225© The Author(s) 2018m. yamomo, Theatre and Music in Manila and the Asia Pacific, 1869–1946, Transnational Theatre Histories, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69176-3

In September 2011 while researching at the National Archive of Vietnam in Hanoi, I had the good fortune of catching Bizet’s Carmen at the Hanoi Opera House [Nhà hát lớn Hà Nội] on the occasion of the theatre’s cen-tennial. The production featured Vietnamese soprano Vanh Khuyen as Carmen, tenors Thanh Binh and Nguyen Vu alternating as Don Jose, and Manh Dung as Escamillo. The production was accompanied by the Orchestra of Vietnam National Opera and Ballet conducted by British conductor Graham Sutcliffe. It was directed by Swedish director Helena Rohr, who had worked previously with the company through a cultural exchange between the Swedish and Vietnamese governments. Rohr’s staging of the opera was adapted to contemporary Hanoi setting: The tobacco factory was replaced with a Hanoi garment sweatshop. The opera house, built during the French occupation and finished in 1911, initially housed European opera and theatre companies performing for the European population until the end of the French rule. After the indepen-dence of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the opera house served as an important political and government meeting house, occasionally hosting performing arts events. In 1995, the theatre was renovated and since then has been home to Vietnamese and Western classical concert music, opera, drama, and ballet.

In 2012, while attending the Australasian Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies Conference in Melbourne, I attended Prof. Barbara

Coda

226 CODA

Hatley’s presentation of Il La Galigo, an opera conceived by Robert Wilson based on Rhoda Grauer’s adaptation of the Buginese scroll epic, Sureq Galigo of South Sulawesi. The production toured Europe, Australia, and the US between 2004 and 2008. For its final performance in 2011, the opera was ‘brought home’ to Sulawesi. The performance caught the interest of the local government and led to the proposal to create an annual festival to stage the opera to honour the Buginese epic as a UNESCO-declared cultural heritage, which would have had given the production an extended lease of life after touring the Western opera cir-cuit. However, nothing has been heard about this venture since.

A few years earlier, while living and working in Bangkok, I assisted a small opera production company in staging adaptations of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Donizetti Gaetano, and Christoph Willibald Gluck operas. I also saw productions of the much acclaimed Bangkok Opera under the artistic direction of Somtow Sucharitkul. In 2003, Sucharitkul inaugurated the Bangkok Opera-Richard Wagner Opera Circle, which aims to stage the full Wagner’s Ring from an entirely Asian perspective. Through this project he claims Southeast Asia will be the next Wagnerian frontier.1

Earlier in the 1960s and 1970s Philippines, Imelda Marcos wanted to build an image of Manila as the Southeast Asian cultural capital by estab-lishing the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The original intention was to make this centre the home of a Philippine opera company. The opera company did not materialise, but the CCP became one of the most impor-tant cultural institutions of the country.2

Though seemingly disparate, it is a point of interest how opera kept reoccurring uncannily in the Southeast Asian cities. The various cases of opera’s (attempts for) institutionalisation are also attempts to claim or perform modernity—both symbolically through the physical buildings and their performances, and acoustically in its particular musico-theatrical medium. The particular use of the opera form/genre as the sonic articula-tion of modernity now does not just pluralise the spatial contexts of modernities, but it also shows how it could temporally recur in different historical contexts. In these rearticulations of the same repertoire being performed in newly industrialising Southeast Asian nation-states, new soni of acoustic modernity are being reconstituted through the old medium.

If we are to account for the events that I described above as isolated cases that are specific only to the cities where they were happening, or if we do not contextualise them within a longer track of global cultural his-tory, they may appear as aberrations. The investigations I undertook in

227 CODA

this book explore the different trajectories of modernities and their acous-tic formulations. The scope of my research covers an earlier period of glo-balisation prior to the establishment of modern and postcolonial nation-states in Asia Pacific. The subsequent period, where my research ends, would reframe the entire region towards the logic of nation-building and a global internationalism. By this time, many previous translocal pro-cesses were subsumed into international diplomacy, controlled by inter- state labour immigration, or completely severed due to national interests. Some were held off until the twentieth century when these dormant archaic cultural practices would have been reactivated and would be con-sidered novel global cultural practices.

In Chap. 3, I discussed how the colonial cities in Southeast and East Asia were already entrenched within the translocal modern cultural eco-nomics of the late-nineteenth century. However, the degree to which the colonial expatriates and the locals in the different cities were involved in the cultural production and consumption processes varied widely. I sur-veyed concomitant events in the different colonial cities in Southeast Asia, however, my research focused primarily on the case of Manila as an early modern global city that became an important nexus of cultural exchange in the modern globalisation of the nineteenth century. I historicise Manila’s entanglement with the early global processes and how it was intertwined with the different urban capitals in the Asia Pacific region. Inwardly, the arrival of travelling musicians, theatre, and music- drama companies linked Manila to the burgeoning global entertainment net-work. Outwardly, Manila became an important source of musicians who were to be engaged in the modernisation projects of other Asia Pacific cities.

My research historicises the translocal processes of how music (as media) and its migration constituted modern subjectivities of the citizens of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Asian cities. To explain how modernity was imagined, heard, and embodied, I explored the intersec-tions of sound studies, theatre history, musicology, and performance stud-ies. I synaesthetically compared Hans Belting’s iconology theory3 into what I propose as an Anthropology of Sound. Within this framework, I further argue that the sound of modernity is inextricably enmeshed with music (as its mediated form) and its human embodiment. Taking the per-forming bodies of the Manila musicians as the locus of sound, I argue that the global movement of acoustic modernities was replicated and diversi-

228 CODA

fied through their multiple subjectivities within the entanglements of the modernist projects of empire and nation as these intertwined with the individual agencies of the European colonisers and local citizens.

Although I have strived to trace the different threads of the translocal cultural processes in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, my project is program-matically hinged on Manila due to my limitations on time, language, resources, and personal biases. If this endeavour is to engage further the entanglements of the interconnected cultural history of the region, this research agenda will benefit from the interdisciplinary and cooperative efforts of different specialists who are able to work collaboratively within a global historical perspective.

Notes

1. “Richard Wagner Circle Bangkok,” http://www.wagnerthai.com/RWCB/RWCB.html

2. See: Christi-Anne Salazar Castro and Timothy Rice, “Music, Politic, and the Nation at the Cultural Center of the Philippines,” in Ethnomusicology (Los Angeles: University of California, 2001).

3. See: Hans Belting, “The Locus of Images: The Living Body,” in An Anthropology of Images: Picture, Medium, Body (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), 37–61; Hans Belting, “Image, Medium, Body: A New Approach to Iconology,” Critical Inquiry 31, no. 2 (2005): 302–319.

229© The Author(s) 2018m. yamomo, Theatre and Music in Manila and the Asia Pacific, 1869–1946, Transnational Theatre Histories, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69176-3

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Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAbadia, Maximo, 107Abad, Juan, 155, 156Abelardo, Nicanor, 160Abelo, Mariano, 212Abuyan, Pedro, 203Acapulco, 56–62, 78Acousteme, 23, 47, 48–49n28, 138Acoustemology, 23, 38, 40, 42, 44,

48–49n28, 70, 83n50, 124, 128, 148, 160

Acoustic, 7, 9, 15, 16, 19, 23, 38, 39, 44, 45, 49n28, 65, 69–71, 74, 75, 88, 112, 113, 128, 131, 132, 137, 138, 144, 145, 147, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162, 169, 177, 185, 189, 202, 206, 210, 217, 219, 226, 227

Acoustic dissonance, 21Acuña, Pedro, 171Adonay, Marcelo, 2, 76, 103, 180Adorno, Theodore, 30, 49n35

Aesthetics, 20, 27–31, 35, 42, 45, 46, 68, 71, 87, 94, 98, 106, 107, 109, 112, 202, 207

Africa, 5, 32, 57, 86, 163Africans, 5, 15, 16, 57, 193n55Age of Empire, 1, 122, 129, 143, 179,

196Agnew, Vanessa, 63–65, 81n32,

82n35Agoncillo, Teodoro A., 67, 81n31,

82n43, 114n3, 165n16Aguilar, Filomeno, Jr., 82n45, 196,

197, 217, 220n4, 220n6, 220n8, 223n75

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 113, 114, 138, 143, 145, 153, 164n13, 177, 178

