafiqsirebuli sasufre WurW-lis usaxo natexebis zedapiri gaprialebulia, maRali xarisxisaa,wminda struqturis Tixisaganaa gamomwvari moTeTro-moyviTalod,SigniTa piri daStrixulia, gareTa piri ki mowiTalodaa SeRebili.qvevrebis, romlebic albaT kedelSi xmis gasaZliereblad iyoCadgmuli, natexebi or jgufad iyofa. pirveli jgufis natexebigamomwvaria msxvilmarcvlovan, minarevebian, cudad ganleqilmowiTalo Tixisagan, piris gvirgvinebs swori, maRali yeli aqvT,yelis ZirSi e.w. „naTiTurebiani“ sartyeli SemouyvebaT. meorejgufis piris gvirgvinebis natexebs dabali yeli aqvT, romelsacZirSi Rrma fosoebi miuyveba (tab. III,4). analogiuri keramikadidi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTveloSi. msgavsikeramika anakofiis cixeze VII-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul fenebSigvxvdeba.1

arqeologiur masalaSi kramitis arseboba saSualebasgvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom CxorTolis eklesia kramitiT yofilagadaxuruli. konstruqciis mixedviT, eklesias orqanobianigadaxurva unda hqonoda.

eklesiis dasavleTis saTavsos iatakze dafiqsirebuliirmisa da arCvis rqebi monadireebis Senawiri unda iyos.rogorc cnobilia, monadireebi wminda giorgis gansakuTrebulpativs miagebdnen, misi saxelobis eklesiebs swiravdnen

1 Òðàíø Ì.Ì. Ìàòåðèàëû àðõåîëîãèè ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Àáõàçèè, Òðóäû,ò. 4, Ñóõóìè, 1973, gv. 131, sur. 46-47.

1 CubinaSvili, g. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1936, gv. 67;

×óáèíàøâèëè Ã.Í. Öåðêîâü áëèçü ñåë. Áîëíèñ-Êàðàíàê÷è. Õðèñòèàíñêèéâîñòîê, ò. 5, âûï. 3, Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916. gv. 114.

2120

eklesia sworkuTxedSi Caweril absidian darbazuli eklesiebisjgufs ganekuTvneba.

gumbaTiani da bazilikuri Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT,darbazuli eklesiebi damaTariRebel formebs naklebad SeicavenformaTa simartivis gamo, magram am tipis sakulto nagebobebiszogadi genezisi, gavrcelebis diapazoni da qronologiissakiTxebi specialur samecniero literaturaSi sakmaodkargadaa garkveuli.

rogorc cnobilia, darbazuli eklesiisaTvis VI-VIIsaukuneebSi interierSi yovelgvar damatebiT elements mok-lebuli, gluvi kedlebia damaxasiaTebeli, VIII-IX saukuneebSikedlebis gasaformeblad arkaturasa da safexurebian kedlissvetebs iyeneben. CxorTolSi samsafexuriani pilastrebiTdanawevrebuli kedlebi gvaqvs. orsafexuriani pilastrebiTaadanawevrebuli javaxeTSi xviliSis darbazuli eklesiiskedlebi. aRniSnuli eklesia VIII-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba.1

analogiuri pilastrebi aqvT Sida qarTlis Zeglebs: sneqviseklesias (IX-X ss.), eredvis beris saydars (X s.), eredvis wm.giorgis (906 w.), kusireTis eklesias (VIII-X ss.), xviTissabawmindas (X s.) da disevis darbazul eklesias (X s.).2

kompoziciuri sqemiTa da xuroTmoZRvruli niSnebiT CxorTolisdarbazuli eklesia analogiebs poulobs iloris (XI s.),laSkendaris (X-XI ss.) da aCanuas3 eklesiebTan, romelTacabsidis Crdilo mxareze ZiriTad navTan kariT dakavSirebuli,

1 CubinaSvili n. javaxeTis darbazul ZeglTa ganviTareba VI-VII ss-dan XI

s-is naxevramde, qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis III samecniero

sesia, Tezisebi, Tb., 1948, gv. 7.1 Ìåôèñàøâèëè Ð. Öèíöàäçå Â. Àðõèòåêòóðà íàãîðíîé ÷àñòè èñòîðè-÷åñêîé ïðîâèíöèè Ãðóçèè – Øèäà Êàðòëè, Òá., 1975, gv. 39, 64, 93, 98;tab. 54, 64, 82, 83.2 Êàöèà À. Ïàìÿòíèêè àðõèòåêòóðû â äîëèíå Öêóàðà, Ìàòåðèàëû ïîàðõåîëîãèè ñðåäíåâñêîâîé Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1967, gv. 87.

loSi yvelaze meti gavrceleba hpova darbazulma eklesiam. gamartivebuli gegmis kompoziciis erTnaviani eklesiebis

calke jgufi _ darbazuli eklesiebi, saqarTveloSi aRmocene-bulia garkveuli xuroTmoZRvruli winamZRvrebidan. maTsawyisebs xelovnebaTmcodneebi sameklesiian bazilikebs ukavSi-reben.1

am tipis eklesiebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, absidis Crdi-loeTiT ZiriTad navTan kariT dakavSirebuli saTavsoa (pasto-foriumi) gamoyofili, romelic ZiriTad navTan SedarebiTmokle moculobiTi formaa, ris gamoc Sesabamis fasadzesafexurovani gadasvla iqmneba. qarTul darbazul eklesiebSinagebobis ZiriTad birTvs Crdilo mxares funqcionaluraddakavSirebuli da garegan masaTa agebulebiT yovelTvisdaqvemdebarebuli minaSenebi emijnebian (xcisi, garbani, xviliSa,tamala, bziana II, mRvime da sxv.). darbazul eklesiebSi gverdiTi,Crdilo, gamoSverili sadgomi XI s-is dasawyisidan qreba damkvidrdeba darbazul nagebobaTa kompaqturi dagegmareba.specialur samecniero literaturaSi agreTve SeniSnulia, romdarbazul eklesiebSi Crdilo minaSens sakurTxevlis sasamsa-xuro saTavsos daniSnuleba aqvs, amas mowmobs is garemoeba,rom minaSeni eklesiis kedlis sigrZeze mTlianad ar vrceldeba,masSi Sesasvleli mxolod taZris SigniTa sivrceSi, uSualodsakurTxe-vlis siaxloves mdebareobs da minaSenis farTobiszoma Cveulebriv gacilebiT naklebia eklesiis darbazisfarTobis zomaze.2

darbazuli eklesiebis ori ZiriTadi jgufi arsebobs:sworkuTxedSi Caweril absidiani da sworkuTxedidan naxevar-wred an mravalwaxnagad gamoSveril absidiani. CxorTolis

1 doliZe v. garbani _ qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis (IX-X ss.)O Zegli xevSi,

Tb., 1958, gv. 27.2 miTiTebuli literatura, gv. 29.

2322

zogierTi elementi, kerZod: orsafexuriani cokoli, garedanda Signidan Tlili filebiT mopirkeTeba, sxvadasxva nawile-bisaTvis gansxvavebuli, kombinirebuli masalis gamoyeneba,dekoratiuli morTulobis ararseboba da sivrciTi propor-ciebi uflebas gvaZlevs nagebobis pirvel samSeneblo periodadIX-X ss-is mijna _ konstantine „afxaza“ mefis zeobis xanamiviCnioT.

mogvianebiT, eklesiisaTvis dasavleTis mxridan kidev erTisaTavso miuSenebiaT. eklesia funqcionirebda XVI saukunemde,SavizRvispireTSi Turqebis gabatonebamde.

CxorTolis darbazuli eklesia gardamavali Zeglia,rogorc am drois Zeglebs SeeferebaT, igi moklebulia qanda-kebasa da CuqurTmas. mTeli yuradReba gadatanilia axali,sivrciTi momentebisaken. Siga da gare pirisaTvis gamoyenebuliSarimi, wyobis wesieri sistema, samSeneblo xerxebis xarisxob-rivi done, CxorTolis darbazul eklesias gardamavaliperiodis mniSvnelovan ZeglTa rigSi ayenebs. CxorTolisdarbazuli eklesia gardamavali xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT mignebul TaviseburniSnebs atarebs da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis niSandob-livi Temis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi midgomisa da gadamuSavebisSedegs warmoadgens.

rogorc Zeglis analizma gviCvena, igi organuladaadakavSirebuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis evoluciasTan,zustadaa Cawerili qarTuli erovnuli saeklesio xuroT-moZRvrebis saerTo xazSi da gamoxatavs erTian SemoqmedebiTZiebebsa da mimarTulebas. igi saTanado adgils iWers qarTu-li kulturis, kerZod, sakulto arqiteqturis gavrcelebisdasadgenad aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. igi gviCvenebs, romsaqarTvelos gaerTianebamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aSenebenaRebuli drois aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebelmxatvrul miswrafebaTa gavrcelebis maCvenebel sakultonagebobas, rac kidev erTi magaliTia imisa, rom saqarTvelos

navTTan SedarebiT mokle, Sesabamis fasadze safexurad SeWrilisaTavsoebi aqvT gamoyofili. Sua saukuneebis analogiurikompoziciebis mqone darbazuli eklesiebi saqarTvelos yvelakuTxeSi gvxvdeba.

CxorTolis eklesiis siganis Tanafardoba simaRlesTan(SemorCenili Crdilo kedlis simaRlis mixedviT) gvagrZnobi-nebs sivrcis mSvid da harmoniul azidulobas zeviTken. amSTabeWdilebas xels uwyobs mkveTrad moxazuli pilastrebisiseTi ganlageba, romelic grZivi kedlis centralur nawilSigamoyofs udides monakveTs, riTac xazi esmeba kedlebis Suanawils. pilastrebis aseTi ganlageba gvaqvs IX-X ss-is darba-zul eklesiaSi garbanSi. sakvlev eklesias garkveul qronolo-giur sazRvrebSi aqcevs Senobis sxvadasxva nawilebisaTvisgansxvavebuli kombinirebuli saSeni masalis gamoyeneba (CvensmagaliTze Sirimis kvadrebi da riyis qva), rac VIII-IX ss-SiqarTuli sakulto ZeglebisaTvis tipiuri movlenaa.1 sakv-levi Zegli moklebulia qandakebasa da CuqurTmas, mTeliyuradReba gadatanilia axali, sivrciTi organizaciisa dafunqcionaluri momentebisaken, rac gardamavali ZeglebisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli.

CxorTolis naeklesiari saSualebas iZleva epoqebis mixedviTgamoiyos Semadgeneli samSeneblo periodebi. pirvel samSenebloperiods ganekuTvneba darbazuli eklesia minaSeniT Crdilomxareze, romlis Siga da gare pirisaTvis gamoyenebulia Sirimi,axasiaTebs wyobis wesieri sistema, gamoirCeva samSeneblo xerxebismaRali doniT. meore samSeneblo periods ganekuTvneba dasavle-Tis minaSeni, romlis kedlebis wyobis xasiaTi da samSeneblomasala gansxvavebulia.

keramikuli masala, arsebuli paralelebi da eklesiis

1 ×óáèíàøâèëè Ã.Í. Ê âîïðîñó î ðÿäîâûõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ Ãðóçèíñêîéàðõèòåêòóðû VIII-IX ââ. Âîïðîñû èñòîðèè èñêóññòâî, Òá., 1970, gv. 177.

2524

§3. bediis taZari

`afxazeTis samefos~ danatovar xuroTmoZRvrebis nawar-moebebidan Cvens matianeSi yvelaze didi zar-zeimiT bediisvlaqernis wm. RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari moixsenieba.bagrat mefem `aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna saydradsaepiskoposod, mocvala mun gudayvisaÂsaepiskoposo, Sewirnasofelni mravalni xeviTa da adgilTa, ganasrula yovliTagangebiTa, Seamko yovliTa samkauliTa eklesia, akurTxa dadasua episkoposi~, _ gvamcnobs matiane qarTlisa.1

`dadianTa qronikis~ cnobiT, `afxazTa~ mefes (SemdegSisaqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis pirvel mefes) bagrat III-s(978-1014) bediis taZris aSeneba X saukunis miwuruls, 999wels daumTavrebia: `welsa SJT (999) bagrat, Zeman gurgenmefisaman kuropalatman bedia aRaSena~.2 am taZars, samwuxarod,Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. arqiteqtor-restavratorma l. ximSia-Svilma sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros 1968 wels TanamedrovetaZris qveS masze didi nagebobis, bagrat III-is droindelitaZris saZirkvlisa da sufTad gaTlili qvis kvadrebiTmosworebuli iatakis naSTi aRmoaCina. gairkva, rom axlandelinageboba bagratiseulis naSTebzea (tab. IV) daSenebuli XIIIsaukunis meore naxevarSi.3 axlandeli taZris dekoratiulmorTulobaSi meoredaa gamoyenebuli Tavdapirveli taZrisreliefuri samkaulebi, romlebic bagrat mefis mameul kuTxis,

1 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 281.2 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili,

qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier, w.

I, tf., 1892, gv. 137.3 l. ximSiaSvili, restavraciis zogierTi sakiTxi (wromi, bedia), Jurn.

Zeglis megobari, 1969, #14, gv. 77; i. varsimaSvili, bedia, Jurn. Zeglismegobari, 1973, #31-32, gv. 174.

politikur gaerTianebas win uswrebda kulturuli daeklesiuri erTianoba.

rogorc cnobilia, IX-X saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTve-lom anu „afxazTa“ samefom, erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebis, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da bizantiisimperiasTan dapirispirebis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula.bizantiis imperiis mimarT reaqcia „afxazTa“ mefeebma aramarto berZnuli konfesiuri gavlenisagan gaTavisulfebiT,aramed qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis niSandobliv mxatvrulimiswrafebebis matarebeli axali eklesiebis mSeneblobiTacgamoxates, romlis erT-erTi magaliTia „afxazTa“ mefis, konstan-tine II-is (893-992 ww.) moRvaweobis xanaSi aSenebuliCxorTolis darbazuli eklesia.

CxorTolis Crdilo mxareze gamoSveril sadgomianierTnaviani darbazuli eklesia IX-X saukuneebis mijnis mxarisxuroTmoZRvrebis ti piuri nimuSia. rogorc Cans, misimniSvneloba ukavSirdeba adre Sua saukuneebis miwurulisada ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis pirveli safexuris sawyisetapze aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kulturul eqspansiasdasavleTis mimarTulebiT.

2726

Semkobad fexisa amis barZimisa~.1

mitropolit germane CxetiZis bediis kaTedraze moRvawe-obas mkvlevarTa nawili XVII saukuniT, nawili XVIII saukuniT,nawili ki XVI saukunis miwuruliTa da XVII saukunisdasawyisiT gansazRvravs.2 1886 wels d. baqraZes iloriseklesiaSi barZimi ufexod, sadgaris gareSe daxvda: `axlafexi mokveTili hqonda da misi warwerac dakarguli iyo~.3

mrgvali formis bajaRlo oqros Tasis (simaRle _12X5 sm, diametri 14 sm) zedapiri ritmulad ganawilebulsvetebze dayrdnobili TaRedis uwyveti zoliT 12 aredaadayofili. TiToeuli TaRis qveS TiTo figuraa (macxovari,wm. RmrTismSobeli yrmiT, wm. iovane, wm. andria, wm. luka, wm.merkile, wm. pavle, wm. petre, wm. lebeozi, wm. Tadeozi, wm.barTlome, wm. iakobi) gamosaxuli. Sesabamisi asomTavruliwarwerebiT (macxovari berZnuli warweriTaa, RmrTismSoblisfigura ki uwarwerod).

liTonze plastikis adreuli nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiTbediis barZimze dekoratiuli amocanebi axleburadaa gadawyvetili.figuraTa ritmuli ganlagebiTa da kompoziciuri aqcentis SeqmniTostati axerxebs Sinaarsi daumorCilos ornamentuli dekorismxatvrul agebulebaTa moTxovnilebas.

barZimis zeda nawilSi moTavsebulia erTstriqoniani

warwera: ̀ wmidao RmrTismSobelo meox eyav winaSe Zisa Senisa

bagrats afxazTa mefesa da dedasa maTsa guranduxts dedofalsa,

amis barZimisa SemwirvelTa, amis sakurTxevlisa SemamkobelTa

1 Ä. Áàêðàäçå, Êàâêàç â äðåâíèõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ õðèñòèàíñòâà, Çàïèñêè

îáùåñòâà ëþáèòåëåé êàâêàçñêîé àðõåîëîíèè, 1, Òèô., 1887, gv. 23.2 g. kalandia, bediel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi, Jurn.: artanuji, Tb.,

1995, gv. 36; l. axalaZe, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi afxazeTSi IX-XVII saukuneebSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1998, gv. 32; b. xorava,

bediis saepiskoposo, Jur.: saistorio Ziebani, III, Tb., 2999, gv. 36.3 Ä. Áàêðàäçå, Êàâêàç â äðåâíèõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ..., gv. 23.

samxreT saqarTvelos reliefebis analogiuria.mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis simbolod egrisis politikurcentrSi aSenebuli taZari, romelic samefo saZvaled gadaiqca(1014 wels aq dakrZales bagrat III), gamorCeulad mdidrulida lamazi yofila: `ukeTu visme enebos gancdad dagulisxmisyofad simaRlisaTvis didebisa misisa, pirveladganicados, samkauli bediis eklesiisa, da misgan gulisxma yos,romel aravin yofil ars sxua mefe msgavsi misi queyanasaqarTlisasa da afxazeTisasa~, _ gvauwyebs matiane.1

bediis taZris simdidres vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavs:`aRaSena n-d mefeman bagrat eklesia didSuenier gumbaTiani daSeamko simdidriTa didiTa friad, amisaTvis weril ars: visacgenebos sidide da simdidre bagrat n-d mefisa, ganixilebediis eklesia da miTi scnob~.2

bediis taZris mdidrul samkaulidan sabednierod Semor-Cenilia liTonze plastikis iSviaTi nimuSi, bajaRlo oqrosbarZimi (Tasi). mxatvrul-stilisturi analiziT barZimisSeqmnis dro akademikosma g. CubinaSvilma 989-999 wlebiTgansazRvra.3 mkvlevarTagan bediis barZimi pirvelma d. baqraZemixila 1865 wels iloris wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiissalaroSi, romelic aq bediis taZris gaukacurebis Semdegmoxvedrila. barZimze gviandel epoqaSi gakeTebul fexze(sadgarze) amokveTili yofila warwera: `yovlad wmidaodedofalo, vlaqernisa RmrTismSobelo, Semiwyale me bedielimitropoliti germane CxetiZe, romeli Rirs viqmen kadrebad

1 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 281.2 qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb., 1973, gv. 780.3 g. CubinaSvili, bediis oqros barZimi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

moambe, X-i, 1940. gv. 17. Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Ãðóçèíñêîå ÷åêàííîå èñêóñòòâî,Òá., 1959, gv. 152.

2928

gvimowmebs, ra iyo da ra ara maTTvis sakuTari~.1 niko

berZeniSvilis TqmiT, ̀ afxazTa samefo~ IX-X saukuneebSi ̀ mcxeTa

lixT-imereTis kulturul-religiuri gaerTianeba-SeerTebi-

saTvis miiwevda, afxazT mefeebi ki imer-amereTis politikur

mTlianobas uyridnen safuZvels~.2

bediis samonastro kompleqsi mdebareobs sof. bediaSi,romelic q. galidan 25 km-iT aris dacilebuli Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.

koncxad gamowvdili Txemi, romelzec bediis taZariaaRmarTuli, sami mxridan SemozRudulia kldeebiT. meoTxemxares _ dasavleTiT, es mcire gavakebuli moedani viwrovdebada gorakis ferdobs uerTdeba. swored aq, am viwroze iyoaRmarTuli orsarTuliani sasaxle da karibWe samreklo.

amgvari gegmarebis ansambliT iqmneboda SuasaukuneebisqarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli landSafti.ansamblis mTavar xuroTmoZRvrul elements gumbaTiTdagvirgvinebuli taZari warmoadgenda.

engur _ RaliZgis auzSi arsebul saeklesio nagebobaTaumravlesoba xeobis sasazRvro da Siga qedebis yvelaze lamazda SemaRlebul adgilebzea agebuli, saidanac oTxive mxarezekargad moCans mosazRvre xeobebi da soflebi. sainteresoamaTi dagegmarebis principic: TiToeuli Zeglidan kargad mosCansdanarCeni. erTi sityviT, maTTvis iseTi adgilebia SerCeuli,rom safortifikacio nagebobisTvisac metad xelsayrelia.

rogopc zemoT aRvniSneT, bediis samonastro kompleqsiSesdgeba RvTismSoblis saxelze agebuli jvargumbaTovani eklesiis,episkoposis sacxovreblis da karibWe-samreklosagan.

kompleqss galavani Semouyveboda, romelic agebuli yofilafleTili qvis wyobiT, rTul xsnarze. igi ZirTiadad Txemis

1 d. TumaniSvili, afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis raobisaTvis, Jurn.: zedaSe, Tb.,

2005, gv. 82.2 n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 315.

da amis wmidisa saydrisa aRmaSenebelTa. amin~.

bediaSi Semonaxuli lipidaruli, freskuli, Weduri

warwerebi, romlebic taZris fasadebze, interierSi, samonastro

kompleqsis sxvadasxva daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebze da

saeklesio nivTebzea moTavsebuli, Cveni qveynis politikuri

da kulturuli cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs asaxaven.

epigrafikulma warwerebma Semogvinaxa ramdenime bedieli

mRvdelmTavris (nikoloz kaTalikos bediel-yofilis, sofron

bedielis, anton JuanisZis, germane CxetiZis) saxelebi.

xelovnebaTmcodneTa gamokvleviT bediis taZris kedlebma

mxatvrobis sami fena (pirveli _ X-XI ss., meore _ XIII-XIV

ss., mesame _ XVI-XVII ss.) Semogvinaxa.1

bediis taZarSi XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, bediis

saepiskoposos gauqmebamde, esvena taZris mTavari xati, vlaqernis

wm. RvTismSoblis xati da wm. RvTismSoblis sartylis nawili.

ivaraudeba, rom vlaqernis wm. RvTismSoblis xati bediis

taZarma memkvidreobiT miiRo gudayva-ziRaneosis eklesiidan.2

bagrat III-is mier gudavis saepiskoposos ̀ mocvla~ bediiT,

afxazeTSi IX-X saukuneebSi mimdinare im procesis Semadgeneli

nawili iyo, rac miznad isaxavda konstantinepolis sapatriar-

qosagan gamoyofas da mcxeTis sakaTalikosoSi gaerTianebas,

rameTu `afxazTa mefeebs ucxoenovan da kulturulad ucxo

eklesiisagan CamoSorebisas, Tavisad mSobliuri qarTl-kaxeT-

samcxe-tao-klarjeTSi egulebodaT. maTi arCevani cxadad

1 Í. Òîëìà÷åâñêàÿ, Ôðåñêè äðåâíåé Ãðóçèè, Òèô., 1931, gv. 8; r. Smerlingi,

bediis taZris mxatvrobis daTariRebis sakiTxisaTvis, saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe,t. XVIII, #4, 1957, gv. 511; Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå, Ñðåäíåâñêîâàÿ ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿæèâîïèñü Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1980, gv. 66.2 g. araxamia, vlaqernis wm. RvTismSoblis xati bediis taZarSi. kreb.:

marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi,Tb., 2005, gv. 104.

3130

da sasaxlis aRmosavleT da dasavleT grZiv kedlebze qviswyobiT gadayvanilia cilindruli kamarebi, romlebic sasaxlispirveli sarTulis gadaxurvas qmnian.

TiToeul darbazSi ori kamaraa. boZebi da kamarebisaTavsoTa Sida sivrces or nawilad yofen.

darbazebSi Sesasvleli karebi gaWrilia aRmosavleTidan.orive Sesasvleli TaRovania. meore saTavsoSi Sesasvlel karsgaaCnia timpanis qva, romelzec warweraa moTavsebuli. warweraSimoxseniebuli arian XVI saukunis moRvaweebi _ bedielimTavarepiskoposi anton JvaniZe, restavratori palatebisa dakirile JvaniZe. TaRovani Sesasvlelis naoTxalebi Semkuliadekoratiuli ornamentiT.

saTavsoebi ganaTebulia dasavleTidan oTxi viwro, xolosamxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan TiTo-TiTo farTo TaRovanisarkmliT.

samxreTidan pirvel saTavsos kidev erTi kari aqvs,romlidanac viwro biliks xeobaSi CavyavarT.

episkoposis sasaxlis aRmosavleT mxares, pirveli sarTu-lis fasadze, patara, mrgvali sarkmlebia. svetebsa da kedlebSizogan mcire, zogan sakmaod Rrma, kvadratuli formis niSebia.

kamarebs didi qviT gadayvanili sabrjeni TaRebi aqvT, TviTkamarebi gadayvanilia uxeSad Tlili mcire zomis kirqvisagan.

darbazis iataki miwis Txeli feniTaa mosworebuli.sasaxlis zeda sarTulze asasvleli kibe nagebobis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi mdebareobs.

meore sarTulis kedlebi TiTqmis mTlianadaa dangre-uli. darCenilia aRmosavleT da dasavleT kedlebis mcirefragmentebi. aRmosavleTis kedlis fragmentze mTlianadaadarCenili karis Riobi TaRovani gadaxurviT.

CrdiloeTis kedlis fragmentebze darCenilia Rrma niSi.sarTulSua gadaxurva 1968-69 wlebis restavraciis

dros SeukeTebiaT _ iatakze betoni dausxiaT da zed gudronisTxeli feniT saizolacio Sre SouwyviaT, rac nagebobis pirvel

wveris gavakebul adgils Semofarglavda da uSualod cicaboxevis piras iyo mowyobili. kompleqsis dasavleT mxares,galavnis kedlis xazSi, episkoposis sasaxle da karibWeaCarTuli.

galavnis saerTo zoma sigrZeze 300 m. yofila, siganeSi0,6 m. simaRleze laparaki Znelia, radgan galavani dauzia-nebeli saxiT arsad ar SemorCenila.

eklesiis aRmosavleTiT, galavnis kedlis nangrevebSi,SemorCenili saZirkvlis forma SeiZleba miviCnioT adre-arsebuli koSkis fragmentad.

dRemde galavnis kedlis wyobam Zalze cud mdgomareobaSimoaRwia, misi saerTo sigrZea, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 300 m.saSualo simaRle 0,8 m. galavnis kedlis darCenili nawili(170 grZivi metri) dangreulia miwis zedapiris donemde, ise,rom misi kvalis wakiTxvac ki Znelia.

taZris dasavleTiT, daaxloebis 50 m-is daSorebiT,mdebareobs episkoposis sasaxlis nangrevebi. Tavdapirveladigi orsarTuliani yofila, amJamad meore sarTuli TiTqmisdangreulia, darCenilia Crdilo-dasavleTis kuTxisa dadasavleTis kedlis fragmentebi.

sasaxlis pirveli sarTuli Sesdgeba ori, erTmaneTisgandamoukidebeli saTavsosagan. sasaxlis pirveli sarTuliCrdilo-samxreTis mimarTulebiT wagrZelebul sworkuTxedswarmoadgens, romelic daaxloebiT Sua nawilSi, kedliT arisgadatixruli. saTavsoebs erTmaneTTan kavSiri, karis an fanjrissaSualebiT, ar gaaCniaT. orive saTavsos centralur nawilSi,grZiv RerZze dgas kvadratuli gegmis mqone boZebi. pirvelsaTavsoSi, romelic samxreTiT mdebareobs _ ori boZia, meoreSisami. boZebi qviTaa nagebi da mopirkeTebulia Tlili qviSaqvisperangiT.

boZebs martivi formis baza da kapiteli gaaCniaT. maTzeSesabamisad gadadis sami da oTxi TaRi, romlebicnaxevarwriulia. TaRebis rigi qmnis sabrjen kedels. maTze

3332

e.w. ̀ Cawerili jvris“ tipis, centralur-gumbaTovani nageboba. gegmaSiigi sworkuTxedSi Cawerili jvaria.taZris centrSi, jvris mklavebisgadakveTaze miRebul kvadratze, afrebis saSualebiT amoyvaniliaToTxmetwaxnaga gumbaTi, romelSic amave raodenobis sarkmelebiagaWrili. gumbaTi dasavleTiT or calke mdgom sayrdens eyrdnoba,aRmosavleTiT afsidis Sverilebs. jvris aRmosavleTi mklavi afsidiTmTavrdeba, danarCeni mklavebi sworkuTxaa. jvris mklavebs SorisdarCenili sivrce Sevsebulia aRmosavleTiT _ afsidis gverdiTaorsarTuliani saTavsebiT (pirvel sarTulze mowyobilia samkveTloda sadiakvne, romelTac afsidaluri daboloeba aqvT, xolo meorezesamalavi oTaxebi), dasavleTiT _ damatebiTi sivrceebiT.

afsidis gverdiTa saTavsebis mcire sarTuli erTiani kedlismasiTa mocemuli, romelSic gaWrilia patara kari (aq asvladarbazis mxridan misadgmeli kibiT xorcieldeboda).CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis navebis meore sarTulze, dasavleTiTmoTavsebulia patronikeni. aq asvlac midgmuli kibis saSualebiTxorcieldeboda.

taZarSi Sesasvleli sami mxridanaa mowyobili. CrdiloeTda samxreT mklavebSi Sesasvlelebi dasavleTiT, calke mdgomisayrdenebis siaxlovezea gaWrili. erTi Sesasvleli dasavleTismklavis centrSia moTavsebuli. taZris zustad centrSiaRmarTulia gumbaTi.

garedan taZari sufTad gaTlili qviSaqviTaa nagebi kirisxsnarze. eklesiis yvela sarkmlis Riobi adgilzea SemorCenili.eklesiis interierSi maTi konturi dauzianebelia. fasadebzeki, ori sarkmlis garda, yvela sarkmeli dazianebulia,morTulobebi ar gaaCniaT.

m. broses cnobiT, bediis eklesiis dasavleT kedlis kuTxiserT-erT qvaze moTavsebuli yofila warwera: `wmidaoRmrTismSobelo, meox eqmen wmidisa amis sayrdrisa amSenebels,galatozTuxucess svimeonsa~. amJamad misi adgilsamyofeliucnobia. es warwera, rogorc Cans, daiRupa XIX s-is II naxevarSieklesiis SekeTebis dros. warwera Tavisi SinaarsiT, TiTqos,

sarTuls icavs wylis gaJonvisagan.kompleqsis dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobs karibWe, romlis

TavTiT samreklo iyo mowyobili karibWis dasavleT mxares,fasadze, SemorCenilia warwera, sadac moxseniebulni ariangiorgi dadiani da konstantine mefe, XIV saukunis moRvaweebi.

karibWis nageboba mierTebulia sasaxleze da masTan erTadmTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. karibWe gegmiT kvadrats warmoadgens.misi sigrZe da sigane (6,65 m) erTmaneTis tolia. misi simaRlea7 m. kedlis sigane 0,9 m.

karibWis Siga sivrce kamariTaa Semofargluli. nagebobamopirkeTebulia Tlili qvis filebiT. filebis wyobis xasiaTiTarazulia.

karibWeSi mimosvla orientirebulia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZze, gasasvlelebSi, erTmaneTis mopirdapired,maRali TaRebi iyo mowyobili.

karibWis CrdiloeT da samxreTi mxare kedlebiTaaSemofargluli.

karibWis fasadebis zeda nawilSi qvis perangs lilvebisori paraleluri zoli gasdevs. lilvebi qvis erTi rigiswyobiT imijnebian.

karibWis interieric Tlili qviTaa mopirkeTebuli. kamaranagebia uxeSad gaTlili mogrZo zomis kirqvebis vertikaluriwyobiT.

karibWis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, ezos mxridan, mdebareobssamrekloze asasvleli kibe. kibe Sesdgeba cameti safexurisaganda uSualod ebjineba momijnave nagebobis pirvel sarTulsCrdlioeTis mxridan.

karibWis sibrtye eyrdnoba misTvis saxeldaxelod nagebkamaris zedapirs.

kibis safexurebi nagebia Tlili qvis kvadrebis wyobiT.samreklos fanCaturidan mxolod fuZis mcireodeni

fragmentebia SemorCenili.kompleqsis centraluri nageboba _ gumbaTiani taZari aris

3534

§4. bedia _ Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosreligiur-politikuri centri

istoriuli egrisis mTiswina gorak-borcvian zolSiganlagebuli bedia Tavisi mdebareobis gamo ̀ xevebis~, ̀ qveynis~strategiul-geografiul centrs warmoadgens. aq gadiodagza, romelic mxares saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan akavSirebda.

gza, romelic did mniSvnelobas iZens, adre Suasaukuneebidan, mTiswina zols miuyveboda. am gzis gayolebiTmravali cixe-koSkis naSTia (reCxi, jixa, obaJe, saTanjo, nacmeri,ocarce da sxv.) SemorCenili, romlebic mTidan momavalbilikebsac akontrolebdnen, radgan mTa utevda da bariiZulebuli iyo, Tavi daecva.

gvian Sua saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos samTavroebad daS-lis xanaSi, TandaTan Sesustda ekonomikuri kavSiri qveynissxvadasxva politikur erTeulebs Soris. Sesabamisad Semcirdaam gzebis mniSvneloba, magram ganmeorda adre Sua saukuneebissituacia _ mTis Semoteva barze. aucilebeli gaxda dazianebulicixeebis aRdgena an maT adgilebze axlebis ageba.

arqeologiuri monacemebiT, bediaSi adamianis moRvaweobisuZvelesi kvali dasturdeba. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris afxazeTis,arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelm. prof. m. baramiZe) 1988wels bediis samonastro kompleqsis teritoriaze erTmaneTi-sagan steriluri SriT gamijnuli gvianbrinjaos, antikurida adre Sua saukuneebis kulturuli fenebi gamoavlina.1

bedia uZvelesi dasaxlebuli punqtia XI s-is qarTveliistorikosis leonti mrovelis saeklesio-bibliur moZRv-

1 r. xvistani. bediis samonastro kompleqsis teritoriaze 1988 wels

Catarebuli arqeologiuri dazvervebis angariSi. inaxeba saqarTveloserovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvleviscentrSi.

bediis taZris agebis periods unda ganekuTvnos.1

eklesiis samxreTis kedelze gamoxatuli iyvnen qti-tori dadianebi, sadac arsebobda freskuli warwera:`dedofalT-dedofali marex da Svili misi erisTavi damsaxurTuxucesi dadiani giorgi~. m. broses gamokvlevisTanaxmad, freskac da warwerac XVI s. ekuTvnis.2

taZris dasavleTis mxares SemorCenilia minaSenis naSTebi.a. pavlinovis azriT, aRniSnuli minaSeni Ria portikis rolsTamaSobda.3

XIX saukunis dasasruls bediis taZari ukve gauka-curebul da mcenareulobiT dafarul nagebobas warmoadgenda,magram gumbaTis didi nawili SemorCenili iyo da fasadebiswyobac ukeT iyo daculi. amis Semdeg, XX saukunis dasawyisSi,taZris `ganaxlebis~ mizniT rusma ber-monazvnebma sruliadmoSales dazianebuli gumbaTi da moxsnes iolad Camosacilebelisapire qvebi.

