climate change to agri

7/31/2019 Climate Change to Agri

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Title Page

1 Introduction 4

1.1 Impacts of Climate Change in the Philippines

2 Agriculture and Climate Change

6

2.1 Impacts of Climate Change

2.2 Embracing Climate Solutions

3 The DA Climate Change Program 14


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LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1.1 Spatial impact of global climate change in Philippineagricultural sector.

5

LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

2.1 Potential emission reduction in agriculture 6

3.1 Framework for vulnerability mapping and risk assessment 16


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ONE

INTRODUCTION

Climate change in the country triggered the rise in temperature and the increases inuncertainty, variability, and patterns of rainfall and super typhoon events, as well. Theclimate change and variability combined their weather modifying and alternating impactswith El Nio and La Nia which occurs in almost every two years and resulted into morecomplex and unpredictable changes in weather patterns and intensity of temperatures

and extreme rainfall events. Philippine agriculture has been traditionally exposed to themany hazards and risks from typhoons and droughts even before the on-set of climatechange. The outstanding threat of climate change, however, is the undefined shifting ofclimatic events such are rainfall, humidity, and rising temperatures. Without properscientific guidance, this creates confusion to many farmers and fisherfolks in terms ofwhen to plant, what to plant or security in going to sea. Moreover, the concentration ofclimate-vulnerable dams and irrigation in Luzon, which is the location of 60 percent ofirrigated rice production, will definitely weaken the overall resiliency of the countrys

national food security and self- sufficiency to climate change, including the increasingproblems on water allocation and prioritization for water supply for irrigation, domesticwater supply, and energy requirements.

In a nutshell climate change is expected to: (a) change rainfall patterns - the usualseason for planting certain crops is no longer suitable for the crop, (b) increasetemperatures crop, aquaculture and livestock yields are reduced, pest pressureincreases, (c) increase the frequency and intensity of typhoons and dry spells floodingand strong winds damages crop, livestock and fisheries production, dry spells or droughtkeep crops from full production, poultry houses and pigpens suffer from lack of electricityand being blown by strong winds (d) rise in sea levels reduces coastal areas productivef i lt d fi h i d fl di d i t i f lt t i th


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events i.e. drought/dryland + flooding + landslide to occur in one geographic locationand could make this areas unhabitable is approximately 264,000 hectares or 1 percent of

the country total area. Overlaying the coincidence map of the three events to theSAFDZ maps resulted in 15 possible combinations. At the national level, SAFDZ affectedareas by this three events in combination or in a single event is approximately 10.2million hectares or 34 percent of the country total area. This bleak scenario will affectapproximately 85% of the country SAFDZ areas. The co-occurrence of the three eventswith SAFDZ is estimated to be 162,000 hectares.

The DA is still working on the sea level rise of 1, 3, 5, and 7 meters. This is based on the

recent MIT (USA) prediction and the updated IPCC Report released after the Copenhagenconference in December 2009.

Indeed, climate change threatens the country food and water security and furtherincreases rural poverty unless adaptive, mitigation, and anticipatory measures are takento address the risks of climate change. Listed in Table 1.1 are spatial impacts of climatechange on the various climatic events that threatens food and water security and thecontinued existence of our people.

Table1.1 Spatial impact of global climate change in Philippine agricultural sector.

No Climatic Events Impact Source/Assumptions

1 RainfallDecrease by 20 percent, but increase inintensity. Increase risk of soil erosion andoccurrence of landslides.

IPCC 2007 Godilano, E.C. 2005 FAO (2006)

2 Rainy DaysDecrease rainy days but intensity will behigher than normal, growing periods mayshorten by approximately 30 days

Rosenzweig andParry, 1994

IPCC 2007

3 CycloneIncrease intensity and occurrence and maytrigger landslides and flooding of coastalareas

IPCC 2007


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TWO

AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Food and water security has been defined as "access by all people at all times to enoughfood for an active, healthy life". How vulnerable farmers are to climate change's impactson agriculture will depend on their access to land, water, policy, and government supportand action. Climate change will have dramatic consequences for agriculture. Water

sources will become more variable, droughts and floods will stress agricultural systems,some coastal food-producing areas will be inundated by the seas, and food productionwill fall in some places. The poorest of the poor likely will be hardest hit.