Aida, 146Air (music), 43Alaska, 195Alaska-Yukon Exposition, 188Alberoni, Cesare, 104, 105Alcain, Abdon, 203

244 INDEX

Alto (voice), 58, 151Alvarez, Santiago V., 177, 191n25American colonizers/imperialists, 145,

154, 182, 216American Empire, 114, 130, 142,

189, 196, 216American Manifest Destiny, 185American National Anthem, 147, 152,

162Americans, 3, 7, 8, 17, 20–22, 26, 32,

33, 39, 56, 66, 78, 91, 92, 99, 107, 114, 124, 130, 137, 142, 143, 146, 148, 153–156, 163, 169, 174, 178–189, 191n34, 193n55, 195, 199, 210, 216, 218

America, see USAmsterdam, 146Ancien régime, 122, 125Anderson, Benedict, 10, 23, 38, 44,

67, 82n46, 122, 125–128, 132n3, 132–133n12, 133–134n19, 134n20, 158, 163n2

Andres, Remigio, 203Ang Buhay, 106Ang Capitan (The Captain), 157Anitos (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150, 151An Maimbud na Aqui (The Gentle

Child), 157Annam, 86Anthropology, 6, 130, 199Anthropology of Sound, 10, 37–47,

158, 227Anti-Imperialists League, 181Antillon, Toribio, 105, 149Antipolo, 149, 150Apolloni, Giuseppe, 101Appadurai, Arjun, 10, 13n16, 38,

53n92, 127, 128, 140, 164n4Applegate, Celia, 134n20, 167n45Appropriation, 6, 64, 68, 146

Arabs (people), 60Aragon, Joaquin, 76, 103Archbishop, 72, 73Archipelagic, 162, 171, 199Archipelago, 8, 16, 66, 73, 137, 138,

157, 158, 160, 161, 169, 170, 172, 180, 197, 199

Architecture, 18, 62, 110, 112Archives, 4, 8, 24, 200, 203Aria, 58, 91, 92, 95, 99, 106, 151,

159, 174Arsederas, Custodio, 203Art history, see HistoryArtist, 31, 37, 42, 69, 89, 92, 94, 105,

140, 152, 157, 179, 195, 199, 205

Artistic autonomy, see AutonomyArtistic convention, see ConventionArtistic experimentation, 148Artistic movement, see MovementArtistic practice, 30, 125Artistic production, see ProductionAsia, 1, 4–9, 12n6, 16, 32, 36, 38, 45,

56, 57, 59–62, 75, 86, 89, 124, 125, 130, 138–145, 163, 163n1, 171, 173, 175, 179, 196, 197, 200–218, 220, 226, 227

Asia Pacific, 1, 4–8, 16, 19, 22–25, 31–33, 35–38, 45, 46, 59, 65, 79, 85, 86, 89–92, 94, 102, 109, 113, 114, 123, 126, 127, 131, 133n17, 144, 175, 185, 196, 199, 200, 202, 218, 227

Asiatics, 57Asuang (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150Asuncion, Marcelino, 178Ateneo Municipal, 73Atlantic

Ocean, 56region, 58, 188

Attali, Jacques, 26, 48n23, 49n36

245 INDEX

Audience, 36, 74, 86, 98, 100, 106, 107, 109–111, 155, 183, 184, 187, 216, 220

Audition (as metaphor), 40Auditory

distress, 20stratification, 23

Aurality, 15, 69, 219Austin, John L., 63, 81n33Australasian Drama, Theatre, and

Performance Studies Conference, 225

Australia, 88, 102, 217, 226Autonomization, 26, 30, 44Autonomy, 27–31, 46, 109, 138, 139,

146, 153artistic, 28, 30

Awit, 20, 88

BBacolor, Municipality of, 106, 157Bagobos, 184Balagtas, Franciso, see Baltazar,

FranciscoBalitao, 151Ballet, 100Balls (social dance), 75, 173, 209Baltazar, Francisco, 87Bañas, Raymundo C., 84n68, 115n19,

117n46, 166n25, 192n37Band

Banda Arevalo, 76, 178Banda Baliwag, 177Banda del Regimiento Peninsular de

Artilleria, 173Banda de Malate, 204Banda de Mariquina, 204Band of the British Grenadier

Guards, 186brass, 75, 94, 173, 174, 177,

179–189, 208

Malayan, 205Manila, 131, 205–207, 211, 213,

214military/regimental, 22, 25, 27, 75,

76, 94, 95, 99, 114, 124, 145, 146, 169–189, 204, 210

Pasig, 76, 106Philippine Constabulary, 8,

179–189, 192n36police, 205Sta. Cecilia Band, 78, 204, 208–215

Bandmaster, 173, 177, 178, 180, 209, 210

Bangaan, 76Bangkok, 97, 216, 226Bangkok Opera, 226Barangay, 61Barasoain Church, 178Barbieri, Francisco Asenjo, 106Barcelona, 67Barendregt, Bart, 16, 47n4Baritone, 105, 149Baroque, 72, 110Barwick, Linda, 88, 114n6Bass (instrument), 177Bass (voice), 70Batalla, 88Batavia, 39, 85, 101, 102, 116n38,

130, 208Bataviasche Schouwburg, 100, 102Bathala, 149Bautista, Luis, 212Bautista, Patricio, 212Bayan, 113Bayan Ko (My Country), 155–162Baybayin, 149Bayle, 21Bayly, Christopher Alan, 9, 10, 12n12,

12n14, 25, 60, 62, 80n20, 121, 129, 134n22

Beaterio, 27, 73–74, 83n62Beethoven, Ludwig van, 210

246 INDEX

Bel canto, 160Belgian (people), 16, 31Bell, 16, 72, 81n31Bellini, Vincenzo, 101Belting, Hans, 40–42, 52n71, 158,

227Benevolent assimilation, 182, 185,

192n39Bengal, 57Benito, Julian, 149Bermingham, Ann, 33–35, 51n56Beyer, Henry Otley, 195Bhabha, Homi, 24Bickers, Robert, 208, 209, 222n41Bicolano (people), 157, 163Bijsterveld, Karin, 15Binh, Thanh, 225Biron, Mariano Proceso Pabalan, 157Bishop, 73Bishop, Ryan, 6, 12n8, 130, 135n26,

219Bizet, Georges, 145, 186, 205, 225Blair, Emma Helen, 48n15, 83n51,

83n55, 83n58, 170, 189n1, 190n12, 190n15, 221n24

Boccacio, 107Body, concept of, 41, 42Boletin de la Real Sociedad Economica

de Amigos del Pais, 33Bombon, 171Bonaparte, Napoleon, 141Bonifacio, Andres, 113, 114n3, 138,

142, 178Bonus, Ladislao, 76, 103, 105, 106,

138, 147, 148, 150–152, 178Book, 2, 4, 7–9, 11, 12n6, 16, 27, 32,

35, 38, 39, 61, 74, 78, 89, 96, 115n24, 124, 220n1, 227

Boston Symphony Hall, 188Bourdieu, Pierre, 30, 109, 118n64Bourgeois

art, 28

culture, 28Brass instruments, 146, 173Brillantes-Silvestre, Ma. Patricia (Pat

Silvestre), 2, 76, 84n67, 117n46British (people), 16, 20, 49n35, 67,

92, 99, 102, 150, 173, 210, 215, 225

British colonial administration/government, 131, 213

British Empire, 32, 85, 86, 130, 185British Malaya, see MalaysiaBuck, Rudolf, 210Budhing Nagpahamak (Tragic

Conscience), 156Buenaventura, Cosme, 206Buenaventura, Cristina Laconico,

84n66, 89, 115n9, 157, 167n49

Buenaventura, Lucino, 173, 177Bulacan, Province of, 148, 177, 178Bullfight (genre of performance), 89Bundog (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 149Burnett, Charles, 15

CCage, John, 21Cainta, 149, 150Calcutta, 129California, 189, 195Calilaya, 171Calinlin, Felipe, 212Caloocan, 17Campos, Oscar, 94, 115n24, 150Canon, 144, 147, 148, 186Canseco, George, 161Canseco, Jose, 105Canton, 197Cantonese music, 218Canton Register, 173Cantor, 72, 197