1 m. brose, saqarTvelos istoria, naTargmni da ganmartebuli s. RoRoberiZis

mier, w. I, tf., 1825, gv. 11.2 iqve.3 À.Ì. Ïàâëèíîâ, Ýêñïåäèöèÿ íà Êàâêàç 1888 ãîäà, Ìàòåðèàëèàðõåîëîãèè Êàâêàçà, âûï. 111. Ì., 1813, gv. 27.

3736

samkauli bediisa eklesiisa da misgan gulisxma yos, romelaravin yofil ars sxua mefe msgavsi misi queyanasa qarTlisasada afxazeTisasa~.1

niSandoblivia, rom mematiane bagrat III-is mefobis sidiadesbediis taZrisadmi Sewiruli samkauliT gansazRvravs, romlismxatvruli Rirebuleba maRal doneze unda mdgariyo, risidadasturebacaa dRemde moRweuli bediis oqros barZimi.

bediis barZimi, romelsac SesaniSnavi gamokvleva uZRvnaakad. g. CubinaSvilma,2 mkvlevarTagan pirvelma d. baqraZem naxada aRwera, romelmac igi iloris wminda giorgis eklesiissalaroSi ixila 1865 wels. 1886 wels mas iloris eklesiaSibarZimi nakluli saxiT, ufexod daxvda, romelic am drosukve dakarguli iyo. manve gamoarkvia, rom es iyo bediisvlaqernis RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis satrapezo Tasi,romelic bediis eklesiis gaukacurebis Semdeg moxvedrilailoris eklesiaSi.3

X-XI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli mrgvali formis bajaRlooqros Tasis (simaRle _ 12X5 sm, diametri _ 14 sm) zedapiriritmulad ganawilebul svetebze dayrdnobili TaRebis uwyvetizoliT 12 aredaa dayofili. TiToeuli TaRis qveS TiTofiguraa gamosaxuli, erT mxares _ taxtze mjdomi qriste,meore mxares _ RvTismSobeli yrmiT xelSi, aqeT-iqeT ki _fexze mdgomi wmindanebi.4

1 matiane qarTlisa, _ `qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, gv. 281.2 g. CubinaSvili, bediis oqros barZimi, _ ̀ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

moambe~, 1940, t. 108; misive, qarTuli oqromWedloba VIII-XIII ss., Tb., 1957;

misive, Ãðóçèíñêîå ÷åêàííîå èññêóñòâî, Òá., 1959, gv. 25.3 r. xvistani. engur-RaliZgis ormdinareTis Sua saukuneebis istoriul-

arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis istoriidan, _ ̀ saistorio Ziebani~, I,.

Tb., 1998, gv. 62.4 r. yenia, bediis Weduri Tasi, _ qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2, Tb.,

1977, gv. 266.

rebaze damyarebuli Teoriis mixedviTac. bibliuri noes mesameSvilis _ iafeTis SviliSvilis Svili Targamosi, maSin, rodesacbabilonSi godolis aSenebis gamo, enaTa aRreva da xalxTadidi ganbneva moxda, Tavis mravalricxovani axloblebiT pontos(Sav) da gurganis (kaspiis) zRvebs Soris damkvidrda dasaTave daudo kavkasiel xalxTa warmomavlobas. man Tavismerve vaJiSvils _ egross misca zRvis sanapiro qveyana pontoszRvasa da lixis mTas Soris, vidre mdinaremde mcirisaxazareTisa, ̀ sadaca warswuTebis wueri kavkasiisa~. iq egrossaugia qalaqi, romlisTvisac Tavisi saxelis mixedviT egrisidaurqmevia. es is adgilia, romelsac axla bedia hqviano, _iuwyeba leonti mroveli.1

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, VIII s-is ukanasknelmeoTxedSi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze `afxazTa~samefos saxeliT aRdgenili dasavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifo`afxazTa~ mefe leonma rva saerisTavod dayo, romelTaganerT-erTi egriswyalsa (md. RaliZga) da cxeniswyals SuaganaTavsa centriT bediaSi.2

bedia religiur-politikur centrad gvevlineba ganviTare-bul Sua saukuneebSic. X s-is bolos bagrat III-m aq taZariaago da gadmoitana gudayvis saepiskoposo kaTedra.3 mematianissityviT, bagrats bediaSi iseTi Zvirfasi taZari auSenebia,rom iqve dasZens: `ukeTu visme enebos gancdad da gulisxmisyofad simaRlisaTvis didebisa misisa, pirvelad ganicados

1 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, _ `qarTlis cxovreba~,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 5.2 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, _ ̀ qarTlis cxovreba~,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier, t. IV, Tb., 1973, gv. 796.3 matiane qarTlisa, _ `qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, gv. 281.

3938

$5. galis raionis qristianuli arqeologiuriZeglebi

qristianuli Zeglebis kvleva Cveni qveynis istoriispirveli rigis amocanas warmoadgens, radgan qristianobisgavrcelebam saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula aramarto materialuri da sulieri kulturis axlebur ganviTa-rebaSi, aramed sabolood gansazRvra qristianobas ziarebuliqarTveli xalxis bedi, misi politikuri, ekonomikuri dakulturuli miswrafebebi da is dasavluri orientacia, rome-lic iZleoda civilizirebul samyarosTan integrirebissaSualebas.

qristianobam udidesi roli Seasrula saqarTvelos mTisada baris mosaxleobis erT mTlianobad CamoyalibebaSi, agreTveqveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeTa mosaxleobis daaxloebasa daerTiani saqarTvelos Seqmnis saqmeSi. saqarTvelosaTvis (qarT-lisa da egrisisaTvis) IV saukune warmoadgenda metad mniSvne-lovani istoriuli Semobrunebis periods, radgan qristianobisaRiareba iyo axali politikuri, garkveuli TvalsazrisiTsocialuri da rac mTavaria, ideologiuri, kulturuliorientaciis faqti. qristianuli msoflmxedveloba safuZvladdaedo Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos kulturasa da erovnulcnobierebas.

galis raionSi arqeologebis mier warmoebul sakvle-vaZiebo samuSaoebis Sedegad gairkva, rom es teritoriagajerebulia qristianuli sakulto ZeglebiT, romelTaqronologiuri diapazoni adre Sua saukuneebis adreulietapidan moyolebuli, gviani Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT etapsmoicavs.1 arqeologiurad Seswavlili sxvadasxva dros aSenebuli

1 galis raionSi arqeologiur ZeglTa gamovlenasa da gamokvlevaSi

gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

akad. o. lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris afxazeTis

arqeologiur eqspedicias (xelm. istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof.

liTonze plastikis adreuli nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT,bediis barZimze dekoraciuli amocanebi axleburadaa gada-wyvetili. figuraTa ritmuli ganlagebiTa da kompoziciuriaqcentis SeqmniT ostati axerxebs Sinaarsi daumorCilosornamentuli dekorismxatvrul agebulebaTa moTxovnilebas.1

barZimis zeda nawilSi moTavsebuli erTstriqonianiasomTavruli warweris mixedviT, mefe bagrati da misi dedaguranduxti barZims swiraven, maT mierve agebul eklesias.2

bediis taZari dReisaTvis pirvandeli saxiT ar arisSemorCenili. taZris sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros gamovleniliadreuli samSeneblo fenisa (Tanamedrove taZris qveS maszedidi zomis nagebobis saZirkvlisa da sufTad gaTlili qviskvadrebiT mosworebuli iatakis naSTi aRmoCnda)3 da gadarCeniliornamentuli fragmentebis (Tanamedrove taZris dekoraciuligaformebis nawili, romelic mkvlevarTa azriT, X-XI saukuneebisnayofia, Tavis pirvandel adgilze ar aris moTavsebuli dameored gamoyenebis kvals atarebs) mixedviT, bediis taZaripirvelad X-XI saukuneebis mijnazea agebuli.4 xuroTmoZRvrulimidgomiT, taZris gadawyvetiTa da masze aRmarTuli sivrciTbediis taZris axlandeli, e.w. `Cawerili jvris~ ti piscentralur-gumbaTovani nageboba XIII-XIV saukuneebs miekuTvneba.5

1 g. gociriZe, bediis barZimi, Tb., 1984, gv. 3.2 Ã.Í. ×óþòíàøâèëè, Ãðóçèíñêîå ÷åêàííîå èñêóññòâî, gv. 153.3 l. ximSiaSvili, restavraciis zogierTi sakiTxi (wromi, bedia), _ Jurn.

`Zeglis megobari~, #14, 1969, gv. 77.4 i. varsimaSvili, bedia, _ Jurn. ̀ Zeglis megobari~, #31-32, 1973, gv. 55.5 iqve.

4140

gavadevnoT IV-XVII saukuneebis mxaris mosaxleobis materialurida sulieri cxovrebis istoriis rig sakiTxebs.

aRniSnul Zeglebze mopovebul masalis analiziT irkveva,rom adre Sua saukuneebSi mxare cxovel kulturulurTierTobaSia Cabmuli SavizRvispireTis qveynebTan. ZiriTa-dad masze gamavali gzebiT Semodis dasavleT saqarTveloSiqristianuli kultura.

adre Suasaukuneebi mxaris teritoriaze qristianulireligiis ganmtkicebis periodia, rasac asaxavs arqeologiurigaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili gudavis baptisteriumi (IV-X ss.).

VIII s-is dasasruls, dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisSemdeg mxaris teritoriaze SeiniSneba saqarTvelos aRmosavleTolqebTan da centrTan kidev ufro mWidro kulturulikavSiri, romlis TvalsaCino magaliTia IX-X s-is mijnazeaSenebuli CxorTolis eklesia. aRniSnuli eklesiis analizigviCvenebs, rom igi organuladaa dakavSirebuli qarTul

gairkva, rom arsebuli eklesia XIV s-Sia daSenebuli winamorbed, bagratis

droindel nagebobaze. (ix. i. varsimaSvili, bedia. _ Jurn. ̀ Zeglis megobari~,

31-32, 1973, gv. 50-55; l. ximSiaSvili, restavraciis zogierTi sakiTxi

(wromi, bedia) _ Jurn. ̀ Zeglis megobari~, 14, 1969, gv. 50-64; r. xvistani,

bediis samonastro kompleqsi, _ afxazeTis moambe, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 56-60; r.

xvistani, bedia _ Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos religiur-politikuri

centri, _ saistorio Ziebani, III, Tb., 2000, gv. 10-14.5 Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå, Öêåëèêàðè. – Ìàòåðèàëû àðõåîëîãèè Àáõàçèè, Òá.,1971, gv. 34-64; Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå, Íåêàòîðûå ñðåäíåâñêîâûå ñòeííûåðîñïèñè íà òåðèòîðèè Àáõàçèè, gv. 112-118.6 Ì. Áàðàìèäçå, Ð. Õâèñòàíè è äð. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ãàëüñêîìðàéîíå. – Ïîëîâûå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â 1987, ã. 1995, gv. 165-170; r. xvistani, qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswyalis zemo welze (RumuriSis

eklesia), Ziebani, #2, 1998, gv. 88-92.

qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis calkeuli Zeglebi: gudava (IVs.),2 CxorToli (IX-X ss. mijna),3 bedia (X-XI ss. mijna),4

mwkelikari (X s.),5 RumuriSi (XI s.)6 saSualebas iZleva Tvali

m. baramiZe), romelic afxazeTis bolodroindel tragikul movlenebamde wlebis

ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda qristianuli materialuri kulturis ZeglTa Seswavlas.

eqspediciis mier mopovebuli, galis mxareTmcodnebis muzeumsa da fiCoris

arqeologiur bazaze daculi uaxlesi arqeologiuri koleqciebi, romelTa

nawili kameraluradac ki ar iyo damuSavebuli. samwuxarod, aRniSnulma

tragediam Seiwira. galis raionSi qristianuli materialuri kulturis

ZeglTa gamosavlenad da Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri samuSaoebi

aqvT Catarebuli akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumsa

(xelm. istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. h. zaqaraia) da saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis d. gulias saxelobis afxazuri enis, literaturisa da

istoriis instituts (xelm. ist. mec. doqtori, prof. l. ServaSiZe).2 p. zaqaraia, v. leqvinaZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi gudavasa da WaqvinjaSi. _

arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi 1961 w. Tb., 1971 w. gv. 76-99; p.

zaqaraia, v. leqvinaZe, gudavaSi 1971 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

angariSi, _ saq. sax. muzeumis eqspediciebi, III, Tb., 1984, gv. 130-151; m. zamTaraZe,

gudavis arqeologiuri monapovari, _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

moambe, XXX-B, Tb., 1979, gv. 64-78.3 Ì. Áàðàìèäçå, Ð. Õâèñòàíè è äð. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ãàëüñêîìðàèéîíå. – Ïîëåâûå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â 1986-1987 ãã. –

Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå îòêðûòèÿ â Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1982, gv. 27-34. r. xvistani, oqumiswyalisxeobis qristianuli Zeglebi, _ saistorio Ziebani, II, Tb., 1999, gv. 239-252.4 sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi sofeli bedia mTlianad galis

raions ekuTvnoda. XX s-is 30-iani wlebis bolos afxazeTis avtonomiuri

respublikis mTavrobis meTaurma s. lakobam sofeli bedia Suaze gayo. mis

Crdilo nawils, sadac cnobili kaTedraluri taZaria aRmarTuli, agubedia

(afxazuri agu _ qarTuli centri) daarqva da md. RaliZgis aRmosavleT

sanapiros soflebTan erTad oCamCiris raions miakuTvna. sarestavracio

samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT Surfebis gaTxris Sedegad bediis arsebuli

taZris miwisqveSa nawilSi aRmoCnda adreuli, X s-is fenebi, ris safuZvelzec

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dasusteba.mxareSi Znelbedobis xanaSic ar Sewyvetila kulturul-

aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba, romelic marTalia mcire masStabiT,magram mainc grZeldeba. am droisaa bediis mxatvrobis mesamefena, mwkelikaris eklesiis minaSeni, moxatuloba da sxva.

yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,rom Sua saukuneebSi mxaris qristianuli, kulturis ganviTarebazogadqarTuli qristianuli kulturis sinqronuladmiedineboda da mis nawils warmoadgenda.

qristianul-sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis evoluciasTan,TvalsaCino adgils iWers qarTuli kulturis, kerZodsakulto arqiteqturis gavrcelebis dasadgenadaRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da saqarTvelos sxvadasxvamxareebis kulturuli erTianobis kidev erTi damadasturebelimagaliTia. igi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianebamdemxareSi aSeneben mocemuli drois aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvisdamaxasiaTebel mxatvrul miswrafebaTa gavrcelebis maCvenebelsakulto nagebobas, rac kidev erTi magaliTia imisa, romsaqarTvelos politikur erTianobas win uswrebdakulturuli da eklesiuri erTianoba.

X-XI ss-is mijnaze, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri aRmavlobisxanaSi, bediaSi bagrat III aSenebs taZars da iq gadmoaqvsgudayvis saepiskoposo kaTedra. amieridan bedia xdeba mxarisreligiuri da politikuri centri. amave periods ganekuTvnebamwkelikaris eklesiis pirveli samSeneblo fena.

XI saukunis meore naxevarSi mxare gaerTianebulisaqarTvelos samefo domens warmoadgens. am periodsganekuTvneba RumuriSis eklesiis pirveli samSeneblo fena.

XIII-XIV ss-Si mxareSi igrZnoba kulturul-ekonomikuridaqveiTeba, rac saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobam gamoiwvia,Tumca, saqarTvelos centralur olqebTan SedarebiT, mxareSiSedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seiiqmna intensiurimSeneblobis sawarmoeblad. mimdinareobs eklesia-monastrebisSekeTeba-moxatva. am periods ganekuTvnebian bediis, RumuriSis,CxorTolisa da mwkelikaris eklesiebis meore samSeneblofenebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis mxaris eklesiebi sruliadsaqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebel im xuroTmoZRvrul kanonebsimeoreben, rac aRebuli drois wina aziisa da bizantiisqristianul orbitaSi Semaval qveynebs axasiaTebT.

XVI s-is meore naxevari mtkivneuli etapi iyo mxarisistoriaSi. osmanTa imperiis agresias Sedegad mohyva dasav-leT saqarTvelos politikuri daSla da ekonomikuri

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garkveuli amocana dausaxa: unda Seqmniliyo sagangebo Senoba,romelic bevr mlocvels daitevda da sarwmunoebriviritualis Casatareblad gamodgeboda. evropasa da axlo-aRmosavleTSi Zvel qristianul xanaSi gavrcelebuli iyosaeklesio nagebobaTa ori umTavresi saxeoba: wagrZelebuliugumbaTo Senoba, e.w. bazilika da centruli, mrgvali, rvawaxnaga,jvarisebri Senoba.1

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, qristianulsakulto arqiteqturaSi, agreTve vxvdebiT or saxeobas:wagrZelebul ugumbaTo Senobebsa da centrul Senobebs. qarTulicentruli taZrebis birTvs Seadgens kvadrati, romelzedacaRmarTulia gumbaTi da romlis garSemoc viTardeba jvarisebrigegma. es stili genetikurad. erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeba analogiurkompozicias axloaRmosavleTis qveynebis Zvel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi(magaliTad, sasanur sasaxleebs iranSi), meore mxriv, qarTulixalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebs, qristianobisgavrcelebamde bevrad adre SemuSavebul, RviZl da tradiciulglexur `darbazis~ tips.2

xazgasmiT gamJRavnebuli sigrZivi RerZis mqone Senoba-bazilikis tipi romelic agebulia garkveuli elementebisritmuli ganmeorebiT, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis ucxoiyo. am tips nergavda oficialuri eklesia, radgan qris-tianul eklesias dasawyisSi esaWiroeboda ukve aRiarebuli,sarwmunoebis mier nakurTxi nimuSebi. aseT nimuSebad miCneuliqna palestinis uZvelesi bazilikebi, raki palestina, saRmrTowerilis Tanaxmad, qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis aspareziiyo.3

adreqristianul xanaSi qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da afxazeTSi

1 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 18.2 iqve, gv. 19.3 iqve, gv. 19.

$6. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba

dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze SemorCenili dasxvadasxva dros Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTgamovlenili Sua saukuneebis nivTieri Zeglebi _ qristianulitaZrebi, saSualebas iZlevian Tvali gavadevnoT IV-XVIIIsaukuneebis qristianuli sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebisganviTarebis TiTqmis uwyvet suraTs, stilTa cvlas, evoluciisistoriul process, SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis sruli mxatvrulisimwifisa da krizisis periodebis monacvleobas. aRniSnulZeglebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT qarTuli kulturisada xelovnebis, kerZod ki saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisistoriaSi.

afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi qarTulixelovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa mier mravalmxriv gaSuqebulida kargad Seswavlilia.1 amjerad afxazeTis regionis adreSua saukuneebisa (IV-VII ss.) da gardamavali xanis (VII-Xss) saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis mxolod is gansxvavebuli,Taviseburi niSnebia ganxiluli, romlebic qarTuli ̀ qveynebi-saTvis~ saziaro mxatvrul dinebebs, erTian gemovnebas,SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis saerTo mimarTulebebs asaxaven da mTelisaqarTvelosaTvis niSandoblivi Temis mimarT SemoqmedebiTimidgomis, SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegs warmoadgens.

qristianulma eklesiam xuroTmoZRvarT sruliad

1 i. ciciSvili, qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria, Tb., 1955; S. amiranaSvili,

qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1961; v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba,

Tb., 1974; misive: Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû Ãðóçèíñêîé öåíòðàëüíî-êóïîëüíîé àðõèòåêòóðû

ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà. – IV ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñèìïîçèóì ïî Ãðóçèíñêîìó èñêóññòâó,

Òá., 1983; Ë.Ä. Ð÷åóëèøâèëè, Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû Ãðóçèíñêîé àðõèòåêòóðû

÷åðíîìîðñêîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ, - Ñðåäíåâñêîâîå èñêóññòâî, Ðóñü. Ãðóçèÿ, Ì., 1978, misive:

Êóïîëüíàÿ àðõèòåêòóðà VIII-Õ âåêîâ â Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1988 da sxv.

4746

arqiteqturis ocze meti erTeulia cnobili, romlebicZiriTadad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegadaa gamovlenili.rogorc arqeologiuri monacemebiT irkveva, qristianulitaZrebi ara marto werilobiTi wyaroebiT cnobil centrebSi(biWvinTa), mniSvnelovan qalaqebsa da gamagrebul cixeebSi(sebastopolisi, anakofia, webelda) arsebobda, aramed werilobiTucnob punqtebSic (gagra, alahaZe, gienosi, dranda, ganTiadi,haSufsa, miusera, mramba, Sapka, abaanTa, qiaC-abaa da sxva).

adre SuasaukuneebSi eklesiebi afxazeTSi warmodgeniliacalnaviani (biWvinTis #1, #4 da sakaTedro taZris dasavleTiTgamovlenili ori eklesia, gienosi, haSufsa, webelda, mramba,Sapka) da ornaviani (biWvinTa) nagebobebiT; samnavianibazilikebiT (biWvinTis #2 da #3 eklesiebi, ganTiadi, alahaZe),`sameklesiiani bazilikebiT~ (gagra, miusera, aba-anTa, qiaC-abaa)da jvar-gumbaTovani nagebobiT (dranda).

marTalia, berZnuli konfesiuri gavlenis qveS moqceulqveyanaSi sakulto xuroTmoZRvruli formebi bizantiidanSemodis, magarm afxazeTis mkvidrTa qarTul ̀ qveynebTan~ sulier-kulturuli erToba ar wydeba, am drois sakultoxuroTmoZRvrul nawarmoebebSi vxedavT bizantiurisa daadgilobrivis saziaro mxatvruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebas.

adre Sua saukuneebis adreul etapze afxazeTSi aSenebulieklesiebis nawili Tu berZnulia (magaliTad, Zveli pitiunti,biWvinTis IV-V saukuneebis erTmaneTze daSenebuli bazilikebi,gudavis IV saukunis baptisteriumi), cota ufro gvian, VIsaukuneSi, awindel gagraSi agebuli e.w. ̀ sameklesiiani bazilika~saqarTveloSi ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tipad Camoqnili erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa.

afxazeTSi am tipis oTxi Zeglia SemorCenili Zvel gagraSi,abaanTis cixeSi (sof. lixni), qiaCis borcvze da ambaraSi,muiseras koncxze. maTgan uZvelesia Zveli gagris eklesia,romelic gagris cixis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. amtaZarSi qarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis

TiTqmis erTdroulad aRmocenda bazilikis Taviseburi varianti,romelsac qarTvelma mecnierebma `sameklesiiani bazilika~uwodes. garedan Tavisi `profiliT~ igi ar gansxvavdebaCveulebrivi samnaviani bazilikisagan, magram SigniT navebierTmaneTisagan boZebiT ki ar aris gayofili, aramed kedlebiTaagaTiSuli; e.i. arsebiTad, aq erT SenobaSi gaerTianebuliasami damoukidebeli samlocvelo. V-VI saukuneebSi Casaxuli,es Tema VII saukunidan garkveul evolucias ganicdis dagansazRvrul xanaSi IX s. mxatvrulad dasrulebulinawarmoebis saxes iZleva.1

samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikis gverdiT, afxazeTSi,saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, imTaviTve SemuSavdaugumbaTo nagebobaTa kidev erTi, umartivesi saxe: erTnaviani(anu calnaviani) eklesia. soflis mcire samlocveloTaumetesoba am tips miekuTvneba, Tumca arsebobs mozrdilierTnaviani eklesiebic, agreTve gvxvdeba ornaviani eklesiebi.

qarTuli eklesia mTlianad da savsebiT emxroba mTelqristianul samyaroSi miRebul normebs. funqciuri Tvalsaz-risiT, igi emTxveva sxva qristianuli (upirveles yovlisa,marTlmadidebeli) qveynebis eklesias: aRmosavleTisakenmimarTuli, naxevarwriul afsidiani sakurTxeveli, sadiakvneda samkveTlo; mis orsav mxares (garda uZvelesi eklesiebisa,sadac es sadgomebi jer kidev ar aris), mlocvelTa darbazi.qarTuli eklesiebi imTaviTve atriumebis gareSe Sendeboda.maT ar gaaCndaT arc narTeqsebi dasavleTis mxares (iSviaTigamonaklisis garda), arc calke aSenebuli sanaTlavebi(baptisteriumebi) dasavluri eklesiebisa, xolo samrekloebiXIII saukunidan Cndeba.2

dRevandel afxazeTSi adreqristianuli xanis sakulto

1 g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1936, gv. 65-66; misive:

Àðõèòåêòóðà Êàõåòèè, òåêñò. Òá., 1959, gv. 141.2 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 20.

4948

ar gamoricxaven qarTlsa da egriss Soris V-VII saukuneebSisaeklesio kulturuli erTobis arsebobas2 da erTi mwyemsmTavris,cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesioganxeTqilebis aqtiuri monawilis, kirion qarTlis kaTolikosis(VI-VII saukuneebis mijna) xelqveiT gaerTianebas.3

bizantiurisa da adgilobrivis, mTeli kulturul-istoriuli saqarTvelosaTvis saziaro mxatvruli dinebebisSerwyma-SeerTebis mkafio magaliTia drandis RvTismSoblissaxelobis taZari, romlis daTariRebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.xuroTmoZRvruli analiziT, g. CubinaSvili taZars mcxeTisjvris (VI s.) variaciad miiCnevs,4 r. mefisaSvilisaxelovnebaTmcodneo da sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri meTodebiTVIII saukuniT aTariRebs,5 xolo m. xotelaSvili da k.iakobsoni mas bizantiur Zeglad Tvlian da arqeologiurimasaliT VI saukuniT aTariReben.6 aguriT naSeni taZari, dabalida ganieri mravalsarkmliani gumbaTiT, mravalricxovani kar-sarkmelebiT, SuaSi rotonduli sivrciT gvianromaulimemkvidreobaa. am nagebobaSi narTeqsisa da mTavari sivrcisSesasvlelTa RerZebis acdena VIII-IX ss. zogadqarTul swrafvasexmianeba, sakurTxevlis sami SveriliT afsidis TaRebis gadabmis

1 d. TumaniSvili, afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis raobisaTvis, _ zedaSe, I, Tb.,

2005, gvT. 80; i. berZeniSvili, afxazeTis `sameklesiiani bazilikebi~, _

marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi,

Tb., 2005, gv. 59.2 s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. I, Tb., 1949, gv. 124.3 z. aleqsiZe, epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 167-168.4 g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 140-141.5 Ð. Ìåïèñàøâèëè. Äðàíäà (ïàìÿòíèê àðõèòåêòóðû VIII âåêà). — qarTuli

xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1981, gv. 1-2.6 Ì. Õîòåëàøâèëè, À. ßêîáñîí. Âèçàíòèéñêèé õðàì â ñ. Äðàíäà (Àáõàçèÿ). –Âèçàíòèéñêèé âðåìåííèê, ò. 45. Ì., 1984, gv. 192-200, 204-205.

damaxasiaTebeli motivi _ wreSi Cawerili tolmklava, e.w.`bolnuri~ jvrebia SemorCenili.

arqiteqturuli Tema ̀ sameklesiiani bazilikisa~, rogorcaRiniSna, ugumbaTo taZris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens,romelic Tavisi garegani formebiT samnaviani bazilikaa, magramSignidan, rogorc konstruqciuli azriT, ise sivrcisSTabeWdilebiT sruliad gansxvavdeba bazilikisagan. zemoTukve iTqva, rom aq svetebis Tu sabjenebis nacvlad, romlebicbazilikis Sida sivrces navebad yofs, kedlebi Cndeba. amtipis nagebobam saqarTveloSi saintereso evolucia ganicadada gansazRvrul xanaSi mxatvrulad dasrulebuli nawarmoebimogvca.

marTalia, bazilikis es tipi sxva qveynebSic cnobilia,magram am taZrebma saqarTveloSi gansazRvruli damoukidebelitipis saxe miiRes. maTi SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis safuZvladkaxeTia miCneuli, sadac am tipis or aTeulamde ZegliaSemonaxuli. Senobis es tipi erTnairad mosawoni da misaRebiunda yofiliyo aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelosmkvidrTaTvis. es garemoeba bunebrivad da kanonzomieradgamoaCens ̀ sameklesiiani bazilikebis~ erTdroul aRmocenebaskaxeTSi, qarTlsa da afxazeTSi.1 afxazeTSi am tipis sareToqarTuli Zeglebis arseboba realuri kulturul-istori-uli viTarebis maCvenebelia.2

qarTveli mkvlevarebi afxazeTSi ̀ sameklesiiani bazilikebis~arsebobas ar ganixilaven rogorc qarTlis pirdapir politikurzemoqmedebas Zlieri bizantiis vasal saxelmwifoze, egrisze,1

magram ̀ moqceva qarTlisai“-s, ̀ qarTlis cxovrebisa“ da somexiistorikosis ioane drasxanakertelis monacemebze dayrdnobiT,

1 d. TumaniSvili, Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli

erTobis Sesaxeb, _ literatura da xelovneba, 3-6, 1993, gv. 177.2 v. beriZe, kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi, _ jvari vazisa, I, Tb., 1995, gv. 65.

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gabatonebul adgils centralur-gumbaTovani nageboba ikavebs,romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis wagrZe-lebuli formis nageboba. aseTi nagebobis masebi sivrceSi jvrisformas qmnian. oTx Tavisuflad mdgar boZze dabjenili gumbaTiaRmarTulia taZris mklavebis gadakveTaze. taZris es tipimravalferovania, igeba ̀ Tavisufali jvris“ da ̀ Cawerili jvris“tipis taZrebi.1

`Cawerili jvris“ ZiriTad birTvs jvar-gumbaTovanistruqtura Seadgens. es Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan viTardebada rTuldeba, rac ZiriTadi erTiani kompoziciuristruqturisaTvis calkeul elementTa damatebaSi gamoisaxeba.anakofiis taZarSi, bzifSi warmodgenil ZiriTad kompoziciasdasavleTiT narTeqsi emateba, romelic uSualod ZiriTad korpusserwymis. aq karibWeebi gamoweul formas qmnian. anakofiis taZrisgegma lixnSi meordeba. aq interiers, anakofiisagan gansxvavebuli,narTeqss zeviT moTavsebuli patronike amravalferovnebs. lixnisinterieris grandiozulobisa da didebulebis STabeWdilebagaZlierebulia sami mxridan Semovlebuli orsarTulianigarSemosavleliTa da dasavleT mxares damatebuli ori svetiT.

winare xanis arqiteqturul formaTa Ziebas srulyofilisaxe aqvs miRebuli moqvis taZarSi. Tavisi mSvidi da mkacrisimetriulobiT klasikuri xanis qarTul taZrebs ukavSirdebianbzifisa da anakofiis taZrebi. am periodis qarTul arqiteqturaSidamkvidrebul ̀ cxovelxatul“ stils asimetriulobiTa da dina-miurobiT exmianebian lixnisa da moqvis taZrebi.

`Cawerili jvris“ tipis ZeglebSi — bzifi (IX s.), anakofia,lixni da moqvi (X s. 60-iani wlebi. afxazTa mefe leon III-is,bagrat III-is mkvidri biZis agebuli) bizantielebis kvalicCans. aseTia, magaliTad SigniT Sezneqili segmentisagan Sedgenili

1 g. CubinaSvili, n. severovi. qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis gzebi.

Tb., 1936, gv. 82-83. Â. Áåðèäçå. Íåêîòîðèå âîïðîñû..., gv. 7; misive: Zveli

qarTuli..., gv. 47.

xerxi ki ̀ mcxeTis jvrisa“ da misi jgufis (Tundac martvilistaZris) gamocdilebas emyareba.1

SemdgomSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze sakultonagebobebSi TandaTan Zlierdeba arabizantiuri sawyisi, kvlavaSeneben ̀ sameklesiian bazilikebs“. VII-VIII saukuneebSi aSenebuliabaanTisa2 da ambaris ̀ sameklesiiani bazilikebi“, agreTve VIII-Xsaukuneebis qiaCis wm. mTavarangelozTa saxelobis ̀ sameklesiianibazilika“,3 romelic mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobilisalocavi yofila, im tendenciebs asaxaven, rac aRmosavleT dasamxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSiiCens Tavs (gegmarebis garTuleba, Sida kedlebis ZalovaniSverilebiT damuSaveba).

arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlenil, gardamavali xanisCxorTolis erTnavian darbazul eklesias IX-X ss. paralelebijavaxeTsa (xviliSa — VIII-IX ss.) da Sida qarTlSi (sneqvi —IX-X ss., eredvis beris saydari — X s., eredvis wm. giorgi —906 w., kusireTi — VIII-X ss., xeiTis sabawmida — X s., disevi —X s.) moepoveba,4 xolo wkelikaris darbazul eklesias (XI s.)ki — javaxeTSi (agara — X s.).5

Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli niSnebi da tendenciebi asaxulia afxazeTis IX-X ss.ZeglebSi, romlebic gardamavali xanis ukanasknel periodsganekuTvnebian da mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiTgamoirCevian. am Ziebebis procesSi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi

1 d. TumaniSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 80. Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå, Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèåðàñêîïêè â êðåïîñòè Àáà-àíòà. Ïëëåâûå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèåâ 1976 ã., Òá., 1979, gv. 233.2 Ë. Ð÷åóëèøâèëè, Êóïîëüíàÿ àðõèòåêòóðà..., gv. 73-74.3 d. TumaniSvili, afxazeTis qristianuli taZrebi. — jvari vazisa, I, gv. 68.4 r. xvistani, CxorTolis eklesia. — afxazeTi, I. Tb., 2006, gv. 129.5 Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå. Öêåëèêàðè. Ìàòåðèàëû àðõåîëîãèè Àáõàçèè. Òá., 1971, gv.64.