Past climate mitigation and adaptation are primarily focused on energy supply, transport,and industry. Agriculture arrives late to the climate debate. The combined mitigationpotential of agriculture and forestry is greater than that of other individual sectors of theeconomy as illustrated in Figure 2.1.


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policy framework, farmers and fisher folks will be important partners in efforts to reduceGHG emissions while reaping multiple co-benefits.

The DA Framework Strategy on climate change provides a basis for the national andregional programs on climate change. It identifies Key Result Areas (KRAs) to bepursued in key climate-sensitive sectors in addressing the adverse effects of climatechange both under adaptation and mitigation. The framework is based on thefundamental principles of sustainable development and treats mitigation as a function ofadaptation, cognizant of the vulnerability of key sectors that include energy. In addition,anticipatory strategies will be pursued to complement the adaptation and mitigation

strategies.

In order to achieve the KRAs, it is important to ensure that cross-cutting strategies arelikewise given attention. As means of implementation, the framework puts forward multi-stakeholder partnerships, financing, valuation, and policy planning and mainstreaming.But before any adaptation and mitigation strategies can be formulated and designedspecific to Philippine agriculture, its impacts must be understood.

2.1 Impacts of Climate Changein Agriculture and Fisheries

Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability and weather extremes, such asdroughts, floods and severe storms. The forces that shape our climate are also critical tofarm and fish productivity. While food production may benefit from a warmer climate, theincreased potential for droughts, floods and heat waves will pose challenges for farmersand policy makers. Additionally, the enduring changes in climate, water supply and soilmoisture could make it less feasible to continue crop production in certain regions. Whatmight these changes mean for the biophysical response of agricultural crops, fresh water,coastal and marine ecosystems? The following are the probable impacts.


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Crops: The effect of increased temperature and CO2 levels on arable crops will bebroadly neutral: (1) new crop varieties may need to be selected, (2) horticultural

crops are more susceptible to changing conditions than arable crops, (3) vegetableswill be particularly affected by temperature changes, (4) Phaselous bean (e.g.cowpea, mungbeans, bush sitao) onion and sweet corn are most likely to benefitcommercially from higher temperatures, and (5) water deficits will directly affect fruitand vegetable production.

Temperature potential effect on growing period: An increase intemperature will speed up development. In the case of an annual crop, the

duration between sowing and harvesting will shorten (for example, the duration inorder to harvest corn could shorten between one and four weeks). The shorteningof such a cycle could have an adverse effect on productivity because senescencewould occur sooner.

Effect on grain quality. For rice, the amylose content of the grain--a majordeterminant of cooking quality--is increased under elevated CO2. Cooked ricegrain from plants grown in high-CO2 environments would be firmer than that from

today's plants. However, concentrations of iron and zinc, which are important forhuman nutrition, would be lower. Moreover, the protein content of the graindecreases under combined increases of temperature and CO2 (IRRI 2007).

Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake ofnitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such asZinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value. This would primarily impacton populations in poorer countries less able to compensate by eating more food,more varied diets, or possibly taking supplements.

Reduced nitrogen content in grazing plants has also been shown to reduce animald ti it i h hi h d d i b i th i t t di t l t


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carbon/nitrogen ratios, although these two effects should be offset somewhat by thegreater root biomass and crop residues resulting from plant responses to higher CO2.

In tropical countries, where fertilization level is not always adequate, the need forfertilization will probably increase.

Soil processes: Increase in soil water deficits i.e. dry soils become drier, thereforeincreased need for irrigation but could improve soil workability in flooded soils anddiminish leaching and erosion risk.

Soil degradation: With global warming, soil degradation is more likely to occur,

and soil fertility would be affected by global warming. However, because the ratioof carbon to nitrogen is constant, doubling of carbon is likely to imply higherstorage of nitrogen in soils as nitrates, thus providing higher fertilizing elementsfor plants, and therefore provide better yields. The average need for nitrogencould decrease, and give the opportunity of changing often costly fertilizationstrategies. The high concentration of nitrates however, may contaminate groundwater and surface water through percolation and seepage, respectively.