247 INDEX

Capilla de musica, 69Capisanan, 150Capital

city, 4, 56, 79, 113cultural, 2, 7, 36, 79, 95, 131, 163,

219, 226Capitalism

global, 4, 79, 107, 132, 197print, 158

Carigara, 69Carluen, Alejo, 147, 149Carluen, Gavino, 147Carmen, 99, 151, 225Carvajal, Jose, 106Cassirer, Ernst, 38Casta, 30, 66, 74, 175, 198Castro,Christi-Anne Salazar, 45, 46,

53n88, 164n12Catalino Palisoc, 157Catechism, 61Cathedral, 72, 76, 106Catholic

Catholic Christianity, 60, 142Roman Catholic Church, 21

Catholicism, 71Catholicization, 60Cavalleria Rusticana, 97, 99, 101Cavite (city), 77, 172, 177, 203Cavite, Province of, 203Cebu, 55, 106, 107, 172Cello/violoncello, 58, 105Censorship, 65, 87Centro Artistico, 78Centro de Artistas, 78Centro de Bellas Artes, 78Cespedes, Dario, 106Ceylon, 57Chant, 73Chao Tak Sin (เจาตากสน), 97Chateaux Margaux, 107Chee, Wong Kee, 216, 223n74Chenduriyang, Phra (Peter Viet), 97

Chiarini, Giuseppe, 91, 207, 222n38Chicago, 188China, 57, 61, 92, 102, 126, 197,

207Chinese (people), 21, 23, 57, 60, 61,

66, 100, 101, 115n23, 171, 209, 210, 215, 216, 218

Chinese Cultural Revolution, 216Chinese music, 101Chinos, 67Chirino, Pedro, 69, 82n48Choir, 21, 72Chopyak, James, 205, 222n33Choral director, 101Chorus, 102, 105, 150, 151, 159,

180Christians, 20, 21, 29, 61–66, 69,

70, 87, 88, 123, 131, 184, 185

Christmas, 82n40, 86, 202Chulalongkorn, Rama V., 97Church, 16, 20–22, 27, 61–63, 65,

69–76, 78, 81n31, 82n39, 86, 102, 104, 105, 113, 123, 131, 150, 169, 170, 172, 177, 178, 189, 197–199, 206, 211

Cincinnati, 188Cincollagas, Andres, 203Circo de Arroceros, 87Circus, 25, 89, 91, 96, 99, 205, 207,

212Circus troupe, 25, 89

Japanese, 212Civilising mission, 16, 68, 185, 186Clossey, Luke, 56, 79n3, 134n22Club Euterpe, 78Cochinchina, 57, 86, 175, 208Cockroaches, 17, 18Cognitive dissonance, 21, 48n17Cold War, 126, 127, 133n15Colegio de Niños Tiples, 71–73,

115n24, 180

248 INDEX

Colonial, 2–8, 12n6, 16, 21–25, 27, 29–31, 36–38, 44–46, 60–69, 73–76, 78, 79, 81n25, 85, 89, 90, 92, 96–98, 100, 101, 108, 109, 113, 114, 122–125, 127, 129–132, 135n24, 137–140, 142–147, 152, 154, 156, 169–175, 178–183, 187–189, 190n12, 191n33, 196–198, 200, 202, 203, 206, 208–210, 212, 213, 215–217, 219, 220, 223n63, 227

Colonialism, 68Comedia, 146Comisión de la Paz, 153Commerce, 57, 66, 130, 192n43,

215See also Trade

Commercialisation, 111Commodification, 26, 30–37, 44,

108, 132, 205Commodities

cultural, 9, 25, 30, 32, 35–36, 74, 79, 95, 98, 110

material, 35, 74musical, 95theatrical, 95

Commoditization, 111Compañia de Opera Italiana, 101, 150Compania Zarzuela Cuberò, 106Compania Zarzuela de la Torre, 107Compania Zarzuela Raguer, 106Composition (musical), 21, 58, 72,

73, 123, 137, 139, 141, 146, 147, 150, 159, 161

Concepcion, Péris de la, 197Concert, 9, 20, 22, 75, 76, 78, 89, 91,

92, 94–96, 99, 102, 123, 124, 127, 142, 145, 146, 161, 172–175, 180, 184, 185, 187, 188, 205, 206, 219, 225

Connor, Steven, 15Conquistador, 170

Conservatory/conservatories, 71–73, 105, 144, 160

Constitution of Cadiz (Spanish Constitution of 1812), 141

Consumerism, 15, 26Consumer society, 33–35, 37Consumption, 4, 9, 10, 23, 25–27,

29–31, 33–36, 42, 45, 47, 60, 74, 79, 85–114, 126–128, 130, 140, 158, 159, 207, 220, 227

Conventionaesthetic, 87, 159media, 112musical, 151, 159, 185

Convents, 72, 74Copla-estrebillo, 159Corbin, Alain, 15Cornet, 152Coronel, Hernando de los Rios, 171,

189n2Cortes, 141Cortes, Blas, 212Cosmopolitan, 2, 3, 35, 62, 99, 129,

140, 141, 144, 150, 151, 154, 185, 199, 208

Costumer, 101Counterpoint, 17, 68, 137, 147, 150,

152as metaphor for transculturalization,

68See also Harmony

Creolism, 141Creolization, 142Creolo, 142Criollo, 66

See also CreoloCrispino y La Comadre, 101Cristobal, Valente, 157Cristobal, Vic, 218Crown, Spanish, 56, 62, 141, 170Cruz, Andres de la, 197Cruz, Juan Matapang, 155, 156,

164n5, 164n6

249 INDEX

Cruz, Romeo V., 140–142, 164n5Cuberò, Alejandro, 106Cuenco, Ernani, 161Cullinane, Michael, 156, 167n46Cultural capital, see CapitalCultural Center of the Philippines

(CCP), 83n54, 144, 155, 226Cultural studies, 43Cultural technique, 38, 43, 44,

52n82Cymbals, 151

DDagupan, 17Dance

ballet, 100, 150, 225galops, 209music, 45, 92, 131, 180, 205, 210polka, 209quadrilles, 209valse/Waltz, 21, 24, 109, 205, 209See also Bayle

Danza, 151David, Amado Gutierrez, 157de Castro, Victor, 203de Corcuera, Sebastian Hurtado, 172,

189n5de Lara, Juan, 101de los Reyes, Maximo, 156De Mann, Jan, 31, 96Dening, Greg, 63, 64, 81n33DeNora, Tia, 63Denver, 188Deplace, Zacarias, 109De Todo en Poco, 107Dewey, George, 143, 146Dialectics, 59, 71, 125Diaspora, 61, 161Diatonic (harmony), 65, 68Dibella, Giovanni, 104Diosas (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150

Diplomacy, 148, 227Discourse, 5, 38, 45, 52n66, 126,

139, 147, 155, 163, 211Divine Right, 60Donald-Ayer, Delia, 92Donizetti, Gaetano, 101, 105, 226Don Pascuale, 101Drama, 29, 40, 63, 65, 89, 91, 111,

152, 156, 159, 225, 227Drama company/group/troupe, 89,

96, 227See also Theatre company/group/

troupeDramaturgy, 44, 94, 144, 154, 175,

182, 185Dreamed Alliance, The, 149

See also La Alianza Sonada; Sangdugong Panaguinip

Drums, 23, 58, 172, 177, 185, 186Dung, Manh, 225Dutch (language), 39Dutch Empire, 130, 185Dutch Indies, 3, 67, 85, 92, 96, 102,

205

EEarly modern, 2, 4, 7, 33, 59–62, 67,

68, 152, 196, 227Earthquake, 17Earwitness, 16, 20–22, 24, 49n31,

175Easter, 86Echo (as metaphor), 25, 28, 32, 40,

65, 93, 96, 121, 155, 182, 208, 211

Economics, 4, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 22, 26, 27, 30–33, 46, 56, 58–60, 74, 79, 81n25, 86, 90, 101, 109, 121, 123, 127, 131, 139, 143, 157, 163, 171, 180, 182, 183, 205, 207, 215

cultural, 6, 227

250 INDEX

Economycultural, 4, 30, 79global, 16, 29, 32, 86, 130market, 127, 215ticketing, 35

