classification of cancers by inusah d. iddrisu

Classification of Cancers

Classifications of CancerPresented by:Inusah D. Iddrisu

27 October 2015MTC, NANDOM

Objectives of presentation By the end of this session, students will be able to:explain Cancersgive the various classifications of cancers

27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

RLG (R) - Outline of presentation1. Definition of neoplasia2. Types of neoplasia3. Benign neoplasia4. Malignant neoplasia (Cancers)5. Classification of CancersHistological Gradingstaging


Explanation of CancersNeoplasia literally means "new growth." Defined by Willis, is "an abnormal mass of tissue growth of which exceeds, uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change." (Kumar, 2007) 27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

Intro. to CancersFundamental to the origin of all neoplasms are heritable (genetic) changes that allow excessive unregulated proliferation that is independent of physiologic growth-regulatory stimuli (Kumar, 2007; Bateman, 2005).27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

Intro. to CancersNeoplastic cells are said to be transformed because they replicate against the regulatory influences that control normal cell growth. Neoplasms therefore enjoy a certain degree of autonomy and more or less steadily increase in size regardless of their local environment and the nutritional status of the host. however, some neoplasms require endocrine support and sometimes can be exploited to the disadvantage of the neoplasm. All neoplasms depend on the host for their nutrition and blood supply (Kumar, 2007).


Intro. to CancersAccoding to Kumar (2007) neoplasms can be divided into: Benign and malignant categories. This categorization is based on a judgment of a neoplasm's potential clinical behavior.Benign Tumor: Micro. and gross X`tics are considered to be relatively innocent i.e remain localized, it cannot spread to other sites and can be remove surgicallyBut sometimes responsible for serious disease.


Classification of CancersMalignant tumors collectively referred to as cancers derived from the Latin word for crab-that is, they adhere to any part that they seize, similar to a crab's behavior. Malignant, as applied to a neoplasm, implies the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death. Some are less aggressive and are treated successfully. but the word malignant constitutes a red flag.

27 October 2015MTC, NANDOM

Class. of Cancers cont`dMalignant tumors All tumors have two basic components: 1. the parenchyma, made up of transformed or neoplastic cells The parenchyma of the neoplasm largely determines its biologic behavior and it is this component from which the tumor derives its name. 2. the supporting non-neoplastic stroma, made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and host-derived inflammatory cells. The stroma is crucial to the growth of the neoplasm since it carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells.


Cancer Class. Cont`dClassification of cancer determines appropriate treatment and also helps determine the prognosis. Cancer develops progressively from an alteration in a cell's genetic structure. This change (mutation) results in cells with uncontrolled growth patterns. According to the ICD-O (2015) Cancers are classified based on;the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type) and cell analysis (called grading); and the extent of the disease (called staging).


Histological ClassificationFrom a histological standpoint there are hundreds of different cancers, which are grouped into six major categories:CarcinomaSarcomaMyelomaLeukemiaLymphomaMixed Types27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

Cancer ClassificationCarcinomaCarcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body. account for 80 to 90% of all cancer cases. Epithelial tissue is found throughout the body. in skin and the covering and lining of organs and internal passage ways e.g GIT


Cancer Class.; CarcinomaCarcinomas are divided into two major subtypes: Adenocarcinoma: occurs in organ or gland ; mucus membranes and often spread easily through the soft tissue where they occur.squamous cell carcinoma: squamous epithelium, squamous cell carcinomas occur in many areas of the body.Most carcinomas affect organs or glands capable of secretion, such as the breasts, which produce milk, or the lungs, which secrete mucus, or colon or prostate or bladder.