Due to the result of climate extremes, the increase in precipitation would probablymean greater risk of erosion, at the same time, providing the soil with betterhydration, depending on the intensity of rain. The possible evolution of theorganic matter (OM) in the soil is a highly contested issue: while the increase inthe temperature would induce a greater rate in the production of minerals, thesoil organic matter content would be lessened and the atmospheric CO2concentration would tend to increase.

Livestock: There is likely to be a significant change in suitability of livestock; (1)swine and poultry could be exposed to higher incidences of heat stress, thusinfluencing productivity, (2) increase in disease transmission by faster growth rates ofpathogens in the environment and more efficient and abundant vectors (such as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter


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Although every location is different, past trends and present conditions can be usedto gain insight into likely changes in the future.

Water quality: Increased amount of precipitation does not necessarily relate toan increase in the amount of available potable water. This is due to a decline inwater quality from an increased run-off and precipitation that carries with ithigher levels of nutrients, pathogens and pollutants. These contaminants wereoriginally stored in groundwater reserves but the increase in precipitation flushesthem out as discharged water. Similarly, when drought conditions persist, easilyrecoverable groundwater reserves are depleted, the residual water that remains

is often of inferior quality due in part to the leakage of saline or contaminatedwater from the land surface, confining layers, or adjacent waters that have highlyconcentrated quantities of the depleting element(s). This occurs becausedecreased precipitation and runoff results in a concentration of effluent in thewater, which leads to an increased microbial load in waterways and drinking-water reservoirs.

The increase in water temperatures can lead to a bloom in microbial populations,

which among other things can have a negative impact on human health andlivestock under range environment. Additionally, the rise in water temperaturecan adversely affect different inhabitants of the ecosystem due to a speciessensitivity to temperature. The health of a body of water, such as a river, lakes,reservoir is dependent upon its ability to effectively self purify throughbiodegradation, which is hindered when there is a reduced amount of dissolvedoxygen. This occurs when water warms and its ability to hold oxygen decreases(IPCC 2007).

Coastal Fisheries: Many fishing and coastal communities subsist in precarious andvulnerable conditions because of poverty and rural underdevelopment, and their

llb i i b i f th d i d b l it ti f fi h d


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ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. The Pacific Ocean signatures, El Nio and La Niaare important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern

Pacific Ocean. ENSO is associated with floods, droughts, and other disturbances in arange of locations around the world. Many of the countries most affected by ENSOare developing countries that are largely dependent upon their agricultural andfishery sectors for food supply, employment, and foreign exchange. The followingare the effects of ENSO on marine biological communities.

The driving mechanism behind observed declines in marine populations duringENSO years is believed to be reduced primary productivity (caused by a

reduction in upwelling). The phenomenon is widespread and may account forlarge reductions in plankton, kelp, fish, and seabirds from the equator toAlaska. This suggests that nutrient input plays a key role in these ecosystems.

In addition to altering nutrient levels, ENSO events can generate additionaldisturbances in marine communities. Sub tidal kelp forests (Macrocystispyrifera) are highly productive areas that provide a habitat for a complexcommunity. During ENSO years, storms frequently destroy kelp beds and their

associated community. Recovery can be slowed or prevented by low nutrientlevels associated with ENSO. The arrival of competing species can further slowrecovery e.g. recovery of low intertidal kelp Lessonia nigrescens on thenorthern Chilean coast was prevented by colonization of corraline algae.

ENSO events are frequently associated with dramatic seabird mortality in theSouthern Hemisphere. Sub-lethal impacts also occur at the individual and thecommunity level, especially in the northern latitudes. These include alterationsin the abundance, composition, and range distribution of species. Breedingfailures and starvation have been noted in bird populations. Changes inspecies abundance and composition often reflect the direct impacts of warmer

d t i t t l kt d th i di t ff t ( iti d


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extremely well in a narrow set of climate conditions. Research is also needed on howdietary changes in food animals can reduce methane emissions.