Education, 28, 29, 67, 71, 78, 94, 126training, 72–74

Ejercito, 212El Alcalde Interim, 107El anillo de hierro, 107El Barberillo de Lavapies, 107El campanero y sacristan, 107Elcano, Juan Sebastián, 55El canto flamenco, 107El Capitan de Lanceros, 107El chotis, 107El comendador, 107El Commercio, 3, 96El duo de la Africana, 107El Filibusterismo, 118n62Elgar, Edward, 210El Hebreo, 101Ellis, Henry T., 20, 21, 48n14, 48n18,

48n21, 174, 190n16El Progreso, 151, 166n32El rey que rabio, 107Elzinger Hermanos (bookstore), 78,

209Embassy, 198Embodiment, 9, 20, 39–45, 47, 59,

69, 122–124, 131, 143, 146–148, 156, 158–162, 182, 185–187, 189, 201, 202, 207, 217, 219, 220, 227

Empire, 4, 6, 11, 44, 56, 57, 60, 114, 122–124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 146, 147, 152, 154, 162, 169–189, 196, 199–201, 216, 228

See also Age of Empire; American Empire; British Empire; Dutch Empire; European Empire; Spanish Empire

Encomienda, 170, 171

England, 97, 130English (langauge), 21, 32, 39, 86,

149, 174Enharmonic counterpoint, 68, 147,

152, 162See also Counterpoint

Enharmony, 68–79Enlightenment, 10, 11, 23, 26–28,

30, 39, 110, 125, 128, 133n17Entrepôt, 8, 56, 57, 61, 86, 130Episteme, 9, 23, 65Epistemology, 10, 23, 128

acoustic, 23, 39, 69–71, 159, 161 (see also Acoustemology)

ocular/visual, 41, 42Erlmann, Veit, 16, 47n2Estafani, Rafael, 101Estella, Jose, 76, 103, 147Europe, 4–7, 16, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29,

32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 55–59, 61, 67, 69, 73, 74, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 98, 124, 127–130, 133n17, 142, 146, 151, 172–175, 185, 186, 198, 199, 203, 208, 210, 219, 226

European (people), 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 20–23, 25, 29, 32, 33, 39, 45, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 85, 86, 89, 91, 93, 97, 100, 102, 105, 116n38, 125, 127, 130–132, 133n17, 144, 145, 150, 154, 173, 186, 198, 208–211, 225, 228

European colonies, 68, 181European empire, 86, 207European kingdoms, see KingdomEuropean music, 35, 45, 63, 90, 98,

113, 130, 197See also Music; Western music

FFabvre, Lucien, 44Faust, 97, 99Favorita, 101

251 INDEX

Feast/feast day, 69, 72, 86Feijoo, Benito Jeronimo, 28Feld, Steven, 23, 38, 48n28, 83n50Felipe, Julian, 145, 177, 178Ferdinand VII, 141Fernandez, Doreen G., 117n60,

118n61, 155, 164n8, 166n34, 167n44

Fernandez, Praxedes “Yeyeng”, 106, 198

Festivity, 36, 175, 206See also Feast/feast day; Fiesta

Feudalism, 126–127Fiesta, 27, 75, 86, 102, 153Filipinas, 75, 100, 171, 196, 204Filipinization, 71, 155Filipino (casta), 46, 123, 141, 142Filipino (definition), 20, 66Filipino (language), 155, 198Filipino (people), 2, 7, 22, 45, 46, 61,

63, 65, 67–71, 75, 77–79, 88, 92, 113, 114, 123, 124, 135n28, 140–142, 151, 152, 157, 160–163, 170, 172, 173, 175–180, 182–187, 189, 193n55, 195–199, 203, 206, 215–218

Filipino-American War, 143Film, 40, 88, 115n7, 161, 215, 216Film music, see MusicFlag Law, 143Flow, 34, 123, 125, 130, 163, 201,

219Flute, 23, 58, 70Flynn, Dennis O., 11n5, 56, 79n2,

79n4Fort Santiago, 172Foucault, Michel, 38, 51n65Fragmentation, 11, 25, 27, 30, 59, 62,

121, 129, 158France, 29, 130, 153, 186Franciscan, 57, 72, 197Freitag, Ulrike, 5, 12n7

French (language), 16, 32, 86French (people), 16, 92, 174, 175,

178, 185, 216French colonial government/

administration, 178, 208French–Prussian War/Franco–Prussian

War, 3, 31French Revolution, 125, 172Friedenthal, Albert, 92Fuentes, Jovita, 198Funeral, 71, 75, 184, 210, 215

GGaillot, Michel, 46Galleon

ship, 57–62, 67, 78, 86, 196, 200trade, 57, 62, 78, 130

Gayuma, 147Gellner, Ernest, 30, 50n45, 125,

132n5, 132n7Genealogy

cultural, 55–79religious, 69

Genremusic, 92, 160, 162, 186music theatre/opera, 29, 90, 98theatre, 98

Germany, 28, 29Giráldez, Arturo, 11n5, 56, 79n2Globalization

archaic, 57, 60–62, 68, 122, 130, 196

cultural, 123, 128, 140definition of, 55modern, 4, 20, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33,

35, 59–61, 65, 79, 94, 125, 129–132, 143, 152, 195–220, 227

nineteenth-century, 27, 30, 38, 79, 126, 140, 143, 203

Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 226Gobernadorcillo, 204

252 INDEX

Gold, 23, 60, 72, 92, 154, 189Golden Age’ of arts and culture in

Manila, 2, 91Gong, 46, 185Gonzalez, Cipriano, 105Gonzalez III, Joaquin L., 195, 196,

220n2Gouk, Penelope, 15Governor, 154, 183, 188Governor-general, 72, 86, 101, 109,

153, 170–173, 177, 212Gramophone, 43Gran Compania de Zarzuela Tagala,

157Gran Via, 107Grauer, Rhoda, 226Greeks, 57Greenfeld, Liah, 126, 133n16Gruet Orchestra, 76, 103Guam, 197, 216Guardia civil (Spanish gendarmerie),

177Guerrero, Lorenzo, 149Guitar, 20, 70, 74Guzman, Constancio de, 161

HHalibas (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150Hanoi, 1, 3, 97, 106, 116n38, 178,

179, 208, 216, 225Hanoi Opera House, 225Harmony

contrapuntal, 65, 152diatonic, 65, 68, 123enharmonic, 152, 162

Harp, 19, 58, 70, 74, 197Hatley, Barbara, 225Hawaii, 182, 195Haydn, Joseph, 210Hegemony, 65, 68, 122, 127, 137,

139, 145, 147, 152, 154

Heidegger, Martin, 39, 52n69, 110, 118n65, 128

Herderian (nationalism), 127, 144Herder, Johann Gottfried von,

132n6Heritage, 4, 192n39, 226Hermeneutics, 24, 37–39Hernandez, Juan de Sahagon, 216Hero, 88, 201

national, 144Hidalgo, Miguel, 78Hi-fi, 112Hila, Antonio C., 149, 166n27Hindi Aco Patay (I am not Dead),

155Hippodrome Theatre, 188Hispanism, 141, 142Historiography

colonial, 68, 89sound, 15, 16, 40

Historyart, 2, 41, 199aural/sound, 16, 19, 24, 69, 70colonial, 69cultural, 3–5, 9, 34, 35, 38, 39, 59,

