1. Which of the following statements about U.S. youths is true? The Hispanic high school drop-out rate is almost five times the European American rate.

2. Which of the following statements about children in the Middle Ages is false? The parent-child relationship was particularly close and loving.

3. Which of the following best describes the operating philosophy of the juvenile court under parens patriae? Best interests of the child.

4. According to Erik Erikson, role diffusion occurs when youths: place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.

5. Which of the following is not one of the three housing problems mentioned in the text that is experienced by one-third of all households with children? Housing without nearby recreational facilities.

6. According to the text, which of the following is not a key predicative factor for future chronic offending? Failure to bond with peers.

7. Which of the following is a Part I offense? Arson8. Which of the following statements about age and delinquency is false? As juvenile delinquents

mature, they become less aware of the risks that accompany crime.9. For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody?

Running away10. What does a UCR-reported murder rate of 9.0 mean? About nine people in every 100,000 were

murdered. 11. According to trait theory, delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as

temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics.12. Social learning theorists hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions

they receive from others.13. Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the

human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed in early childhood? Psychodynamic theory

14. A guiding principle of general deterrence is that the more sever, certain, and swift the punishment, the greater its effect will be.

15. People commit crime when they model their behavior after others they see being rewarded for the same acts; behavior is reinforced by rewards and extinguished by punishment. Which of the following theories does this best illustrate? Behavioral.

16. Which of the following is not one of the critical social factors believed to affect delinquent behaviors presented in the text? Gender disparity

17. Which of the following theories centers around a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status? Critical theory

18. Which of the following best describes social disorganization theory principles? Communities no longer have the capability of regulating the conduct of residents.

19. Which of the following theorists is most likely to assert that criminal behavior is learned primarily in interpersonal groups? Differential association theorist

20. Oscar Lewis coined the term culture of poverty to describe feelings of apathy, helplessness, and mistrust of institutions experienced by the urban poor.

21. Problem behavior syndrome refers to a cluster of antisocial behaviors which include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy.

22. Which of the following theories attributes delinquent behavior patterns to childhood socialization and pro- or antisocial attachments over the life course? Social development model

23. Moffitts concept of adolescent-limiteds describes a situation where anti-social behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes for most offenders.

24. Policy-based initiatives based on premises of developmental theory typically feature multisystematic treatment efforts designed to provide at-risk kids with personal, social, education, and family services.

25. T general theory of crime is a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories.

26. Liberal feminists see increasing female offending patterns caused by: an environment in which the roles of girls and boys converge.

27. According to the masculinity hypothesis, women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men.

28. There are some neurological differences between males and females; females are left-brain oriented while males are right-brain oriented.

29. According to some biosocial theorists, gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn differences in aggression.

30. Which of the following best describes Lombrosos view of female criminality? In appearance, delinquent females appeared closer to men than to other women.

31. States have relaxed their laws of evidence to allow out-of-court statements by the child to a social worker, teacher, or police officer to be used as evidence, such statements would otherwise be considered: hearsay

32. Psychologists suggest that maltreatment encourages children to use aggression as a means of solving problems and prevents them from feeling empathy for others.

33. At the pretrial conference, the attorney for the social service agency presents an overview of the case and evidence; matters such as admissibility of photos and written reports are settled. The attorneys can negotiate a settlement of the case, in which the parents accept a treatment plan.

34. A broken home is one in which: one or both parents are absent due to divorce or separation35. Which of the following best describes a blended family? nuclear families that are the produce of

divorce and remarriage36. A clique is defined as small groups of friends who share activities and confidences.37. When gang members toss or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership, this is called:

representing.38. According to the social injury view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang

boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.39. According to the text, controversial status youth are aggressive kids who are either highly liked

or intensely disliked by their peers.40. Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in

the United States? Social, the gang members family moves.41. According to the profile developed by the U.S. Secret Service, school shootings: involve shooters

with a history of being bullied.42. In Marvin Wolfgang’s Philadelphia cohort study, those who were more likely to become involved

in chronic delinquency: left school without a diploma

43. Most researchers have looked at academic tracking, dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level, as a contributor to student delinquency.

44. Which of the following explanations best fits the view that the school experience is a direct cause of delinquent behavior? School problems produce frustration, rejection, and negative attachments

45. Which of the following groups is reported to have the highest percentage of dropouts in 2005? Hispanics

46. A great effort has been made to cut off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels; this approach is known as: source control

47. According to the text, which of the following may be the most significant influence on long-term substance abuse? Peer networks

48. Just over sixty percent of all admissions treatment facilities in the United States involved marijuana as the primary drug of abuse.