Addressing the above impacts, adaptation, mitigation, and anticipation to climate changeare policy substitutes, as both reduce the impacts of climate change. Adaptation andmitigation should therefore be analyzed together, as they indeed are, even if in a simpleway, in cost-benefit analyses of emission abatement. Adaptation and mitigation however,are done by different agencies operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Thishampers analysis of the trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation. An exception isfacilitative adaptation (enhancing adaptive capacity), which, like mitigation, requires long-

term policies at macro level. Facilitative adaptation and mitigation not only both reduceimpacts, but they also compete for resources.

The typical categories for measuring national adaptive capacity to climate change includea nation's wealth, technology, education, information, skills, infrastructure, access toresources, and management capabilities. The development of the Adaptation PolicyFramework (APF) in other countries was motivated because the rapidly evolving processof adaptation policy making has lacked a clear roadmap. The APF seeks to address this

gap by offering a flexible approach through which users can clarify their own priorityissues and implement responsive adaptation strategies, policies and measures (Lim, B.,Spanger-Siegfried, et, al., 2005).

Policy Imperative

Without additional policies in agriculture, N2O and CH4 emissions are projected toincrease by 35-60% and ~60%, respectively, up to 2030, thus increasing more rapidlythan the 14% increase on non-CO2 GHG observed from 1990 to 2005 (Smith 2007).Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that the overall benefits of strong and earlyaction to reduce GHG emissions coupled with adaptive measures outweigh the costs.Cli t h h h ld b i t t d i ll f bli li


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THREE

THE DA CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAM

Vision

A climate risk-resilient Philippine Agriculture and Fisheries with healthy, safe,prosperous and self-reliant farming and fishing communities, and thriving andproductive ecosystems.

Goal

To build the adaptive capacity of farming and fishing communities and increase theresilience of natural ecosystems to climate change, and optimize adaptation withmitigation opportunities towards sustainable development.

Policy thrusts

The DA policy framework on climate change consists of six major thrusts.

1. All DA programs shall take into consideration the risks of climate change toagriculture and fisheries production and to the rural families, especially the poor,women, children and other disadvantaged sectors, that live on these vulnerableareas.

2. As enunciated in the National Framework Strategy (NFS) on Climate Change, the DA

policy and program on climate change is anchored on two pillars, mitigation andadaptation with adaptation as the anchor strategy and mitigation measures as afunction of adaptation. Adaptation includes anticipatory measures and strategies onimpacts of climate change


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fishes thereby reducing their productivities or wiping them out totally. In addition, thebiology of pests maybe altered rendering them more damaging. Agri-fishery

infrastructures such as livestock housing, farm to market roads, irrigation facilities,ponds, etc. may be damaged or totally destroyed. Sea water intrusion, flooding, erosionand landslides may render food production areas non-productive. Coastal and marineresources may be adversely affected reducing their productivities and causing humansettlements damage. In addition to food production, agri-ecotourism will suffer as well.

Adaptation strategies

Adaptation strategies refer to tools, technologies and practices that if widely adapted willhelp minimize the adverse effects of climate change to agriculture and fisheries. Theseadaptation strategies include disaster risk reduction and management including earlywarning systems, water conservation, water use management and efficient waterstorage and delivery systems, precision agriculture, climate change adaptive crops,aquaculture species and livestock breeds including early maturing crops and fishes,climate resilient agri-fishery infrastructures and urban agriculture.

Mitigation strategies

Mitigation strategies refer to tools, technologies and practices that if widely adapted willhelp reduce carbon emissions from food production or provide carbon sinks to reduce thevolume of greenhouse gasses that rise into the atmosphere. Reduction of direct andindirect GHG emissions from food production may be achieved through the following:organic farming practices, novel feed formulations, intermittent irrigation for paddy rice,waste management, biotech crops, biological inputs such as bio-pesticides, and energy-efficient and green agri-fishery machineries including transport vehicles. The provision ofcarbon sinks includes agro-reforestation with long lived fruit and multipurpose treesincluding coconut, malunggay and seaweed farming.