95, 116n38, 126, 138, 144, 147, 217, 226, 228

global, 3–5, 9, 59, 121, 163, 196, 200

music, 1, 3, 198, 203, 205national, 3, 138, 141, 147, 148,

197, 200, 203, 217theatre/performance, 199, 227

Hobsbawm, Eric, 122, 129, 134n21

Holland, 130Homogeneity (cultural), 121Hong Kong, 8, 17, 92, 101, 113, 129,

130, 198, 216, 218, 222n34, 223n73, 223n74

Hopkins, Anthony G., 4, 11n4, 59, 60, 80n14, 80n15, 81n22, 81n28, 134n22

253 INDEX

Hurtado de Corcuera, Sebastián, 172, 189n5

Huseng Batute, see Jesús, José Corazón de

Hybridity, 20, 61, 65, 66, 123, 131, 140, 185, 215, 217

IIberian peninsula, 60Iconology, 227Ideology, 4, 10, 31, 34, 43, 45, 75,

107, 122–127, 137, 138, 140, 147, 150, 155, 169, 185, 186, 189, 199, 207, 217

nationalist, 156Ideoscape, 47, 139, 161I Due Foscari, 101Ignacio, Leon, 161Igorot, 182, 184, 186Ihde, Don, 15Il Barbieri de Seviglia, 101Ileto, Reynaldo C., 159, 168n59Il La Galigo, 226Ilocos Sur, Province of, 106, 180Ilog (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150Iloilo (city), 67, 106, 107Ilonggo (people), 163Il Travatore, 101Ilustrados, 29, 74, 142, 143, 183Imperialism, 6, 26, 107, 124, 125,

143, 169, 179–189, 196, 210Impresario, see Individual entries of

impresariosIndia, 20, 21, 57, 199Indian Ocean, 56Indians, 23, 61, 66, 70, 171, 174Indigenization, 2, 65, 86, 98, 107, 138,

145, 146, 151, 155, 156, 198Indios, 23, 30, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72,

75, 79, 142, 170–172Indonesian (people), 16, 195

Industrious revolution, 26Ing Managpe (Dog with Patches), 157Iñigo-chua, Ma. Alexandra, 2Institution

cultural, 6, 11, 71, 138, 144, 169, 186, 226

religious, 30, 34, 35, 37, 65, 122, 123, 200

social, 6, 11, 46, 71, 121, 128, 169, 198

state/military, 27, 74, 122, 123, 131, 200

Instrumentalists, 173See also Musicians

Instrumentsbass, 177brass, 75, 145, 146, 173, 174, 177,

188, 208bugle, 186cello/violoncello, 58, 105clarion, 58cornet, 152flute, 23, 58, 70gong, 46, 185guitar, 20, 70, 74harp, 19, 58, 70, 74, 197horn, 17, 58, 177keyboard, 73mandolin, 20oboe, 58, 70organ, 33, 61, 197piano, 32, 33, 73, 74, 92, 95, 102,

207, 208rabel, 58stringed, 19, 22, 73trombone, 24, 175trumpet, 172, 175, 210

Insulares, 66, 67, 73Integration, 4–6, 11, 29, 32, 33, 35, 56,

59, 86, 90, 108, 123, 125, 128, 129, 141, 146, 155, 157, 196, 198

See also Dreamed Alliance, The; Sangdugong Panaguinip

254 INDEX

Intercontinental, 7, 56, 85, 129Intercultural, 20, 61, 62, 70, 198Intramuros, 76, 104, 173Iris, 198Irving, David R. M., 2, 58, 68, 71, 73,

83n53, 152, 190n20, 197Italian, 1, 3, 31, 92, 95, 96, 99, 101,

102, 104, 106, 145, 150, 151, 159, 160, 174

performers/artists, 92, 97, 99, 100, 105

Italy, 29, 31, 93, 101, 115n24, 198

JJakarta, see BataviaJameson, Fredric, 21, 34, 48n23, 140Japan, 57, 61, 131, 197, 199, 205Japanese

circus troupe, 212musicians, 216

Japanese-American War, 203Japanese occupation, 143Javier, Doroteo, 204, 221n28Jazz music, 186, 210, 216Jesuit mission, 197Jesuits, 20, 73Jesús, José Corazón de, 87Jimenez, Norberto, 203Joaquin, Nick, 57, 72, 80n8, 83n54,

84n65Johnson, James H., 110, 118n68Johnson, Mark, 39, 52n70Journalism, 93, 94Jugar con fuego, 106

KKahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday,

Today and Tomorrow), 155Kant, Immanuel, 30Kasilag, Lucrecia, 46Katagalugan, 113, 141, 142, 149

Keyboard instruments, 73Khuyen, Vanh, 225King, Anthony D., 24, 49n33, 129,

135n23Kingdom

European, 87, 207kingdom-states, 45, 131, 206

Kittler, Friedrich, 15, 38, 51n65Komedie Stamboel, 115n18Komedya, 29, 75, 86–88, 91, 114n3,

146See also Commedia; Moro-moro

Kramer, Paul A., 143, 144, 164n10, 167n42, 181, 183–185, 192n38

Kuala Lumpur, 212, 216Kulturtechnik, see Cultural techniqueKulturwissenschaften, 43

See also Cultural techniqueKumintang, 160Kundiman, 160–162, 177

LLa Alianza Sonada, 148La Boheme, 97, 198Labour, 10, 30, 37, 61, 129, 131,

139, 170, 195, 198, 199, 202, 217–219, 227

La cabanita, 107La Calandria, 106La Estrella de Manila, 96

See also IntramurosLaguna, Province of, 17Lakhon Rong, 98Lakoff, George, 39, 52n70La Marseillaise, 146La Mascota, 107Lamas, Rafael, 28–30, 50n40, 50n46La musica clasica, 107Language, 28, 38, 40, 42, 44, 61–63,

65–67, 69, 79, 87, 107, 124–126, 133n14, 141, 155, 162, 171, 193n55, 200, 219, 228

255 INDEX

English, 21, 32, 39, 86, 149French, 32, 86German, 32, 86Ilocano, 157, 163Italian, 104musical, 76, 150Spanish, 70, 88, 93, 173Tagalog, 70, 76, 88, 91, 94, 106,

113, 147–150, 156, 158, 160, 163, 165n20, 177

Visayan, 69See also Vernacular

La Nuestra Señora de Paz y Buen Viaje, 58, 86

La Oceañia Española, 91, 111, 118n71, 209, 222n44

Lapasionaria, Las hijas del Zebedee, 107

Lapu-lapu, 55Las cigarreras, 107La tela de arana, La marcha de Cadiz,

107Latin (language), 42, 65, 70Law, 34, 66, 81n25, 124, 141, 146,

147, 151, 153, 155, 156, 191n34Laws of the Indies, 61, 66, 81n25Le Garde Republicaine Band of

France, 186Legislation, 93, 141, 147Leisure, 26, 27, 36, 74, 87, 89Lent, 86Leoncavallo, Ruggero, 97Leon, Felipe de, Jr., 88, 146, 160,

168n61Letona, Bartolome de, 57, 80n6Lian, Municipality of (Batangas), 177Liceo Cientifìco Artistico Literario,

77Lied, 160Li Hou Xiang, 218Liliuokalani, 188Limbas (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 149

Liminality, 123, 124, 152, 163, 179, 217–219

Limpieza de Sangre, 66Linda de Chamounix, 101, 117n53Linguistics, 16, 24, 40, 64, 70, 158,

161system, 40

Listening, 15–17, 19–26, 28, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 67, 69–71, 74, 110–112, 114, 121, 124, 137, 142, 144, 146, 159, 164n14, 170, 174, 203

Li Tai Pe, 198Literacy, 38, 70, 128Literature, 1, 23, 43, 49n31, 49n37,

52n66, 72, 82n49, 83n62, 127, 144, 155, 165n17

Little brown brothers, 183, 185Liu Yu (character in Turandot), 198Loa, 58, 86, 87Lo-fi, 112Logic

aesthetic, 27cultural, 60, 139economic, 26

London, 33, 146, 208, 209Lorenzana, José, 203Los aragoneses, 107Los desaparecidos, 107Los Lombardos en la Primera Cruzada

o sea La Jerusalem Libertad, 101Los ratoneros, 107Louisiana Purchase, 181, 182, 187Louisville (Kentucky), 187Loving, Walter H., 148, 180,

187–189, 193n55Loyola, Patricio, 149Lucia de Lamermoor, 101Lucrezia Borgia, 101, 105Luneta (theatre seating), 108

moro, 175Luneta, Paseo de, 94, 95, 99, 175Luzon, 72, 149

256 INDEX

MMabuhay ang Pilipinas (Long Live

Philippines), 155MacArthur, Douglas, 153Macau, 8, 92, 198, 205–207Machiavelism, 183McClellan, Michael, 1, 11n1McLuhan, Marshall, 38, 52n67Mactan, 55Madison, 188Madrid, 58, 67, 73, 98, 106, 145,

