clean, affordable decentralized energy options -- burma chris greacen palang thai mee-net seminar on...
TRANSCRIPT
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Clean, Affordable Decentralized Energy
Options -- Burma
Chris GreacenPalang Thai
MEE-Net Seminar on Energy in Burma24 Jan 2011 Chiang Mai
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Outline• Intro to energy
– Energy history– World energy situation– Renewable energy
• Burma– Default scenarios– For revenue: Mega dams, gas exports– For electrification: dam & diesel generation, likely power imports
from Thailand
• Addressing the Thai side– Removing bias in load forecasting– Consider clean, decentralized options on level playing field
• Addressing the Burma side– Some clean community energy options
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Outline• Intro to world energy
– Energy history– World energy situation
• Burma energy situation– Energy exports to Thailand– Energy for domestic use
• Renewable energy– For village-scale applications– For sale to main grid
• Addressing the Burma side– Some clean community energy options
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History of Human Energy UseEnergy source Years in use Comment
Solar energy + biomass ~ 2,000,000 Humans have relied on energy from sun & plants since species began
Animal power ~ 7,500 Animals used for riding, hauling, and cultivation
Water and wind power ~ 2,500 Travel by sail, wind and water used for pumping, mechanical tasks
Steam engine / coal ~ 250 Industrial Revolution powered by steam engines, abundant coal
Electric motors / generators / grid
~ 125 Edison Pearl St Station, 1882; Tesla AC motor/generator 1890s
Internal combustion engine / oil
~ 125 Pennsylvania oil 1859; Benz/Otto ICE vehicle 1885; Ford Model T 1908
Nuclear power ~ 50 Product of nuclear weapons development in US, USSR
Modern renewables / low-carbon sources
~ 25 California, Denmark, Germany, China
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Edison Pearl Street Station - first electric distribution system, 1882
China, water-powered trip hammer, Han Dynasty CA 200 BC Watt steam engine ca. 1775 Benz automobile ca. 1886
Oil well, Pennsylvania, 1861
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World Energy 1850-2000
050
100150200250300350400450500
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Year
EJ/
yea
r
Gas
Oil
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro +
Biomass
The rise of global dependence on fossil fuels
World primary energy supply, 1850-2000
Hydro+ means hydropower plus other renewables besides biomass
Coal drove growth 1850-1950; oil & gas drove it (2x faster) 1950-2000
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In the USA…
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Current world energy system - the positive
• Cheap• Convenient • Mature technologies
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• oil dependence–price volatility, developing country debt,
resource conflict• carbon emissions
–climate change• growth in consumption• Unequal distribution
– of consumption and impacts
Current world energy system - the negative
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Current Energy System in a Nutshell
• Those “upwind, upstream, and uptime” enjoy convenient services at artificially low prices.
• Those “downwind, downstream, and downtime” face the consequences
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Where we’re at
• progress is slow toward alternatives – fossil fuels 90% in 1980, 86% in 2005
• change is difficult to achieve– consumption habits, prices don’t reflect
externalities, vested interests• time is short for transforming the system
– already happening: climate change, oil wars, energy poverty, debt crises
Masters & Randolph, 2008
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No Technological “Silver Bullet”
• oil and gas: not enough resources• coal: not enough atmosphere• biomass: not enough land• hydropower & wind: not enough sites• nuclear fission: too unforgiving• nuclear fusion: too difficult• Solar : too expensive• hydrogen: not a “source”: needs energy
to produce it • end-use efficiency: needs end-users who are
paying attention
From John P. Holdren, “The Energy Innovation Imperative,” 2006
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Elements of a solution
• Sustainable energy technologies• Change markets• Change consumption behavior• Change policies• Change institutions
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Sustainable energy technologies
• Renewable Energy: making use of flows of energy that are naturally replaced (wind, sun, biomass)
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Problems for renewables• Cost• Technical maturity• Technical fit• Geographic mismatch • Limits to renewability
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World Wind Energy Growth
Source: World Wind Energy Association
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World Biofuel Growth
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Qu
ad
rillio
n B
tu
Renewable
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Natural Gas
NGPL
Petroleum
Coal
WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, 1970-2004
SOURCE: AER 2006
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Energy situation in Burma (?)
• Energy shortages– blackouts, fuel rationing
• High energy costs• High human suffering from impacts of
large energy projects– Large hydro– Gas
• Unequal distribution of energy, of impacts
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Big hydro – for export to Thailand &
domestic use
• Used to make:– 6% of Thailand’s electricity,– 60% of Burma’s electricity (most dams
are in ethnic minority areas)• Consensus: no more big dams will be
built in Thailand.– Limited sites left in Thailand– Strong environmental opposition…– “Build in Burma instead!!!”
• Environmental issues– Inundation– Fish killed– Global warming– Changes in temperature / sediment
loading / flow regime• Can be cheap
– If reasonably close to load centers
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Tasang7,000 MW
Upper Salween4,000 MW
Lower Salween500 MW
Hut Gyi 1,200 MW
Yawatit600 MW
Tanaosri720 MW
Planned megadams to export electricity to Thailand
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Natural gas
• Used to make 71% of Thailand’s electricity (among highest in world)– 1/3 of gas used in Thailand comes
from Burma– 20% of our (Thai) electricity bills pay
for Burmese gas
• Single largest source of revenue to Burmese military government– Accounts for fully half of Burma’s
exports in 2006– US$2.16 billion to junta from
Thailand.– Total, Chevron, PTTEP, Petronas,
Nippon Oil, etc.
Source: Burma: Foreign Investment Finances Regime. Human Rights Watch. 2007. www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/10/01/burma16995.htm
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Rural electrification - Burma
• In 2008, 42.8 Million of Burma’s 58.82 million population lived without electricity.