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1.1 Vulnerability and risk assessment mapping of productive areas

Before the NFS guidelines, the DA-BSWM has already formulated its ownDRR and Climate Change Action (CCA) program. Illustrated in Figure 3.1is part of the detailed DRR management strategy that focuses onvulnerability mapping and risk assessment. The uniqueness of thisstrategy is that map-based ex-ante analysis could be done before theonset of the cropping season. This mapping framework is aided by 3Stechnology such as remote sensing (RS), global positioning system (GPS),geographic information systems (GIS), and modelling tools to generate

tactical maps and geo-reference databases for strategic planning purposesand informed policy. The outcome of the mapping framework is a sharedresponsibility of all stakeholders on an integrated and community-basedwatershed management. The implementation of the DA-RS/GIS project in2010 will provide the base map for agriculture and a major input in theGIS analysis.

1.

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.11.12.13


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b. Pest population surveys

The Bureau of Plant Industry shall continue to conduct its populationsurvey of pests in crop production, the Bureau of Animal Industry with itsepidemiological surveys of livestock pests and the National FisheriesResearch and Development Institute of aquaculture pests. A unit in theseagencies shall be established to develop predictive models to anticipatethe resurgence of pests.

.

2. Research and Development for adaptive tools, technologies and

practices

2.1 Improving infrastructure design standards and construction protocols

New designs and construction protocols for agri-fishery infrastructure thatcan withstand strong winds, water intrusion and erosion, and otheradverse impacts of the weather shall be developed.

2.2 Water conservation and use management

a. Technologies and infrastructure designs for efficient and cost-effectivefarm and household rain water harvesting and storage shall bedeveloped.

b. Watershed management options such as community-based watershedmanagement shall be pilot tested in selected areas.

Proposed Watershed Management Framework

A watershed approach in agriculture and natural resources (ANR) will allow


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consistent with national and provincial policies, and in line with the specific areasfor action promoted by DENR water policy. It would enable communities and the

local government to reconcile competing demands for natural resources andbalance long-term environmental outcomes and social and economic aspirations.Ideally, responsibility for preparation of a watershed blueprint will be given to awatershed management organization that transcends administrative boundariesand understands the implications of competing or conflicting use of thewatershed total resources.

A successful community stewardship of a watershed requires top down

interventions such as (1) policy, (2) funding, (3) institution building, and (4)technical support, and (5) enforcement. Illustrated in Figure 3.2 is a holisticframework on watershed management that includes the coastal and marineecosystems (from ridge to rivers to reef) and catchment basin. The framework canbe divided into three major pillars. Pillar one deals with the green economy (landbased), Pillar 2 deals with urban development where settlement and urbanagriculture could co-exist, and Pillar 3 on the blue economy (coastal and marineecosystems). For each pillar, major zones are identified and the possible

interventions that the community and LGUs can implement. One of the majorbenefits that the stewards can derive is on the water rights which could provideincome to the community. Green mining is being advocated.

The Green Pillar could be divided into six major components namely: (1) corezone, (2) protection forest, (3) plantation forest, (4) upland ecosystems wheregreen mining could be located, (5) lowland ecosystems, and (6) water resourcesparticularly sources of fresh water for domestic consumption. We anticipate thecritical issues on water rights once the watershed is sustainably managedby thecommunities. The yellow pillar consists of settlements in the urban and ruralareas that form the catch basin of a watershed. They are most vulnerable toimpacts of sea level rise, storm surge, and coastal erosion. The blue pillar

i t f th t l d i t W b li d th t th i l f


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2.3 Breeding and screening for climate resilient crops: crops suited tochanging weather patterns shall be developed such as early maturing

crops, drought tolerant crops, crops that can withstand limited as well asexcessive moisture, etc.

2.4 Breeding and screening for heat tolerant livestock and poultry

2.5 Agro-reforestation: Species trials involving fruit and multipurpose treesshall be conducted on representative upland watershed areas classified inaccordance with the vulnerability and risk assessment maps.