151, 152, 171, 172, 174, 208Magellan, Ferdinand, 55

See also KomedyaMajayjay, Municipality of, 203Malabon, 17, 178, 191n26Malay

people, 67world (religion), 16

Malayan (concept of race), 61, 67, 85, 205

Malaysia, 205, 218Malaysian (people), 195Mallat de Bassilan, Jean Baptiste,

21–23, 48n15, 48n19, 48n24, 49n29, 174, 190n15

Malolos, 76, 148, 178Malolos, Bulacan, 177, 178Malolos Congress, 76, 148, 178Mañalong, Cecilio, 212Mandolin, 20Mangalore, 175, 198Mangkukulam (character in

Sangdugong Panaguinip), 150Manila

as centre of performing arts in the Asia Pacific, 45, 131, 207

city of, 6, 56as emblematic reference to migrant

natives of Spanish Philippines, 67

establishment of, 4, 171first global city, 56

as global cultural nexus, 7, 90, 91, 113, 227

‘golden age’, 2, 91, 138intramuros, 76, 104as Little Italy/Munting Milan

(Little Milan) of the Far East, 105

theatre scene, 73, 92, 100, 145, 148Manila band, 131, 146, 205–207,

211, 213, 214Manila Cathedral, 72, 76, 106,

115n24Manila Chamber Music Society, 78Manila Dramatic Club, 78Manila Grand Opera House, 92, 102,

104Manila men (Manila musicians),

135n28, 196, 197, 211, 216Manilans (people), 19, 32, 87, 93, 95,

96, 142, 175, 208See also Manileño

Manileño, 72See also Manilans (people)

Marcha, 146Marcha cristiana, 88

Marcha Nacional, Marcha Nacional Filipina, Marcha Nacional Filipina Magdalo, 146, 164n14, 178

See also Philippine National AnthemMarcial, L.F., 216Marcia Trionfale, 146Marcos, Ferdinand, 161, 162, 195,

217Marcos, Imelda, 226Marikina Orchestra, 76, 103Marques del Duero, 207Martial arts, 86Mascagni, Pietro, 97, 198Mass, 20, 34, 63, 65, 66, 72, 86, 87,

115n7, 133n14, 156, 173Matusky, Patricia, 205, 222n33Maugard, Alfred M., 100, 117n45

257 INDEX

Medan, 113, 198, 205, 206Media

concept, 9, 43event, 43mass, 6, 43, 45, 130, 131, 218new, 27, 112, 216

Mediascape, 47, 128, 139, 159, 161, 215

Mediatization, 9, 112, 186Melbourne, 225Melody, 88, 95, 146, 150, 151, 205

See also Punto; TonoMendoza, Ignacio, 212Mercene, Floro L., 82n44, 199,

221n18Mestizos/mestizas, 66, 67, 100Metaphor, 19, 24, 39, 40, 110Meter (music/poetry), 69, 88Metropolitan Theatre, 102Mexican National Band, 186Mexicans (people), 171Mexican War, 79Mexico, 58, 62, 67, 75, 78, 171Mexico City, 56Middle East, 5, 195, 216, 217Migration, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 73, 121,

122, 124, 129, 131, 133n17, 195–201, 203, 207, 217, 227

sonic, 195–201Mikado, The, 97Military, 6, 25–27, 44, 71, 74–76, 93,

95, 99, 114, 122–125, 131, 146, 163, 169–189, 200, 204, 210, 212

Milwaukee, 187Mindanao, 75, 171Ming, Yao, 218Minstrelsy, 218Miranda, Apolonio, 212Mirano, Elena, 2, 72, 83n54, 83n56,

84n67, 117n46Missionaries, 16, 57, 60–64, 68–70,

73, 81n31, 197

Missions, 16, 57, 60–62, 68, 69, 73, 123, 131, 185, 186, 192n39, 197, 198

religious, 60Mode-of-produciton, see ProductionModern age, 110, 123, 129Modernities

artistic, 45, 131, 207aural, 123multiple, 27sonic, 16, 185, 219

Modern subjectivity, 10, 26, 28, 29, 42, 111, 142, 227

Mojares, Resil, 117n60, 148, 154, 165n16, 165n18, 167n37, 167n43

Molina, Juana “Titay”, 103, 149Moors, 87, 88

See also Moro; Muslim/MoslemMorals/morality, 28, 29, 60Morelos, Jose Maria, 78Moritz, Karl Philipp, 28Moro, 149, 171, 184

See also Moors; Muslim/MoslemMoro-moro, 87–89Motif/motives (musical), 79, 88, 146,

203Movement

anti-colonial/liberationary/independence/revolutionary, 122, 137, 177, 179

anti-Napoleon, 142artistic, 42centrifugal, 25centripetal, 25nationalist, 67, 143, 144political, 142, 143reform, 142social, 126translocal/global, 94, 96, 114,

116n38, 140, 218, 227Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 226Murillo Velarde, Pedro, 58, 70, 197

258 INDEX

Murphy, Michael, 127Musard, Philippe, 21Music

Cantonese, 218Chinese, 101, 209, 216dance, 45, 92, 131, 180, 184, 205,

210German, 150, 151Italian, 106jazz, 186, 210, 216Latin American, 216, 217as organized sound media, 9popular, 16, 22, 45, 95, 151, 180,

184, 186, 198, 205, 206, 210, 216, 218

scores, 32, 35, 61, 74, 89, 95theatre/drama, 8, 9, 24, 26, 29, 30,

36, 69, 78, 86, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98–101, 104–106, 109, 110, 113, 128, 137–163, 198, 208 (see also Opera)

theory, 73Western /European, 20, 61, 68, 72,

97, 98, 113, 144, 184–186, 197, 208, 216

See also Band; Instruments; Musicians; Orchestra

Music-drama, 152, 227Musicians

British, 185Filipino/Manila, 152, 167n35French, 172, 178German, 92, 210Italian, 105See also Band

Musicology, 2, 21, 24, 42, 164n14, 227Musico mayor, 206Music theatre, 8, 24, 26, 29, 30, 36,

69, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98–100, 104–106, 109, 110, 113, 137–163, 198

Muslim/Moslem, 60, 66, 150

NNaga (city), 106, 157Nao de Acapulco, 57

See also GalleonNao de China, 57

See also GalleonNation, 3–6, 10, 25, 29, 31, 38, 40,

44–46, 57, 80n5, 85, 107, 110, 113, 114, 122–128, 137–163, 169–189, 195, 199–201, 228

Nationalism, 23, 25, 27, 44–46, 93, 107, 113, 122, 124–127, 129, 132n6, 133n17, 134n19, 137–148, 150–152, 155, 161–163, 164n6, 167n45, 169, 173, 199, 207, 217

Nationalist, 2, 22, 45, 67, 87, 98, 117n53, 122, 126, 132n6, 134n19, 138, 143, 144, 147, 148, 150–152, 154–156, 160, 176, 177, 179, 183, 199, 207

Nativism/nativist, 129, 141, 144, 155Navarro, Pedro B., 180, 186, 188,

189Nazzari, Alberto, 97Negritos, 184Nepomuceno, Vicente, 183Netherlands, 223n63New England Conservatory of Music,

180New media, 27, 112, 216New World, 154New York, 195, 208Ng, Stephanie Sooklynn, 216, 223n70Nhà hát lón Hà Nôi, see Hanoi Opera

HouseNicolas, Vicente, 203Niederlein, Gustavo, 183Nina Pancha, 107Noise, 19–21, 26, 32, 49n31, 109, 112Noli me Tangere, 22, 71, 83n52, 127Norma, 101

259 INDEX

Norodom I, 206Noroña, Jose, 203North America, 8Notation (musical), 43Novel, 23, 71, 99, 227Novenario, Agapito, 212Nueva España, 62, 75, 170, 171

See also MexicoNueva Segovia, 73Nuevo Teatro de Arroceros, 77, 102

OObbligato, 152Oboes, 58Ocampo, Ambeth R., 88, 115n8, 146,

164n13Ocampo, Cariaco de, 203Occident, 68Ocular-centrism, 24Oido, 71Old World, 56Ong, Aihwa, 7, 12n11, 129, 135n22,