5352

lixnis dasavleTi patronikes ramdenime sarTuladdawyobili TaRedi, romelic bizantiuri arqiteqturisaTvis

ucxoa, gurjaanis yvelawmindaSia damuSavebuli da ambaris

`sameklesiian bazilikaSia“ gadmosuli. saqarTveloSi afxazeTisda kaxeTis ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli didi TaRovani

bWeebi, rac agreTve ucnobia bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.

biWvinTis taZari gansxvavebuli gumbaTqveSa konstruq-ciis gamo `Cawerili jvris“ tipis taZrebSi calke jgufad

gamoiyofa. Zegli mdebareobs Zveli naqalaqaris teritoriaze

Savi zRvis napiras, biWvinTis yureSi. taZris samxreT-dasavleTiTarqeologebis mier aRmoCenilia abanos, sasaxlisa da taZrebis

naSTebi; erT-erTi eklesiis iataki dafaruli iyo mozaikiT,

romelic adreqristianul simbolur-alegoriul gamosaxu-lebebsa da ornamentul motivebs Seicavda (IV-V ss.).

biWvinTis taZari jvar-gumbaTovani nagebobaa, magram

dasavleTiT aqvs narTeqsi da aRmosavleTiT sami Sveriliafsidi. narTeqsi saqarTveloSi iSviaTia, Sverili afsidebi

ki axasiaTebs adrindel qarTul eklesiebs, ufro gvian Savi

zRvis sanapiros Zeglebs da aqa-iq aRmosaleT saqarTvelosZeglebsac. biWvinTis taZris dasavleTis mklavi sammxrivi

patronikeTia aRWurvili. taZris gumbaTi sakurTxevlis

kedlebs eyrdnoba da ara oTx Tavisuflad mdgom burjs.qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi es Tema gardamaval xanaSi damuSavda.

misi adreuli nimuSebi kaxeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi (barcxana,

ozaani, xanZTa — IX-X ss.) gvxvdeba, XI saukunidan ki mtkicedikidebs fexs qarTul arqiteqturaSi. samwuxarod, Cvenamde

ar mouRwevia bagrat III-is agebulsa da Cvens matianeSi didi

aRtacebiT naxseneb bediis taZars. rogorc arqiteqtor-restavratorma l. ximSiaSvilma gaarkvia, axlandeli nageboba

bagratiseulis naSTebzea daSenebuli XIII saukunis meore

naxevarSi. samagierod, manve gamoavlina Tavdapirveli eklesiisgegma, romelic daaxloebiT imgvarivea, rogorc zemoganxiluli

1 z. jangvelaZe, IX-X ss. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba afxazeTSi. — saistorio

Ziebani, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 44.

gumbaTi, romelsac ingliselebi `gogriseburs“ uwodeben; samiSverili afsidi aRmosavleT mxares da sadgomebis uSualod(dasavleTi kedlis gareSe) gaxsna Sua sivrcisaken. am niSnebisgamo, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, maT bizantiuri xelovnebisqmnilebebad Tvlidnen. am eklesiebs aqvT metad sagulisxmoniSan-Tvisebebi da mxatvrul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi, romelTamixedviT isini qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebia, `bizanti-zmebi“ ki mxolod minarevebia. oTxive taZari e.w. `Cawerilijvris“ tipisaa, oTx Tavisuflad mdgom burjze dabjeniligumbaTiT. aseTi agebulebis gumbaTiani nageboba X saukunidanaagavrcelebuli balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, Zvel ruseTSi.konstantinopolsa da TesalonikSi, erTi sityviT, mTel aRmosavleTsaqristianoSi. am saxis uadresi taZrebi sadReisod saqarTvelosada somxeTSia mikvleuli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am saxistaZrebis uwyveti mwkrivi gvaqvs (wromi — VIII s., samSvilde —VIII s., iyalTo da rusi — VIII-IX ss.), roca bizantiaSi ̀ Cawerilijvris“ arqiteqturuli Tema am periodSi axlad ikidebs fexs.

`Cawerili jvris“ tipis afxazeTis taZrebSi uadresi bzifistaZaria, romelic aSkarad qarTlis Zeglebs ukavSirdeba. afxazeTSiam tipi sxva Senobebic (iseve, rogorc ̀ sameklesiiani bazilika)saerToqarTul niadagzea aRmocenebuli. qarTul samyarozemigviTiTebs aRniSnuli Zeglebis gare da Sida aRnagoba, sadacgumbaTqveSa TaRebi pirdapir burjebzea dayrdnobili; analogiuribizantiuri Zeglebis gumbaTi ki dabal sabjenebze amoyvanilkedlebs eyrdnoba. afxazeTis taZrebis kedlebi garedan araadacxrilul-dacxaurebuli bizantiuri ZeglebiviT. bzifistaZridan (IX s.) moqvis taZramde (X s.) sakurTxevliskena RerZisgayolebiT SeiniSneba moculobaTa TandaTanobiTi sigrZivi zrda,bizantiur ZeglebSi ki, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, sapirispiroprocesi xdeba — sigrZivi RerZi TandaTanobiT mokldeba.1

5554

sigrZivi RerZis TandaTanobiTi dagrZeleba xdeba, bizantiurnagebobebSi ki piriqiT — sigrZivi RerZi mokldeba. afxazeTistaZrebs axasiaTebs sakurTxevlis afsidis naliseburi moyvanilobada fasadTa Zunwi morTuloba. am niSniT isini kaxeTis Zeglebsuaxlovdebian, sadac alaverdis taZris garda, yvela ZeglimourTvelia.

absidis Crdilo mxareze ZiriTad navTan kariT dakavSire-buli, navTan SedarebiT mokle, Sesabamis fasadze safexuradSeWrili saTavsoebi aqvT gamoyenebuli iloris (XI s.),laSkendaris (X-XI ss.), RumuriSis (XI s.) da aCanuas darbazuleklesiebs,1 romelTa analogiuri kompoziciisa da xuroTmoZRv-ruli niSnebis mqone darbazuli eklesiebi saqarTvelos yvelakuTxeSi (qarTli, javaxeTi, aragvis xeoba, raWa) gvxvdeba.aRniSnuli Zeglebi agrZeleben aRebuli epoqis qarTulixuroTmoZRvrebis xazs.2

rusma arqeologma b. raevma q. adleris SemogarenSi (kras-naia polianas midamoebSi) XI-XIII ss. xuTi aSkarad qarTulidarbazuli eklesiis naSTi (lipniki, krien neroni, golocini,axSTiri) Seiswavla. am Zeglebis gegmareba da konstruqciaman saqarTvelos Zeglebis (drandisa da noqalaqevis) analogiu-rad miiCnia.3

biWvinTaSi, mrambaSi, webeldaSi, anakofiaSi, soxumSi,kulambaSi, drandasa da gagraSi gamovlenilia VI-VIII ss.reliefuri skulpturis Zeglebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTre-

1 À. Êàöèÿ, Èëîðè (Ïàìÿòíèê XI âåêà), Òá., 1963, gv. 78; Ì. Òðàïø.Òðóäû, ò. 4. Ñóõóìè, 1975, gv. 85; r. xvistani, qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswyaliszemo welze (RumuriSis eklesia). — Ziebani, #2, Tb., 1998, gv. 90; À. Êàöèÿ,Ïàìÿòíèêè àðõèòåêòóðû â äîëèíå Öêàóðà, ÌÀÀ, Òá., 1967, gv. 91.2 À. Êàöèÿ, Ïàìÿòíèêè àðõèòåêòóðû..., gv. 91.3 Â. Áåëîöåðêîâñêàÿ, Ñðåäíåâñêîâèûå êðåïîñòè â îëèìïèéñêîé îñàäå.– Íàóêà è æèçíü, ¹1, Ì., 2008, gv. 148-149.

gumbaTiani eklesiebisa.1

afxazeTis gardamavali xanis Zeglebs Semdegi Tavise-buri niSnebi axasiaTebs: Sverili afsida aRmosavleTis mxares,taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisaken damatebiTi kompartimentebisTavisufali gaxsna, narTeqsi dasavleTis mxares, fasadTa ZunwimorTuloba. igive niSnebi sxva qarTuli regionebis saeklesioarqiteqturasac axasiaTebs, rdagan igi zogadqarTuli movlenaa.Sverili afsidebi aqvT vaCnaZianT yvelawmidas (VIII s.) daganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis gelaTis mTavar taZars (XIIs.), timoTesubnis eklesias (XII-XIII ss.) da metexis taZars(XIIII s.). damatebiTi kompartimentebis Tavisufali gaxsnataZris ZiriTadi sivrcisaken cnobilia samSvildis sionSi(VIII s.), ikorTasa (XII s.) da XII-XIII saukuneebis sxvaqarTul ZeglebSi. dasavleTis narTeqsi gvxvdeba wromistaZarSi. es forma marto bizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebas araxasiaTebs, igi saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli qristianulixuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.1 patronike Suasaukuneebis qarTulxuroTmoZRvrebaSi, marTalia, aucilebel elements ar warmoa-dgens, magram mainc gvxvdeba (vaCnaZianT yvelawmida — IX s.,alaverdis taZari — XI s.).

qarTul tradiciaze afxazeTis centralur-gumbaTovantaZrebSi mravali komponenti metyvelebs. afxazeTSi, aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos msgavsad, kedlebis wyobaSi (biWvinTis garda), Tliliqvaa gamoyenebuli. orive regionSi gumbaTqveSa kvadratidan gumbaTiswreze gadasvlisas iyeneben epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel afrebs,bizantiaSi ki afrebis nacvlad — trompebs. afxazeTisa daaRmosavleT saqarTvelos taZrebSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTis

1 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 44-45; l. ximSiaSvili, restavraciis

zogierTi sakiTxi (wromi, bedia), — Zeglis megobari, 14, Tb., 1969, gv. 77; i.

varsimaSvili, bedia — Zeglis megobari, Tb., 1973, gv. 31-32.1 Ë.Ä. Ð÷åóëèøâèëè, Êóïîëüíàÿ..., gv. 77; p. zaqaraia, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba

XI-XIII ss. Tb., 1990, gv. 29, 42.

5756

laparakobda imJamindeli afxazi, is ki uTuoa, rom igi qarTulikulturuli samyaros monawile yofila, Sesabamisad, ̀ qarTlisbedis“ moziarec unda iyos.1

1 d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 88.

buli adgili webeldis bareliefebs uWiravT. bibliurisiuJetebiT Semkuli aRniSnuli bareliefebi am regionSiaRmosavleT saqarTvelos gavlenis maCvenebelia. anakofiis cixiseklesiaSi berebis mier XIX s. aSenebul kedelSi Cayolebuliaaxlo-maxlo dangreuli eklesiebidan motanili X-XI ss.reliefiani qvebi, romlebic qarTlisa da samxreT saqarTvelosreliefebs emsgavsebian.1

zogierTi avtori, warsulSic da dResac, saqarTvelosTandamakavSirebeli istoriul-kulturuli Zirebisa da kavSirebisignorirebiTa da gayalbebiT amkvidrebs mcdar, tendenciurazrs afxazeTis istoriis, xelovnebis, kerZod ki xuroTmoZRv-rebis ganviTarebis sakuTari, damoukidebeli gzis arsebobisSesaxeb. aRniSnuli avtorebi afxazeTis adre Sua saukuneebisada gardamavali xanis eklesiebis zemoT ganxilul TaviseburniSnebs, qarTuli paralelebis Segnebulad gverdis avliT,`aRmosavlur-bizantiuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis afxazur-alanuri skolis“, an ̀ afxazuri xuroTmoZRvrebis“ Tavisebu-rebad Tvlis,2 rac yovelgvar mecnierul safuZvels moklebulia.calkeuli gansxvavebuli niSnebis arseboba SuasaukuneebisqarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli logikuri,kanonzomieri movlenaa. mkveTri sxvaoba kaxeTis, qarTlisa dasxva qarTuli ̀ qveynebis“ xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebSic vlindeba.

aseT suraTs gvixatavs dRevandeli afxazeTis terito-riaze SemorCenili adre Sua saukuneebisa da gardamavalixanis sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba. am suraTis gayalbeba SeiZleba,Secvla ki vera, sxva specialistTa gasarkvevia, ra enaze

1 Ð. Øìèðëèíã, Ìàëûå ôîðìû â àðõèòåêòóðå ñðåäíååâñêîâîé Ãðóçèè,Òá., 1962, gv. 77; d. TumaniSvili, afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 81.1 Â.Ï. Ïà÷óëèÿ. Â ñòðàíå çîëîòîãî ðóíà, Ì., 1863; Ë.Ä. Õðóøêîâà.Ñêóëüïòóðà ðàííåñðåëíåâñêîâîé Àáõàçèè, Ì., 1980; Þ.Í. Âîðîíîâ, Âìèðå àðõèòåêòóðíûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ Àáõàçèè, Ì., 1978; Èñòîðèÿ Àáõàçèè,Ïîä ðåä. Ñ.À. Ëàêîáà, Ñóõóìè, 1991 da sxv.

5958

mde, samxreTis saTavsodan marto saZirkvelia SemorCenili.darbazis donesTan SedarebiT erTi safexuriT amaRlebuli

(simaRle 0,6 m), aRmosavleTisaken mimarTuli sakurTxevlis absidigegmiT naxevarwriulia (gaSlili naxevarwre). igi darbazscentralur nawilSi mowyobil, Sirimis kvadrebis orisafexurisagan Semdgari aRsavliT (kibiT) ukavSirdeba. aRsavlisorive mxareze SemorCenilia Sirimis kvadrebis ori safexurisganSemdgari sakurTxevlis win aRsamarTavi jvrebis bazebi (simaRle20 sm, sigane _ 35 sm).

absidis moednis (ardabagis) kideze gayolebulia Sirimiskvadrebisagan gamoyvanili 20 sm simaRlisa da 40 sm siganisSelesili kankelis (zRudaris) qveda nawili, romelzecmoxatulobis kvalia SemorCenili. absidis aRmosavleT kedliscentrSi mowyobilia kedelze midgmuli, kiris xsnarze SirimiTgamoyvanili Selesili trapezi (SemorCenili simaRle _ 42sm, sigane _ 60 sm, sisqe _ 45 sm), romlis marjvniv SemorCeniliakedelSi datanebuli patara, oTxkuTxa niSi.

interierSi, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis kedlebis ZirSi,darbazs 35 sm siganisa da 20 sm simaRlis Sirimis kvadrebisaganSedgenili Selesili xarixa (Camosajdomi) Semouyveba.analogiuri zomis erTsafexuriani cokoli navs safasadomxridanac hqonda Semovlebuli, momcro kari (sigane 1 m) darbazsada dasavleTis minaSensac dasavleT kedelSi aqvs datanebuli.absidis moednisa da darbazis iataki kiris xsnaris sqelifeniTaa mosworebuli.

eklesiis centraluri saTavsos kedlis (sisqe 80 sm)wyoba perangulia, saSenad gamoyenebulia Sirimis kvadrebi. saSualozomis kvadrebis or paralelur rigs Soris sivrce amovsebuliawvrili qviTa da kiris xsnariT. TiToeuli rigis simaRlemeryeobs 35-40 sm-s Soris. mosapirkeTebeli kvadrebis sisqe15-20 sm-ia. kedlebSi simZimis masis ZiriTad datvirTvas aragareTa kvadrebi, aramed maT Soris sivrcis Semvsebi duRabiRebulobs. nakeris sisqe minimumamdea dayvanili. kvadrebs Soris

$7. masala svaneTis qristianuliarqeologiisaTvis

arqeologiuri kvlevis centris svaneTis eqspediciam(xelm. istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori S. CarTolani),nasoflar xeSkilSi wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiis restavra-ciis saproeqto samuSaoebisaTvis arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba1997-98 wlebSi awarmoa.1 nawilobriv Seswavlil iqna eklesias-Tan dakavSirebuli samarovani, aizoma da dafiqsirda nasoflaristeritoriaze zedapirulad SemorCenili Suasaukuneebis Zeglebi.

nasoflari xeSkili mdebareobs daba mestiis samxreT-dasavleTiT 10 k-mis daSorebiT, mdinareebis _ engurisa damulxuras wyalgamyof qedis samxreT kalTaze, tyiT dafarulferdze. nasoflarSi zedapirulad oTxi eklesiis (wm. giorgi,elia, macxovari, wm. barbare) naSTia SemorCenili. wm. barbareseklesiis nangrevSi eqspediciam karebis TavsarT qvaze Sesrule-buli reliefuri, e.w. „bolnuri“ jvari gamoavlina, romelicimeorebs kuxeTSi (rusTavi) gamovlenil, V-VII ss-iT daTari-Rebul sarkofagze amokveTil reliefuri jvris formebs.2

wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia (jgrag) mdebareobsnasoflaris Crdilo nawilSi, damreci ferdis mcire gavakebaze.Zeglze mcenareuli safarisa da nayaris moxsnis Sedegad gamoCndasamnawiliani nagebobis miwis qveS moqceuli sxvadasxva simaRliskedlebi. igi warmoadgens aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze damxrobil(mcireodeni damxrobiT) erTnavian darbazul eklesias (6,5X4,5m) dasavleTi (2,5X9 m) da samxreTi (6,5X3,5 m) oTxkuTxaminaSenebiT (tab. V).

centraluri saTavsos (darbazis) kedlebis SemorCenilisimaRle 1,5 m-dan 2 m-mdea, dasavleTis saTavsosi 10 sm-dan 50 sm-

1 S. CarTolani, r. xvistani, m. cindeliani, xeSkilis wminda giorgi.

„Ziebani“, #6, Tb., 2000, gv. 87-96.2 g. mindiaSvili, 1999 wlis savele samuSaoebi, „Ziebani“, #6, 2000, gv. 100.

6160

ganekuTvneba orkapa boZali da qiborji isrispirebi. vaxuStiscnobiT, maTi funqcia msxvil nadirze gamoyeneba yofila.1

boZalebSi gamoirCeva sxvadasxva zomis gaSlili, viwrowaxnagovani da gluvi, erT an orive mxares alesili formismqone isrispirebi. qiborj isrispirebSi farTo da viwrokapianiformebi gamoirCeva.

sanadiro daniSnulebis meore jgufSi SeiZleba gaerTi-andes e.w. qeiburi, pirdidi da frTamaRali isrispirebi. estipic msxvil nadirze sanadirodaa gankuTvnili.

xeSekilis isrispirebis ZiriTadi jgufidan aRsaniS-navia foTliseburi anu aliseburi, rombuli da brtyelisatexiseburi.

sabrZolo isrispirebs Soris xeSkilis masalaSi teqni-kuri da mxatvruli gaformebiT gamoirCeva oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani,samkuTxa da rombuli, romelTac sulxan-sabas mixedviT, sarCaisrispirebi ewodeba.2

xeSkilis boZali isrispirebis erTi saxeoba (tab. VI-13) mgsavsia urbnisis adre Suasaukuneebis periodis isrispi-rebis formebisa.3 meore saxeoba (tab. VI-11) ki CvabianismTavarangelozis eklesiaSi (XI s.) Selesilobaze arsebulnadirobis amsaxvel grafikul naxatze gamosaxul isrispirebTanpoulobs msgavsebas.4

sabrZolo iaraRs ganekuTvneba eklesiis darbazis iatakzedafiqsirebuli rkinis umboni da kverTxisTavi (tab. VII-7).kverTxisTavebi, anu laxtisTavebi, eklesiebisaTvis Semowirulmasalebs Soris mniSvnelovani raodenobiTaa svaneTSi. e.

1 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, „qarTlis cxovreba“,

t. IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973, gv. 14.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1962, gv. 18.3 l. WilaSvili, urbnisi. Tb., 1964, gv. 126, sur. 55.4 svaneTi, I, masalebi materialuri da sulieri kulturis istoriisaTvis,

Tb., 1977, tab. XXII-4.

warmoqmnili RriWoebi kiris xsnariTaa amovsebuli. kvadrebisaguldagulod erTmaneTze isea morgebuli, rom xsnari gareTar daRvriliyo.

dasavleTisa da samxreTis minaSenebis kedlis (sisqe _ 80sm) wyobaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qva, Semkravad_ kiris xsnari, orive saTavsos iataki Tixatkepnilia.

eklesiis aRmosavleT kedlis ZirSi, sadac zedapiruladmoCanda ramdenime saflavis qva, gaiTxara qvebis Sesabamisiori samarxi, romlebSic aRmoCnda qristianuli wesiTdakrZaluli TiTo micvalebulis ConCxi. ConCxebi kargad iyodaculi, inventari samarxebSi ar aRmoCenila.

xeSkilis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilimasalebis saerTo raodenoba (savele numeraciiT) asormoc-daaTs aRemateba. masalebi daculia svaneTis arqeologiurieqspediciis baza-fondsacavSi (daba mestia).

arqeologiur masalaSi gansakuTrebiT didi raodeno-biTaa warmodgenili eklesiisaTvis sxvadasxva dros Sewiruli,darbazisa da absidis iatakze dafiqsirebuli, rkinis iaraRi_ isrispirebi (tab. VI).

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebisada miwis samuSaoebis dros 3 aTasze meti rkinis isrispiriaaRmoCenili. zogierTi maTgani warmodgenilia ganZis saxiT,sxvebi aRmoCenilia samarxeul kompleqsebSi. isrispirebi didiraodenobiTaa daculi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi, quTaisis,mestiis, zugdidis, cageris da sxva muzeumebSi. marto saneTismuzeumsa da eklesiebSi 2000-ze meti isrispiria daculi.1

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebismixedviT dadgenilia, rom mWedlebi amzadebdnen sami saxis _sarZolo, sanadiro da sakulto daniSnulebis isrispirebs.

xeSkilis isrispirebs Soris gamoiyofa sanadiro dasabrZolo, anu sayalno isrispirebi, sanadiro isrispirebs

1 S. CarTolani, masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, Tb., 1976, gv. 30-35.

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WurWeli. mozrdili WurWeli ufro sqelkedliania, momcroebski SedarebiT Txeli keci aqvs. yvela WurWels aqvs TiTqmiserTi formis brtyeli Ziri.

WurWlis Sesamkobad sakmaod Zunwadaa gamoyenebuliornamentad qceuli koncentrulad da talRiseburadamoRaruli xazebiT Sedgenili sartylebi. Ziris formebis,kecisa da gamowvis mixedviT, xeSkilis masalis didi nawilianalogiebs poulobs gviani Suasaukuneebis (XVI-XVII ss.)xaiSis cixisa da dizis samarovanze aRmoCenil Sesabamis TixismasalasTan.

kecis, angobisa da Wiquris mixedviT, xeSkilis moWiquliWurWlis fragmentebi (tab. IX _ 16, 17, 19, 20) analogiuriasvaneTSi, eceris samarovanze aRmoCenil XVII s-is dasasruliTdaTariRebul Tixis moWiquli jamisa.1 moWiquli keramikaxangrZlivi drois manZilze yofila gavrcelebuli svaneTSi.saamisod yvelaze adreuli arqeologiuri dasturia beCoSiaRmoCenili mwvane Wiquriani doqi, romelic saqarTvelosanalogiuri monapovrebis mixedviT XII s-iT TariRdeba.2

niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom svaneTis eklesiebSi Semona-xulia sxvadasxva saukuneebis adgilobrivi moWiquli WurWlisnatexebi. svaneTSi mravladaa gamovlenili Soreuli raionebidanSemotanili moWiquli WurWeli, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobismier am saxis fufunebis sagnebze gazrdili moTxovnilebissabuTia.

eklesiis dasavleTis minaSenSi aRmoCnda iranuli vercxlismoneta warweriT: „ar ars RmerTi garda abasisa“ (sur. 1), romelicsefianTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis, abas II (1642-1666 ww.)drosaa moWrili (moneta gansazRvra istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtorma irina jalaRaniam).

1 S. CarTolani, masalebi..., gv. 63, tab. XLII.2 S. CarTolani, masalebi..., gv. 63, tab. XLIII.

TayaiSvilis aRricxviT, svaneTis eklesiebSi kverTxisTavebissaerTo raodenoba 12 cali iyo.1 1972-74 wlebSi svaneTiskompleqsuri eqspediciis mier 5 kverTxisTavi iqna gamovle-nili.2

kverTxi SuasaukuneebSi svaneTis erToblivi Tu calkeuliTemis mier arCeuli maxvSis xelSi xelisuflebis mimaniSnebeliinsignia iyo laSqrobis Tu yrilobebisa da saxalxo krebebisceremonialSi.3

eklesiis absidis iatakze dafiqsirebul nivTebs Sorisaarkinis momcro jvari, spilenZis zarakebi, JRarunebi da vardu-lis formis sasanTle. xeSkilis elifsuri moyvanilobiszarakisa (tab. VII-6) da sferuli formis mqone JRarunis(tab. VII-3) analogiuri zaraki da JRaruna uRvalis (svaneTi)eklesiaSia daculi.4 brinjaos nivTebidan xeSkilSi gvaqvsanjamebis fragmentebi (tab. VIII-10,14).

xeSkilis arqeologiuri masalis nawils eklesiisminaSenebisa da samarovanze gamovlenili keramikuli WurWlisfragmentebi Seadgens (tab. IX). Tixis WurWeli Zalze erTfe-rovania. ZiriTadad gvxvdeba sasufre daniSnulebis mouWiqavida moWiquli WurWeli (qoTnebi, qilebi, doqebi, dergebi, jamebi,TefSebi, xeladebi da sxv.). mouWiqavi WurWeli damzadebuliasakmaod uxeSad damuSavebuli Warbi minarevebiani Tixisgan.WurWeli gamomwvaria sxvadasxva ferad: wiTlad, yavisfrad,legad, monacrisfrod. yvela saxis WurWeli Warbad qarsnarevia,rac, rogorc etyoba, Tixis adgilobrivi karierebis Taviseburebaunda iyos. WurWeli erTferovania, rogorc daniSnulebis, iseformis mixedviT. gvxvdeba erTi saxeobis, TiTqmis erTi tipis

1 S. CarTolani, masalebi, gv. 39.2 Â. Àðòèëàêâà, Æåëåçîîáðàáàòûâàþùåå ðåìåñëî äðåâíåé ÃÐóçèè, Òá.,1977, òàá. XXII-4.3 S. CarTolani, masalebi..., tab. XXX.4 S. CarTolani, masalebi..., sur. 35-36.

6564

$8. adre Suasaukuneebis mcire plastikisnimuSi svanTidan

qvemoT ganxilulia mestiis raionis sofel nesgunSi(lenjeris sakrebulo) SemTxveviT mikvleuli eklesiis naSTisgawmendisas aRmoCenili, yalibSi1 erTianad Camosxmuli brinjaosgulsakidi jvari (simaRle _ 62 sm, gaSlili mklavebis sigrZe_ 50 sm, sisqe TavSi _ 5 sm, ZirSi _ 2 sm), romelzec qristesjvarcmaa gamosaxuli. (sur. 2)

nesguni mdebareobs zRvis donidan 1480 m-is simaRleze,raionis centr mestiidan dasavleTiT 3 km-is manZilze, engurisSenakad md. muxluras (mestiaWalas) xeobaSi. sofelSi dgasIX-X saukuneebis mijnaze aSenebuli, mcire zomis, macxovrisor Sesasvleliani darbazuli eklesia, romlis interieriXII s-Sia moxatuli. eklesiaSi Semonaxulia qvis kankeli.

nesgunis jvris met-naklebad swori mklavebi boloebSimomrgvalebulia. jvris kide gamoyofilia mis irgvlivSemoxazuli RariT. jvarcmis scena mkveTri, dabali reliefiTaagamosaxuli.

kolobiumiT Semosili qriste mocemulia en face. Sublzeori klaknili xazia datanili, rac SesaZloa eklis gvirgvinsgamosaxavdes. uTmo Tavs reliefurad amaRlebuli, wreSimoqceuli jvari adgas. jvris es mklavi erTmaneTisagandacilebuli ori paraleluri sakidiT bolovdeba.

jvris ideur-kompoziciuri centri Wabuki qristesfiguraa, romelic gamosaxulia cocxali, Ria TvalebiT. qristes

eklesiis TaRebiT samad danawevrebuli kankelisanalogiuri formis kenkelebi svaneTis eklesiebSi mravladaa(adiSis macxovari _ X-XI ss; adiSis wmida giorgi _ XI s.ielis wmida giorgi _ X-XI ss. ifralis mTavarangelozi _ XIs. quraSis wmida giorgi _ XI s. da sxv. aRniSnul eklesiebSikankelebi an ornamentirebuli dekoriT aris moxatuli, anwmindanebis gamosaxulebebiT. rogorc SemorCenil nimbisa daregistris gamyofi ornamentis (tab. XI-2) fragmentebiT irkveva,xeSkilSi kankeli wmindanebiT yofila moxatuli. wmindanebisgamosaxulebebiT moxatuli kankelebi svaneTSi gvaqvs lagurkasa(X s.) da quraSis „jgragSi“ (XI s.).

eklesiis aRmosavleT kedlis ZirSi aRmoCnda sarkmlissaTauri qvebi, romlebzec „ayvavebuli“ (ganedlebuli) jvrisfreskuli gamosaxulebaa (tab. VI-I) da Sirimis qvaSigamokveTili cxvris Tav-kiseri, romelic albaT fasads amkobda.analogiuri reliefebiT Samkulia wvirmis mTavarangelozisa(X s.) da ifaris wminda giorgis (X s.) fasadebi.

xeSkilis arqeologiurma gaTxrebma saSualeba mogvcadagvedgina eklesiis ori samSeneblo periodi: zeda horizontiwarmodgenilia dasavleTisa da samxreTis oTxkuTxasaTavsoebiT, qveda horizontis nageboba ki darbazuli tipismcire eklesiiT.

Zeglis stratigrafia, arqiteqturuli stilis analizi,arqeologiuri masalis Seswavla da arsebuli paralelebisafuZvels gvaZlevs xeSkilis wmida giorgis pirvelisamSeneblo periodis nagebobis (centraluri saTavsos) aSenebisTariRad X-XI ss-is mijna miviCnioT, meore samSeneblo periodisnagebobisa (dasavleTisa da samxreTis saTavsoebi) ki XVI s-is bolo. XVII s-is bolos eklesia wyvets funqcionirebas.

1 jvrebis Camomsxmeli qvis yalibebi aRmoCenilia ruseTis teritoriaze,

ix. Á.À. Ðûáàêîâ, Ðåìåñëî äðåâíåé Ðóñè, Ìîñêâà, 1948, ñò. 261; À.Ë.ßêîáñîí, Ðåííåñòðåäíåâåêîâèé Õåðñîíåñ, Ìàòåðèàëè è èñëåäîâàíèÿïî àðõåîëîãèè ÑÑÑÐ, Ìîñêâà-Ëåíèíãðàä, 1959, îòñ. 179: 4; ÄðåâíÿÿÐóñü, ãîðîä, çàìîê, ìåëî. Àðõåîëîãèÿ ÑÑÑÐ, Ìîñêâà, 1986, ñò. 263, òàá.105-8, 100-17.

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Camosxmuli gulsakidi jvrebi cnobilia Senaqodan,1 Zveligavazidan,2 vanis vilaeTidan, TeZamidan,3 soxumidan, lixnidan,4

axalqalaqidan5 da ulumbodan.6 zemoT CamoTvlili yvela nimuSiadre Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.

rogorc cnobilia, qristianul ikonografiaSi, Tavidanvejvarcmis ori ti pi gavrcelda: adrindel Teologiurinterpretaciaze agebuli, cocxali qriste, romelic sikvdilzegamarjvebis ideas gamoxatavs da dogmatikuri debulebis sanacvlo_ tanjva-wamebiT gardacvlili qriste.7 nesgunis jvris pirdapimdgomi, Tvalebgaxelili qristes figuris gamosaxuleba Seesa-bameba adreqristianuli dogmaturi versiis triumfatorisikonografiul tips, masze adrindel Teologiur interpretaciazeagebuli jvarcmis („sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli“)kompoziciaa gamosaxuli.

rogorc aRvniSneT, nesgunis gulsakid jvarze gamosaxuljvarcmul qristes sxeuls nikapidan fexebamde daSvebuli grZelikolobiumi mosavs. cnobilia, rom adre Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze

1 Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Ãðóçèíñêîå ÷åêàííîå èñêóññòâî, Òá., 1959, gv. 12.

saxeze wamebiT gamowveuli tanjvis nacvlad simSvideaaRbeWdili. saxe da odnav dagrZelebuli horizontalurimklavebi sxeulTan SedarebiT maRali reliefiTaa gadmocemuli.

qristes saxis nakvTebi, piri, nuSis formis gaxexiliTvalebi, aziduli warbebi da tansacmlis detalebi, pirobiTadaagamoyvanili met-naklebi siRrmis CaWrili xazebiT. cxvirisgamomsaxveli xazebi morkalul warbebSi gadadis. samosisfarTo saxeloebi nakecebiania. nakecebi vertikaluri xazebiTaagadmocemuli.

jvarcmaSi naxati moklebulia plastikurobas, ugulve-belyofilia formaTa modelirebis xerxi. gansakuTrebiTsqematuradaa Sesrulebuli kolobiumis saxeloebs qveda nawili,sadac arcerTi naoWi ar mianiSnebs sxeulis romelime nawils.sxeulis proporciebi darRveulia. gansakuTrebiT dispro-porciuladaa gadidebuli xelebi da fexebi.

marTalia qristes sxeulis forma da plastikurobanaklebad igrZnoba, magram usicocxlod daSvebuli, atrofirebuliqveda kidurebi, romlebic pirdapir iRliis qveS iwyeba,misadagebulia saxeloebis nakecTa dinamikasTan. saxeloebis nakecebs,romlebic orive mxareze TiTqmis ukisro TavTan iwyeba, aqcentimacxovris Tavze gadaaqvs.

qristes Tavs zemoT aRmarTuli wreSi Casmuli jvarizomiTa da monaxaziT ostaturadaa Sewyvilebuli nikapidanfexebamde daSvebul kolobiumTan, rac pirobiTi sqemis figurulreliefSi macxovris saxisaken mzeris mimmarTvel mkveTrdinamiur aqcentad aRiqmeba.

Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi umaRles doneze asul liTonismxatvrul damuSavebasTan SedarebiT liTonis mxatvruli CamosxmamkrTaladaa warmodgenili,1 magram yalibSi Camosxmuli nimuSebimainc sakmaod gvaqvs. uSualod jvarcmis gamosaxulebiani

1 r. dolaberiZe, arqeologiuri masala sofel Senaqodan, Tb., 1973, gv. 17-21,

tab. I.2 l. WilaSvili, Zveli gavazi, Tb., 1975, gv. 51, 62-67, tab. XVI-5.3 m. labaZe, gulsakidi jvrebi, arqeologiuri Ziebani, axalgazrda mkvlevarTa

II-III samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 1982, gv. 186-187.4 Ë.Ã. Ãåëüáàê, Äâà ïðåäìåòà ìåëêîé ïëàñòèêè èç êîëåêöèè ìóçåÿ,Òðóäû Àáõàçñêîãî Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ìóçåÿ, IV, Ñóõóìè, 1974, gv. 168;Õðóøêîâà Ë.Ã. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåëêîé ïëàñòèêè ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Àáõàçèè,ìàòåðèàëû ïî àðõåîëîíèè Àáõàçèè, Òá., 1979, gv. 62-73, tab. 43, 1-25 g. gabunia, samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis eqspedicia, savele arqeo-

logiuri kvleva-Zieba 1989-92 wlebSi, Tb., 2004, gv. 5-6.6 k. wereTeli, gulsakidi jvari ulumbos RmrTismSoblis monastridan,

xelnaweri, gv. 1-14, sur. 1.7 T. sayvareliZe, XII s-is qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, Tb.,

1980, gv. 3.

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nebis gadawyvetis ornamentul-sibrtyobrivi stilis dominirebaki Sua saukuneTa qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis e.w. garda-mavali etapis (VII s-is meore naxevari, X s-is pirveli naxeva-ri) xalxuri SemoqmedebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.1

calke ganxilvas moiTxovs wreSi Casmuli jvari, .romelicnesgunis gulsakid jvarze macxovris Tavzea aRmarTuli.jvarcmis kompoziciaSi macxovris unimbo Tavs zemoT wreSiCasmuli jvris gamosaxvis sxva nimuSi, nesgunis gulsakidijvris garda, CvenTvis ucnobia.

nesgunis nimuSze wreSi Casmuli jvaris gamosaxva, Cveni azriT,ar niSnavs dabali daostatebis xelosnis romelime nimuSisadmiTavisufal, TviTnebur midgomas. nesgunis jvari yalibSia Camosxmuli,rac TavisTavad tiraJirebas gulisxmobs. SeuZlebelia oficialurieklesia Serigeboda saeklesio xelovnebis kanonikis farglebsgareT gasvlas, qristianul ikonografiaSi dakanonebuli sqemisada SemuSavebuli tipis darRvevas, miT umetes qristianobis iseTkulminaciur movlenaSi, rogoricaa jvarcma. gulsakidi jvarisSemqmneli uTuod im ikonografiuli nimuSiT xelmZRvanelobda,rac anatvifris saxiT nesgunis jvarma Semogvinaxa.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli reliefebis stilis specifikaerTi mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo ucxoeTidan mza saxiT Semotaniladreqristianuli tradiciebiT, meore mxriv, im punqtebSi, sadacsaerTod miRebuli nimuSebi ar arsebobda _ formebis adgilze,damoukideblad SeqmniT,2 sadac aseTi originaluri formebi iqmneba,SeiniSneba garkveuli mouxeSoba, meryeoba, rac garkveulwiladkompoziciuri agebis, Canafiqris erTianobiT iniRbeba.3

nesgunis gulsakid jvarze qristes Tavze gamosaxuli

1 Õðóøêîâà Ë.Ã. miT. naSr. gv. 65.2 Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Ñèðèéñêàÿ ÷àøà â Óøãóëå, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis moambe, t. XI-13, 1941, gv. 1-19, tab. 2-4; Ê. Ìà÷àáåëè, Èçcîêðîâèøíèöû Ñâàíåòèè, Òá., gv. 74-89, tab. 14-17.3 g. javaxiSvili, adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 35,

tab. XXIX, sur. 1; Ê. Ìà÷àáåëè, Êàìåííûå êðåñòû Ãðóçèè, Tb., 1998, gv.145-165, sqema 7, tab. 18; g. oTxmezuri, stela naeklesiar „berijvridan“,

macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria

#1, 1986, gv. 88-94.4 g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. I, tfilisi, 1936, gv. 212-

213, nax. 166-167; Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Õàíäèñè, Òá., 1972, gv. 115-116, tab. 88-89; Ê. Ìà÷àáåëè, Êàìåííûå êðåñòû Ãðóçèè, gv. 197-219, sqema 10, tab. 22;1962, gv. 67-76.

jvarcmuli macxovris sxeuli fexis terfamde daSvebulikolobiumiTaa dafaruli, IX s-dan ki winsafriani qristes tipimkvidrdeba.1

grZeli kolobiumi mosavs VII-VIII ss-iT daTariRebul,svaneTSi dacul siriul Tasze gamosaxul jvarcmul qristes.2

grZeli kolobiumiT Semosvis nimuSebia agreTve sacxenisisada kitroulis stelebze (VI-VIII ss.) gamosaxuli jvarcmiskompoziciebi.3

zogierTi niSnebiT nesgunis gulsakidi jvris axloparalelebia VIII s-iT daTariRebuli usaneTis stela, sadacnaTlisRebis kompoziciaSi yrma qristes kvercxiseburi unimboTavi pirdapiraa dasmuli pirobiTad gadmocemul tanze daVIII-IX ss-is gveldesis kankelis filis reliefi, sadacgrZelkolobiumiani jvarcmuli qriste unimbodaa warmodge-nili.4

nesgunis gulsakid jvarze qristes figura xazobriv-grafikul maneraSia Sesrulebuli. figura gaSlilia mTelsibrtyeze, gadidebulia kidurebis zomebi, zedapiri mWidrodaaSevsebuli figuriT, rac pirobiTobisa da sibrtyobrivobisSTabeWdilebas qmnis. reliefur dekorSi plastikuri amoca-

1 g. javaxiSvili, miTiT. naSr. gv. 213.2 Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Áîëíèññêèé Ñèîí, Èçâåñòèÿ èíñòèòóòà ÿçèêa, èñòîðèèè ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû èì. àêàä. Í.ß. Ìàððà, ò. 9, Òá., 1940, gv. 146.3 Ê. Ìà÷àáåëè, miTiT. naSr. gv. 23.

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giur problemaTa aspeqtebis Teoriul analizze gacilebiTmet da sayuradRebo informacias realurad arsebuli masalaSeicavs.1 jvarze gakruli gardacvlili qristea gamosaxulievropis mTel rig xelnawerTa miniaturebsa da sawinamZRvrojvrebze (mag.: niu-iorkis Pierpont-Margan-is biblioTekis IXsaukunis saxarebis jvarcma, X s. miwurulis britaneTis muzeumisfsalmunTa jvarcma, 973-982 ww. matildas pirveli sawinamZRvrojvari esenis kaTedralidan, XI s. dasawyisis bernvardis jvarihildsheimis taZridan),2 saqarTveloSi _ 973 w. iSxnis Wedurjvarze.3

nesgunis jvris daTariRebisas gadamwyveti mniSvneobagaaCniaT saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros gamovlenil jvarcmisgamosaxulebian gulsakid jvrebs, romelTa uadresi nimuSebiwin uswreben im qarTuli wignis miniaturis, kedlis mxatvrobisTu Wedurobis Zeglebs, romlebzec igive kompoziciaa gamosaxuli.jvarcmis siuJetSi Tvalebgaxelili qristes e.w. seriulitipi Camoyalibda VII s-Si, risi magaliTicaa wmida miwidanCamotanili da romis luTeranTa kapelaSi daculi samaxsovropiligrimuli kolofi, romelze asaxuli kompoziciebi mTelqristianul samyaroSi cnobili uZvelesi taZrebis kedlismxatvrobis erTgvar aslebs warmoadgendnen.4 rac Seexeba gar-dacvlili jvarcmuli qristes ikonografiuli tipis VIII s.gaCenis da X s. sayovelTaod gavrcelebis Taobaze gamoTqmulazrs,5 igi saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili gulsakidi jvrebismagaliTze faqtobrivad dasturdeba. kerZod, aseTebia VII-VIIIss. yalibSi Camosxmuli brinjaos jvarcmiani ori jvari

1 Ã. ×óáèíàñøâèëè, Áîëíèññêèé Ñèîí..., gv. 120.2 Ø. Àìèðàíàøâèëè, Áåêà Îïèçàðè, Òáèëèñè, 1956, gv. 29-30.3 G. Millet. Recherches snr L lconofraophie de L Evangile, Paris, 1916, p. 396-460; Kunstle,eonographie der christlicher Kinst, I, Freibung, 1928, p. 446-468; H. Vampenhauesen, E.Dinkler, Die Religion in Feschichte und Gegenwart (Handworterbuch fur Theologie andReligionswisswnschaft), IV b. Tubingen, p. 47-494 Bulletin of the buzantine institutem v. II, Boston, 1950, p. 567-596.

jvari simbolurad jvarcmas unda gadmoscemdes. niSandoblivia,rom qristianobis adreul xanaSi jvarcmis siuJets simboluradmistikuri kraviTa da jvariT gadmoscemdnen, qristes figurianijvarcma ki V s-dan Cndeba.1

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil, yalibSi Camosxmul gulsakidjvrebidan nesgunis nimuSi formiT yvelaze met msgavsebas lixnis(VII-VIII ss) da ulumbos (VII-VIII ss)OjvrebTan avlens. msgavsebaSeiniSneba jvris vertikaluri mklavebis boloebis odnavgaganierebasa da momrgvalebaSi, qristes unimbod gamosaxvaSi,jvarcmulis pozaSi, fonisa da reliefTa doneebis urTierT-mimarTebaSi, xelebisa da mTlianad sxeulis proporciulTanafardobaSi.

nesgunis jvris TariRis sakiTxis kvlevisas arsebiTimniSvnelobisaa jvarcmis ikonografiaSi, Tu rodis Cndeba damkvidrdeba gardacvlili qristes saxe. mecnierTa erTi nawilismtkicebiT momakvdavi an gardacvlili qristes gamosaxulebaXI s. Suaxanebamde, an XII s-mdec ki cnobili ar aris.2

gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad jvarcmis axali tipisadreuli nimuSebi IX s-dan Cndeba.3 avtorTa pirveli jgufisZiriTad dasayrdens nikta steTatikosis swavleba warmoadgenda,romlis Tanaxmadac jvarcmis gamosaxulebis axleburigadamuSaveba XI s-Si ganxorcielebula, magram v. riabuSinskimam Teoriis mcdaroba argumentirebulad daasabuTa.4 amave dros,jvarcmuli qristes ikonografiaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlile-bebis qronologiis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi dogmatikur-Teolo-

1 Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Ãðóçèíñêîå ÷åêàííîå èñêóññòâî, Òá., 1959, ñ. 87-88.2 P. Thobu, Le Vrucifix, tab. XIII, #29, XXIX, #68.3 g. CubiniSvili, 973 wlis iSxanis jvari _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis moambe, t. 6, 1931, gv. 297-314, tab. 9-22.4 H. Jantzen. Otonische Kunst, Munchen, 1947, fig. 161.5 Í.Ï. Êîíäàêîâ, Èêîíîãðàôèÿ Áîãîìàòåðè, ò. 1, ÑÏá, 1914, ñ. 48.

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nuli sacecxlurebis magaliTze naTlad Cans qristianuliswavlebis, kerZod saxarebiseuli scenebis ZiriTadi ideisganzogadebul saxeebSi gadmocemis, plastikuri gamomsaxve-lobis ukiduresi lakonurobis, moqmed pirTa minimumamdedayvanis da siuJetis simboluri mniSvnelobis xazgasmisgamokveTili tendencia. nimuSisa da aslis urTierTmimarTebisprincipidan gamomdinare, adreuli Suasaukuneebis qarTuliplastikis nimuSebi, kerZod ki ukve naxsenebi gulsakidi jvrebi,analogiuri niSanTvisebebiT xasiaTdebian.

yovelive zamoTqmulis Sedegad nesgunis jvris SeqmnisTariRad VI-VIII ss. gvesaxeba. Tu daveyrdnobiT Cveni jvrissaxviTi saSualebebis da reliefis plastikuri stilisnawilobriv msgavsebas, erTi mxriv VI-VII ss. qarTuli qvajva-rebis figurul reliefebTan, meore mxriv ki kompoziciurisqemis, gamomsaxvelobiTi metyvelebis da calkeuli elementebisTvalsazrisiT ufro axlos mdgom VII-VIII ss. jvrebs afxaze-Tidan, gvaqvs safuZveli TariRi VII, an VIII ss-iT dakonkretdes.VIII-IX ss. qvaSi gamokveTili qarTuli reliefuri ZeglebisaTvisniSandoblivia ikonografiuli sqemis mxolod ZiriTadi arsisSenarCuneba da erTdroulad gamosaxulebaTa skulpturul-reliefuri damuSavebis garedan Semotanili tradiciulixerxebisa da saSualebebis uaryofa, sibrtyobriv-grafikulida xazobriv-ornamentuli gamomsaxvelobiTi maneris damkvidreba,saxis gamometyvelebis xazgasmuli eqspresiuloba. yvela esniSan-Tviseba met-naklebad nesgunis jvris figurul reliefSicaisaxa, xolo qristes Tavis moyvaniloba da saxis nakvTebisforma (nuSiseburi Tvalebi, warbebis monaxazi), mas yvelazemetad VIII s. dasasrulis uasaneTis stelasTan aaxloebs.aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni jvari ori _ e.w. tradiciuli daaxali stilis sazRvarze Seqmnili Cans da misi TariRi VIIs. dasasruliT da VIII s. SuaxanebiT unda ganisazRvros.

nesgunis jvari im mxrivac aRZravs interess, romsaqarTvelos mxatvruli liTonsxmulis nimuSTa SedarebiT

1 aRniSnul jvrebs l. gelbaki VIII-IX ss-iT aTariRebs (Ë.Ã. Ãåëüáàê, Äâàïðåäìåòà ìåëêîé ïëàñòèêè èç êîëåêöèè ìóçåÿ. – Òðóäû Àáõàçñêîãîãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ìóçåÿ, 4, Ñóõóìè, ñ. 168), xolo l. xruSkova maTi

Seqmnis periods VIII-IX ss-iT gansazRvravs (Ë.Ã. Õðóøêîâà, Ìàòåðèàëûïî ìåëüêîé ïëàñòèêå ñðåäíåâñêîâîé Àáõàçèè – Ìàòåðèàëû ïî àðõåîëîãèèÀáõàçèè, Òá., 1979, ñ. 65-66, ðèñ. 43-1.2).2 m. lebaZe, gulsakidi jvrebi. _ arqeologiuri Ziebani, axalgazrda

mkvlevarTa II da III samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 1982, gv. 186-187.3 r. dolaberiZe, arqeologiuri masala sofel Senaqodan, Tb., 1973, gv. 17-21,

tab. I-1.4 l. WilaSvili, Zveli gavazi, Tb., 1975, gv. 51-62-67, rus. 18, tab. LXVI-5.1 Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Çàíäèåí, ñ. 29-30.

Tvalebgaxelili qristeTi soxumidan da lixnedan (afxazeTi),1

VII-IV ss. SualediT daTariRebuli jvari aRmoCenil vanisvilaeTSi,2 sof. SenaqoSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas IX-X ss.masalasTan erTad gamovlenili IX s. ori jvari,3 IX-X ss.jvari Zveli gavazis eklesiis samarovnidan4 da VII s-isdasasrulisa da VIII s-is Suaxanebis ulumbos jvari.dasaxelebuli magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT nesgunis jvrisSeqmnis periodi VIII-X ss. SualedSi Tavsdeba.

saqarTveloSi aRmosavlur qristianuli centrebidan,kerZod siria-palestinidan SemohqondaT saeklesio kultissxvadasxva nivTebi (jvrebi, xatebi, wmida wignebi, sacecxlurebida sxv.), romlebic Semdgom analogiuri daniSnulebis inventarisdamzadebisas nimuSad gamoiyenebodnen. am TvalsazrisiTgansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa VI s-Si qarTlSi mosulma e.w.13 sirieli mamebis dasma, romelTac samonastro cxovrebisdaarsebis, sarwmunoebis ganwmendis da WeSmariti religiisqadagebis misia daekisra da swored kultis yvela detalsada atributze zrunvis mizniT maT unda gaevrcelebinaT aseTi`nimuSebi“ Tu modelebi, romelTa mixedviTac adgilobriviostatebi saWiro raodenobis liturgiul da sxva daniSnu-lebis saeklesio nivTebs amzadebdnen.5 aRmosavlur qristia-

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$9. svaneTis adreuli qristianizaciaarqeologiuri masalis mixedviT

saqarTvelos erT-erTi ZirZveli kuxis _ svaneTis Sesaxebmkvlevarebi da damkvirveblebi XIX saukunidan qmnianeTnografiul naSromebs, sadac yuradReba maxvildeba regionisyofaSi dadasturebul `gadmonaSTur“ elementebze, ramac amkuTxeSi gvarovnuli wyobilebis ̀ gaxangrZlivebuli“ arsebobisSTabeWdileba da Sesabamisi koncefciebi Seqmna. aRniSnulrwmena-warmodgenaTa sistemis specifikur interpretaciazedamyarebuli Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, qarTul istoriografiaSidamkvidrda erTgvari skefsisi _ TiTqos, adre SuasaukuneebSisvaneTSi sazogadoebis socialur diferenciacias adgili arhqonia da arc qristianulma religiam gaidga myarad fesvebi.

qarTvel enaTmecnierTa, sameurneo yofisa da materia-luri kulturis istoriis, samarTlis, epigrafikisa dadiplomatikuri xasiaTis masalis, istoriul-geografiuliSeswavlisa da Suasaukuneebis sagangebo monografiuliSeswavlis Sedegad, samecniero brunvaSi Semotanili daganzogadebuli iqna mdidari masala, ramac bolo mouRo mcdarSexedulebas svaneTSi gvarovnuli wyobilebis xanagrZlivebuliarsebobis Sesaxeb.

svaneTis materialuri da sulieri kulturis ZeglebidReisaTvis sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili da mis maRalgan-viTarebulobaSi eWvi aravis epareba. saqarTvelos istoriismkvlevarebi svaneTs ganixilaven, rogorc qarTul samyarosTansocial-politikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT mWidroddakavSirebuls da mis ganuyofel nawils.

miuxedavad amisa, Suasaukuneebis svaneTis cxovrebiszogierTi specifikuri mxaris Cveneba mkrTalad warmogvid-geba. jer kidev ar aris SemuSavebuli erTiani azri regionissocial-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebismTel rig arsebiT sakiTxebze.

mcire jgufis axali damatebiTi SenaZenia.dabolos, imisda miuxedavad, rom nesgunis jvari uSualod

arqeologiuri gaTxris procesSi ar gamovlenila, is maincar unda ganvixiloT mocemul garemos mowyvetiT, SemTxveviTmonapovrad, aramed igi konkretuli kulturuli punqtis dagarkveuli drois mkafiod metyveli arqefaqtia.

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adre Suasaukuneebis samarovnis arsebobas.solis samarovnis adre SuasaukuneebiT daTariRebisa-

Tvis gvaqvs sarwmuno monapovari minis WurWlis saxiT. maswakveTili konusis forma da Sezneqili Ziri gaaCnia. piriodnav gadaSlilia. zedapirze mqrqal paralelur sartyelebsSua lurji feris reliefuri xalebi azis (tab. XI, 7).saqarTveloSi am tipis minis WurWeli napovnia SavizRvis-pireTSi da kargad TariRdeba IV-V ss-iT.1

solis samarovnis daTariRebis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoaZirgverdnakluli doqi, romlis Tixa mowiTaloa. doqs gadaSlilipiris kide da msxliseburi tani aqvs maRali, cilindruli yelipirisken Seviwrovebulia. yelis Zirs irgvliv eqvsrigad SemouyvebatalRovani xazebi. ori talRovani xazi Semouyveba TefSiseburpiris gvirgvinsac. piris gvirgvinsa da talRovan xazebs Sorisyeli wriulad ganlagebul oTx-oTxi, erTmaneTisagan Tanabraddacilebul jvris formis ornamentiTaa Semkuli. jvrebi StampiTaadatanili. grexilkideebian brtyel yurze vertikaluraddayolebulia jvrebi. analogiuri ornamenti Semouyveba yelisZirsac. tani qvemoTken viwrovdeba Zirisaken. Ziri brtyelia, Tixaqarsnarevia, cudadaa ganleqili, Carxzea nakeTebi (tab. XI, 4).

adre SuasaukuneebSi analogiuri WurWeli gavrcelebuliawebeldaSi, kodoris xeobaSi, tyvarCelSi da sxvagan.gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiTaa igi aRmoCenili webeldissamarovnebze da TariRdeba V-VI saukuneebiT.2

solis samarovanze aRmoCenili mokle martivyunwian dadidi zomis vadaganier satevrebs, masrian Subispirebs, balTebs,keramikul WurWels, analogiebi moZebneba kolxeTis sinqronulZeglebSi. samarovani mxolod nawilobriva aris Seswavlili.

1 S. CarTolani, svaneTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis savele

muSaobis angariSi. inaxeba oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis institutSi,

gv. 7-9, tab. XVIII. S. CarTolani, axalmSenebloba da arqeologiuri

kvleva-Zieba svaneTSi, ̀ Zeglis megobari“, I, Tb., 1990, gv. 28, sur. 3.

saeklesio krebaTa matianeebi da saero saxis sxvadasxvaxelnawerebi, maRalmxatvruli oqromWedloba, daxvewiliarqiteqtura, ̀ svanuri ferweris mxatvruli skola“, eklesiebSidaculi didZali ganZeuloba da qristianuli kulturismravali sxva komponenti, svaneTSi qristianuli ideologiisyovlismomcvel xasiaTs da saeklesio-samonastro cxovrebismaRal doneze metyvelebs.

svaneTis qristianuli monumenturi ferwerisa daliTonmqandakeblobis Seswavlis Sedegad dgindeba, rom manstilisturi evoluciis igive etapebi gaiara, rac sruliadsaqarTvelos xelovnebam. svaneTSi qristianuli xelovnebisganviTareba, romelsac axasiaTebs araerTi Tavisebureba, qarTulixelovnebis ganviTarebis sinqronulad miedineboda da misnawils warmoadgenda.

marTalia, svaneTis adre Suasaukuneebis arqeologiuriZeglebis kvleva dRemde SemTxveviT aRmoCenebsa da arqeologiurdazvervebs ar gascilebia, magram gamovlenili masala aRebuliepoqis mxaris social-ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi wyobismraval sakiTxs hfens Suqs.

adre Suasaukuneebis svaneTSi qristianuli ideologiisxasiaTsa da saeklesio cxovrebis doneze metyvelebs engurisada cxeniswyalis zemo welze gamovlenili samarovnebi daeklesiebi solSi, xofurSi, fxutrersa da nesgunSi.

1986 wels lenjeris sakrebulos (mestiis raioni) sofelsolSi b. Sukvanis saxlis mSeneblobisas aRmoCnda samarovani.1

aRmoCenis adgilze arqeologiurma eqspediciam gaTxrebiarsebiTad dangreul fenebSi ganaxorciela, magram gamovleniliqna saintereso masala, romelic udaos xdis am teritoriaze

1 n. ugreliZe, adreul SuasaukuneTa qarTlSi minis warmoebis istoriisaTvis,

Tb., 1967, gv. 43-44, tab. 15.2 Âîðîíîâ, Î. Áãàæáà, Ìàòåðèàëû àðõåîëîãèè Öåáåëäû, Òá., 1988, gv. 75,tab. 52-53.

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SesaZloa, ukavSirdeba V saukunis meore naxevarSi svaneTissamTavros gaZlierebas, roca regioni egrisis samefosSemadgenlobidan gavida da faqtiurad damoukidebelipolitikuri erTeuli gaxda.

menandre protiqtorisa da priske panionelis cnobebiT, 457-474 wlebs Soris, svaneTma egresisagan damoukidebloba moipova,rac gubaz mefis bizantiasTan garTulebul urTierTobebs daemTxva.1

gubazma bizantiasTan urTieroTbis garkvevis Semdeg, kvlavscada svaneTis damorCileba. am konfliqtSi svaneTs iberiada irani exmareboda, xolo egrisma daxmarebisaTvis bizantiasmimarTa. sabolood svaneTma kvlav SeinarCuna damoukidebloba.2

adre Suasaukuneebis svaneTSi qristianuli Temebisarsebobaze metyveleben qveda marRisa da xofuris samarov-nebi. xofurSi aRmoCenil samarxeul inventaridan gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs adre Suasaukuneebis e.w.`webelduri culebi“ (tab. XI, 5), romlis analogiuri, VIsaukuniT daTariRebuli culebi, mravladaa aRmoCeniliwebeldis samarovnebze.3

adre Suasaukuneebis svaneTi, qristianul xasiaTsa da saeklesiodoneze metyvelebs lenjeris sakrebulos sofel nesgunSi mosaxlisezoSi, mSeneblobisaTvis warmoebuli miwis samuSaoebis drosgamovlenil eklesiis naSTSi (romlis dafiqsirebac, samwuxarod,arqeologebma ver moaswres) aRmoCenili, VII saukunis meorenaxevriTa da VIII saukunis pirveli naxevriT daTariRebuli, yalibSierTianad Camosxmuli brinjaos gulsakidi jvari, romelzec qristesjvarcmaa gamosaxuli. (tab. XI, 1)4

1 S. CarTolani, m. cindeliani, svaneTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2001

wlis savele muSaobis angariSi. inaxeba oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis

institutSi. gv. 3-6, tab. VIII-IV.

igi kerZo piris ezoSia da marto is monakveTia gaTxrili,sadac ezos mepatrone mSeneblobisaTvis miwis samuSaoebsawarmoebda.

2001 wels svaneTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam ecerissakrebulos sofel fxutrerSi gaTxara RvTismSobliseklesiis nangrevi, romlis qveS aRmoaCina ufro adreuli,sworkuTxa, uafsido eklesiis (6,40X5,90 m) naSTi (tab. XI,2), romelic Tanmxlebi masaliTa (xaliani mina, keramika) daxuroTmoZRvruli stiliT V saukuniT TariRdeba.1

svaneTSi mravladaa SemorCenili fxutreris analogiurioTxkuTxa, uafsido eklesiebi, romlebzedac SemdgomSidaSenebulia darbazuli tipis eklesiebi. pirvel sarTulzemoqceulma aRniSnulma eklesiebma am droidan dakargesTavdapirveli funqcia da saZvaleebad iqcnen. fxutrerissworkuTxa, uafsido eklesia, vfiqrobT, winamorbediasvaneTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidangavrcelebul darbazuli tipis eklesiisa, romelic gadaxuruliasayrden kamerebze dafuZnebuli naxevrad cilindruli TaRiT,sadac sakurTxevlis afsidi gamoweulia aRmosavleTiT dazogjer naxevarwris an mravalkuTxedis saxes iRebs. SedarebiTufro gviani xanis Zeglebze sakurTxevlis afsidi dafaruliaaRmosavleTis kedlis sisqeSi da ar arRvevs kedlis sibrtyes.amgvar nagebobebSi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis saerTo ganviTare-basTan SefardebiT, icvleboda proporciebi, kamarebis forma,kapitelis dekori da sxv.

fxutreris sworkuTxa, uafsido eklesia svaneTis adreSuasaukuneebis qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis tipur nimu-Sad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo msgavsi eklesiebis mSenebloba, 1 n. lomouri, egrisis samefos istoria, Tb., 1968, gv. 78.

2 s. janaSia, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1959, gv. 314; n. lomouri, saqarTvelosa da

bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi, Tb., 1989, gv. 81.3 Þ. Âîðîíîâ, Î. Áãàæáà, dasax. naSromi. gv. 98, tab. 113-28.4 r. xvistani, adre Suasaukuneebis mcire plastikis nimuSi svaneTidan,

saistorio Ziebani, 7, Tb., 2004, gv. 182-188.

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$10. kataulas wm. giorgis eklesia

kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiis restavraciissaproeqto samuSaoebisaTvis 2006 wlis zafxulSi warmoebuliarqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba mniSvnelovani SedegebiT damTavrda.1

Zeglma yuradReba jer kidev gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebisdasawyisSi miipyro sakurTxevelSi gamovlenil qvasvetis (stela)fragmentis gamo, romlis reliefuri dekori Seicavs religiur-simbolikur da wmida personaJebis gamosaxulebebs, saeroportretTa did raodenobas da Zvel qarTul (asomTavrul)warwerebs. garda imisa, rom stela reliefuri dekoriT, specifi-kuri dekoratiuli midgomiT, agreTve mkafiod gamokveTili stilisniSnebiTa da plastikuri metyvelebis originaluri intonaciiTgamorCeuli mxatvruli qmnilebaa, igi adre SuasaukuneebissaqarTvelos istoriis mWermetyveli sabuTicaa. stelisdaTariRebaSi mkvlevarebs Soris jer Tanxmoba miRweuli araa,misi qronologiuri CarCoebi VII saukunidan VIII-IX saukuneebismijnamde meryeobs.2

yovelive zemoTqmuli safuZvels iZleva eWvqveS dadgesspecialur literaturaSi damkvidrebuli erTgvari skefsisi,TiTqos mocemul regionSi qristianulma religiam adreSuasaukuneebis miwurulamde myarad ver gaidga fesvebi.

1 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos TanxmobiTa da saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa

dacvisa da sportis saministros nebarTviT Zeglis teritoriaze arqeologiuri

samuSaoebi awarmoa saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis

arqeologis institutis klasikuri da Suasaukuneebis seqtoris ufrosma

mecnier TanamSromelma rezo xvistanma.2 Ã.Í. ×óáèíàøâèëè, Âíîâü îòêðûòûé ïàìÿòíèê äðåâíåé êóëüòóðû (1924),Âîïðîñû èñòîðèè èñêóññòâà, Òá., gv. 140; g. CaCaniZe, grigol evpatosis Zegli,

saistorio moambe, I, Tb., 1925, gv. 261-263; a. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos Zveli

sakulto-memorialuri Zeglebi, 1949, gv. 1-12, xelnaweri; Ã.Í. ×óáèíàøâèëè,Õàíäèñè. I. 1972, gv. 102, 108; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi,I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada

n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1980, gv. 119-123; m. mgalobliSvili, kataulas wm. giorgis

eklesia, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis aRweriloba, Tb., 1990, gv.

168; Ê. Ìà÷àáåëè, Êàìåííûå êðåñòû Ãðóçèè, Òá., gv. 166-178; g. javaxiSvili,

adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 37-38.