49. Results from the most recent PRIDE survey (for the 2004-2005 school year) indicate: little to no change in drug activity over the previous school year

50. Which of the following is the most powerful natural stimulant? Cocaine51. Which of the following was noted as a problem of school-based adolescent drug surveys? The

exclusion of the most drug prone users52. At the pretrial conference, the attorney for the social service agency presents an overview of the

case and evidence; matters such as admissibility of photos of the case, in which the parents accept a treatment plan.

53. Natural or synthetic substances that produce vivid distortions of the sense without greatly disturbing consciousness are known as: hallucinogens

54. Derived from opium, heroin is the most used narcotic in the United States. 55. Results from the most recent PRIDE survey (for the 2004-2005 school year) indicate: Little to no

change in drug activity over the previous school year56. Most researchers have looked at academic tracking, dividing students into groups according to

ability and achievement level, as a contributor to student delinquency57. Which of the following groups is reported to have the highest percentage of dropouts in 2005?

Hispanics58. States have relaxed their laws of evidence to allow out-of-court statements by the child to a

social worker, teacher, or police officer to be used as evidence, such statements would otherwise be considered: hearsay

59. Which of the following causes of truancy is illustrated by drug and alcohol abuse, lack of understanding of attendance laws, lack of social competence, mental health difficulties, and poor physical health? Student variables

60. Which of the following families is most likely to produce daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers? Egalitarian families

61. According to the text, the association between drug use, race, and poverty has been linked to: high level of mistrust and defiance found in lower socioeconomic areas

62. Which of the following statements about the abuse-delinquency link is false? Kids who are only abused during early childhood may be more likely to engage in chronic delinquency

63. According to liberal feminists, females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide fewer opportunities to commit crimes.

64. Which of the following statements about gender differences and delinquency is false? Females view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status

65. According to control theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society; although they appear to have friends, delinquents actually lack the social skills to make their peer relations rewarding or fulfilling.

66. Which of the following explanations best fits the view that the school experience is a direct cause of delinquent behavior? School problems produce frustration, rejection, and negative attachments

67. Psychologists suggest that maltreatment encourages children to use aggression as a means of solving problems and prevents them from feeling empathy for others.

68. According to the text, schools with fewer behavioral problems in the student body are characterized by high achieving students

69. Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in the United States? Social; the gang members family moves

70. Which of the following statements about gender and the juvenile justice system is false? Once in the system, girls received more benefits and services than their male counterparts

71. Which of the following best describes Lombrosos view of female criminality? In appearance, delinquent females appeared closer to men than to other women

72. A school-based prevention program based on behavioral strategies involves: treating youths who have already manifested problems

73. When gang members toss or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership, this is called: representing

74. The multisystemic treatment technique developed by Scott Henggelder directs attention to family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem solving and communication skills.

75. Freud contends that females suffer from penis envy, which produces an inferiority complex in girls, forcing them to compensate for their “defect”.

76. According to the social theory view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

77. The main active ingredient in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).78. According to power control theory, female criminality is overlooked or forgiven by males in the

criminal justice system.79. A broken home is one in which one or both parents are absent due to divorce or separation.80. According to the masculinity hypothesis, women who commit crimes have biological

psychological traits similar to men.81. Some contend that the school experience is a direct cause of delinquent behavior; children who

fail at school soon feel frustrated and seek out like-minded companions and together engage in antisocial behaviors.

82. Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true? Kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders.

83. There are some neurological differences between males and females; females are left-brain oriented while males are right-brain oriented.

84. Which of the following best describes a blended family? Nuclear families that are the produce of divorce and remarriage.

85. A guardian ad litem is a lawyer appointed by the court to look after the interests of those who do not have the capacity to assert their own rights.

86. Which one of the following statements about gender-specific effects of divorce is false? Boys are more affected by post-divorce parental conflict

87. According to the text, alcohol may be a factor in nearly half of all murders, suicides, and accidental deaths.

88. According to the profile developed by the U.S. Secret Service, school shootings involve shooters with a history of being bullied.

89. According to definitions by Klein and others, gang delinquency includes each of the following points except: short-lived alliances

90. The most widely used designer drug is ecstasy, which is derived from: methamphetamines and speed

91. Which of the following statements is true concerning gender socializing and aggression? Females display relational aggression

92. A zero tolerance policy mandates specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and not allowing anyone to avoid these consequences.

93. Fagan described this type of gang as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana. Social

94. Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true? Delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to “get in trouble”

95. According to some biosocial theorists, gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn differences in aggression.

96. Problem-oriented policing refers to a style of law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.

97. Probable cause refers to facts, circumstances, and evidence which would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a specific person did it.

98. The FBI estimates that 70 percent of all juvenile arrests are: referred to juvenile court.99. The watch was the organization of men in early English society who patrolled areas at night to

protect against disturbances and breaches of peace.100. Handling juvenile offenders can produce major role conflicts for police; that is, they may

experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in rehabilitation of youthful offenders.

101.