2.6 Precision agriculture: Precision agriculture refers to a fine-tunedagricultural production that takes into consideration planting dates basedon weather predictions, planting design that considers sun and windexposures, varieties highly suited to the soil and weather patterns, and thedelivery of water and other inputs at the right time and at the rightamounts. Research on this area shall be done on a crop by crop or forlivestock production and aquaculture species/breed by species/breed basis

as well as by location including urban areas.

2.7 Urban agriculture: Vegetable farming especially during the rainy season inurban areas will ensure reliable supply. There is a need to developmanageable vegetable farming systems on urban structures as well as onlimited urban spaces.

2.8 Organic farming practices: There is need to develop crop varieties,

livestock breeds and fish strains suitable for organic production as well aseffective organic inputs that will improve productivity and make organicproduce less expensive.


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and aquaculture products, agri-fishery infrastructure including, rural housing. Anauthority shall be sought from the legislative office in order for the Department to

execute this initiative.

Funding

Funds to implement the Climate Change Program shall come from 50% of thecommodity programs to support R & D except vulnerability mapping, extension,regulations and small grants for inputs. Vulnerability mapping shall be integrated

with SAFDZ mapping of which adequate funds have already been provided for in2010. The ACEF as well as funds currently managed by the ACPC shall bedesigned for innovative financing schemes to provide interest-free and soft loans.To increase the funds available from ACEF, the DA shall vigorously pursueprevious borrowers to ensure repayment and request Congress to extend ACEFfor another 5 years. Likewise, pro-active stance should be taken by theDepartment to partake of its rightful share of funds (grants/aid) from variousfunding windows open to climate change programs and projects.

Policy Formulation and Oversight

A Climate Change Program Office (CCPO) shall be created to facilitate the craftingand review of policies relative to climate change adaptation and mitigationprograms of the Department, as well as to ensure consistency with national

priorities and international treaties and/or multi-lateral agreements.

The CCPO shall interface with the various units, bureaus and agencies of theD t t i di ti d it i li t h Whil th


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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AFMA Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Aci

AFMECH Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization

ANR Agriculture and Natural Resources

APF Adaptation Policy Framework

ASAP As Soon As Possible

BAR Bureau of Agricultural Research

BCC Behavior Change Communication

PHILMECH Bureau of Post Harvest Research and Extension

BSWM Bureau of Soil and Water Management

CCA Climate Change Action

CCC Climate Change Commission

CCCP Climate Change Congress of the Philippines

CSO Civil Society Organization

CGIARS Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research Systems

DA Department of Agriculture

DAR Department of Agrarian Reform

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DRR Disaster Risk ReductionDSR Dry Seeded Rice

ENSO El Nio-Southern Oscillation


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DA-Policy and Implementation Program on Climate Change 27 | P a g e

ANNEX 1. Climate change risks, adverse impacts, adaptation, mitigation strategies and possible governmental action in agriculture andfisheries

Risk Adverse impact Adaptation Mitigation Action

CHANGINGWEATHERPATTERNS

Failure on crop

establishment

Make available weather-

resilient crops

Reduce methane and nitrous

oxide production in agriculture

Breeding and screening of crops

resilient to changing weatherpatterns

Poor crop yields Efficient weatherforecasting and culturalmanagement strategies

Adjust cropping calendarModify crop establishment

Use of organic fertilizers andpesticides

Mulching and zero to minimaltillage captures CO2

Use of pesticides derived fromnon-fossil fuel based systems

Use of plant incorporatedpesticides

Breeding and screening ofcrops resilient to changingweather patterns

On-Farm testing and IEC Make available non-fossil fuel

based pesticides Make available plant

incorporated pesticides

Increased energy costsand reduced harvest inpoultry and hogproduction

Energy-efficient poultryand hog raising systemsadopted to changingweather patterns

Feed formulation andfeeding strategy forruminants

Energy efficient buildings

Harvesting of methane fromanimal manures

Adoption of energy- efficientor green machinery

Timely delivery of locality-specific weather informationto farmers

Methane harvesting for selfcontained energy use

Make available energy-efficientor green machines

Energy audit of post harvestfacilities and design energyefficient infrastructure

Facilitate timely delivery ofreliable, locality-specificweather information to farmers