8382

deg miwis zedapirze moixaza gverdiTa saTavsoebis Zlierdazianebuli, magram Zveli, SenarCunebuli Tavdapirveli kedlebisnaSTebi. gamovlenili taZris saxe aseTia: erTmaneTis gverdiTganlagebuli sami wagrZelebuli sadgomi (navi) erTmaneTTankarebiTaa dakavSirebuli, sadac Sua sadgomi danarCen orzeufro maRali da farToa. CrdiloeTis sadgomi or danarenzeramdenadme moklea da centraluri navis Crdilo-aRmosavleTkuTxeSi safexuradaa SeWrili (tab. XIII).

gareTa formebiTa da fasadze mkafiod gamovlenilsiluetiT eklesia bazilikas hgavs, magram sivrcis organi-zebiTa da konstruqciuli azriT, bazilikisagan sruliadgansxvavebulia. interierSi Sida sivrce kedlebiTaa dayo-fili sam nawilad, sam calke „eklesiad“, romlebic erTma-neTTan gasasvlelebiT arian dakavSirebuli.

gegmaSi sworkuTxedis formis mqone taZris (11,25X8,42m.) centraluri „eklesiis“ (8,42X5,72 m.) aRmosavleT nawilSinaxevarwriuli formis afsidia Cawerili. afsidis RerZzeTaRovani sarkmelia gaWrili, xolo CrdiloeTiT erTi niSi.sakurTxevlis sivrce farTo mxrebiTa da maTze dayrdnobiTinaxevarwriuli formis TaRiTaa gamoyofili. TaRi qviSaqvisimpostebs eyrdnoba, romelTa maRal tans ramdenadmewinwamoweuli Taro agvirgvinebs. kamaris Semsubuqebis mizniTkonqaSi kirxsnariT SeduRabebuli qvevria CaSenebuli.

ganaTebisaTvis, sakuTrxevlis sarkmlis garda, orisworkuTxa sarkmelia dasavleTiT da samxreTiT. konqica danaxearwriuli kamarac wvrili qviTaa amoyvanili kiris xsnarze.interierSi, gansakuTrebiT afsidaSi, romelic TavdapirveladSesalesad ar unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli, yuradRebasipyrobs wyobaSi cerad Casmuli mozrdili qvebis mwkrivebi,rac dekoratiul morTulobad aRiqmeba. rogorc Semorenilmoxatulobis fragmentebiT irkvea, mogvianebiT igi maincSeulesiaT. navSi („eklesiaSi“) ori arqitravuli Sesasvlelia_ samxreTi kedlis dasavleT monakveTSi da Crdilo kedlis

1 b. jorbenaZe, kavTisxevi, _ saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis

aRweriloba, Tb., 1990, gv. 150.

eklesia mdebareobs kaspis raionis sof. kavTisxevSi, md.kavTuras marjvena mxareze monaselianT ubanSi, mTa kataulassamxreT ferdze. monaselianT ubani arqeologiur rukaze 1963wels gamoCnda, md. kavTuras marcxena mxareze SemTxveviT aRmoCeniloTxkuTxa, mrgvalgumbaTovan gadaxurvis mqone saknisa (2,8X2,27X3 m) da dromosisagan (sigrZe _ 1,5 m, sigane _ 0,9-1,10 m.,simaRle _ 1 m.) Semdgar akldamis gamo, romlis kedlebi duRabzeaamoyvanili kldis qviTa da brtyeli aguriT, xolo kedlebi daiataki kiriTaa Selesili.

saknis kuTxeebSi 1,4 m. simaRleze aguriT isruli trom-pebia gadayvanili, romelTagan iwyeba aguris sferuli gadaxurva.dromosis SesasvlelTan orsafexuriani kibea SemorCenili.gumbaTs zemodan filaqvebi adevs, Semdeg qvis grova da miwayrili.

saknis samxreT da dasavleT kedlebis zeda nawilSidayolebulia SigniT daqanebuli Tixis milebi, romelTac gareTanawili yrud aqvT daxSuli. milebis daniSnuleba gaurkvevelia.

akldamaSi Zvlebi areulad eyara, rac imas adasturebs,rom igi adreve gauZarcvavT. akldamis arqiteqturas XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul-kaxeTis umravles nagebobaTaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli tipuri niSnebi axasiaTebs.1

arqeologiuri samuSaoebis dawyebamde kataulas wm.giorgis saxelobis eklesiis gegmis garCeva Zneli iyo, radganmisi gverdiTa saTavsoebi Camomxobil kedlebiT da niaRvrebismier Semotanil miwiTa da qva-RorRiT iyo amovsebuli, romelzecxeebi da ekal-bardi iyo amosuli. nagebobis irgvliv analogiurmasas erTi metridan ormetranaxevramde sisqis „fena“ hqondawarmoqmnili, niaRvris Semotanil qva-RorRisa da miwis sqelifeniT iyo dafaruli centraluri saTavsos iatakic.

Senobis teritoriis didi sifrTxiliT gawmendis Sem-

8584

aRmarTuli jvaria gamosaxuli, meoTxeze ki iseTive kvarcxlbekze,wreSi Casmuli varduli.1

CrdiloeTis navi („eklesia“) uafsidoa (6X2,5 m), romelicTiTqmis mTlianad dangreulia. igi pirdapir wyobiT ekvriscentraluri „eklesiis“ kedels. am ukanasknelze kamarisdasayrdnobad agebuli sammaliani TaRebia SemorCenili orisworkuTxovani burjiT (tab. XV,2). burjebi da TaRebinatexi qviTaa nawyobi. centralur „eklesiasTan“ damakavSi-rebeli karis arqitravuli Riobi TaRqveSaa moqceuli.

am saTavsoSi Sesasvleli mxolod centraluri „eklesiis“SigniTa sivrcidan, uSualod sakurTxevlis siaxlovidanaa, racalbaT imaze miuTiTebs, rom mas Tavdapirvelad sasamsaxurosaTavsos, saweso samoslisa da sxva inventaris sacavis (salaro)daniSnuleba unda hqonoda. mogvianebiT igi saZvaled gamouye-nebiaT. saTavsoSi uamravi Tavis qalebi da ConCxebi iyousistemod mimobneuli, rac misi adreve gaZarcvis niSania.saTavsos samxreT-dasavleT kuTxeSi filaqviT daxuruli oriormo-samarxi gaiwminda. ormoebi gaWrilia qva-RorRian niadagSi.ormos zomebia: 1,50X40. samarxebSi TiTo individia dakrZaluli,damarxvis wesi qristianulia. samarxebi uinventaroa.

saTavsos aRmosavleT nawilSi, Sesasvlelis win aRmoCndakapiteliani stelis fragmenti (svetis sigrZe _ 1,27 m;kapitelis gani _ 28 s; svetis gani _ 26 sm). kvarcnarevikirqvis oTxwaxnaga svetis kuTxis wiboebi, ceradaa CamoTlilida monacvleobiT sapirispirod mimarTuli „koncentrulirkalebis“ rigiTaa Semkuli. waxnagebis zedapiri e.w. „Tevzifxu-riT“ moCaroebul, araTanabar sworkuTxa arvebadaa dayofili,sadac xaliCiseburad dafarul dabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli,erTmaneTis Tavze vertikalurad ganlagebuli, mayureblisaken

1 Í. Àëàäàøâèëè, Ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿ ñêóëüïòóðà Ãðóçèè, Ì., 1977, ñ. 18,sur. 11.2 n. CubinaSvili, qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi, dm., #30, 1972, gv. 35.3 n. CubinaSvili, qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi, dm., #30, 1972, gv. 35.

aRmosavleT monakveTSi, afsidis moednis win.afsidis Tavdapirveli moedani SemdgomSi gadaukeTebiaT,

gaufarTovebiaT, win wamouweviaT da aumaRlebiaT. am drosdaufaravT Tavdapirvel kankelis(?) safuZvlis qva, romelzecqarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimotivi, wreSi Casmuli („bolnuri“), gverdigverd ganlagebuli,sami tolmklava jvaria amokveTili. pirveli jvari sammag wreSiaCasmuli. formiT igi mcxeTis jvris samxreTis Sesasvlelisreliefze da dmanisis stelaze gamosaxul jvrebis analogiuria.momdevno, kvarcxlbekze (orsafexurian sayrdenze _ bunze)aRmarTuli jvari naxevarwreSia Casmuli. mesame jvari sammagwreSia Casmuli, mis mklavebs Soris simetriuladaa moTavsebulivardulebi (tab. XII,2). aqve aRmoCnda afsidis gafarTovebisaskedelSi xurdad Catneuli adre Suasukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli,brtyeli, gverdebakecili kramitis natexebi.

gamovlenil reliefur jvarze gamosaxul vardulis Sesaxebunda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTul adreqristianul xelovnebaSivarduli reliefuri dekoris erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia.varduli, rogorc mnaTobis simbolo, gvxvdeba qristes da sxvawmindanebis gamosaxulebaTa fonze.1 vardulebi gvxvdebasimetriulad moTavsebuli jvris mklavebs Soris (xandisi, JaleTi,bolnisi), varduli stela _ jvris centrSi, mklavebis gadakveTisadgilas (axali-gora, bolnisi).2 bolos varduli xdeba TviTjvris eqvivalenti da xSirad iseve gvxvdeba kvarcxlbekzeaRmarTuli, an ayvavebuli rtoebiT iseve Semkuli, rogorc jvrisgamosaxuleba. mag., saTxis eklesiis erT-erT stelaze or gverdzejvris gamosaxulebaa, orze ki rtoebs Soris moTavsebuli ormagivardulisa,3 an kidev dmanisis qva-jvarze, sam gverdze kvarcxlbekze

1 v. jafariZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo

qarTlidan, Tb., 1982, gv. 104, tab. LIX.

8786

Ria cis qveS, xSirad eklesiis gverdiT aRmosavleT mxaresidgmeboda.1 V-VII saukuneebSi stela-jvrebis intensiuriaRmarTva, sxva mosazrebiT, iranis mier ZaliT Tavs moxveulzoroastrizmTan brZolas ukavSirdeba.2

samxreTis afsidiani „eklesiac (8,42X2,87 m.) dangre-ulia. naliseburi afsidis centrze maRali da viwro niSia,romlis Taroze mrgvali formis momwvano feris brtyeli,oTxkuTxa fosoiani qva devs, romelic SesaZloa jvrissafuZveli iyos. afsidis moedani waSlilia gviandeli ormosa-marxebis mier. taZarSi erTaderTi Sesasvleli saTavsossamxreTi kedlis dasavleT monakveTSia. Crdilo mxareze, kamarisdasayrdnobad, aqac ori sworkuTxa burjiT sammaliani TaRediapirdapiri wyobiT mikruli centraluri „eklesiis“ samxreTkedelze (tab. XV, 3).

eklesiis sqeli kedlebi sxvadasxva zomis tlanqaddamuSavebuliqviTaa naSeni kiris xsnarze. wvrili qvis gverdiTgvxvdeba didi lodebic. kargad gaTlili kvadrebi, romelsacmwvane feris qvac urevia, mxolod kuTxeebis, TaRebisa dasarkmelebisaTvisaa naxmari. nagebobas samkaulebi ara aqvs.nagebobis mxatvrul efeqts fasadze sxvadasxva zomisa daferis qvebis monacvleoba aZlierebs. Senobis aRmosavleTi kedelipirdapiri wyobiT ekvris sagangebod vertikalurad CaWrilferds, ris Sedegadac aRmosavleTis fasadi miwis zedapiridangacilebiT dabalia, vidre dasavleTisa. amgvari gadawyvetiTnageboba bunebis silamazesTanaa Serwymuli. (tab. XV)

gaTxrebma gamoavlina samSeneblo (brtyeli, gverdebakecili,wiTlad moxatuli da mouxatavi kramiti) da samzareulo(mouWiqavi da moWiquli WurWeli) keramikis, agreTve minisWurWlis mravalricxovani fragmentebi (aRniSnuli masala

momzirali, brtyeli, TiTqmis usxeulo wmida personaJebi dasaero portretebi, agreTve religiur-simbolikurigamosaxulebebia. wmida personaJebisa da saero portretebisfonis Tavisufal adgilebSi amoRarulia asomTavruliwarwerebi, sadac ucnobi istoriuli pirebia moxseniebuli(sur. 3). saero portretebis, religiur-simbolikuri gamosaxu-lebebis, wminda personaJebisa da ZvelqarTul (asomTavrul)warwerebis Semcveli stelis reliefuri dekoris Seswavla,romelic mravalgvari informaciis wyaroa, vfiqrobT, adreSuasaukuneebis saqarTvelos sulieri da socialuri cxovrebismraval sakiTxs mofens Suqs. misi xaliCiseburad dafarulidabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli plastikuri gamosaxulebebi,CarCoebis grafikuli ornamenti da gansakuTrebuli xatovanimetyvelebiT Sesrulebuli reliefuri saxeebis kveTis maneraamave eklesiis sakurTxevelSi adre aRmoCenil stelisfragmentis grafikuli ornamentisa da reliefuri saxeebiskveTis maneris analogiuria. erTmaneTs emTxveva maTi zomebi,qvis jiSi da maTi SeerTebis adgilze gasamagrebeli solisaTvisamokveTili fosoebis zomebic. aSkaraa, rom isini erTi stelisnawilebia da erTi ostatis naxelavia. axladdaRmoCenil stelisfragmentze arsebuli warwerebis Seswavla uTuod met sicxadesSeitans stelis TariRSi, agreTve xelovnebaTmcodneebssaSualebas miscems gaarkvion stelaze gamosaxul pirovnebaTaurTierTdamokidebuleba, bolomde gaxsnan Zeglis mxatvrul-ideuri arsi, siRrmiseulad Caswvdnen ikonografiul sqemasda srulyofilad amoxsnan misi erTiani dekoratiuli sistema(stelis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi da warwerebi calkegamoqveyndeba).

varaudoben, rom saqarTveloSi adreuli xanis qristia-nuli, qvisgan gamokveTili sakulto Zeglebis-stelebisaRmarTvis Cveuleba qristianobis gavrcelebis droidanmomdinareobs da Tavdapirvelad axali sarwmunoebis,qristianobis aRiarebas _ naTelRebas gamoxatavda. stelebi

1 g. javaxiSvili, miT. naSromi, gv. 5.2 n. CubinaSvili, qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi. dm., #30, 1972, gv. 47.

8988

„profiliT“ igi ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi samnavianibazilikisagan, magram SigniT navebi erTmaneTisagan boZebiT kiar aris gayofili, aramed kedlebiTaa gaTiSuli, e.i. arsebiTad,aq erT SenobaSi gaerTianebuli sami damoukidebeli samloc-veloa.

am tipis sakulto nagebobebis zogadi genezisi, gavrce-lebis diapazoni da qronologiis sakiTxebi specialur samec-niero literaturaSi sakmaod kargadaa garkveuli. bazilikises tipi sxva qveynebSic gvxvdeba, magram am taZrebma CvenSisaintereso evolucia ganicades, wminda qarTuli warmomavlobisgansazRvrul damoukidebel tipad Camoyalibdnen da mxatvruladdasrulebuli nawarmoebis saxe miiRes.1

saqarTveloSi „sameklesiiani bazilikebis“ SemoqmedebiTiganviTarebis safuZvlad kaxeTia miCneuli, sadac am tipis oraTeulamde Zeglia Semonaxuli, Tumca am saerToqarTulikulturuli movlenis amsaxveli Zeglebi qarTlsa daafxazeTSic mravlad SemogvrCa. mkvlevarTa azriT, „sameklesiianibazilikis“ warmoSoba dRis ganmavlobaSi wirvis ramdenimejergadaxdisa da yoveli wirvisTvis calke sakurTxevlis qonisaucileblobam ganapiroba.2

am saxis Zeglebis uZveles nimuSebs, romlebic VI s-is Suawlebs miekuTvnebian elementaruli aRnagoba aqvT: erTimeorisgverdiT ganlagebul sam wagrZelebul sadgoms erTmaneTTan karebiakavSirebs. Sua sadgomi gverdiTebze maRali da farToa, risgamoc Senobas garedan namdvili bazilikis ieri aqvs. VII saukunidan,roca axali praqtikuli moTxovnilebebi gaCnda, mxatvruli

1 m. margvelaSvili, qalaqi Jinvali, sakandidato disertaciis avtoreferati,

Tb., 199, gv. 8.2 T. Ciqovani, xaro _ miwisqveSa saidumlo sacavi, Ziebani, #13-14, Tb., 2004,

gv. 155.

calke gamoqveyndeba), romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom eklesiaaSenebis droidan uwyvetad funqcionirebda gvian Suasaukunee-bamde (XVII-XVIII ss.).

eklesiis irgvliv samarovania, romlis nawili, samwu-xarod, restavraciisaTvis warmoebul miwis samuSaoebisasgaanadgures (TaRovani akldama, qvayuTebi), nawili gadarCe-nilia.

eklesiidan 150 metris daSorebiT, samxreT mxareze, ferdze,eqspediciam gamoavlina miwisqveSa nageboba _ xaro. qviTkiriTamogebuli xaro yelisaken viwrovdeba. igi TiTqmis bolomdeaamovsebuli miwiTa da qva-RorRiT.

marcvleulis saidumlo sacavi miwisqveSa nageboba _xaro, arqeologiurad awyuris antikuri xanisa da JinvalisnaqalaqarSia mikvleuli.1 eTnografiuli monacemebiT, xarosgavrcelebis umTavres keras aRmosavleT saqarTvelo warmoad-genda da ZiriTadad memindvreobis iseTi centrebisaTvis iyodamaxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa qiziyi, Sida da qvemo qarTli dasamcxe-javaxeTi.2

kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia warmoadgensugumbaTo taZris nairsaxeobas, adre Suasaukuneebis e.w.„sameklesiiani bazilikis“ martiv variants. saqarTvelosadreuli Suasaukuneebis sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba (IVsaukunidan VII saukunis Sua wlebamde), romelic nawilobrivemTxveva evropuli da winaaRmosavluri xelovnebis e.w.„Zvelqristianul xanas“, qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRv-rebis pirveli ayvavebis xanaa. aRniSnul xanaSi saqarTveloSiSemuSavda bazilikis Taviseburi varianti, romelsac qarTvelmamecnierebma „sameklesiiani bazilika“ uwodes. garedan Tavisi

1 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Öåðêîâü áëèç ñåë. Áîëíèñ – Êàïàíà÷êè, Õðèñòè-àíñêèé âîñòîê, ò. 5, âûï. 3, Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916, gv. 67; g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli

xelovnebis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1936, gv. 65-66; ×óáèíøâèëè Ã.Í. ÀðõèòåêòóðàÊàõåòèûé, òåêñò, Òá., 1959, gv. 141.3 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1973, gv. 25.

9190

ss.)1 da gagris (VI s.)2 sameklesiiani bazilikebis msgavsad,aqac ar aris SemaerTebeli nawili ganapira eklesiebs Soris,ar aris Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan, romlebic am tipisSenobebSi mxolod VII saukunidan, axali moTxovnilebebisgamo (roca ritualisaTvis saWiro sadiakvne da samkveTlogamoyves) Cndeba.3

amrigad, xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT kataulaswm. giorgis eklesiis arqiteqtura VI-VII saukuneebsukavSirdeba. „sameklesiiani bazilikebis“ pirveli nimuSebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli martivi kompozicia (Senobis dominantis,ganapira „eklesiebis“ SemaerTebeli galereisa da mrgval TaRebzedayrdnobil Ria Sesasvlelebis ar arseboba), stilisturiniSnebi, samSeneblo teqnika, arsebuli paralelebi daarqeologiuri masala (samSeneblo keramika, reliefuri jvrebi)myar safuZvels iZleva kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobiseklesiis aSenebis drod VI-VII saukuneebis mijna miviCnioT.

1 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Àðõèòåêòóðà Êàõåòèûé, gv. 159, 161.2 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Àðõèòåêòóðà Êàõåòèûé, gv. 160, 161.

amocanebic ufro mkafiod Camoyalibda, sameklesiiani bazilikebistipi TandaTan garTulda, kompoziciurad ufro mTliani daSekruli gaxda; gverdiTa navebi erTmaneTs dasavleTis SemaerTebeligalereiT daukavSirda. am galereidanaa Sesasvleli Sua eklesiaSi(navSi), romelic nagebobis dominantis mniSvnelobas iZens. calkegamoiyo ritualisTvis saWiro sadiakvne da samkveTlo. gaCndaaxali motivi _ mrgval TaRebze dayrdnobili, gverdiTa eklesiebisor an samTaRiani Ria Sesasvlelebi. bazilikis es Taviseburivarianti arsebobas X s-mde ganagrZobs.

katulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia aRnagobiTsaqarTveloSi gavrcelebul „sameklesiiani bazilikebis“ pirvelinimuSebis msgavsia. aq ar aris dasavleTis SemaerTebeli nawiliganapira eklesiebs Soris, ar aris Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan.kataulas wm. giorgis adreulobaze metyvelebs aq gamovleniliqarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimotivi _ wreSi Casmuli (bolnuri) tolmklava jvrebi. eklesiakompoziciur msgavsebas avlens kaxeTis zogierT ZeglTan, magaliTad,bolnisxevis wm. evstates eklesiasTan gremTan da vazisubnis„samkarian“ eklesiasTan. es Zeglebi VI s-iT TariRdeba.1

kataulas wm. giorgis „sameklesiiani bazilikis“CrdiloeTis „eklesiis“ oTxkuTxa formis absidis msgavsiabsidebi gvxvdeba kondamianis, veliscixis, oTaraanis, vazisubnis,Sildis da sabuis „sameklesiian bazilikebSi“, absidis oTxkuTxaformas g. CubinaSvili „sameklesiiani bazilikebis“ TandaTanobiTiganviTarebis etapad Tvlis.2

stilisturi niSnebiT kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobiseklesia sameklesiiani bazilikis martiv variants warmoadgens.taZris saxe jer kidev mxatvrulad SeumuSavebelia daarqaulobis aSkara xasiaTs atarebs. qvemo bolnisisa (V-VI

1 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Öåðêîâ áëèç ñåëåíèÿ, gv. 107, 115; v. beriZe, Zveli

qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 94.2 i. berZeniSvili, afxazeTis „sameklesiiani bazilikebi“, marTlmadideb-

loba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005, gv.

57.3 g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 66; misive, ÀðõèòåêòóðàÊàõåòèûé, gv. 141.

9392

sworad iqnes gamoyenebuli, aucilebelia maTi Sejereba-dakavSireba realur arqiteqturul ZeglebTan, im samonastronagebobebTan, romlebic axla arsebobs nawarmoebSi dasaxelebulpunqtebSi. mkvlevars arc Tu ise xSirad eZlea SemTxvevaarqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi daazustos da ganamtkicoswerilobiTi wyaros monacemebis meSveobiT. bunebrivia, yoveliaseTi iRbliani SesaZlebloba maqsimalur gamoyenebas saWiroebs.

aRniSnuli wyaros mixedviT, rodesac wm. mama ioanezedaznelma igrZno aRsasrulis moaxloveba „mouwoda mowafeTaTvisTa romelTame, da elias diakonsa da TaTas, romelsaaReSena monasteri queSe kerZo mTasa mis da imyofeboda misSina ZmaTa Tana mravalTa, mis mier SekrebilTa, monastersamas Sina“.1 amave wyaros mixedviT, wm. ioane zedazneligardacvalebis Semdeg pirvelad am eklesiaSi dausvenebiaT _„da mowiwebiT warmgragnelTa sxeulisa misaTa warixunes igimonastersa TaTas mier (mowafisa misisa) aRSenebulsa dalarnakisa moqmedTa mis Sina daesxnes patiosanni nawilnimisni“.2 SemdegSi wm. mama Tavis samyofel adgilas iqnagadasvenebuli, sadac axla aris zedaznis monasteri _ „xoloSemdgomad aRyvanebisa nawilTa misTasa dacxra Zerai, romeliyo monastersa mis Sina TaTaisa“.3

rogorc aRniSnuli teqstidan Cans, TaTa stefanwmin-delis mier agebuli taZari mdebareobda zedaznis mTis ferdze,ioane zedaznelis monastris qvemoT. miTiTebul teritoriaze(dRevandeli saguramos zemoT, zedaznis monastrisaken mimavaligzis marjvena mxares, mTa zedazenis ferdze, tyeSi) ramdenimeeklesiaa SemorCenili, romelTa Soris mxolod qasuri wm.

1 saxelwodeba „qasuri“ momdinareobs qvis im jiSis saxelisagan, romlis

kargad gaTlili kvadrebisaganacaa aSenebuli taZari.2 qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 207-209; asurel mamaTa cxovrebis

wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, Tb., 1963, gv. 98; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, wigni III, Tb., 1971, gv. 83-107; d. merkvilaZe, asureli

mamebi (VI saukunis sirieli moRvaweni saqarTveloSi), wigni I, Tb., 2006, gv.

189-194.

$11. saguramos qasuri wm. giorgis sameklesiianib azilik a

asureli mamis, ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis mixedviTsaguramos qasuri1 wm. giorgis samonastro eklesia daarsebuliaVI saukuneSi moRvawe asureli mamis ioane zedaznelis mowafis,TaTa stefanwmindelis mier, ioane zedaznelis sicocxlisperiodSive.2

unda aRiniSnos, rom asurel mamaTa cxovrebis wignebiqarTuli literaturis im ZeglTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTamniSvnelobac marto mxatvruli RirebulebebiT ar Semoifar-gleba. es SesaniSnavi nawarmoebebi uzarmazar informaciasSeicaven VI saukunis saqarTvelos kulturuli, politikuriTu socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb da fasdaudebel wyaroswarmoadgenen rogorc zogadi istoriis, ise kulturisa dayofis sxvadasxva sferoebis istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRniSnul TxzulebebSimravlad daculi cnobebi asurel mamaTa da maTi mowafeebisiniciativiT gaSlil samonastro mSeneblobis Taobaze. isinisaSualebas gvaZleven ara mxolod warmovidginoT ammSeneblobis masStabebi, xasiaTi da materialuri pirobebi,aramed sakmaod zustad ganvsazRvroT calkeuli monastrisdaarsebis droc.

imisaTvis, rom aRniSnul TxzulebebSi daculi cnobebi

1 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli..., gv. 95; asurel mamaTa cxovrebis wignTa...,

gv. 108.2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli..., gv. 101; asurel mamaTa cxovrebis

wignTa..., gv. 75.3 d. merkvilaZe, asureli mamebi..., gv. 189; qarTlis cxorveba, t. I, gv. 208.

9594

datanili.mimdinare saproeqto samuSaoebisaTvis gaTxrilma

arqeologiurma Surfebma mTlianad Secvales taZris aqamdecnobili gegma. eklesiis Crdilo navis Crdilo kedelTangaTxrilma Surfma mTavari navis kamaris gaswvriv gamoavlinamanamde uxilavi, kvadratul bazaze mdgari qvis sveti, romlisdiametri 70 santimetria. am svetidan, romelic Tavis Tavdapir-vel adgilze mdebareobs, TaRebi gadadioda rogorc aRmosav-leTiT samkveTlos Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxesTan, ise dasav-leTiT.

samxreTis navis samxreTis kedelTan, iq, sadac n. severovisgegmaze aRniSnulia kvadratuli gegmis burjze dayrdnobiliori TaRi, burjis nacvlad Surfma 2 metri sigrZis kedeligamoavlina. aqve gamoavlinda aRmosavleTi TaRis aRmosavleTikapitelis fragmenti _ Sverilprofiliani Taro.

arqeologiurma Surfebma srulyofilad gamoavlina ekle-siis xuroTmoZRvruli forma. (tab. XVIII) taZari warmoad-gens sameklesiian bazilikas, romlis mTavar, Sua navis grZivkedelze wyvil-wyvili pilastria, romelic darbazs or TanabarmonakveTad yofs. pilastrebi erTsafexuriania. erTsafexurianikuTxiTaa navisagan gamoyofili afsidic, romlis aRmosavleTkedelSi sarkmelia gaWrili. afsids samxreT mxareze oTxkuTxaniSi aqvs. Crdilo navis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi calkesaTavsoa gamoyofili, romelic warmoadgens centraluri navissamkveTlos. samkveTlos Sesasvleli mxolod centralurinavis afsidis kuTxidanaa. samkveTlos aRmosavleT kedelSisarkmelia, samxreT kedelSi ki sworkuTxa niSi. Crdilo navisSesasvleli gaformebulia mrgval svetze dayrdnobili origanieri TaRiT.

samxreTis navis samxreTi kedeli agreTve gaformebuliaori ganieri TaRiT, romelTa Soris mogZro kedelia. navsaRmosavleTidan sarkmeli ar gaaCnia (tab. XIX).

rogorc aRvniSneT, qasuri wm. giorgis eklesia warmoadgens

1 g. pataSuri, qasuri wm. giorgis eklesia (saxelovnebaTmcodneo daskvna),

xelnaweri, Tb., 2008.2 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Àðõèòåêòóðà Êàõåòèûé, òåêñò, Òá., 1959, gv. 204.

giorgis eklesiaa am periodis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaferisi.saguramos qasuri wm. giorgis sameklesiiani bazilikis

gegma da aRmosavleTis fasadis sqema, jer kidev 1922 welsaqvs Sesrulebuli arqiteqtor n. severovs (tab. XVII). taZariam drosac dangreuli yofila, Tumca jer kidev SemorCeniliyofila taZris mTavari navis karnizi, aRmosavleTis sarkmlisTavsarTi, kapitelebi da warweriani qva.1 adgilobrivi mosax-leobis gadmocemiT, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSikomunistebis mier organizebul antiqristianuli moZraobisdros qasuri wm. giorgis eklesiis SemorCenili kedlebisaTvisTiTqmis mTlianad SemoucliaT qvis kargad gaTlili didikvadrebi da Zegli duRabis amara dautovebiaT. am qvebiTaxlomdebare axalsofelSi sacxovrebeli saxli auSenebiaT,romelic axlac dgas.

qasuri wm. giorgis sameklesiiani bazilikis aRwera daanalizi gamoqveynebuli aqvs akad. g. CubinaSvils Tavisfundamentur naSromebSi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb,sadac moZebnilia Zeglis adgili VI saukunis saqarTvelosbazilikebs Soris.2

saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportissaministros mier qasuri wm. giorgis eklesiis sarestavra-cio proeqtisaTvis gamocxadebul tenderSi gamarjvebulmaarasamewarmeo, arakomerciulma iuridiulma pirma „dro damemkvidreobam“ 2008 wlis ivnisSi dagvavala arqeologiuriSurfebiT dagvezusta is uxilavi detalebi (eklesiis ganapiraCrdiloeTi kuTxe, karis wirTxlebi, afsidis kuTxe, zRurblisqvebi da sxv.), romlebic 1922 welsac nangrevSi iyo moyolili,ar Canda da amitomac n. severovis gegmaze punqtiriTaa

9796

samxreTis navebSi aRmosavleTiT sarkmelebi ar gaaCniaT. qasurismsgavsad kondamianis Crdilo navis aRmosavleT nawilSi samkveT-loa gamoyofili, romelsac qasurisagan gansxvavebiT, Sesasvleliimave navidan aqvs. CrdiloeTis kedeli aq gaformebuliakvadratuli gegmis burjze gadayvanili ori TaRiT, romlidanacaRmosavleTis TaRi pirdapir eyrdnoba samkveTlos Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxes da qasuris msgavsad kedlis wyobaSi Sedis.

qasuri wm. giorgis msgavsad samkveTlos calke gamo-yofa damaxasiaTebelia VI-VII saukuneebis kaxeTis xuroT-moZRvrebisaTvis (ruispirisa da kondamianis sameklesiianibazilikebi, zegaanis yvelawminda). amave periodis kaxeTisxuroTmoZRvrebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli qasuris msgavsiganieri pilastrebi (wm. stefanes eklesia iyalToSi, ruispiri).VI-VII saukuneebis saqarTvelos yvela sameklesiiani bazili-kisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli Sesasvlelebis ganieri TaRebiTgaformeba, sadac TaRebis sabrjenad zogan kvadratuli gegmisburjebs iyeneben, zogan ki qasuris msgavs masiur svetebs.aseTi Zeglebi gvxvdeba rogorc qarTlSi, ise kaxeTSi. qasuriwm. giorgi am mxriv axlos dgas qarTlis ZeglebTan (qvemobolnisi, vanaTi). samSeneblo masaliTa da mSeneblobis teqnikiT(qvis sufTad gaTlili mozrdili kvadrebis swori rigebi)qasuri agreTve qarTlis ZeglebTan avlens msgavsebas (mcxeTiswm. jvris taZari).

amgvarad, qarTlisa da kaxeTis sazRvarze mdebare qasuriwm. giorgis eklesia arqiteqturuli formebiTa da proporcie-biT kaxeTis ZeglebTan dgas axlos, samSeneblo masaliTa damSeneblobis teqnikiT ki qarTlis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan.moxmobili paralelebiTa da werilobiTi wyaroebiT qasuriwm. giorgi VI saukunis Zeglia.

1 ×óáèíaøâèëè Ã.Í. Àðõèòåêòóðà Êàõåòèûé, gv. 213.2 Ð. Ìåôèñàøâèëè, Â. Öèíöàäçå, Àðõèòåêòóðà íàãîðíîé ÷àñòè èñòîðè-÷åñêîé ïðîâèåíöèè Ãðóçèè-Øèäà Êàðòëè, Òá., 1975, gv. 30; ×óáèía-øâèëè Í.Ã. Øàøèàíñêèå Ñàìåáà, Äîêëàä íà VI-ì ìåæäóíàðîäíîìñèìïîçèóìå ïî Ãðóçèíñêîìó èñêóññòâó, Òá., 1983, gv. 7-9.1 g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 63.

adre SuasaukuneebSi saqarTveloSi SemuSavebul ugumbaTo taZrisnairsaxeobas, erT SenobaSi gaerTianebul sam damoukidebelsamlocvelos. msgavs eklesiebs akademikosma g. CubinaSvilma„sameklesiiani bazilikebi“ uwoda.1 bazilikis es tipi sxvaqveynebSic gvxvdeba, magram am taZrebma saqarTveloSi sainteresoevolucia ganicades da wmida qarTuli warmomavlobis gansa-zRvrul damoukidebel ti pad Camoyalibdnen. zogierTimkvlevari msgavs taZrebs „garSemosavlelian darbazul eklesi-ebsac“ uwodebs.2

qasuri wm. giorgis eklesia „sameklesian bazilikis“xangrZlivi ganviTarebis im etapis Zeglia, roca gverdiTa,Crdilo da samxreT eklesiebs kamarebiani stoebis (Sesasv-lelebis) xasiaTi aqvT miRebuli. centralur eklesiaSi erTiSesasvlelis nacvlad keTdeba ori Sesasvleli samxreTidanda CrdiloeTidan. amave periodSi Crdilo eklesiis aRmosavleTnawilSi gamoiyofa calke oTaxi, romelsac centralurieklesiis samkveTlos daniSnuleba aqvs. erTi sityviT,sameklesiiani bazilikis ganviTarebis am etapze (VI s.) gverdiTa,Crdilo da samxreTi eklesiebis mTavar, centraluri eklesii-saTvis damatebiT Semosasvlelis, stoas funqcias asruleben,isini jer kidev ar arian damoukidebeli, calke eklesiebi.3 g.CubinaSvilma saguramos qasuri wm. giorgis uaxloesparalelebad kaxeTis Zeglebi _ kondamianisa da ruispirissameklesiiani bazilikebi miiCnia, romlebic VI saukuniTTariRdebian. marTlac, qasuri wm. giorgis msgavsad am eklesiebs

9998

samkuTxedis formis boloebis mqone kramitebi, romelTaCaRrmavebul samkuTxedebSi moqceulia erTmaneTis pirispirmdgomi irmebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi.1

Tavisi mdebareobiTa da xuroTmoZRvruli ieriT foTole-Tis eklesia miCneulia grigol xanZTelis mowafis _ qristefo-res mier IX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi daarsebul kvirikewmidismonastrad.2 rogorc „grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan“ vigebT,qristefore grigol xanZTelis uaxloesi mowafe iyo da mxarSiedga Tavis moZRvars misi saqmianobis pirvelive dReebidan.VIII saukunis miwuruls igi Tevdoresa da sabasTan erTad, Tanaxlda grigols klarjeTSi mogzaurobisas.3 SemdgomSiqristefore qarTlSi, samcxis mosazRvre mxareSi, aarsebskvirikewmidis monasters.4

foToleTis monasteri mdebareobs borjomis raionSi,axaldabis samxreTiT 5 kilometris manZilze, mTis odnavgavakebul ferdze, foToleTad wodebul tyeSi. samonastronagebobebidan zedapirulad mxolod „sameklesiiani“ bazilikisnangrevia SemorCenili. eklesia nagebia uxeSad damuSavebulisxvadasxva zomis qvebiT, romlebic mxolod piris mxridanaamosworebuli, pilastrebisa da RiobTa wirTxlebisaTvis didizomis wesierad gaTlili qvebia naxmari. rigebis horizon-taloba alag-alagaa daculi.

eklesiis Sua, ZiriTadi sivrce CrdiloeTidan, dasav-leTidan da samxreTidan erTiani sammxrivi garSemosavleTiTaa

1 d. xoStaria, kvirikewmidis mdebareobis sakiTxisaTvis, macne-istoriis,

eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, Tb., 1985, #1, gv. 78, sqolio

28.2 d. xoStaria, kvirikewmidis mdebareobis..., gv. 82.3 Ã. Ìåð÷óë, Æèòèå ñâ. Ãðèãîðèÿ Õàíçèéñêîãî, Ãðóçèíñêèé òåêñò,ââåäåíèå, èçäàíèå, ïåðåâîä Í. Ìàððà, ñ äíåâíèêîì íîåçäêè â Øàâèøè Êëàðäæèþ, Ñ-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1911, gv. 3.4 Ã. Ìåð÷óë, Æèòèå..., gv. lv.