Cancer Class. Cont`dSarcomaSarcoma refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle and fat. Generally occurring in young adults, the most common sarcoma often develops as a painful mass on the bone. Sarcoma tumors usually resemble the tissue in which they grow.Examples of sarcomas are:Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma (bone) Chondrosarcoma (cartilage) Fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue) Liposarcoma (adipose tissue)


Cancer Class. Cont`d

MyelomaMyelomas are cancers that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow.The plasma cells produce some of the proteins found in blood.27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

Cancer Class; Leukemia

Leukemias ("liquid cancers" or "blood cancers") are cancers of the bone marrow (the site of blood cell production). The word leukemia means "white blood" in Greek. The disease is often associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells. These immature white blood cells do not perform as expected, therefore the patient is often prone to infection. Leukemia also affects red blood cells and can cause poor blood clotting and fatigue due to anemia.


Cancer Class; LeukemiaExamples of leukemia include:Myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia (malignancy of the myeloid and granulocytic white blood cell series)lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemia (malignancy of the lymphoid and lymphocytic blood cell series) Polycythemia vera or erythremia (malignancy of various blood cell products but with red cells predominating)


Cancer Class; Lymphoma

Lymphomas develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system. Unlike the leukemias which are sometimes called "liquid cancers," lymphomas are "solid cancers." Lymphomas may also occur in specific organs such as the stomach, breast or brain. These lymphomas are referred to as extra-nodal lymphomas. The lymphomas are sub-classified into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma diagnostically distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


Cancer Class; Mixed Types

In this type, components may be within one category or from different categories. Some examples are:adenosquamous carcinoma mixed mesodermal tumor carcinosarcoma teratocarcinoma


Cancer Class; Tumor GradingGrading involves examining tumor cells that have been obtained through biopsy under a microscope. The abnormality of the cells determines the grade of the cancer. Increasing abnormality increases the grade, from 14. Cells that are well differentiated closely resemble mature, specialized cells. Cells that are undifferentiated are highly abnormal (immature and primitive).


Cancer Class; Tumor GradingGrade 1 : Cells slightly abnormal and well differentiatedGrade 2 : Cells more abnormal and moderately differentiatedGrade 3 : Cells very abnormal and poorly differentiatedGrade 4 : Cells immature and undifferentiated27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

Cancer StagingStaging is the classification based on the extent of the disease. There are several types of staging methods. The Tumor, Node, Metastases (TNM) system classifies cancer by tumor size (T), the degree of regional spread or node involvement (N), and distant metastasis (M).


Cancer Class; Tumor GradingTumor (T) T0 No evidence of tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ (limited to surface cells) T1-4 Increasing tumor size and lymph involvementNode (N) N0 No lymph node involvement N1-4 Increasing degrees of lymph node involvement Nx Lymph node involvement cannot be assessedMetastases (M) M0 No evidence of distant metastases M1 Evidence of distant metastases


Class. of Cancers cont`dA numerical system also is used to classify the extent of disease. Stage 0 Cancer in situ (Ltd to surface cells) Stage I Cancer Ltd to the tissue of origin, evidence of tumor growthStage II Ltd local spread of cancerous cellsStage III Extensive local and regional spreadStage IV Distant metastasis


Summary & Conclusion The Classification of cancers is according to the;the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type) and Cell analysis (called grading) and the extent of the disease (called staging).


ReferencesBateman, H, Hillmore, R, Jackson, D, Lusznat S, McAdam, K. & Regan, C. (2005). Dictionary of Medical terms (4th ed.). A&C Black publishers, London.2. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) (2015). International standard for the classification and nomenclature of histologies (3rd ed.) Retrieved on 10th October, 2015, from http://www.healthcommunities.com/ cancer-treatment-and-care/cancer-staging.shtml3. Kumar, V., Abass, K. A., Fausto, N. & Mitchell, C. J. (2007). Robins and Cotran Pathology Basis of Diseases, (8th ed.). Saunders Elesier, China.4. Reid, R., Roberts, F., Macduff, E., Callander, R. and Ransden, I. (2011). Pathology illustrated, (7th ed.). London: Churchil Livingstone.


Thank you 27 October 2015SN/MNS/13/005

classification of cancers by inusah d. iddrisu

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