Make available appropriatetechnologies for harvestingand using methane fromlivestock wastes

LANDSLIDES

Destruction of

upland agriculturesystems

Collateral damage tolowland agriculture,aquaculture, coastalfishery resources,settlements, andinfrastructure

Soil and water

conservationAgro reforestation of

denuded landscapeEIC and early warming to

downstream inhabitants

CO2 sequestration of agro

reforestation

Provide reliable and accurate

weather forecasting Backyard seed nursery for

indigenous agro-forestryspecies

Implement community-basedintegrated watershedmanagement

Community organizing


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SEVERE SOILEROSION

Soil nutrient depletionSiltation of irrigation

systems, rivers andstreams

Increase occurrence

of dust stormespecially during ElNio events.

Slope stabilization usingengineering solution andvegetative stripstechnology

Cover cropping using

legumes in denudedlandscape

CO2 sequestration of agroreforestation

Provide planting materials foragro-reforestation and covercrops

Screening of crop species thatcould minimize soil erosion

FLOODS

Destruction of cropsand fisheries in flood-prone areas

Destruction of postharvest facilities andfarm to market roads

Submergence and floodtolerant rice & corn.

Early maturing varietiesto escape floods duringthe first cropping.

Weather resilientinfrastructures

Convert to wetlands or otheruses areas that are noteconomically viable for fishproduction. Conversionstrategies should havemitigation potential.

Planting materials madeavailable on time coupled withIEC.

Early warning systems toharvest fish earlier

Destruction of livestock

houses in flood proneareas

Properly situated livestock

housing Weather resilient

infrastructuresAppropriate feed

formulation

Methane capture

Reduce methane output

Make capital available to

replace destroyed properties

Facilitate timely delivery ofreliable, locality-specificreliable weather information tofarmers

Early warning systems

Make available information onflood-prone areas

Make available advisories onemergency procedures duringfloods

Subsistence subsidies

Destruction ofresidence

Weather resilientinfrastructures

Loss of life Evacuation protocol andcenters above flood level

Loss of farm inputs,machinery, implements

Storage shed should beabove flood levels

Savings and seed banksestablished in flood freeareas

Hunger and capital lossamong farmers


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DROUGHT

Significant reductionin yield and croplosses

Water shortage Heat stress on people

and farm animals

Drought tolerant crops Water use efficiency in

irrigation systems (dripirrigation)

Used early maturing

varieties to escapedrought.

Crop establishmenttechnology that shortenturn-around time betweencropping.

Well ventilated buildingsand dwellings

GHG capture of crops orlimited GHG capture

Organic fertilizer to increasesoil capacity to capture CO2

Special planting program fordrought prone areas

Make water available at theright time or when the cropneeded it.

Efficient irrigation and drainagesystems

Provide planting materials Make available water use

efficient/drought tolerant crops Watershed management

approach to agriculture andfishery establishment.

Make available waterconservation practices

Put out advisories on drought-prone areas

Facilitate timely delivery of

reliable, locality-specificweather information to farmers

Increased energy costto poultry and hograisers

Hunger and capital loss

among farmers

Poultry and hog tolerantto higher temperatures

Energy efficient buildings Water conservation

practices

Make available poultry andlivestock breeds tolerant tohigher temperatures


INCREASED PESTPRESSURE

Crop losses Livestock lossesAquaculture losses

Pest resistant crops,livestock and fishes

Environment-friendly pestcontrol strategies

Biocontrol of pest anddiseases

Establish bio-pesticides servingas carbon sink e.g., NeemTrees

Make available pest resistantcrops and environment-friendly,non-fossil fuel-based pesticides


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STRONG WINDS

Lodging of rice andcorn, fruit trees,plantation crops, andothers

Shift to short and earlymaturing rice and cornvarieties and other foodcrops

Early maturing, shorter,sturdy bananas, fruittrees and coconuts

Shift crop establishment fromirrigated rice to dry/wetseeded that minimize CO2,NH4, and NO2 generation