$12. foToleTis eklesia

restavraciis saproeqto samuSaoebisaTvis aucilebeliarqeologiuri gaTxrebi foToleTis eklesiis SenobisnangrevebSi 2007-2008 wlebSi Catarda. gaTxrebs 2007 welsxelmZRvanelobda r. davlianiZe, 2008 wels ki am striqonebisavtori.

Semowmda miwiTa da nangrevebiT dafaruli nagebobisSemorCenili kedlebi da saZirkvlebi. gamovlenil iqnaTavdapirveli nagebobis gegma da zogierTi arqiteqturulidetali. dadginda Zeglis samSeneblo doneebi, dazustda ZeglisTavdapirveli saxiT aRdgenisaTvis saWiro sakiTxebi.

eklesiis Crdilo garSemosavlelSi (samkvTlos dasavleTiT,kedlis ZirSi) 2008 wlis gaTxrebma gamoavlina akldama, romelsacduRabze amoyvanili qvis kedelebi aqvs. akldamis saxurav qvisfilaze Sereuli, nusxuri da mxedruli nakawri warwerebia.sxvadasxva periodis warwerebi jerjerobiT Seswavlis procesSia.agreTve gamovlinda samSeneblo (kramitebi, maT Soris irmebisreliefuri gamosaxulebebiT), sameurneo (qvevrebi, Tixis milebi)da samzareulo keramika. dasavleTis garSemosavlelSi qvevrebTanaRmoCenili Tixis milebi frgmentebi gvafiqrebineben, rom yurZnisdawuruli wveni am milebiT qvevrebSi Caedineboda.1

foToleTis eklesiis SenobaSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi1939 welsac Catarda siZveleTa komitetis mier. gaTxrebsxelmZRvanelobdnen r. mefisaSvili da z. maisuraZe. sworedmaSin gamovlinda X saukuniT daTariRebuli SesaniSnavi kankeli2

da karnizis dekoratiuli morTulobisaTvis gankuTvnili

1 r. xvistani, foToleTis wm. kvirikes eklesiis SenobaSi 2008 wlis

ivnisSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSi, gv. 4.2 Ð. Øìåpëèíã, Ìàëûå ôîðìû â àðõèòåêòóðå cðåäíåâeêîâîé Ãðóçèè,Òá., 1662, gv. 53-54.

101100

foToleTis sameklesiiani bazilikis mxatvruli saxisSeqmnaSi did rols asrulebs saSeni masala _ muqi moyavisfro-vardisferi Txeli Sreebisagan Semdgari qvis jiSi, romlis gaSlilzedapirze paraleluri xazebiT lamazi `naxatebia“ Seqmnili.

foToleTis sameklesiiani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliagarSemosavlelis gamoyofa TaRebis meSveobiT, rac borjomisxeobis IX saukunis Suaxanebis TiTqmis yvela eklesias (neZvi,CiTaxevi, likani) axasiaTebs. borjomis xeobis am periodiseklesiebisaTvis, foToleTis eklesiis msgavsad, agreTvedamaxasiaTebelia sisadave, lakonuroba da samkaulebis nakleboba.gardamavali xanis saqarTvelos eklesiebs saerTod axasiaTebTugumbaTo sivrcis mZlavri pilastrebiTa da kedlis TaRebismeSveobiT gaformeba, Sereuli masala (Tlili qva _ pilastrebisada wirTxlebisaTvis, uxeSad natexi qva _ Senobis yvela danarCeninawilisaTvis) da samkaulebis uqonloba, risi magaliTicfoToleTis sameklesian bazilikaSi gvaqvs. swored am xanisZeglebi mohyavT mkvlevarebs foToleTis eklesiis paralelebad.1

arqeologiuri masalis, werilobiTi wyaroebis xuroT-moZRvruli niSnebisa da CamoTvlil Taviseburebebidangamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom foToleTis samekle-siiani bazilika agebulia IX saukunis I naxevrSi.

arqeologiuri monacemebiT foToleTis eklesia XVIsaukunis dasasruls wyvets funqcionirebas da ukacriel-deba. albaT, am dros mieca daviwyebas taZris Zveli saxel-wodebac. rogorc cnobilia, Znelbedobis gamo, gvian Suasau-kuneebSi es regioni TiTqmis mTlianad icleba. „gurjistanisvilaieTis didi davTaris“ mixedviT, borjomis xeobaSi 1595wels mxolod 8 daucleli sofelia darCenili 37 komliT,sadac mosaxleoba 100-150 kacs ar aRemateba.2

1 d. xoStaria, kvirikewmidis mdebareobis..., gv. 85.2 d. xoStaria, miTiT. lit. gv. 82, sqlio 46.

garSemortymuli. Crdilo frTis aRmosavleT nawilSi kedliTgamoyofilia calke saTavso _ samkveTlo. sameklesiianibazilikis Sua, centraluri eklesia samxreT da dasavleTgarSemosavleTan ori kariTaa dakavSirebuli. TiTo kariTaaagreTve dakavSirebuli Crdilo da centralur navebTansamkveTloc.

Sua navis gagrZelebaze garSemosavlelis dasavleTi nawiliori TaRiTaa gamoyofili, romlebic warmoadgendnen garSemosav-lelis grZivi da ganivi monakveTebis kamaraTa sazRvrebs.maTi saSualebiT taZris dasavleTi nawili gamocalkevebuliada igi narTeqsis funqcias iZens, saidanac SeiZleba centralur,agreTve gverdiTa eklesiebSi Sesvla.

centraluri navi aRmosavleT mxareze Rrma sakurTxevlisabsidiTaa daboloebuli. navs or Tanabar monakveTad yofssada moyvanilobis calsafexuriani pilastrebis wyvili.pilastrebs eyrdnoboda sabrjeni TaRebi, romlebic axlasaxuravianadaa Camongreuli. samive navis afsidaSi sarkmelebiSemorCenilia (tab. XX).

reliefiani kramitebis garda, romlis nimuSebi 1939wlisa da 2008 wlis gaTxrebis Sedegad iqna mopovebuli,eklesias sxva Semkuloba ara aqvs. eklesiis aRmosavleTisfasadze, sarkmlis Tavze, r. Smerlings aRwerili aqvs qvazeamokveTili martivi formis orqanobiani TavsarTi, romelicamJamad ar ikiTxeba. aRniSnul avtors es TavsarTi ubisistaZris sarkmlis analogiuri samkaulis paralelad mohyavs.1

rogorc cnobilia, ube (axlandeli ubisi), `afxazTa“ mefisdemetres TxovniTa da materialuri xelSewyobiT TviT grigolxanZTelma daarsa IX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasasruls.2

1 Ð. Øìåpëèíã, Ê âîïðîìó äàòèðîâêè xðàìà Óáèñè. Ñîîáùåíèÿ ÀÍÃÑÑÐ, ò. 6, ¹2, Òá., 1955, gv. 127.2 Ã. Ìåð÷óë, Æèòèå..., gv. kg.

103102

nagebobis naSTi (31X11m.), romlis kedlebi mSralad, uduRabodaa

nagebi uxeSad damuSavebuli lodebiT. samwuxarod, eqspediciam

ver moaswro md. gvandris saTaveebis Semowmeba, sadac,

adgilobrivebis gadmocemiT, analogiuri nagebobebis naSTebia

SemorCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave regionSi, kerZod, sofel

sakenSi, grandiozuli ciklopuri nagebobis naSTebia SemorCenili,

romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

ciklopuri simagreebi da namosaxlarebi, rogorc cnobilia,

gavrcelebuli iyo xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, Crdilo kavkasiaSi

da sxvagan. ciklopuri mSenebloba arc saqarTvelosTvis iyo

ucxo. am tipis nagebobebiT gansakuTrebiT TrialeTia mdidari,

sadac amgvari simagreebisa da sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis

naSTebia SemorCenili. msgavsi ciklopuri nagebobebi, zogierTi

mkvlevaris azriT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

pirveli naxevris CaTvliT igeboda.

omariSalis ciklopuri nagebobis naSTi mniSvnelovani

arqeologiuri Zeglia, romelic momavali kvlevis sagania. amjerad

yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT am Zeglis teritoriaze miwis

samuSaoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil arqeologiur masalaze.

aRniSnul, mniSvnelovani informaciis mqone nivTieri masalidan

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culi,

romelsac farTod momrgvalebuli yua da tanis zeda nawilSi

datanili mrgvali satare xvreli aqvs. swori tani pirisken

TandaTan farTovdeba da samkuTxa formas iZens (sigrZe _ 9 sm.,

sifarTe yuis mxareze _ 3,5 sm., sifarTe piris mxareze _ 5 sm.,

satare naxvretis diametri _ 2X2 sm, manZili satare naxvretis

kididan gverdamde _ 1 sm.). teqnologiurad rogorc calmxrivi,

ise ormxrivi xexviT Zalian maRal doneze Sesrulebul, xis

saxeluris xangrZlivi dagebis Sedegad gaprialebul, mrgval

satare xvrelSi xraxniseburi nawiburebi SeiniSneba.

zedapirnaprialebi culi mkvrivi qanis qvisaganaa damzadebuli.

damateba

md. kodoris zemo welis (dalis xeoba) saZiebo-arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2007-2008 wlebis

muSaobis Sedegebi

saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis

saministros mier gacemuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis

sanebarTvo mowmobiT 2007_2008 wlebSi soxumis

universitetis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelm. _ r.

xvistani) saZiebo samuSaoebi awarmoa md. kodoris zemo

welze, istoriul dalSi. 2007 wlis ivnisSi eqspediciam

regionSi 12 DdRe, xolo 2008 wlis agvistoSi erTi Tvis

nacvlad mxolod 9 dRe imuSava, radgan saomari moqmedebebis

gamo iZulebuli gaxda, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad,

saswrafod gascloda iqaurobas.

aRniSnuli regioni, romlis dasaxlebuli punqtebi da

cixe-simagreebi antikuri da Suasaukuneebis mraval ucxour

da qarTul wyaroSia moxseniebuli (hekate mileteli, anastasi

apokriasisi, agaTia sqolastikosi, menandre protiqtori,

svinaqsari giorgi mTawmindelisa da sxv.), gajerebulia sxvada-

sxva epoqis arqeologiuri ZeglebiT, romelTa kvleva dRemde

mcire dazverviT samuSaoebs (i. voronovi, S. CarTolani da

sxv.) ar gascilebia. mxolod mcire dazverviTi samuSaoebis

warmoebis saSualebas (arqeologiuri Zeglebis gamovlena,

mosaxleobaSi gabneul, miwis samuSaoebisas sxvadasxva dros

SemTxveviT aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis aRricxva-

fiqsacia da sxv.) iZleoda soxumis universitetis arqeolo-

giuri eqspediciis mwiri biujetic.

sofel omariSalSi, mTa Siyeris ZirSi, md. gvandris

marcxena mxareze, hamlet qoCqianis ezoSi, eqspediciam gamoavlina

mecnierTaTvis manamde ucnobi ciklopuri (megaliTuri)

105104

qarTlSi (sof. Teregvani, oJora), sofel rusTavSi, borjomis raionSi1

da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis wreSi Semaval Zeglebze.2

Yyuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culebi gavrcelebuliiyo aRmosavleT evropaSi,3 somxeTSi (keti, aistegene, gniSeka,eCmiaZini, pezmaSeni, gindliJa, SengaviTi),4 dasavleT evropaSi(fineTi, SvedeTi, dania, germania, Sveicaria, ungreTi, saqso-tiuringiada sxv.),5 Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi (troa II, Termi I,

1 Áæàíèí Â. Ðóçóëüòàòû Ãóìèñòèíñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ â 1964 ã. ÊÑÈÀ, ¹116,Ì., 1969. ñò. 58; Âîðîíîâ Þ.Â.  ìèðå àðõèòåêòóðíûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ Àáõàçèè,Ì. 1978, ñò. 30, òàá. Õ. Ñîëîâüåì Ë. Íîâûé ïàìÿòíèê Âîðîíöîâñêîéïåùåðû, ÒÀÈßËÈ, ò. ÕÕIÕ, Ñóõóìè, 1959. ñò. 53.2 Âîðîíîâ Þ., Äðåâíîñòè Ñî÷è è åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé, Êðàñíîäàð, 1979,ñò. 10, êàð. 17.3 jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis namosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologia

da periodizacia. sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1990, gv. 39, tab. XV.4 Êóôòèí Á., Ìàòåðèàëû àðõåîëîãèè Êîëõèäû, ò. l l, ÒÁ., 1950. tab. 64;papuaSvili r. papuaSvili n., kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, ergeta, Tb.,

2005. tab. XXIX; gogaZe e., kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis

namosaxlarTa kultura, Tb., 1982. gv. 39-40.5 kaxiZe i., aWaris neoliT-brinjaos xanis masalebi, gaz.: aWara, 21. V.1992

grigolia g. fxakaZe g. baramiZe m. lorTqifaniZe g., dasavleT saqarTvelos

saZiebo-arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1966 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi, mska, t, V,

Tb., 1973. gv. 21, 92. murvaniZe b., ramdenime eqsponati lanCxuTis

mxareTmcodneobis muzeumidan, kr.: guria, III, Tb., 1975. gv. 376 gogaZe e., kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli..., gv. 103.7 nebieriZe l., dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTi, Tb., 1975. gv. 55, tab. XXXIV.

culis yua, piri da satare xvrelis ukana mxaris garepiri

dazianebulia (tab. XXI, 1).afxazeTis teritoriaze yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo

culebi aRmoCenilia gumisTis namosaxlarze, l. soloviovismier gaTxril #4 yorRanSi1 ; fsouSi, axal aTonSi,2 fiCoriscentralur borcvze da fiCoris #6 guZubaze.3

Yyuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culebi gvxvdeba dasavleTsaqarTvelos Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebze (ergeta,anaklia I, ganmuxuri),4 ispanSi, saeliaos kurzias adrebrinjaosxanis fenebSi, sakire goraze, WolipaSi,5 nosiris namosaxlarispirvel kulturul fenaSi6 da odiSis neoliTur sadgomze.7

Yyuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culebi gamovleniliasaCxereSi (sof. qoreTi, karaxtinis mindori, carcis gora), Sida

1 kikviZe i., xizanaanT goras adrebrinjaos xanis namosaxlari, Tb., 1977. gv. 25.

orjonikiZe a., samcxe-javaxeTi adrebrinjaos xanaSi, Tb., 1983.gv. 26, tab. 34.

jafariZe o., qarTveli tomebis istoriisaTvis liTonis warmoebis adreul

safexurze., Tb., 1961. gv. 120; jafariZe o., qarTveli tomebis eTnokulturis

istoriisaTvis Zv.w, mesame aTaswleulSi, Tb., 1998. gv. 120; jafariZe o. avaliSvili

g. wereTeli a., kaxeTis (martyofis) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1980-1981

wlebis muSaobis angariSi, ssmae, VIII, Tb., 1986. gv. 40, tab. VII; jafariZe o.,

liTonis warmoebis adreuli safexurebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1955, gv. 119.

jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis yuaxvreliani qvis culebis warmomavlobis

sakiTxisaTvis, preprinti, Tb., 1992, gv. 4.2 jafariZe o. avaliSvili g. wereTeli a, kaxeTis..., gv. 75; orjonikiZe a., mtkvar-

araqsis kulturis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi safexurebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,

Tb., 2004. gv. 119.3 Áðþñîâ À., Îá ýêñïaíñèè êóëüòóð ñ Áîåâîé Òîðîðàìè â êîíöå lll

òûñÿ÷àëåòèè äî í.ý. ÑÀ, ¹3, Ì.-Ë. 1961, ñò. 90; Âðþñîâ À. Çèìèíà Ì.

Êàìåííûå ñâåðë¸ííûå Áîåâûå òîïîðû íà òåðèòîðèè ÑÑÐ, ÑÀÈ, Ì., 1966,

ñò. 78; Ãîðîäöîâ Â. , Êóëúòóðû Áðîíçîâîé çïîõè â ñðåäíåè Ðîñèè. Î÷åðêè

èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ Çà 1914 ã. Ì., 1916. ñò. 15; Gumbultas M., Bronze ageculture in Central and Eastern Europe. The heygne, 1965. gv. 246.4 Õàíäçÿí Ý., Êóëüòóðà Àðìÿíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ III òûñ. äî í.ý., Åðåâàí, 1967. ñò.

106; òàá. lÕ. Áàèáóðòÿí Å., Íîâûå íàõîäêè êàìåííîãî âåêà â Àðìåíèè, ÑÀ,

¹3, Ì. 1937, ñò. 208; êàð. 1; Ïåòðîñÿí Ë., Ðàñïîêïè ïàìÿòíèêîâ Êåòè è

Âîñêîñàêñà (lll-l òû÷. äî í.ý.), Åðåâàí, 1986. ñò. 120.5 Ìîí÷àèò À. , Àðõåîëîãèÿ çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû. Êàìåííûé âåê, Ì., 1973.

ñò. 283.

107106

saxeoba Tavs gvianbrinjaos xanaSic (Zv. w. XV-XII ss.) iCens.1

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze yuaxvreliani qvis culebifiCoris centraluri borcvidan (V fena) momdinare absolu-turi TariRebiTa da qvis yuaxvreliani culebis Tanmxlebiprotokolxuri masalebiT (Zirze WilofisanabeWdiani keramika,horizontaluri da wyviladyuriani qoTnebi, WurWlis sart-yelze naTiTurfosoebiT gamoyvanili reliefi, TxelkecianiSavpriala keramika da sxv.) adre da Suabrinjaos xanaSi, Zv. w.III aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirvelmeoTxedSi (daaxloebiT Zv. w. XXI-XVII ss) Cndeba.2

aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze adre da Suabrin-jaos xanaSi gavrcelebul cilindrulnaxvretian qvis culebSicxra tipia gamoyofili: samkuTxa, soliseburi, bariseburi,CaquCiseburi, kverTxiseburi, yuiani, jvriseburi, filaqvismagvarida rombiseburi.3 saqarTvelos teritoriaze adre da Suabrin-jaos xanaSi oTxi tipis yuaxvreliani qvis (cilindrulnaxv-retiani) culia gavrcelebuli: viwroyuiani da soliseburta-niani, tanisagan gamoyofili yuiT, farTodmomrgvalebulyuianida rombuli.4

qvis culebis kulturebSi dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli soliseburi da samkuTxataniani yuaxvrelianiqvis culebi erT-erT yvelaze adreul da gavrcelebul formadaamiCneuli.5 soliseburi da samkuTxa formis yuaxvrelianiqvis culebi saqarTvelosa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi TiTqmissinqronul periodSi, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da

1 ×àéëä Ã., Ó èñòîêîâ Åâðîïåéñêîé øèâèëèçàöèè, Ì., 1973, ñò. 66.2 Êðóïíîâ Å., Ìàòåðèàëû ïî àðõåîëîãèé Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè äîêîáàíñêîãîïåðèîäà, ÌÈÀ, ¹ 23, Ì.-À., 1951. ñò. 29; Ìóí÷àåâ Ð., Äðåâíåéøàÿêóëúòóðà Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàâêàçà, ÌÈÀ, ¹ 100, Ì.1961 ñò. 56;Ìàðêîâèí Â., Êóëüòóðû ïëåìåí Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçêàçà â ýïîõó âðîíçû (llòûñ. äî í.ý.) ÌÈÀ, ¹93, Ì., 1960). êàð. 7.3 xvistani r. brinjaos xanis uaxlesi aRmoCena kodoris xeobis zemo

welze, Jurn.: ̀ kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi”, #4, Tb. 2008. gv. 169.4 ×àèäë Ã., Ó èñòîêîâ..., ñò. 72.5 Ìîíãàèò À., Àðõåîëîãèÿ çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû..., ñò. 291.6 ×àèäë Ã., Ó èñòîêîâ Åâðîïåéñêîé..., ñò. 85.7 ×àèäë Ã., Ó èñòîêîâ Åâðîïåéñêîé..., gv. 66.

alisari, Tefe-gavra)1 da Crdilo kavkasiaSi.2

mkvlevarTa azriT, sabrZolo qvis kulturebSi yuaxvre-liani qvis culebis damzadebis tradicias sxva regionebTanSedarebiT yvelaze adre, Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi, dasavleTevropaSi eyreba safuZveli. Semdeg igi aq arsebobas ganagrZobsZv. w. III aTaswleulsa da Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirvelnaxevarSi.3 aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze sabrZolo qviskulturebSi am rigis iaraRebi Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebismijnaze Cndeba.4

Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliis yuaxvreliani qvis culebibrinjaos xanis evropuli qvis kulturis xasiaTs atarebs.anatoliaSi am tipis iaraRebis balkaneTidan, kerZod, dunaiskulturebidan moxvedra ivaraudeba.5 mkvlevarebi Tvlian, romdasavleT anatoliis plato evropul da mesopotamiurcivilizaciebs Soris erTgvari damakavSirebeli xidia,6 Tumcatroa II, Termi I da sxva Zeglebis qvis yuaxvreliani culebisformebi maT adgilobriv warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs.7

CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionSi qvis yuaxvreliani culebiZv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasruls Cndeba da Zv. w. IIaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi vrceldeba, Tumca maTi zogierTi

1 Ìóí÷àåâ Ð., Äðåâíåéøàÿ êóëüòóðà..., ñò. 56. Êðóïíîâ Å., Ìàòåðèàëû...,ñò. 28.2 jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi,

Tb., 2007, gv. 43.3 Áðþñîâ À., Çèìèíà Ì., Êàìåííûå..., ñò. 26.4 jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis III-II aTasw. gv. 435 Áðþñîâ À. Çèìèíà, Ì. Êàìåííûå..., ñò. 18.

109108

miuxedavad imisa, rom omariSalis yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo

culi SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili da uSualod arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis procesSi araa gamovlenili, Cveni azriT, is ar unda

movwyvitoT mocemul garemos, radgan igi konkretuli

kulturuli punqtis garkveuli drois qvis industriis

(sabrZolo kulturis) mkafiod metyveli artefaqtia.

omariSalis ciklopuri nagebobis teritoriaze miwis

samuSaoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil keramikuli nawarmidan

(adreantikuri kolxuri keramikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TavTavi-

seburi da talRiseburi ornamentebiani WurWlis fragmentebi).

yuradRebas ipyrobs dergis Tu qoTnis gverdebis fragmentebi,

romlebic e.w. `piramidisebur’’ ornamentiT arian Semkuli.

WurWlis qarsnarev, agurisferkecian fragmentebze vertikalur

da horizontalur RarebiT Seqmnil samkuTxedSi paralelurad

ganlagebuli fosoebia datanili, xolo samkuTxedis wverze ki

mozrdili fosoiani kopia daZerwili (tab. XXI, 2).

msgavsi ornameti damaxasiaTebelia Suabrinjaos miwu-

rulisa da adrebrinjaos sawyisi periodis kolxuri kera-

mikisaTvis. igi mravladaa dadasturebuli nosiris borcvis

II fenaSi, guleikarsa da anakliaSi.1

amave Zeglis teritoriaze SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili Mmsxvilnadirze sanadiro pirdidi, frTamaRali isrispiri (tab. XXII,4) da welSi gamoyvanili, samuSao pirisaken TandaTan gafar-Toebuli viwrotaniani rkinis Toxi, romlis viwro samuSaopiri moxerxebulia beltebis dasamtvrevad da fesvebisamosaZirkvad (tab. XXII, 3). mrgvali satare xvrelis diametriwina mxridan ukana nawilisaken odnav daqanebulia, ise, romxis tari satare xvrelSi mWidrod Camjdariyo da ar amovard-niliyo. Toxis mTliani sigrZea _ 20sm, tanis sigrZe _ 13sm,sifarTe pirTan _ 9sm, sifarTe Sua nawilSi _ 4,5sm, sifarTe

1 Êðóïíîâ Å., Ìàòåðèàëû..., ñò. 27. Ìóí÷àåâ Ð. Äðåâíåéøàÿ êóëüòóðà.. . ñò. 56.2 Ìàðêîâèí Â., Êóëüòóðû...,ñò. 45.3 jafariZe o. avaliSvili g. wereTeli a. kaxeTis..., gv. 40.4 jiblaZe l. kolxeTis dablobis Zv. w. III-II..., gv. 42.1 murvaniZe b., ramdenime eqsponati..., gv. 37.2 xvistani r. brinjaos xanis..., gv. 170.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi vrceldeba.1 dasavleTsaqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yuaxvreliani qvis culebiv. markovins Crdilo kavkasiis brinjaos xanis kulturisganviTarebis qronologiuri cxrilis pirvel etapze (Zv.w.2000-1700 wlebi) aqvs moTavsebuli.2

mtkvar-araqsis (aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da somxeTis)adreuli yorRanebis kulturebSi yuaxvrelianma qvis culebma,arsebuli mosazrebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da samxreT ruseTisstepebidan SemoaRwia.3 regionaluri siaxlovis, qvis culebis formaTaidenturobis, zedapirnaprialobis, masalis, qronologiuri da sxvafaqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT kolxeTis dablobSi magari jiSisqvisagan damzadebul am tipis iaraRebis CrdiloeT kavkasiidanSesaZlo importireba, xolo SedarebiT rbili jiSis qvisagandamzadebuli nimuSebis adgilzeve mibaZviT damzadeba ivaraudeba.4

omariSalis yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culi formis

mixedviT (farTodmomrgvalebuli yua, soliseburi samkuTxa

forma, mrgvali satare xvreli) Zalian uaxlovdeba dasavleT

saqarTvelos dablobisa da mTiswina namosaxlarebze (ispani,

sakire gora, gumisTa, Wolipa, anaklia II) gamovlenil yuaxvre-

lian qvis sabrZolo culebs, romlebic Zv. w. III aTaswleulis

dasasruliTa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxediT

(daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIX-XVII saukuneebi) TariRdebian.5

aRniSnuli analogiebis mixedviT omariSalis qvis yuaxvreliani

sabrZolo culi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasasruliTa da Zv.w.

II aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxediT SeiZleba ganisazRvros.6

1 gogaZe e., kolxeTis..., tab. 38, 44.

111110

avtoris varaudiT Zegli baridan alpur saZovrebze gadaadgi-lebisas saqonlis TavSesafradaa SuasaukuneebSi aSenebuli.1

saqonlis TavSesafarad amxela grandiozuli nagebobis aSeneba,rogorc i. voronovi varaudobs, aradamajerebelia, Tumca Zeglisamgvari daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba, mogvianebiT, misi ZiriTadidaniSnulebis dakargvis Semdgom, SesaZlebelia. rogorc cnobilia, egrisi uZvelesi droidan ukavSirde-boda Crdilo kavkasias samTo gza-gadasasvlelebiT. erTiaseTi gza md. oqumiswyalis saTaveebidanac gadioda. igimiuyveboda bunebrivad dacul wyalgamyof qedebs _ dadalZixs,afSaras da xojals, aqedan mTa darCvisa da Semdeg md. kodoriszemo welis gavliT kluxoris uReltexiliT (karebiT)Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadadioda (ix. situaciuri ruka) oqumis-wyalis zemo welze mravladaa SemorCenili adreuli xaniscixe-simagreebis naSTebi (CxorToli, RumuriSi), romlebicCrdilo kavkasiaSi mimaval gzebs akontrolebdnen. aRsaniSnavia,rom swored am gzebiT gadahyavT dResac saqoneli alpursaZovrebze.2 es gza, Tavis droze, albaT dakavSirebuli iqneboda`darinis gzasTan“, did savaWro magistralTan, romelicCrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebs akavSirebda.3

sakenis ciklopuri cixe, romelsac strategiuli mdebareo-ba ukavia, ketavs im qvabuls da erTaderT gzas, romelicegrisis dablobidan fanavis qedis mTa darCvis gadmolaxvisSemdeg Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadadis (ix. situaciuri ruka).gamoricxuli ar aris, rom sakenis ciklopuri cixis saxiT

zeda nawilSi _ 4sm. Toxis piri Sida mxrisaken daferdebulia,raTa ufro moxerxebuli yofiliyo miwis samuSaoebis warmoe-bisas. msgavsi rkinis Toxebi aRmoCenilia IV-VII saukuneebissamarovnebze (laris samarovnis #5 da #3 samarxebSi, apuSTassamarovnis #5 samarxSi),1 da aTaris (oCamCiris raioni)samarovnis #1 da #4 samarxebSi.2

amave Zeglze yuradRebas iqcevs sxvadasxva zomisa daformis granitis brtyeli qvebi, romlebzec 20-25 sm diametrismqone mrgvali fosoebia xelovnurad amokveTili, romelTasiRrme 20-30 santimetria. maT SesaZloa xelsafqvavad(marcvleulis sanayi) an xis boZis sayrden-samagrad iyenebdnen.analogiuri qvebi eqspediciam sofel sakenSi, adgil ̀ nalzig-varSi“-c daafiqsira. ciklopuri (megaliTuri) nagebobis (simagris) meorenaSTi mdebareobs sofel sakenis aRmosavleT mxareze, sakenistbis samxreTiT, mTebis _ RvaRvasa (CrdiloeTi) da darCvs(samxreTi) Soris mdebare qvabulis SemaRlebaze. Zeglsunikaluri konstruqcia aqvs: lodebiT mSralad nawyobi, 3-4m. sifarTis mqone kedeli, romlis SemorCenili simaRle zogan2,5 m-s aRwevs, rkaliviT Semouyveba daaxloebiT oriaTaskvadratul metr teritorias (gansakuTrebiT kargadaa Semor-Cenili Crdilo mxaris galavani). galavnis SigniT, ZegliscentrSi, SemaRlebaze, mcire moculobis kvadratuli nagebobisnaSTia, saidanac TavdaRmarTze sxivebiviT iSleba qvayrilebis(kedlebis?) zolebi. Zegli vizualurad aRwerili aqvs i.voronovs. igi Zegls ciklopur cixed miiCnevs, mis SuagulSiSemorCenil oTxkuTxa nagebobas ki samsxverplod. aRniSnuli

1 Âîðîíîâ Þ. Äðåâíîñòè Àçàíòñêîè äîëèíè, ÒÁ. , 1982. ñò. 65-66, êàð.23, 24.2 Ãóíáà Ì. , Íîâûå ïàìèàòíèêè Öåâåëäèíñêîé êóëòóðû, ÒÁ. , 1978 ñò.60.

1 Âîðîíîâ Þ., Â ìèðå àðõèòåêòóðíûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ Àáõàçèè, Ì., 1978, ñò.158.2 r. xvistani, erTi geografiuli saxelwodebis lokalizaciisaTvis, J.

`Zeglis megobari, #70, Tb., 1985, gv. 28.3 anastasi apokrisiasi, georgika, 1V, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb.,1952.. gv.

237.