• Goal: electrification rates to 60% by 2020.
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Diesel
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Sell electricity to Thailand cheap,buy back expensive
2 baht/kWh8 baht/kWh
1 baht/kWh
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Can we imagine something different?
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Saving electricity is cheaper than generating it
Source: The World Bank (1993)
2.12.6
4.04.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.5
8.2
-
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
DSM Hydro fromLaos
Gascombined
cycle
Lignite withFGD
Low-sulphurcoal w/o
FGD
Low-sulphur fuel
oil w/oFGD
LNG Low-sulphur
coal withFGD
Nuclear
Type of Power Plant
Co
st
of
En
erg
y (
US
ce
nts
/kW
H)
Demand Side Management (saving electricity)
Actual 10-year DSM average
cost!!!
1.5
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The Arun-3 story
• Planned 201 MW hydro in Nepal• Sell electricity to India, rural electrification• Nepalese NGOs and small business:
“Micro-hydropower cheaper, better for local economy”
• World Bank pulled out of project, project cancelled
• 10 years later…the Nepali power system has seen the addition of:– over a 1/3 more capacity than the Arun-3– at ½ the cost– In ½ the time it would have taken to complete Arun-3
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Renewable energy fuels and uses
End use
Electricity Mech power / pumping
Water heating
Cooking Transportation
Technology Off-grid On-grid
Biomass Gasifier ● ● ●
Biogas ● ● ● ●
Steam turbine
●
Direct combustion
● ●
Biodiesel or ethanol
● ● ●
Micro-hydro
● ● ●
Solar ● ● ● ● ●
Wind ● ● ●
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1. Village and household scale
2. National scale (connecting to national grid)
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Biodiesel
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Efficient Charcoal
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Micro-hydroelectricity
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
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Hydraulic ram pump
www.agr.gc.ca
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Hydraulic ram pump
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Community micro-hydro
• Mae Kam Pong village, Chiang Mai
• 1x40 kW; 2x20 kW• Community cooperative• Sells electricity to the
national grid
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Solar cooking
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replace
LED lighting and 0.5-5W solar panels, coupled with microfinance energy loans, can end kerosene lighting
Barefoot Power is a social enterprise delivering such solutions
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Solar home systems
• 25,000 baht per household system
• 120 watts• Electricity
for 2 lights + TV
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SH-1210M
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Thai solar home systems
203,000 solar home systemsSustainability challenge
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Ruggedized solar electric systems built by Karen medics in 3-5 day hands-on trainings
• 7 trainings (2003-2007)• >90 medics trained• 35 clinics
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Solar for computer training centers in seven Karen refugee camps
• 1 kW PV hybrid with diesel generator• Each powers 12 computers
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Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV
• Project size: 1 MW• Uses self-manufactured a-Si
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Solar water heating
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Biogas for cookingKatchin State, Burma
http://www.palangthai.org/en/bsep
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Biogas from Pig Farms
Reduces air and water pollution
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
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Biogas from Pig Farms
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• Uses waste water from cassava to make methane
• Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity
• 3 x 1 MW gas generators
Korat Waste to Energy – biogas… an early Thai VSPP project
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Biomass Gasification
Rice mill in Nakorn Sawan400 kW
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Gasifierelectricity from wood
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Rice husk-fired power plant• 9.8 MW• Roi Et, Thailand
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Technical regulations:• Allowable voltage,
frequency, THD variations
• Protective relays– 1-line diagrams for all
cases:• Induction• Synchronous• Inverters• Single/multiple• Connecting at different
voltage levels (LV or MV)
• Communication channels
Commercial regulations:
• Definitions of renewable energy, and efficient cogeneration
• Cost allocation• Principle of
standardized tariff determination
• Invoicing and payment arrangements
• Arbitration
$
+ Standardized Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
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Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations• 2002
– VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet– Up to 1 MW export, renewables only– Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT)
• 2006– Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration– Feed-in tariff “adder” – If > 1 MW then utility only pays for 98% of energy
• 2009– Tariff adder increase, more for projects that offset diesel
http://www.eppo.go.th/power/vspp-eng/ for English version of regulations, and model PPA
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Thai VSPP feed-in tariff adders
Assumes exchange rate 1 Thai baht = 0.029762 U.S. dollars
Fuel Adder Additional for diesel offsetting areas
Additional for 3 southern provinces
Years effective
Biomass Capacity <= 1 MW $ 0.015 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7 Capacity > 1 MW $ 0.009 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7
Biogas <= 1 MW $ 0.015 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7 > 1 MW $ 0.009 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7
Waste (community waste, non-hazardous industrial and not organic matter)
Fermentation $ 0.074 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7 Thermal process $ 0.104 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7
Wind <= 50 kW $ 0.134 $ 0.045 $ 0.045 10 > 50 kW $ 0.104 $ 0.045 $ 0.045 10
Micro-hydro 50 kW - <200 kW $ 0.024 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7 <50 kW $ 0.045 $ 0.030 $ 0.030 7
Solar $ 0.238 $ 0.045 $ 0.045 10
Tariff = adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT chargeBiomass tariff = $0.009 + $0.049 + $0.027 = $0.085/kWh
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July 2010
Thailand VSPP Status
847 MW online
PPAs signed for additional 4283 MW
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Decentralized generation
• Decentralized generation: generation of electricity near where it is used
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Energy efficient end-use
Solar
Wind power
BiomassCustomers
Power plant
Old way New way
Power plant
Biomass
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Energy waste in a typical pumping system
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Sankey Energy Flow Diagram
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CogenerationCombined Heat and Power (CHP)
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Thank you
For more information, please contact [email protected]
This presentation available at:
www.palangthai.org/docs