Fruit trees serving a carbonsink

Availability of plantingmaterials

Provide early warning systemand advisory

Provide risk map Make available early maturing,

shorter, sturdy bananas, fruittrees and coconuts

Poultry and pig pendestruction

Housing for pigs andpoultry designed andsituated against gale-force winds

Wind resistanceinfrastructure

Plant wind breaks

Wind breaks serving as carbonsink

Ensure the availability ofconstruction materials of highquality

Screening of plant materialsresistant to strong winds

Destruction ofresidence and fishingvessels

Loss of life

Reliable and localizedweather forecasting

Wind resistanceinfrastructure

Evacuation protocol andcenters during strongtyphoons

Make available advisories onemergency procedures duringtyphoons

Make available capital toreplace fishing boats

Ensure the availability ofconstruction materials of highquality

Make available information ontyphoon path



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ANNEX 2. Necessary government action and policy instruments to deliver action

Necessary action Policy instrument Concerned Units

1. Make available weather - resilient crops R & D, regulation, extension BAR, NARS, BPI, PHILRICE,ATI, RFUs

2. Make available energy-efficient or green machines R & D, extension BAR, NARS, ATI, RFUs,

PHILMECH, PHILRICE3. Make available non-fossil fuel based pesticides R & D, regulation, extension BAR, BIOTECH, NARS, BPI,

ATI, RFUs, FPA,PCA

4. Make available plant incorporated pesticides R & D, regulation, extension BAR, BIOTECH, NARS, BPI,PHILRICE, ATI, RFUs, FPA

5. Make available appropriate technologies for harvesting and usingmethane from livestock wastes

R & D, extension, regulation BAR, NARS, BPI, PHILMECH,ATI, RFUs

6. Make capital available to replace destroyed properties Finance, insurance, extension ACPC, PCIC, RFUs

7. Make available flood tolerant rice, corn and upland crops and

vegetables

R & D, insurance, extension BAR, BIOTECH, BPI,

PHILRICE, ATI, NARS, RFUs8. Make available information on flood-prone, drought prone, landslide

prone, and sea level rise areas through maps.Extension, insurance, policy &planning (SAFDZcharacterization)

ATI, PCIC, PPO, BSWM, ITCAF

9. Make available advisories on emergency procedures during floods,drought, other extreme weather conditions

Extension ATI, RFUs, BSWM, ITCAF

10.Make available early maturing, shorter, sturdy bananas, fruit treesand coconuts

R & D, insurance, extension BAR, BIOTECH, BPI, PCIC,ATI, RFUs, PCA

11.Ensure the availability of construction materials of high quality Regulation, insurance, extension BPI, PHILMECH, PCIC, ATI

12.Make available capital to replace fishing boats Finance, insurance, extension ACPC, PCIC, ATI

13.Make water available Irrigation, extension, R & D NIA, BSWM, PCIC, ATI

14.Make available water use efficient/drought tolerant crops R & D, insurance, extension BAR, BPI, BSWM, PCIC, ATI


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15.Make available water conservation practices Extension BSWM, ATI, RFUs

16.Make available livestock breeds tolerant to higher temperatures R & D, insurance, extension BAR, BAI, PCIC, ATI,BIOTECH, PCC

17.Put out advisories on drought-prone areas Extension BSWM, ATI, RFUs

18.Make available pest resistant crops and environment-friendly, non-fossil fuel-based pesticides

R & D, insurance, regulation,extension

BAR, FPA, NARS, BPI, PCIC,ATI

19. Provide advisory on mudslide-prone areas Extension, policy & planning(SAFDZ characterization)

ATI, RFUs, PPO, BSWM, ITCAF

19.Facilitate timely delivery of reliable, locality-specific weatherinformation to farmers

PAGASA, extension DOST, ATI, DA-ITCAF

20.Production of bio-charcoal from crop residues, and animal waste R & D, extension DA-PhilRice, PHILMECH, ATI

21.Subsistence subsidies Extension ATI, RFUs

22.Develop and promote fish and aquaculture adaptation and mitigationtechnologies relative to climate change

R & D, extension BFAR

climate change to agri

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