135n24Ong, Walter J., 44, 82n49, 133n14Ontology, 38Opera, 159

buffa, 159comic, 21See also Music-drama

Opera bufa, 159Opera company/opera group/ opera

troupe, 1, 3, 25, 31, 37, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99–105, 116n38, 117n45, 145, 150, 178, 226

See also individual entriesOperettas, 36, 91, 95, 98, 116n38,

175Orchestra, 75

Orquesta Feminina de Pandacan, 76Orquesta Molina, 149See also individual entries

Orchestra director, 92, 101, 102Orchestra of Vietnam National Opera

and Ballet, 225Ordoñez, Fermin, 203Organs, 21, 32, 33, 61, 73, 112,

117n53, 197Orient, 92

Oriental, 23, 57, 130, 151, 166n33Orkestang Babae, see Orquesta

Feminina de Pandacan (also known as Orkestang Babae)

O’Rourke, Kevin H., 11n3, 12n5, 56, 79n1, 79n4

Orquesta Feminina, 178Orquesta Feminina de Pandacan (also

known as Orkestang Babae), 76, 103

Orquesta Molina, 149Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage,

58See also La Nuestra Señora de Paz y

Buen Viaje

PPadang, 102Pagibig sa Tinubulang Lupa (Love for

the Homeland), 155Pagliacci, 97Painting, 35, 40, 104, 105Pampanga, Province of, 171Pampango (people), 172Panama-Pacific International

Exposition, 188Panunuluyan, 65, 82n39Parian (Chinese district), 66, 107Paris, 22, 92, 93, 97, 110, 146, 208Parishioners, 63, 81n31, 202, 211Paroquianos, see ParishionersPasa-doble Hanoi, 178Pasig (river), 16Pasig (town), 149

260 INDEX

Paso doble, 88Passports, 73, 203, 204, 212Pastores, 65, 82n40Pasyon, 20, 159Paterno, Adela, 149–151, 153, 154,

165n16Paterno, Pedro, 147, 165n17, 178Patronage, 72, 156, 210Penang, 198, 201, 203, 211, 213Peninsulares, 66, 142Pensionado, 196Percussion (instrument)

cymbal, 151drums, 23, 58, 151, 177, 185gong, 46, 185

Perez, Anores, 212Perfecto, Segundo, 212Performances, 3, 9, 10, 20, 22, 23,

25, 27, 34–37, 42, 44, 45, 58, 59, 64, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 86, 88, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 110–112, 117n53, 123, 128, 131, 134n19, 137, 143, 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 161, 166n28, 173, 175, 178, 186–188, 198, 207, 211, 213–215, 220, 225, 226

Performance Studies, 24, 42–44, 168n55, 227

Performativity, 23, 63, 64Performing arts, 3, 25–27, 37, 65, 96,

98, 140, 225Periphery(ies), 129, 130Persians, 57Perspective (visual arts technique), 5,

24, 39, 43, 49n31, 89, 104, 112, 126, 226, 228

Philip III, 171Philippine Constabulary, 156, 184Philippine Constabulary Band (PC

Band), 8, 148, 149, 166n27, 179–189, 192n36

Philippine Exposition Board (St. Louis Exposition), 183, 192n43

Philippine independence, 7, 143, 153, 178

Philippine Musical Association, The, 78

Philippine National Anthem, 88, 147, 152, 164n15, 178

Philippine Revolution, 98, 113, 114n3, 169, 175, 176, 179, 180, 191n31

PhilippinesFilipinas (Spanish colonial regime),

75Philippine Assembly, 143, 156Philippine Islands (American

colonial regime), 154, 195, 216Philippine Revolutionary Republic,

183Republic of the, 163n1

Philippine Scouts, 180Phillips, John, 6, 12n8, 135n26Philosophy, 28, 38, 52n66, 126, 127,

151, 152Phnom Penh, 198, 206, 208Photography, 40Piacenza, 198Pianos, 19, 32, 33, 73, 74, 92, 95,

102, 149, 207, 208, 222n39Picture (as concept), 3, 39–42, 99,

108, 110Pigafetta, Antonio, 55Pinpin, Tomás, 88, 114n5Pirates, 63, 75, 171Plaza de Magallanes, 94, 145Poblete, Pascual, 155Poetry, 88, 160

Copla-estrebillo, 159villacinco, 159

Polavieja, Camilo de, 177Policy, 32, 81n31, 86, 127, 147, 162,

196, 199, 217, 218

261 INDEX

Politics, 23, 41, 46, 125, 139, 143, 154, 156, 161, 183

Polyphony, 69Pompei, Giovanni, 101Ponte-Perfecto, Nicolasa, 157Popular music, 16, 45, 95, 131, 137,

144, 159, 184, 186, 198, 206, 210, 216, 218

Portugal, 60Portuguese (people), 185Portuguese colony, 131Postcolonial, 5, 6, 8, 24, 46, 59, 112,

122, 126, 127, 129, 130, 138–140, 144, 185, 200, 227

Postmodernism, 34, 46Power

colonial/imperial, 4, 68, 114, 130, 137, 147

electric, 187of sound and music, 111struggles, 74of symbols, 154

Prado, Jose, 76, 103Prado, Simplicio, 76, 103Principalia, 170Print, 125

capitalism, 125, 128, 133n17, 134n19 (see also Capitalism)

printing press, 61technology, 44

Procession, 58, 86, 188Production

as an artistic work, 105artistic, 31as a concept of socio-cultural-

economic process, 110cultural, 4, 9, 26, 27, 29–35, 37,

44, 71, 86, 98, 101, 108, 128, 140, 198, 215, 227

mode of, 33, 35, 98, 110, 126, 127, 157

musical, 74opera, 22, 105, 226

sarswela/zarzuela, 37, 94, 98, 157sound, 20, 24, 26, 42, 45, 46theatre, 27, 71, 74, 77, 98, 104,

205Professionalization, 29, 37, 71, 72, 98Professional

cultural workers, 215musicians, 73–75, 170, 215

Propaganda, 186Protestantism, 41Puccini, Giacomo, 97Punto, 88

See also Melody; Tono

QQuiapo, 76, 100, 116n38, 148Quinta, 173, 190n12, 204

RRabel, 58Rama V, see Chulalongkorn, Rama VRama VI, see VajiravudhRatia, Nemesio, 106, 111, 118n72Ray Del Val, 218Realism, 158Reconquista, 66Reduccion bajo el toque dela campana

[resettlement under the peal of the bell], 63, 81n31

Relationshipbetween image and picture, 40, 110between sonus and sound, 42, 219

Religion, 31, 34, 44, 60–62, 71, 87, 122, 123, 159, 179

world, 62Religious drama, 29, 65, 82n38Religious institutions, 34, 65Religious music, 20, 69, 151Religious services/rituals/rites/

events/ceremonies, 21, 65, 69, 72, 84n65, 86

262 INDEX

Rengger, Nicholas J., 10, 12n15Repairing the Fractured Mirror: A

Chronicle and Source Book devoted to the Performing Arts in Manila, 1848–1898, 2, 96

Retana, Wenceslao Emilio, 32, 50n44, 50n48, 50n49, 100, 101, 105–107, 116n38, 117n50, 117n56

Revolution, Philippine, 98, 113, 114n3, 138, 154, 158, 161, 165n16, 175, 176, 179, 180, 191n31

Reyes, Portia L., 148, 165n17, 165n19

Reyes, Roman G., 148Rhythm, 17, 79, 159, 172Richardson, Claiborne T., 187,

191n35, 192n36, 193n53, 193n55

Rigoletto, 101, 150Rio, 129Ritualization of culture, 65, 82n37Rituals/rites, 10, 20, 34, 36, 58,

63–65, 71, 72, 184, 185Rizal, José, 22, 23, 48n26, 71, 83n52,

108, 109, 118n62, 127, 130Rizal Orchestra, 76, 103Rizal y los Dioses, 147, 165n20Roa, Manuel, 107Robertson, James Alexander, 48n15,