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mdebareobs sofel CxalTaSi mdinareebis _ CxalTisa da kodorisSesarTavTan, marjvena sanapiroze, gzispiras aRmarTulTvalwarmtac koncxze, bunebrivad SemaRlebul da xelovnuradTavmokveTil kldis Tavze. kldis zeda baqani xramze amozrdilkedlebiTaa garSemortymuli, romlis SemorCenili simaRle zogan10 metrs aRwevs. moedanze ramdenime nagebobis naSTi Cans;gzispira Crdilo koSkis adgilze bolo wlebSi patara eklesiaauSenebiaT, romelsac samxreTis kedlis gaswvriv ganlagebuliramdenime nagebobis nangrevi emijneba. mopirdapire mxares SirimisqviT Semosil oTxkuTxa nagebobis (SesaZloa eklesiis) naSTiCans. qveda iarusis kedlebiT dasavleTisa da CrdiloeTisezoebia SemozRuduli, sadac ramdenime nagebobis naSTi da WiSkrisfragmentebi SeiniSneba. cixis kedlebi uxeSad damuSavebul qvis(gabro) kvadrebiTaa nagebi kiris magar xsnarze.

cixe-simagre gaigivebulia bizantiuri wyaroebis ̀ Caxar-Tan“.1 rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi mogviTxrobs, 555 welsbizantielebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli misimianebi Caxaris(Cxalis) cixeSi gamagrebulan, romelic ZvelTaganve `rkiniscixed’’ yofila cnobili.2 cixe-simagris naSTebi aRweriliaqvs i. voronovs, romelic zedapirulad akrefili masalis(Tixis sameurneo da samzareulo WurWlis fragmentebi)mixedviT Zeglis SemorCenili kedlebis aSenebis drod IX-Xsaukuneebs miiCnevs da iqve aRniSnavs, rom aq ufro gviandeliepoqebis kedlebis naSTebic gamoiyofa.3 Zeglis mimdebareteritoriaze 1939 wels aRmoCenilia bizantiis imperatoriustiniane I-s (527-565 ww.) oqros moneta.4 Zeglis

1 musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi,

t. II, Tb., 1980. gv. 15, 16, 17, 19.2 Âîðîíîâ Þ. Â ìèðå àðõèòåê..., ñò. 157-158.3 iqve.

saqme gvqondes hekate miletelis (Zv.w. Vs.) mier moxseniebulkoraqsebis kedelTan Tu cixesTan (aRniSnuli avtoris cnobiT,koraqsebi afxazeTis mTianeTSi mosaxleobdnen). aqve undaaRvniSnoT, rom koraqsebi d. musxeliSvils kodoris xeobiszemo welze hyavs lokalizebuli.1

es mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zegli amJamad soWisaswlovani xeebiTa da ekal-bardebiTaa dafaruli da saTa-nado gawmendamde misi sruli aRqma Wirs. eqspedicias ganzra-xuli hqonda misi gawmenda, topogadaReba da sadazvervoTxrilebis gavleba, risi saSualebac, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezisgamo, ar mogveca.

sofel sakenSi, md. sakenis marjvena mxareze, mTa SiyerisZirSi, zaur afrasiZis saxls zemoT Suasaukuneebis naeklesiarzemcire zomis (6X4) darbazuli eklesiaa aSenebuli. aRdgenamdeZegli aRwerili aqvs i. voronovs.2 sofelSi meore aRdgenilidarbazuli eklesiacaa, romelic agreTve aRdgenamde aqvs aRwe-rili i. voronovs,3 igi mdebareobs soflis Crdilo-aRmosav-leT napirze, zRvis donidan 1600 metrze.

amave sofelSi, adgil ̀ lamuryvam“-Si SemorCenilia tyiTdafarul nagebobis nangrevebi. kedlebi qvisaa, kiris duRabze,vizualuri dakvirvebiT cixe-simagris naSTi unda iyos.adgilobrivebis gadmocemiT miwis samuSaoebisas aq xSiradpouloben Tixis WurWlisa da rkinis nivTebis fragmentebs.

regionSi ori mniSvnelovani cixe-simagrea, romelTac adreSuasaukuneebidan moyolebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobaeniWebodaT, maTi movaleoba iyo samTo-gadasasvlelebis Caketva-gamagreba. erT-erTi maTgani, bizantiuri wyaroebis _ Caxari,

1 musxeliSvili d. saqarTvelos istoriuli..., gv. 12.2 agaTia sqolastikosi, misimielTa ajanyeba bizantielebis winaaRmdeg 555

wels, georgika, III, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1936. gv. 86.3 Âîðîíîâ Þ.  ìèðå àðõèòåêòóðíûõ..., ñò. 157.4 Âîðîíîâ Þ. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êàðòà Àáõàçèè, Ñóõóìè, 1969. ñò. 69.

115114

cixe-simagre aRmosavleTis mxridan SedarebiT iolimisadgomia, amitomac am mxareze Rrma Txrili yofila gaWrili,

romlis gaswvriv, miwayrilSi VII-IX ss-iT daTariRebuli

aRviris mosarTavis brinjaos rgolebia aRmoCenili.1

Zegli gaigivebulia bizantiuri wyaroebis cixe-simagre

`bokerTan“.2 bokeri, buker, bokel, buqloon saxelwodebiT es

cixe-simagre mraval ucxour da qarTul wyaroSi moixsenieba.3

Kmd. kodoris zemo welze geologebis mier spilenZis

maRarogamonamuSevrebia dadasturebuli. regionis samTamadno

warmoebis am Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia tvibraSeras madangamo-savali (Ria karieri), romelic Zveli sainJinro-teqnolo-

giuri specializaciis gadawyvetis saintereso informacias

Seicavs. Zegli Zv.w.II-I aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba.4

sofel zemo aJaraSi, soflis Crdilo mxareze mdebareborcvis ZirSi, guledanebis yanaSi, sasoflo sameurneosamuSaoebisas, gadmocemiT, xSiri yofila adamianebis Zvlebis,liTonis samkaulebisa da keramikuli nawarmis SemTxveviTiaRmoCenebi. Aaq SemTxveviT aRmoCenili brinjaos fibulis(?)fragmenti yanis patronma Cvenc gadmogvca. jer mouwevelnaTesebis gamo aq sadazvervo Txrilebis gavlebis saSualebaar mogveca. Txrilebi mxolod yanis samxreT mxareze, RobisZirSi, ferdze iqna gavlebuli. Aaq kulturuli fena ardadasturda, magram nayar fenaSi mravlad CndebodaSuasaukuneebis samzareulo keramikis fragmentebi.

sofel mrambaSi, soflis samxreT mxareze, tyeSi, eqspediciam

1 CarTolani S., svaneTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis muSaobis

angariSi. inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis

arqeologiis institutSi. gv. 6.2 Ñîëîâúåâ À., Ïîãðåáåíèÿ äîëìåííîé êóëúòóðû Àâõàçèè è ïîëåãàþùåé÷àñòè Àäëåðñêîãî ðàéîíà, ÒÀÈ, âûï. ÕÕÕ1, 1960. ñò. 71.3 Âîðîíîâ Þ. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êàðòà..., ñò. 63.

teritoriaze SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili adre SuasaukuneebisZvelqarTul (asomTavrul) warweriani antefiqsi (daculiasvaneTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazaSi, daba mestiaSi).1

cixe-simagris dasavleTiT naxevari kilometris manZilze, mcireSevakebul adgilze, adgil ̀ lagvanaSi“, romelic aRmosavleTiT,dasavleTiT da samxreTiT xramiT mTavrdeba da mxolodCrdiloeTiT ekvris tyian ferdobs, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgadmocemiT, xvnis dros didi raodenobiT amodis adamianisZvlebi da Tixis nawarmi.

sofel CxalTaSi aRmoCenilia brinjaos xanis arqeologi-uri masalebi,2 agreTve antikuri xanis rkinis iaraRebi,samajurebi, mZivebi da sxv.3

sofel omariSalSi, soflis Crdilo mxareze, samxreTisTavSesafrisaken mimaval saavtomobilo gzasa da md. yuluCs

Soris, mdinaris marcxena mxareze kldovan maRlobis reliefs

morgebuli, araswori oTxkuTxedis formis mqone cixis nangre-via. koSkebiTa da burjebiT (kontrforsebiT) gamagrebuli

cixis SemorCenili kedlebi Semosilia adgilobrivi qvis

kvadrebiT kiris xsnarze.cixis erT koSks odesRac kamariani gadaxurva hqonia,

romlis aRmosavleTiT SemorCenilia cixis WiSkris TaRiani

fragmenti. cixis galavnis kedlebs SigniT nagebobebissaZirkvlebia SemorCenili, romelTagan erTi nagebobis

konfiguracia qristianul taZars hgavs.

1 Âîðîíîâ Þ. Â ìèðå àðõèòåêòóðíûõ..., ñò. 159.2 musxeliSvili d. saqarTvelos istoriuli..., gv. 106.3 georgika, III..., gv. 86; georgika V..., gv. 44. kekeliZe k., kimeni, 1, Tb., 1932, gv.

94. svinaqsari giorgi mTawmindelisa, XI s-is xelnaweri A – 97C, gv. 269C.4 inaniSvili g. CarTolani S. maisuraZe b. gobejiSvili g. mujiri T.,

saqarTvelos uZvelesi samTamadno warmoebis Zeglebi, Ziebani, @#2, Tb., 1999.

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tabulebisa da suraTebis aRweriloba

tab. I. RumuriSis eklesiis gengegma da Wrilebi.tab. II. RumuriSis eklesiis samarovnis gegma, keramika, minis

WurWlis fragmentebi, CuqurTmiani qvebi.tab. III. 1. CxorTolis eklesiis situaciuri gegma;

2. CxorToli. eklesiis gegma;3. CxorToli. eklesiis aqsonometria;4. CxorToli. keramika.

tab. IV. bediis taZari, Surfebi da Tavdapirveli taZrisgegma.

sur. 1. xeSkili. iranuli moneta, vercxli.sur. 2.kataula. stela, romelzec wmida personaJebi da saero

pirTa portretebia gamosaxuli warwerebiTurT.tab. V _ xeSkilis wminda giorgi. gegma da Wrilebi.tab. VI _ xeSkili. rkinis isrispirebi.tab. VII _ xeSkili. 1. rkinis jvari;

2-3. spilenZis JRarunebi;4-5-6. spilenZis zarakebi;7. rkinis kverTxisTavebi;8. spilenZis sasanTle.

tab. VIII. xeSkili. 1-9. rkinisa da spilenZis nalebi;10-14. brinjaos saketebi.

tab. IX. xeSkili. 1-15. keramika; 16, 17, 19, 27. moWiqulikeramika;

18. Zvlis ornamentirebuli firfita.tab. X. xeSkili. 1. ayvavebuli jvari;

2. geometriuli ornamenti;3-4. kapitelebi.

sur. 3. nesguni. brinjaos gulsakidi jvari jvarcmis gamosa-xulebiT.

tab. XI. 1. nesgunis brinjaos gulsakidi jvari jvarcmisgamosaxulebiT;

literaturaSi ucnobi eklesiis nangrevi daafiqsira. AamavesofelSi, miqianebis saTibSi namosaxlari dafiqsirda. Aaqmiwis samuSaoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil keramikis fragmente-bidan yuradRebas ipyrobs qvevrebis Zirebi, romlebzec jvrebiagamosaxuli. savaraudod Suasaukuneebis samarovani dafiqsirdasof. omariSarSi, devdarianebis saTibSi. eqspediciam ver moaswro sofel genwviSis Zeglebis dazverva,sadac saavtomobilo gzis orive (samxreT da Crdilo) mxarezeramdenime naeklesiari da nacixaria. Eeqspediciam agreTve vermoaswro gvandraSi, xutiaSi da sxva punqtebSi mdebareSemTxveviTi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis adgilebis Semowmeba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, eqspedicias 2008 wels dagegmilihqonda mxaris arqeologiuri rukis Sedgena, pirvel rigSigasaTxreli da Sesaswavli arqeologiuri Zeglebis SerCeva,sakenis, omarSalisa da CxalTis cixe-simagreebis topo daarqiteqturuli agegmva. agreTve axali arqeologiuri Zeglebisgamovlena, zemo aJaris samarovanisa da omariSalis megaliTurinagebobis teritoriebis sadazvervo TxrilebiT Semowmeba, racar moxerxda aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo. Ggvinda virwmunoT,rom amJamad okupirebuli regionis Zeglebis Seswavlas axlomomavalSi gavagrZelebT.

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Pl. IV. Bedia. Prospect holes. The plan of initial.Fig. 1. Iranian silver coin.Fig. 2. Stella with depictions of saints and secular persons and old Geor-

gian Prescriptions. Stella with depictions of saints and secularpersons and old Georgian Prescriptions

Pl. V. Plan and section of the Church of st. George in Kheyhkildi.Pl. VI. Iron Trrow-heads.Pl. VII. 1. Iron cross; 2-3. Copper belly, cymbals; 4-6. Copper belly; 7.

Iron heads of rods; 8. Copper cendleholders.Pl. VIII. 1-9. Iron and copper horseshoes; 10-14. bronze locks.Pl. IX. 1-15. Fragments of clay vessels; 16, 17, 19-27. Fragments of

glazed pottery; 18. Bone plaque.Pl. X. 1. Blooming cross; 2. Geometric ornament; 3-4. Capitals.

Fig. 3. Bronze adornment cross with depiction of crusifiction.Pl. XI. 1. Adomment cross with depiction of crucifixion (Bronze).

2. The plan of church of small size, square, without. any facade(Pkhutreri).

3. Soli grave spear blades, swords.4. The jug with depiction of jug.5. ‘Tsebeldura“ axes.6. Ceramics.7. Glass vessel with spots.

Pl. XII. 1. Kataula St. George, General plan 2. Depiction of equal part crosses in circle 3. Northern façade of church (Restoration)

Pl. XIII. Kataula St. George Church. PlanPl. XIV-XV. SectionsPl. XVI. 1. Eastern Façade (Restoration)

2. Western façade (Restoration) 3. Southern Façade (Restoration)

2. fxutreris sworkuTxa, ufsido eklesiis gegma daWrili;

3. solis samarovani, liTonis iaraRi;4. solis samarovani, jvris gamosaxulebiani doqebi;5. xofuris samarovani, webelduri culebi, Subispirebi;6-7. solis samarovani, keramika, xaliani mina.

tab. XII. 1. kataulas wm. giorgis eklesiis gengegma.2. wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvrebi;3. eklesiis CrdiloeTis fasadi (restavracia).

tab. XIII. kataula. 1. eklesiis Wrilebi (restavracia).tab. XIV_XV. kataula. 1. eklesiis fasadebi (restavracia).tab. XVI. kataula. fasadebi.tab. XVII. 1. qasuri wm. giorgis eklesiis gegma da aRmosav-

leTis fasadi, romelic Sesrulebulia 1922 wels.n. severovis mier.

tab. XVIII. qasuri wm. giorgis eklesia. 2008 wels gakeTebuliSurfebi.

tab. XIX. qasuri wm. giorgi. eklesiis gegma.tab. XX. foToleTis eklesia. gegma.tab. XXI. omariSali _ 1. yuaxvreliani qvis culi.

2. `piramidisebur“ ornamentebiani WurWlis fragmenti.tab. XXII. omariSali. 1. rkinis Toxi; 2. rkinis isrispiri.sur. 4. kodoris xeobis zemo weli. situaciuri ruka.

Description of the Plotes and Figures

Pl. I. Plan and section of the Church st. George in Ghumurishi.Pl. II. Ghumurishi Ghurch. burial ground (Plan), Ceramics, glass ware,

ornament (stone).Pl. III. 1. chkhortol; Church (Situational Plan)

2. Plan of Church 3. Church (Axonometry), Ceramics

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Ïõóòðåðè; 3. Ìîãèëüíèê â ñåëå Ñîëè; Íàêîíå÷íèêèêîïèé, êèíæàëû; 4. Êóâøèí ñ èçîîáðàæåíèåì êðåñòîâ;5. Öåáåëäèíñêèå ñåêèðû; 6. Êåðàìèêà; 7.«Áîðîäàâ÷àòûé» ñòåêëÿííûè ñîñóä.

òàá. ÕII. òàá. ÕII. òàá. ÕII. òàá. ÕII. òàá. ÕII. 1. Êàòàóëüñêèé ñâ. Ãåîðíèé. Ãåíèëàí;2. Èçîáðàæåíèå êðåñòîâ;3. Ñåâåðíûé ôàñàä (ðåñòàâðàöèÿ).

òàá. ÕIII. òàá. ÕIII. òàá. ÕIII. òàá. ÕIII. òàá. ÕIII. Êàòàóëà. Ïëàí öåðêâè ñâ. Ãåîðíèÿ.òàá. ÕIV. òàá. ÕIV. òàá. ÕIV. òàá. ÕIV. òàá. ÕIV. Êàòàóëà. Ðàçðåçû öåðêâè.òàá. ÕV. òàá. ÕV. òàá. ÕV. òàá. ÕV. òàá. ÕV. Êàòàóëà. Ðàçðåçû öåðêâè.òàá. ÕVI. òàá. ÕVI. òàá. ÕVI. òàá. ÕVI. òàá. ÕVI. Êàòàóëà. 1. Âîñòî÷íûé ôàñàä (ðåñòàâðàöèÿ);

2. Çàïàäíûé ôàñàä (ðåñòàâðàöèÿ;3. Þæíûé ôàñàä (ðåñòàâðàöèÿ).

òàá. ÕVII. òàá. ÕVII. òàá. ÕVII. òàá. ÕVII. òàá. ÕVII. Ïëàí öåðêâè Êàñóðñêîãî ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ è âîñòî÷-íèé ôàñàä âûïîëíåííûé Í. Ñåâåðîâèì â 1922 ã.

òàá. ÕVIII. òàá. ÕVIII. òàá. ÕVIII. òàá. ÕVIII. òàá. ÕVIII. Êàñóðè. Øóðôû, çàëîæåíûå â 2008 ã.òàá. ÕIX. òàá. ÕIX. òàá. ÕIX. òàá. ÕIX. òàá. ÕIX. Ïëàí Êàñóðñêîé öåðêâè ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ.òàá. ÕX. òàá. ÕX. òàá. ÕX. òàá. ÕX. òàá. ÕX. Öåðêîâü (Ïîòîëåòè), ïëàí.òàá. ÕXI. òàá. ÕXI. òàá. ÕXI. òàá. ÕXI. òàá. ÕXI. Îìàðèøàëè. 1. Ñâåðë¸ííûé êàìåííûé áîåâåîé

òîïîð; 2. Îðíàìåíòèðîâàííûé ôàãìåíò ñîñóäè.

òàá. ÕXII. òàá. ÕXII. òàá. ÕXII. òàá. ÕXII. òàá. ÕXII. Îìàðèøàëè. 1. Æåëåçíàÿ ìîòûãà. 2. Æåëåçíûéíàêîíå÷íèê êîïèé.

ðèñ. 4ðèñ. 4ðèñ. 4ðèñ. 4ðèñ. 4. Ñèòóàöèîííàÿ êàðòà. Âåðõíàÿ ÷àñòü óùåëüÿ ðåêèÊîäîðè.

REZO KHVISTANIMATERIALS FOR CHRISTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY OF GEORGIA

(SUMMARY)INTRODUCTION

With the population of Georgia, with the and the especially in pu-

Pl. XVII. Plan of Qasuri St. George church and scheme of Easternfaçade is made by N.Severov in 1922

Pl. XVIII. Prospect holes made in 2008Pl. XIX. Qasuri St. George. Plan.Pl. XX. Potoleti Ghurch, Plan.Pl. XXI. Omarishali. 1. axe (rock); 2. Ceramics.Pl. XXII. Omarishali. 1. hoe (irom); 2. arrow (iron).Fig. 4. Situational map (Azhara region – the Ppper Abkhazia).

Îïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêèÎïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêèÎïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêèÎïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêèÎïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêè

òàá. I.òàá. I.òàá. I.òàá. I.òàá. I. Ãåíåðàëüíûé ïëàí è ðàçðåçû Ãóìóðèøñêîé öåðêâè.òàá. II.òàá. II.òàá. II.òàá. II.òàá. II. Ïëàí ìîãèëüíèêà Ãóìóðèøñêîé öåðêâè, êåðàìèêà,

ôðàãìåíòû ñòåêëÿíîé ïîñóäû, ðåçíûå êàìíè.òàá. III.òàá. III.òàá. III.òàá. III.òàá. III. 1. Ñèòóàöèîííûé ïëàí ×õîðòîëüñêîé öåðêâè. 2.

Ïëàí öåðêâè; 3. Àêñîíîìåòðèÿ õðàìà, êåðàìèêà.òàá. IV.òàá. IV.òàá. IV.òàá. IV.òàá. IV. Áåäèÿ. Øóðôû è ïëàí ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî õðàìà.Ðèñ. 1. Ðèñ. 1. Ðèñ. 1. Ðèñ. 1. Ðèñ. 1. Õåøêèëè. Èðàíñêàÿ ìîíåòà, ñåðåáðî.ðèñ. 2ðèñ. 2ðèñ. 2ðèñ. 2ðèñ. 2. Êàòàóëà. Ñòåëëà.òàá. V.òàá. V.òàá. V.òàá. V.òàá. V. Õåøêèëñêèé ñâ. Ãåîðãèé. Ïëàí è ðàçðåçû.òàá. VI.òàá. VI.òàá. VI.òàá. VI.òàá. VI. Õåøêèëè. Íàêîíå÷íèêè êîïèé, Æåëåçî.òàá. VII.òàá. VII.òàá. VII.òàá. VII.òàá. VII. Õåøêèëè.1. Æåëåçíûé êðåñò; 2. Çâîíêè.òàá. VIII.òàá. VIII.òàá. VIII.òàá. VIII.òàá. VIII. Õåøêèëè.1-9. Ìåäíèå è æåëåçíèå çâîíêè; 10-14.

Ìåäíûå çâîíêè.òàá. IX.òàá. IX.òàá. IX.òàá. IX.òàá. IX. Õåøêèëè.1-15. Êåðàìèêà; 16, 17, 19, 27. êåðàìèêà;

18. Êîñòÿíîå èçîáðàæåíèå.òàá. Õ.òàá. Õ.òàá. Õ.òàá. Õ.òàá. Õ. Õåøêèëè.1. Êðåñò; 2. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèè îðåàìåíò; 3-

4. Êàïèòåëè.Ðèñ.Ðèñ.Ðèñ.Ðèñ.Ðèñ. 3. Íåñãóíè. Íàòåëüíûé êðåñò – ðàñïÿòèå.òàá. ÕI.òàá. ÕI.òàá. ÕI.òàá. ÕI.òàá. ÕI. 1. Íàòåëüíûé êðåñò ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì ðàñïÿòèÿ; 2.

×åòûðåõóãîëüíàÿ áåçàïñèäíàÿ öåðêîâü â ñåëå

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at the end of the 17-th century.

§2. Chkhortoly church

Chkhortoli church is located in the North West of the village Chkhortolion the left bank of the tributary of the river Okhoje, in inner Egrisi, one ofthe historical regions of Georgia that is rich in the Christian monuments.

Chkhortoli Church, that had been beyond the view of scholars,was investigated archaeologically during 1985-86 by an Archaeologicalexpedition of Abkhazia of the Archaeological Centre of the Academy ofSciences of Georgia (head of the expedition prof. M. Baramidze). Ar-chaeological excavitions revealed that it was built in the IX-X centuriesand it has all the artistic features of Georgian architecture.

Alt the earlier stage of the late Medieval centuries one repositorywas added from the west side. The church functioned till the XVI century,till Turkish domination on the Black Sea.

Chkhortoli Chirch is the typical specimen of the architecture of theregion of the IX-X centuries and reflects cultural expansion of East Geor-gia towards the west in the beginning of Middle Ages and the fist stage ofthe developed Middle Ages.

§3. Bedia Monastery Complex

The work discusses the design of Bedia monastery complex – asignificant monument of the Middle Ages. The author provides the de-scription of all the three parts of the monastery buildings: the temple of theVirgin, the bishop´s quarters and the belfry.

Bedia Virgin Monastery is built at the beginning of X-XI centuries byking Begrat III and the bishop´s quarters and belfry-in XIII-XIV centuries.

§4. Bedia – Religious – Political Center of Georgiain the medievals

The article, discusses the ancient populated area – Bedia, which inVIII century was the center of one of the Saeristavo (territorial govern-ment body) of the West Georgia. At the beginning of X-XI centuries, the

pils students and youth, there is a continuous interest towards the ar-chaeological work and new discoveries taking place with us. This inter-est is fed by healthy patriotic aspiration of society.

In the foregoing book, there are collected the Christian cult monu-ments revealed by us as a result of archaeological research and put intoscientific circulation in the Regions of Georgia (Abkhazia, Svaneti, Kartli)in previous years, from which, part in the formof letters have already Bestpublished in periodical issues and collections and part is read in the formof reports in the circle of specialists. The purpose of their collection inone book is to present the results of the research of the various aspects ofstudied problem and make a final conclusion.

Our research upon discussion of dug material except the peculiari-ties of monuments is based on modern archaeological data, statigraphy ofmonuments, generalization given on the basis of the comparative analy-sis, as well as the latest literature, among them field reports and diaries notpublished until now. The mentioned material once more confirms, that theGeorgian Nation has much, that belongs only to them and through whichthey can easily fill the treasure of the world culture.

The book is aimed for students and people interested in the historyof the material culture of Georgia.

§1. Christian monuments in the r. Okumistsqali Gorge(Ghumurishi church)

Ghumurishi church is situated in the outskirts of Ghumurishi village,on the right bank of the river Okumistsqali, in one of the regions of innerEgrisi, a historical province of Georgia rich in relics of the Christian period.

Ghumirshi church was studied archaeologically in 1986-89 by theAbkhazian archaeological expedition of the Centre for Archaeological Stud-ies of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (headed by senior researcher M.Baramidze).

Archaeological excavations revealed two constructional horizons.The lower one belongs to a ope-nave hall-type church (12x14) built inthe 11-th and destroyed in the 15 th century. In the same place (4,5x7,5)with a cemetery in its yard. The church and the cemetery ceased to exist

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`Countries” is revealed in architectural monuments as well.

§7. St. George of Heshkili

In 1997-98 the Svaneti archaeological expedition (director Sh.Chartolani) carried out archaeological investigations at the site of theformer church of St. George (site of the former vitlage of Xeshkili) situ-ated on the right bank of the river Inguri.

Archaeological materials, such as: glazed and non-glazed pottery,iron arrow-heads, a silver coin, copper rattles and bells and a candle-stick, bronze hinge, head of a sheep, carved in travertine stone, capitals,columns, parts of an arch, fragments of frescoes, etc. revealed two con-struction horizons of the monument.

The lower horizon is represented by a small single nave darbazi-tupechurch which was Built an the turn of the 10-th centuru (6,5X4,5 m).

The upper horizon is reprezented du store-room annexed to thebuilding from the WEest (3,5x9 m) and the South (6,5x3,5).

At the end of the 17-th century the church of St. George ceasedfunctioning.

§8. A little plastic sample of earlier medievalsfrom Svaneti

In the article, there is discussed the adornment cross, molded inmould discovered in the village of Nesguni, Svaneti, on where there isdepicted a crucifixion.

On Nesugni Cross, there is depicted a figure of young Christ enface.Straight standing, open eyed figure of Christ conforms with iconographictype of Trumphator of early Christian dogmatic version.

There is depicted the composition of crucifixion based on earliertheological interpretation (Winner on death by death).

On the basis of stylistic signs and existed parallels, Nisguni adorn-ment cross is created in the II half of VII century and I half of VII century.

King Bagrat the III built the wonderful church in Bedia and the chair ofGudakviri Episcopacy was transferred tere. The church was re-formedas a Monastery complex in XII-XIV centuries.

In the Article, there is also discussed the famous golden bowl ofBedia, which according to the subscription on it, was donated by the KingBagrat III and his mother – Gurandukhti for the church built by them.

§5. Christian Architectural Monuments of Gali Region

In the article there are discussed the Christian cult monuments as aresult of archaeological research in Gali Region, namely in GudaviBabtisterium (IV century, Chamber churches of Chkhortola (IX-X cen-turies), Mtskelikari (X century) and Gumurishi (X century).

Discussed churches and the archaeological material revealed hereare giving an opportunity to have a look at certain issues of history ofmaterial and spiritual life of the population of the country of IV-XVIIcenturies. Studying of the mentioned monuments is giving the opportunityto come to the conclusion, that the development of Christian culture of thecountry of medieval was taking placemo synchronically, with ChristianCulture and was its part.

§6. Church Architecture of Abkhazia

Some of the authors in the past and even today, by ignoring andfalsification of historical-cultural roots and connections with Georgiainoculmoates the wrong, tendency opinion regarding the existing of own,independent way of development of history, art, namely architecture ofAbkhazia, which lacks any scientific base.

Abkhazia is Cha part of all Georgian Culture of Christian architec-ture of medievals of Abkhazia. The existence of certain distinguishing signs,which is characteristic for Abkhazian Architecture as well, is a logic, natu-ral phenomenon characteristic for Georgian architecture of the medievalages. The obvious difference of Kakheti, Kartli and the other Georgian

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tion of Kataulas St. Georgies Church yielded significant results.After the removal of the detritis and the thick layer of earth from the

monument there appeared the old damaged but the primary form of thechurch. It is peculiar version of the basilica made in medieval Georgia, aconstruction of the first paterns of a three-church basilica (11.25X8.42 m).

Among the material found in the monument as a result of the ar-chaeological excavition (the kitchen, the building ceramics, the earthwvare,the relief crosses) of particular interest is the stonepillar (stale) whoserelief decor in the altar of the churchss central nave like the formerly dis-covered stone-pillars relief carving manner contains analogically executedimages of religious-symbolic and holy charachers, mundane portraits andthe Old Georgian legends (Asomtavruli).

The archaeological material, the building technics, the stylistic signsand the existing parallels (the Lower Bolnisis and the old Gagras three-church basilicas dated VI century) gives us every reason to suppose thatKataulas St. Georges Church was built in VI century.

§11. Three church basilicas of SaguramoQasuri St. George

The archeological research made by us in June 2008 in projectworks for the restoration of Saguramo Qasuri St. George church re-vealed the architectural face of Qasuri St. George’s Church. The churchwas a three church basilica, which in the North-Eastern Section wasseparated by an auxiliary receptacle. The entrance to the church wasonly from linen walls, from the side of North and South. The Northernentrance was decorated by two wide arches based on round columns,and the South entrance – on two arches as well. There was an oblongwall between them. The main Nave was divided into two equal sectionsin pairs, by one step pilaster.The Altar was allocated from Nave by onestep pilaster.

§12. Potoleti Church

§9. The Early Christianiti of Svaneti according to theArchaelogical Materials

According to the Svaneti archaeological expeditions operated manyyears research-searching materials, it was cleared that region is madewith the Christian burial ground and churches whose chronological dia-pason is between early middle eges early stage to late middle ages.

On the upper part of the river Enguri and Rskhenistkali for the ex-istence of Christian communisties is seen Soli, Down Margi and Khofuniburiel ground of the first half of the early mibble ages, thich is dated to theV-VI centuries.

In Pkhotreri seen four-angle non-afsided churches with thearchitectual style and accompaniment materials, ceramics is dated withthe V century. In Svaneti is much more stayed the Fkhutreli analogicalfour-angle non-afsided churches, to them is further built the hall tupechurches, where the first stages had lost the original function and are trans-formed on the loning.

In the early Middle-Ages Svaneti Christian characterized in thechurch level is seen in Nesguni discovered in the second half of VII cen-tury and the first half of VIII century, in the gauge wholly poured outbronze cross, in which was expressed by Christ crucifix.

§10. Kataulas St. George´s Church

Kataulas St. Georges Church situated in Kavtiskhevi village of theKaspi Region, Kartli, attracted the attantion of the scientists in the 20-iesof XX centuri owing to the stone-pillar (Stele) found in the altar whoserelief decor contains the images of religious – symbolic and holy charac-ters, mundane portraits and the old Georgian legands (Asomtavruli).

The summer archaeological expedition of 2006 organized by theOtar Lortkipanidze Institute of the Georgian National Muzeum (headedby R. Khvistani) and conducted with the aim of projection and restora-

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 íàñåëåíèè Ãðóçèè, îñîáåííî â ìîëîä¸æíîé è ñòóäåí÷åñêîéñðåäå, æèâî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ èíòåðåñ ê ïðîâîäÿùèìñÿ äçåñüàðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì ðàáîòàì è íîâûì îòêðûòèÿì. Ýòîò èíòåðåñîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ çäîðîâûì ÷óâñòâîì ïàòðèîòèçìà â íàøåì îáùåñòâå.

 ïðåäëàãàåìîè êíèãå ñîáðàíû âûÿâëåííûå íàìè íàïðîòèÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíûõ ëåò â ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ãðóçèè(Àáõàçèÿ, Ñâàíåòè, Êàðòëè) è ââåäåííûå â íàó÷íûé îáîðîòõðèñòèàíñêèå êóëüòîâûå ïàìÿòíèêè, ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ðàíåå óæåáûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà â âèäå ïèñåì â ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèÿõ èñáîðíèêàõ, äðóãàÿ æå ÷àñòü áûëà ïðî÷èòàíà â âèäå ñîîáùåíèé âêðóãó ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Öåëüþ ïîìåùåíèÿ èõ â îäíîé êíèãå ÿâëÿåòñÿêîìïëåêñíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèé ðàçëè÷íûõàñïåêòîâ ïðîáëåìû è îáùèå âûâîäû.

Äàííîå èññëåäîâàíèå, êðîìå ðàññóæäåíèé î ñïåöèôèêåâûøåîçíà÷åííîãî ïîäüåìíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, îïèðàåòñÿ òàêæå íàíîâåéøóþ ëèòåðàòóðó, â òîì ÷èñëå íåîïóáëèêîâàíûå ïîëåâûåîò÷åòû – äíåâíèêè. Îçíà÷åííûé ìàòåðèàë åù¸ ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàåò,÷òî ãðóçèíñêèé íàðîä èìååò ìíîãî òàêîãî, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêîåãî ñîáñòâåííîñòüþ è ÷åì îí ñìåëî ìîæåò ïîïîëíÿòüñîêðîâèùíèöó ìèðîâîé êóëüòóðû.

§1. Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð.§1. Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð.§1. Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð.§1. Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð.§1. Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð.Îêóìèñöêàëè (Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)Îêóìèñöêàëè (Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)Îêóìèñöêàëè (Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)Îêóìèñöêàëè (Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)Îêóìèñöêàëè (Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)

Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè ðàñïîëîæåíà íà îêðàíèå ñ. Ãóìóðèøè,íà ïðàâîì áåðåíó ð. Îêóìèñöêàëè, â îäíîì èç ðåíèîíîâèñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðîâèíöèè Ãðóçèè – Øèäà-Ýãðè, áîãîòîéïàìÿòíèêàìè õðèñòèàíñêîé ýïîõè. Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøèàðõåîëîãè÷åñêè èññëåäîâàíà â 1986-89 ãã. Àáõàçñêîéàðõåîëîíè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèeé Öåíòðà àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèõèññëåäîâàíèé ÀÍ Ãðóçèè (ðóêîâîäèòåëü Ì. Áàðàìèäçå).

Àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèå ðàñêîïêè âûÿâèëè äâà ñòðîèòåëüíûõãîðèçîíòà. Íèæíèé ïðèíàäëåæèò îäíîíåôíîé öåðêâè çàëüíîãîòèïà (12õ14), ïîñòðîåííîé â Õ1 â. è ðàçðóøåííîé â ÕV â.  XVI â.

In the work, there is discussed Potoleti Church, located in Borjomi,Canyon, in the South of the village of Akhaldaba. According to archaeo-logical data and stylistic analysis Potoleti church is dated by I half of IXcentury. In the scientific literature, Potoleti Church is identified with,,KvirikeTsminda” Monastery mentioned in Georgian Historical Sources(,,Life of Kartli”), founded by Grigol Khantsteli’s pupil – Christophore.

AddendumThe results of 2007-2008 yearmo work of the searching – ar-

chaeological expedition in the upper part of river Kodori (Histori-cal Dali)

(Summary)

In 2007-2008 the archaeological expedition of Sokhumi Universityfound the significant monuments in villages Marabda (the former place of achurch ruins) and Omarishali (ruin of acyclopean building, likea grave) whichwere unknown in literature. The most interesting ones are the archaeologicalmaterials occasionally foundon the territory of Oramishali cyclopean buildingduring earth works – fragments of Kolkhi ceramics of early antique age and astone perforating axe. There are close parallels seen according to its shapebetween a stone axe, the impressive arte-fact of stone industry, namely of abattle culture and a stone perforated axes found in the Western Georgia(Ispany, Sakire Gora, Gumista, Cholipa, Anaklia). According to the men-tioned analogies Omarishali stone perforated axes is dated to the end of thirdmillennium B.C. and the first quarter of second millennium B.C. (approxi-mately XIX-XVII centuries B.C.).

Ðåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÐåçî ÕâèñòàíèÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîé àðõåîëîíèè ÃðóçèèÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîé àðõåîëîíèè ÃðóçèèÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîé àðõåîëîíèè ÃðóçèèÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîé àðõåîëîíèè ÃðóçèèÌàòåðèàëû ê õðèñòèàíñêîé àðõåîëîíèè Ãðóçèè

(ðåçþìå)(ðåçþìå)(ðåçþìå)(ðåçþìå)(ðåçþìå)ÂâåäåíèåÂâåäåíèåÂâåäåíèåÂâåäåíèåÂâåäåíèå

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Ñàìóðçàêàíî. Ïî ñâîåìó ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîìó ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ îíàÿâëÿåòñÿ öåíòðîì äàííîãî ðåãèîíà.

×åðåç Áåäèþ ïðîõîäèëà äîðîãà, ñâÿçûâàþùàÿ Àáõàçèþ ñîñòàëüíûìè óãîëêàìè Ãpóçèè. Äîðîãà, êîòîðàÿ ïðèîáðåòàëàáîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå ñ ðàííåãî ñðåäíåâñêîâüÿ. Îíà ñëåäîâàëà ïîïðåäãîðíîé ïîëîñå è â ðàéîíå ñ. Äèõàçóðãà âûõîäèëà ê ðåêåÈíãóðè. Âäîëü ýòîé äîðîãè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûåîñòàòêè çàìêîâ è áàøåí (Ðåêà, Îõóðåé, Áåäèÿ, ×õîðòîëè, Öàð÷å,Îêóìè, Ãóìóðèøè, Ðå÷õè, Ìóõóðè, Ãàëè, Ìàõóíäæèÿ,×óáóðõèíäæè, Ñàáåðèî, Äèõàçóðãà, Îöàðöå). Óêàçàííûåêðåïîñòè òàêæå êîíòðîëèðîâàëè äîðîãè, âåäóùèå ñ ãîð, ò.ê.íåñåëåíèþ ðàâíèíû ïðèõîäèëîñü ñäåðæèâàòü íàòèñê ãîðöåâ.

 ïîçäíåå ñðåäíåâåêîâüå, â ïåðèîä ðàñïàäà Ãðóçèè íàîòäåëüíûå öàðñòâà-êíÿæåñòâà, îñëàáåâàþò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ñâÿçèìåæäó îòäåëüíûìè ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè åäèíèöàìè. Ñîîòâåñòâåííîïàäàåò è çíà÷åíèå ýòèõ ïóòåé. Ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ðàííåîãîñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ – íàòèñê ãîðöåâ íà ðàâíèíó. Íàñåëåíèå ðàâíèíûâûíóæäåíî âîññòàíàâëèâàòü ñòàðûå óêðåïëåíèÿ è ñòðîèòüíîâûå.

Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå VIII âåêà ïî èíèöèàòèâå «ÝðèñòàâàÀáõàçîâ» Ëåîíà II-ãî Çàïàäíàÿ Ãðóçèÿ îáúåäèíÿåòñÿ èîñâîáîæäàåòñÿ îò âèçàíòèéñêîé çàâèñèìîñòè. Ñîçäàåòñÿ«öàðñòâî Àáõàçîâ».

Ëåîí ðàçäåëèë ãîñóäàðñòâî íà âîñåìü ýðèñòàâñòâ, îäíîèç êîòîðûõ ïðîñòèðàëîñü îò ð. Ãàëèäçãà äî ð. Öõåíèñöêàëè ñöåíòðîì â Áåäèÿ.

Ïî äàííûì ãðóçèíñêèõ ëåòîïèñåé è àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõìàòåðèàëîâ, â êîíöå Õ âåêà Áàãðàò III ñòðîèò â Áåäèè õðàì èïåðåíîñèò òóäà Ãóäàêâñêóþ åïèñêîïñêóþ êàôåäðó è, òåì ñàìûìîñâîáîæäàåòñÿ îò ãðå÷åñêîãî êîíôåññèîíàëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ.

 1952 è 1968 ãîäàõ âî âðåìÿ ðåñòàâðàöèîííûõ ðàáîòâûðûòûå øóðôû âûÿâèëè â ïîäçåìíîé ÷àñòè õðàìà ñëîè Õ-ãîâåêà, îñòàòêè ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî õðàìà, ïîñòðîåííîãî ÁàãðàòîìIII.

Íà òîì æå ìåñòå áûëà ïîñòðîåíà öåðêîâü (4,5õ7,5 ì) çàëüíîãîòèïà, âî äâîðå êîòîðîé áûëî óñòðîåíî êëàäáèùå. Â êîíöå ÕVIIâåêà öåðêîâü è êëàäáèùå ïðåêðàùàþò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå.

§2. ×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü§2. ×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü§2. ×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü§2. ×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü§2. ×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü

×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü ðàñïîëîæåíà íà îêðàèíå ñåëà×õîðòîëè Ãàëüñêîãî ðàéîíà áîãàòîé ïàìÿòíèêàìèõðèñòèàíñêîé ýïîõè. Öåðêîâü àðõåîëîãè÷åñêè èññëåäîâàíà â1985-86 ãã. Àáõàçñêîé àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèåé Öåíòðààðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèè ÀÍ Ãðóçèè (ðóêîâîäèòåëüäîêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ì. Áàðàìèäçå).

Àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèå ðåñêîïêè âûÿâèëè îäíîíåôíóþ öåðêîâüçàëüíîãî òèïà (12õ8) ïîñòðîåííóþ íà ðóáåæå IX-X ââ. êîòîðàÿïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì (Ñîïóòåòâóþùèè àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèéìàòåðèàëü, èñêóññòâîâåä÷åñêèé àíàëèç) îðãàíè÷åñêèâïèñûâàåòñÿ â ýâîëóöèîííûé ïðîöåññ ãðóçèíñêîé êóëüòîâîéàðõèòåêòóðû.

§3. Áåäèéñêèè ìîíàñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ§3. Áåäèéñêèè ìîíàñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ§3. Áåäèéñêèè ìîíàñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ§3. Áåäèéñêèè ìîíàñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ§3. Áåäèéñêèè ìîíàñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ

 íàó÷íîé ðàáîòå ðàññìàòðèâàåòüñÿ, êàê ñîçäàâàëñÿ àíñàìáëüâàæíåéùåãî ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ïàìÿòíèêà - Áåäèéñêîãîìîíàñòûðñêîãî êîìïëåêñà.  öåëîì ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ âñå òðè ÷àñòèìîíàñòûðñêîãî êîìïëåêñà. Öåðêîâü Áîãîìàòåðè ïîñòðîåíà íàðóáåæå Õ-ÕI ââ. Áàãðàòîì III–ì. Æèëèùå åïèñêîïà è êîëîêîëüíÿâîçâåäåííà â ÕIII-ÕIV ââ. Ê ýòîìó æå ïåðèîäó îòíîñèòñÿïåðåñòðîéêà õðàìà Áîãîìàòåðè.

§4. Áåäèÿ – îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ§4. Áåäèÿ – îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ§4. Áåäèÿ – îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ§4. Áåäèÿ – îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ§4. Áåäèÿ – îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõöåíòðîâ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèèöåíòðîâ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèèöåíòðîâ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèèöåíòðîâ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèèöåíòðîâ ñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèè

Áåäèÿ ðàñïîëîæåíà â ïðåäãîðíîé ïîëîñå èñòîðè÷åñêîãî

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ïîäçåìíàÿ ÷àñòü (Õ â.) âûñòðîåííîãî Áàãðàòîì III Áåäèéñêîãîêàôåäðàëüíîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ. Âûÿñíàåòñÿ, ÷òî íûíåñóùåñòâóþùàÿ ÷àñòü ìîíàñòûðÿ íàäñòðîåíà íàïðåäøåñòâóþùåì ñòðîåíèè â ÕIV â. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèåìàòåðèàëû òàêæå ïîäòâåðäèëè, ÷òî ê Õ âåêó îòíîñèòñÿ èïåðâûé ñòðîèòåëüíûé ñëîé öåðêâè Ìöêåëèêàðè.

Àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèå è ýïèãðàôè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû (âòîîðàÿïîë. ÕI â.) Ãóìóðèøñêîé öåðêâè, ïîäòâåðæäàþò, ÷òîèññëåäóåìûé êðàé ÿâëÿëñÿ öàðñêèì äîìåíîì îáúåäåíåííîéÃðóçèè. Ê ýòîìó æå ïåðèîäó îòíîñèòñÿ ïåðâûé ñòðîèòåëüíûéñëîé Èëîðñêîé öåðêâè.

 ÕIII-ÕIV ââ. â èíòåðåñóþùåì íàñ ðåãèîíå ÷óâñòâóåòñÿêóëüòóðíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ñïàä, õîòÿ â ñðàâíåíèè ñöåíòðàëüíûìè îêðóãàìè Ãðóçèè, ñîçäàþòñÿ áëàãîïðèÿòíûåóñëîâèÿ äëÿ èíòåíñèâíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà, Ïðàâäà, â ýòó ýïîõóíå áûëè ïîñòðîåíû ìîíóìååòàëüíûå ïàìÿòíèêè, íîïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ðåìîíò è ðîñïèñü öåðêâåé è ìîíàñòûðåé,îáíîâëåíèå êðåïîñòåé è äâîðöîâ, ñòðîÿòñÿ äâîðöû â Ïøàóðåè Áåäèÿ, öåðêâè â Öàð÷å è Äèõàçóðãà.

Ñóäÿ ïî àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì ìàòåðèàëàì, ê ýòîìó ïåðèîäóîòíîñèòñÿ âòîðîé ñòðîèòåëüíûé ñëîé Áåäèÿ, Ãóìóðèøè,×õîðòîëè è Ìöêåëèêàðè. Êðàñíîðå÷èâûé è çíà÷èòåëüíûéêåðàìè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë ðàçâèòîãî ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ êðàÿ(ñòðîèòåëüíûé, õîçÿéñòâåííûé, êóõîííûé) èìååò íå ìàëîàíàëîãîâ â ñèíõðîííûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ Çàïàäíîé è Âîñòî÷íîéÃðóçèè.

ÕVI-ÕVII ââ. Áûëè âåñüìà áîëåçíåííûìè äëÿèññëåäóåìîãî ðåãèîíà (îñìàíñêàÿ ýêñïàíñèÿ, íàïîðñåâåðîêàâêàçñêèõ ïëåìåí). Îäíàêî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, â êðàå íåïðåêðàùàëàñü êóëüòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, íî óæå âìàëûõ ìàñøòàáàõ (ïðèñòðîéêà è ðîñïèñü öåðêâè Ìöêåëèêàðè,òðåòèé ñëîé Áåäèéñêîé ðîñïèñè).

Îáùèé àíàëèç âûÿâëåííûõ â ðåãèîíå çíà÷èòåëüíûõàðõåîëîíè÷åñêèõ è ýïèãàôè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ,

Ïî àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì è ïàëåîãðàôè÷åñêèì äàííûì, ñ ó÷åòîìèñòîðè÷åñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, ñèñòåìû îôîðìëåíèÿ ôàñàäîâ,àðõèòåêòóðíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ïóòåì èññëåäîâàíèÿ èíòåðüåðà,ïåðâûé ïåðèîä ñòðîèòåëüñòâà Áåäåéñêîãî õðàìà äàòèðóåòñÿêîíöîì Õ-ãî âåêà, à âòîðîé - Õ III-ÕIV ââ.

Ðîñïèñü õðàìà äåëèòñÿ íà òðè ýòàïà: Õ-XI ââ., ÕIII-ÕIVââ. ÕVI- ÕVII ââ.

§5. Õðèñòèàíñêèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â§5. Õðèñòèàíñêèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â§5. Õðèñòèàíñêèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â§5. Õðèñòèàíñêèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè â§5. Õðèñòèàíñêèå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè âÃàëüñêîì ÐàéîíåÃàëüñêîì ÐàéîíåÃàëüñêîì ÐàéîíåÃàëüñêîì ÐàéîíåÃàëüñêîì Ðàéîíå

 äåëå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ õðèñòèàíñêèõïàìÿòíèêîâ Ãàëüñêîãî ðàéîíà îñîáàÿ ðîëü ïðèíàäëåæèò Àáõàçñêîéàðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ýêñïåäèöèè Öåíòðà àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèéèññëåäîâàíèé èì. àêàä. Î. Ëîðòêèïàíèäçå ïðè àêàäåìèè íàóêÃðóçèè (ðóêîâîä. äîêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê ïðîô. Ì. Áàðàìèäçå).Çíà÷èòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ðàáîòû îñóøåñòâëåíû âíàçâàííîì ðàéîíå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèìè ýêñïåäèöèÿìèÃîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ìóçåÿ Ãðóçèè èì. àêàä. Ñ. Äæàíàøèÿ (ðóêîâîä.äîêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîô. Ï. Çàêàðàèÿ) è Àáõàçñêîãîèíñòèòóòà ÿçûêà, ëèòåðàòóðû è èñòîðèè èì. Ä. Ãóëèÿ (ðóêîâîä.äîêòîð èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîô. Ë. Øåðâàøèäçå).

Ðàííåå ñðåäíåâåêîâüå – âðåìÿ óòâåðæäåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñêîéðåëèãèè â èññëåäóåìîì êðàå, î ÷åì. íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìèìàòåðèàëàìè, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò íàéäåííàÿ ïðè ðàñêîïêàõ Ãóäàâñêàÿöåðêîâü, êîòîðàÿ. âèäèìî. ôóíêöèîíàðîâàëà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè IV-Õ ââ. Ñ êîíöà VIII âåêà, ïîñëå îáúåäåíåíèÿ Çàïàäíîé Ãðóçèè,êóëüòóðíàÿ ñâÿçü ñ öåíòðîì è âîñòî÷íûìè îêðóãàìè Ãðóçèè,ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîëåå îùóòèìîé. Íà ðóáåæå IÕ-Õ ââ. â ñ. ×õîðòîëèñòðîèòñÿ çàëüíàÿ öåðêîâü, êîòîðàÿ ïî âñåì ïðèçíàêàì(ñîïóòñòâóþùèé àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë, èñêóññòâîâåä÷åñêèéàíàëèç) îðãàíè÷åñêè âïèñûâàòñÿ â ýâîëþöèîííûé ïðîöåññãðóçèíñêîé êóëüòîâîé àðõèòåêòóðû.

Ïðè àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðàñêîïêàõ îáíàðóæåíà äðåâíÿÿ,

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§8. Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâñêîâîé ìåëüêîé§8. Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâñêîâîé ìåëüêîé§8. Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâñêîâîé ìåëüêîé§8. Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâñêîâîé ìåëüêîé§8. Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâñêîâîé ìåëüêîéïëàñòèêè èç ñåëà Íåñãóí (Ñâåíåòè)ïëàñòèêè èç ñåëà Íåñãóí (Ñâåíåòè)ïëàñòèêè èç ñåëà Íåñãóí (Ñâåíåòè)ïëàñòèêè èç ñåëà Íåñãóí (Ñâåíåòè)ïëàñòèêè èç ñåëà Íåñãóí (Ñâåíåòè)

 ñòàòüå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ëèòûé â áðîíçå ïîäâåñíûéêðåñò, íà êîòîðîì èçîáðàæåíî ðàñïÿòèå Õðèñòà, íàéäåííûé âñåëå Íåñãóí ìåñòèéñêîãî ðàéîíà.

Ôèãóðà ìîëîäîãî Õðèñòà èçîáðàæåíà en face. Ôèãóðàïîñòðîåíà íà ðàííåé òåîëîãè÷åñêîé èíòåðïðåòàöèèõðèñòèàíñêîé èêîíîíðàôèè, ãäå Õðèñòîñ èçîáðàæàåòñÿòðèóìôàòîðîì (èäåÿ ïîáåäû æèçíè íàä ñìåðòüþ). Õðèñòîñèçîáðàæåí ñ îòêðûòûìè ãëàçàìè, æèâîé. Íà ëèöå, âìåñòî áîëèâûçâàííîé êàçíüþ, èçîáðàæåíî ñïîêîéñòâèå.

Ïî ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèì ÷åðòàì è ñóùåñòâóþùèì àíàëîãèÿìÍåñãóíñêèé êðåñò ìîæíî äàòèðîâàòü âòîðîé ïîëîâèíîé VIIâåêà è ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíîé VIII âåêà.

§9. Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â Ñâàíåòè§9. Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â Ñâàíåòè§9. Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â Ñâàíåòè§9. Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â Ñâàíåòè§9. Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â ÑâàíåòèÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèðîäàÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèðîäàÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèðîäàÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèðîäàÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèðîäà

 Ãðóçèíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè áûòóåò ìíåíèå î òîì, áóäòîóïðî÷åíèå õðèñòèàíñòâà â Ñâàíåòè ïðîèçîøëî íå ðàíåå IÕ âåêà.

Ñâàíåòñêàÿ àðõåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ýñïåäèöèÿ (ðóêîâ. äîê. èñò. íàóêØ. ×àðòîëàíè) ïðè öåíòðå àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àêàäåìèèíàóê Ãðóçèè â 2001 ãîäó â ñåëå Ïõóòðåð, ïîä ðàçâàëèíàìè çàëüíîéöåðêâè ðàçâèòîãî ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ, âûÿâèëà áîëåå ðàííþþ ìàëóþ,ïðÿìîóãîëíóþ, áåçàïñèäíóþ öåðêîâü V-VI âåêîâ, êîòîðàÿ ìåíÿåò íàøåïðåäñòàâëåíèå î âîïðîñå ðàííåé õðèñòèàíèçàöèè Ñâàíåòè. Õàðàêòåðíî,÷òî â àíàëîãè÷íûõ öåðêîâÿõ â Ñâàíåòè â ðàçâèòîì ñðåäíåâåêîâüåíàäñòðîåíû âòîðûå ýòàæè.

Ïî àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì äàííûì âûÿñíÿåòñÿ ÷òî â V-VI âåêàõâ âûñîêîãîðíîé Ñâàíåòè óæå èìåþòñÿ õðèñòèàíñêèå îáùèíûñî ñâîèìè êóëüòîâèìè ïîñòðîéêàìè.

§10. Öåðêoâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà§10. Öåðêoâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà§10. Öåðêoâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà§10. Öåðêoâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà§10. Öåðêoâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà

îáîðîíèòåëüíûõ, êóëüòîâûõ, ñâåòñêèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èòîïîíèìèêè, ïðèâëå÷åíèå ïèñüìåííûõ èñòîíèêîâ ïîçâîëÿþòçàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî ðàçâèòèå çäåñü ñâîåîáðàçíîé ìàòåðèàëüíîéêóëüòóðû ïðîèñõîäèëî ñèíõðëííî ñ ãðóçèíñêîé ìàòåðèàëüíîéêóëüòóðîé è ÿâëÿåòñÿ åå íåîòüåìëåìîé ÷àñòüþ.

§6. Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè§6. Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè§6. Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè§6. Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè§6. Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè

Íåêîòîðûå àâòîðû, êàê â ïðîøëîì, òàê è ñåé÷àñ,èãíîðèðîâàíèåì è èçâðàùåíèåì ñâÿçàííûõ ñ Ãðóçèåé èñòîðèêî-êóëüòóðíûõ èñòîêîâ è ñâÿçåé, óòâåðæäàþò îøèáî÷íîå,òåíäåíöèîçíîå ìíåíèå î ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ÿêîáûñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ ïóòåé ðàçâèòèÿ àáõàçñêîé èñòîðèè èèñêóññòâà, â òîì ÷èñëå çîä÷åñòâà, ÷òî ëèøåíî êàêèõ-ëèáîíàó÷íûõ îñíîâàíèé.

Ñðåäíåâåêîâîå Õðèñòèàíñêîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè – ÷àñòüîáùåãðóçèíñêîé êóëüòóðû. Ñóùåñòâîâàíèå îòäåëüíûõ ñïåöèôè÷åñêûõ÷åðò, èìåþùèõñÿ â çîä÷åñòâå Àáõàçèè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàêîíîìåðíûìÿâëåíèåì, õàðàêòåðíûì äëÿ Ãðóçèíñêîãî çàä÷åñòâà. ßâíûå ðàçëè÷èÿèìåþòñÿ è â ïàìÿòíèêàõ çàä÷åñòâà Êàõåòè, Êàðòëè è äðóãûõãðóçèíñêèõ «ñòðàí».

§7. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèè§7. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèè§7. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèè§7. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèè§7. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèèCâàíåòèCâàíåòèCâàíåòèCâàíåòèCâàíåòè

Ñâàíåòñêàÿ àðõåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ (ðóê. Äîêòîðèñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ø. ×àðòîëàíè) èññëåäîâàëà ðàçâàëèíûÕåøêèëüñêîé öåðêâû ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ â 1997-98 ãã., ñ öåëüþïðîâåäåíèÿ ïðîýêòíèõ ðåñòàâðàöèîííûõ ðàáîò.

Õåøêèëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé òèïè÷íóþ äëÿÑâàíåòè íåáîëüøóþ Öåðêîâü çàëüíîãî òèïà.  ðåçóëüòàòåðàñêîïîê çäåñü áûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ñòðàòèãðàôè÷åñêèõ ãîðèçîíòà– ïåðâûé X-XI ââ., è âòîðîé – XVI â. Öåðêîâü ïðåêðàùàåòôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå â XVII â.

137136

Ïðîèçâåäåííûå íàìè äëÿ ïðîåêòíûå ðàáîòû ïîâîññòàíàâëåíèþ Ñàãóðàìñêîé öåðêâè ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ â èþíå 2008 ã.àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûÿâèëè ñêðûòûå ðàçâàëèíàìè÷àñòè.  ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñêîïîê â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ñåâåðíîãî íåôàâûÿâëåíà îòäåëåííàÿ ñòåíîé êëàäîâàÿ ñî âõîäîì òîëüêî èçöåíòðàëüíîãî íåôà.  òîì æå íåôå âûÿâëåíû îïîðû äâóõ àðîê èñòîëá äèàìåòðîì 70 ñì.

 ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñêîïîê áûë ïîëíîñòüþ âîñòàíîâëåí îáëèêäàííîé öåðêâè. Îíà ïðåëñòàâëÿëà ñîáîé òðåõöåðêîâíóþáàçèëèêó ñ ðèçíèöåé â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè. Âõîä áûëòîëüêî ñ þãà è ñåâåðà. Ñåâåðíûé âõîä áûë îôîðìëåí äâóìÿàðêàìè ñ ïðîäîëãîâàòîé ñòåíîé ìåæäó íèìè. Ãëàâíûé íåôðàçäåëåí íà äâå ðàâíûå ÷àñòè ìåëêîé îäíîñòóïåí÷àòîèïèëÿñòðîé. Ñòðîèòåëüíûé ìàòåðèàë, ôîðìû è äàííûåïèñüìåííûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî õðàì áûëïîñòðîåí â VI â.

§12. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè§12. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè§12. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè§12. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè§12. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè

 ðàáîòå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè, êîòîðàÿíàõîäèòñÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Áîðæîìñêîãî óùåëüÿ, â îêðåñòåíîñòèñ. Àõàëäàáà. Ïî àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì ìàòåðèàëàì, àðõèòåêòóðíûìäàííûì è ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîìó àíàëèçó öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòèäàòèðóåòñÿ ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíîé IX âåêà. Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòèìîæíî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ñóïîìèíåìûì â «Æèòèè»ìîíàñòûð¸ì «Êâèðèêåöìèäà», êîòîðèé áûë îñíîâàí IX âåêàñîðîêàâûõ ãîäàõ, ó÷åíèêîì Ã. Õàíöòåëè – Õðèñòîôîðîì. Âäàííîå âðåìÿ öåðêîâü ðåñòàâðèðîâàí.

ÄîïîëíåíèåÄîïîëíåíèåÄîïîëíåíèåÄîïîëíåíèåÄîïîëíåíèå

Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàáîòû ïîèñêîâî-àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîéýêñïåäèöèè 2007-2008 ãã.â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Êîäîðè

Öåðêîâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëëà ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ âÊàðòëè, ñ. Êàâòèñõåâè, ïðèâëåêëà âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëåéåùå ñ 20-õ ãîäîâ ÕÕ âåêà. Îñîáåííî çàèíòåðåñîâàëà èõâûÿâëåííàÿ â òðåïàçå ñòåëà ñ áîãàòûì ðåëüåôíèì äåêîðîì èíàäïèñÿìè, èñïîëíåííûìè äðåâíåãðóçèíñêèì ïèñüìîì«àñîìòàâðóëè».

Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ðàáîòû, ïðîâåäåííûå ëåòîì2006 ã. ýêñïåäèöèåé èíñòèòóòà Àðõåîëîãèè èì. Î.Ëîðòêèïàíèäçå ïðè íàöèîíàëüíîì ìóçåå Ãðóçèè (ðóêîâ. ýñêï.Ð. Õâèñòàíè) ñ öåëüþ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ïðîåêòíûõ ðàáîò ïîðåñòàâðàöèè öåðêâè ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëëà, çàâåðøèëîñüçíà÷èòåëüíûìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè.

Ïîñëå ñíÿòèÿ òîëñòîãî ñëîÿ ùåáåíÿ è ãëèíû,îáðàçîâàâøåãîñÿ íà ñòåíàõ ïàìÿòåèêà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âåêîâ,êîòîðàÿ çàêðûâàëà ïî÷òè äî îñíîâàíèÿ ðàçðóøåííûå áîêîâûåíåôû çäàíèÿ, íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè ïîÿâèëîñü î÷åðòàíèåïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî âèäà äðåâíåé, ïîâðåæäåííîé öåðêâè. Îíàïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñâîåîáðàçíûé âàðèàíò áàçèëèêè, ñòðîåíèÿíåñëîæíîé êîñòðóêöèè õàðàêòåðíîé äëÿ ïåðâûõ îáðàçöîâ ò.í.«Òðåõ öåðêîâíûõ áàçèëèê», ðàçðàáîòàííûõ â ðàíååñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèè.

Èç àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íàéäåííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòåðàñêîïîê (êóõîííàÿ è ñòðîèòåëüíàÿ êåðàìèêà, èçäåëèÿ èçñòåêëà, ðåëüåôíûå êðåñòû), îñîáî ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ñòåëëû,ðåëüåôíûé äåêîð êîòîðîé àíàëîãè÷åí ðåëüåôó çäåñü æå ðàíååîáíàðóæåííîé ñòåëëû, òàêæå áîãàòûì íàäïèñÿìè,èñïîëíåííûìè äðåâíåãðóçèíñêèì ïèñüìîì «àñîìòàâðóëè».

Àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû, ñòðîèòåëüíàÿ òåõíèêà,ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèå çíàêè è ñóùåñòâóþùèå ïàðàëëåëè äàþòîñíîâàíèå äàòèðîâàòü ïîñòðîåíèå öåðêâè ñâ. Ãåîðíèÿ ÊàòàóëëàVI âåêîì.

§11. Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà§11. Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà§11. Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà§11. Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà§11. Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà

139138

(Ðåçþìå)

 2007-2008 ãã. àðõåîëîíè÷åñêàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ ÑóõóìñêîãîÓíèâåðñèòåòà ïðîâîäèëà ïîèñêîâî-àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû ââåðõíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Êîäîðè. Áûëè âûÿâëåíû àðõåîëîíè÷åñêèåïàìÿòíèêè ðàçíûõ ýïîõ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ îñîáûé èíòåðåñâûçûâàþò îñòàòêè öèêëîïè÷åñêîãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ â ñ. Îìàðèøàðè,íà òåðèòîðèè êîòîðîãî, â ìåñòå ñ äðóãèìè ìàòåðèàëàìè,ñëó÷àéíî îáíàðóæåí êàìåííûé ñâåðë¸ííûé áîåâîé òîïîð,êîòîðûé îòíîñèòñÿ ê êîíöó III òûñ. äî í.ý. è ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíåII òûñ. äî í.ý. (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî XXI-XVII ââ. äî í.ý.). Áëèæàéùèååãî ïàðàëëåëè èçâåñòíû íà ïîñåëåíèÿõ êîíöà III òûñ. äî í.ý.ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà òåðèòîðèè Çàïàäíîé Ãðóçèè (Ãóìèñòà,×îëèíà è Àíàêëèÿ II).

tabulebitabulebitabulebitabulebitabulebi

141140

tab. I

143142

tab. IIItab. II

145144

sur. 1

sur. 2

tab. IV

147146

tab.VItab.V

149148

tab.VIIItab.VII

151150

tab. Xtab.IX

153152

tab.XIsur. 3

155154

tab. XIIItab. XII

157156

tab. XVtab. XIV

159158

tab. XVIItab. XVI

161160

tab. XIXtab. XVIII

163162

tab. XXItab. XX

165164

sur.4tab. XXII

167166

ContestContestContestContestContest

Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------- 122Christian monuments in the r. Okumistsqali Gorge(Chumirishi church) ------------------------------------------- 122-123Chkhortoly chorch --------------------------------------------------- 123Bedia monastery complex ------------------------------------------ 123Bedia - Religious - Politikal center of Georgiain medievals ----------------------------------------------------------- 124Christian architechtural Monumentsof Gali Region -------------------------------------------------------- 124Church Architechture of Abkhazia ------------------------- 124-125St. George of Heshkili ---------------------------------------------- 125A little plastic of earlier medievols from Svaneti -------- 125-126The Early christianiti of svaneti according tothe archaelogieal materials ----------------------------------------- 126Kataulas St. Georges Church -------------------------------- 126-127Three church basilika of Saguramo Qasuri St. George ------ 127-128Potoleti Church ------------------------------------------------------ 128The Results of 2007-2008 years work of the searching-rcheological expedicion in the upper part of riverKodori (historial Dali) ---------------------------------------------- 128Description of the Plotes and Figures --------------------- 118-120Plates------------------------------------------------------------- 141-165

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

Sesavali -------------------------------------------------------- 3

qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswyalis zemo welze

(RumuriSis eklesia) ------------------------------------------ 4-12

CxorTolis eklesia ------------------------------------------ 13-24

bediis taZari ------------------------------------------------25-34

bedia _ Suasaukuneebis ëëëreligiur-politikuri centri ---------- 35-38

galis raionis qristianuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi----------- 39-43

afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba ----------------------- 44-57

masala svaneTis qristianuli arqeologiisaTvis -------------- 58-64

adre Suasaukuneebis mcire plastikis nimuSi svaneTidan ------ 65-74

svaneTis adreuli qristianizacia arqeologiuri

masalis mixedviT -------------------------------------------- 75-80

kataulas wm. giorgis eklesia ------------------------------- 81-91

saguramos qasuri wm. giorgis sameklesiiani bazilika --------- 92-97

foToleTis eklesia ---------------------------------------- 98-101

md. kodoris zemo welis (dalis xeoba) saZiebo-arqeologiuri

eqspediciis 2007-2008 wlebis muSaobis Sedegebi -------------- 102-116

tabulebisa da suraTebis aRweriloba ---------------------- 117-118

tabulebi -------------------------------------------------- 141-165

168

ÑîäåðæàíèåÑîäåðæàíèåÑîäåðæàíèåÑîäåðæàíèåÑîäåðæàíèå

Ââåäåíèå ---------------------------------------------------------- 129Õðèñòèàíñêèå ïaìÿòíèêè â óùåëüå ð. Îêóìèñöêàëè(Öåðêîâü Ãóìóðèøè)--------------------------------------- 129-130×õîðòîëüñêàÿ öåðêîâü ------------------------------------------ 130Áåäèéñêèé ìîíîñòûðñêèé êîìïëåêñ ------------------- 130-131Áåäèÿ-îäèí èç ðåëèãèîçíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ öåíòðîâñðåäíåâåêîâîé Ãðóçèè ------------------------------------- 131-132Õðèñòèàíñêèå îðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïaìÿòíèêèÃàëüñêîì Ðàéîíå -------------------------------------------- 132-134Öåðêîâíîå çîä÷åñòâî Àáõàçèè -------------------------------- 134Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðõåîëîãèè Ñâàíåòè ------ 135Îáðàçåö ðàííåñðåäíåâåêîâîé ìåëüêîé ïëàñòèêè èç ñåëàÍåñãóí (ñâàíåòè) ------------------------------------------------ 135Âîïðîñ óêðåïëåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà â ÑâàíåòèÂèçàíòèéñêîãî ïåðèîäà ----------------------------------- 135-136Öåðêîâü ñâÿòîãî Ãåîðãèÿ Êàòàóëà ----------------------- 136-137Êàñóðñêàÿ òðåõöåðêîâíàÿ Áàçèëèêà ------------------------- 137Öåðêîâü Ïîòîëåòè ------------------------------------------ 137-138Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàáîòû ïîèñêîâî-àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîéýêñïåäèöèè 2007-2008 ãã. â âåðõíåè òå÷åíèèð. Êîäîðè ---------------------------------------------------------- 138Îïèñàíèå òàáëèö è ðèñóíêè ----------------------------- 120-121

Òàáëèöû ------------------------------------------------------ 141-165

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis 47.tel. 39 15 22, 899 54 17 07

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