48n19, 48n24, 49n29, 80n6, 82n48, 83n51, 83n55, 83n58, 84n70, 170, 189n1, 190n12, 190n15, 221n24

Rohr, Helena, 225Romanticism, 28, 45, 95, 127, 142,

145, 175, 201Rome, 56, 101Rosario, municipality of, 203Rossini, Gioachino, 101, 145, 174,

187Roxas, Isidoro, 157Royal Hawaiian Opera House, 188

Royal Italian Band, 186Royal Western String Orchestra, 97Rubio, Hilarion, 75, 83n63

SSaigon, 92, 216Sainete, 87St. Joseph’s Band, 211, 212St. Louis World Exposition/St. Louis

Exposition, 180, 181, 183, 184, 188, 192n43

Salary, 37, 172, 191n33, 209Salazar, Sinforoso, 212Salazar, Vicente, 212Salome, 198Salubong, 65, 82n38Sampaloc (District of Manila), 76, 206San Agustin Church, 76, 104Sanchez, Carlos, 204San Fernando (city), 106San Francisco (California), 188Sangdugong Panaguinip, 106, 138,

147–150, 152, 154, 162, 165n20, 167n35, 178

See also Dreamed Alliance, The; La Alianza Sonada

Sangleyes, 30, 66, 79San Juan de Letran, 73San Juan del Monte Orchestra, 76,

103San Luis, Teodora, 105San Roque, municipality of, 203Santa Ana orchestra, 76, 103Santa Cecilia Band (Sta. Cecilia Band),

78, 204, 208–215Santiago, Fernando Jr., 149, 166n27Santiago, Francisco, 160Santiago, Juan de, 197Santos, 69Santos, Ramon, 45, 53n87, 159, 160,

164n12, 168n57, 168n60, 168n62

263 INDEX

Sanvitores, Diego Luis, 197Sarawak, 198, 204Sarswela (Zarzuela), 2, 36, 37, 73,

89–91, 94–96, 98, 99, 103, 105–109, 113, 119n72, 127, 137, 138, 142, 144, 145, 149–151, 155–162, 174, 175, 177, 198

Sassen, Saskia, 219, 224n78Sastrón, Manuel, 176, 190n21,

191n31Savoy Theatre, 97Say Liman ag Naketket Pampinsiwan

(The Hand that Cannot be Cut Must be Kissed), 157

Scenario, 85, 158, 161, 168n55Scenic painter, 101, 104Schafer, R. Murray, 21, 24, 48n22,

49n31, 112School, 72

Cambridge School (of global history), 59

See also Specific namesSchwartz, Hillel, 19, 48n11Scott, James C., 163, 168n64Scott, William Henry, 81n26, 88,

114n4Sculpture, 35, 40Sea chanteys, 88Seattle, 188Sebwanos, 163Secularization, 27Sedition Law, 143, 155Seditious plays, 155, 156Selangor State band, 205Selangor, State of, 212Sellner, George C., 188Senson, Rufino, 212Sephardic Jews, 66Serialization, 112, 125Severino Reyes, 157Shanghai, 1, 8, 113, 198, 201,

208–210, 213, 216

Shi dai qu, 216Siam, 57, 61, 175, 197, 198Siegert, Bernhardt, 38, 43, 51n63,

51–52n66, 52n82, 52n83Silence, 24, 124, 212Silk, 57Silos, Juan, 76, 103, 161Silver, 58, 60, 154Singapore, 3, 8, 20, 39, 78, 85, 92,

96, 97, 100–102, 104, 113, 116n38, 129, 198, 200–202, 204, 205, 208–216

Singapore Chronicle, 173, 190n13Singers, 101, 102, 105, 145, 150,

162, 198, 206Singing

bel canto, 160Lied, 160

Sirenas (character in Sangdugong Panaguinip), 151

Slave, 57enslavement, 170

Slave trade, 171Smith, Anthony, 125, 132n6Smith, Bruce R., 15Smith, Joseph F., 15Smith, Mark, 15, 47n1, 48n11Social capital, see CapitalSocial drama, 63, 65, 111Sociedad Anonima, 77Sociedad Artistica-Recreativa, 107Sociedad de Artes y Oficios, 77Sociedad de Recreo, 77Sociedad Lirico-Dramatica, 107Sociedad Musical Filipina de Santa

Cecilia (Philippine Musical Society of Santa Cecila), 77, 78, 209

Solano, Anacleto, 107Soldiers

American, 145, 180, 186Filipino, 75, 172, 173, 175–180,

189, 198

264 INDEX

Muslim, 150Pampango, 171, 172Spanish, 75, 170–172Tagalog, 150

Soliano, Alfonso, 218Songs, 19, 64, 88, 160, 162, 177,

214, 216, 218Sonic, 17, 21, 39, 40, 46, 63, 65, 85,

112, 123, 137, 139, 144, 146–148, 152, 158–162, 172, 202, 226

Sonicscape, 87, 131, 138, 150Sonus (plural soni), 42, 44–46, 95,

112, 123, 124, 131, 137–163, 177, 185–187, 189, 198, 201, 202, 207, 217, 219, 220, 226

Soprano (voice), 73, 105, 151, 198See also Tiples

Sorsogon (city), 107Soundscape, 15–17, 19, 22, 32,

49n31, 58, 95, 99, 112, 113, 173, 185, 207

urban, 85Sound studies, 9, 42–44, 227Sousa, John Philip Band, 186Southeast Asia, 1, 4, 6–8, 12n6, 16,

20, 38, 130, 163, 171, 179, 222n39, 226–228

Sovereignty, 44, 124, 125, 137–140, 143–154

Spain, 22, 28, 29, 32, 56, 60, 66, 75, 85, 86, 88, 96, 113, 114n3, 130, 141, 142, 145, 151–154, 170, 173, 174, 178, 198

Spanish Empire, 2, 4, 6, 8, 25, 67, 79, 85, 86, 89, 113, 124, 130, 137, 139, 140, 163, 169, 177, 179, 185, 196

Spanish Revolution, 141Spivak, Gayatri, 129Stagings (historical metaphor), 58, 59,

62, 68

Stanley Opera Company, 97Star-Spangled Banner, 152

See also American National AnthemStatus, 147, 153, 162, 207, 213, 217Steam engine, 16, 85Steamship, 7, 8, 25, 86, 90, 100, 113,

131Sterne, Jonathan, 15Stevens, Joseph Earle, 17, 19, 22, 23,

38, 47n5, 47n8, 48n13, 48n25, 49n30, 99, 116n36, 150, 166n31, 174, 175, 190n17, 199, 221n17

Straits Settlements, 203Strauss, Richard, 198, 205Stringer, Mr., 101Subjectivity, 10, 11, 24, 26, 28, 29,

39, 42, 111, 142, 203, 227, 228See also Modern subjectivity

Subaltern, 30Sucharitkul, Somtow, 226Suez Canal, 7, 31–33, 90, 102, 113,

129Sugar, 32, 91Sulawesi, 226Summers, William John, 2, 11n2, 91,

95, 96, 115n15, 116n25, 116n43Surabaya, 92, 102Sureq Galigo, 226Suzara, Venancia, 106Symphony, 92, 173, 188Synaesthesia, 40, 161

as metaphor, 40Syncopation, 137Syncreticism, 20, 61, 63, 65, 68, 90,

98Synecdoche, 199

TTaft’s Own, 188–189Taft, William Howard, 154, 180, 183,

188

Soldiers (cont.)

265 INDEX

Tagaloglanguage, 67, 70, 88, 91, 94, 106,

138, 145–154, 156, 157, 165n20, 177

people, 142, 163, 171region, 113, 142, 148, 158, 160

Tagaroma, Patrocinio, 106Tambakan, 76Tamon, Fernando Valdes, 72, 83n55,

172, 189n8Tanikalang Guinto (Golden Chain),

155Tan, Marcus Cheng Chye, 16, 47n3Tarik (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 149, 151Tartars, 57Taxation, 66, 81n31Tayabas, Province of, 203Taylor, Diana, 158, 168n55Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 186, 210Teatro Circo de Zorilla (or Teatro de

Zorilla), 97, 101, 102, 150Teatro Circo de Zorillo/Teatro

Zorilla, 89, 96, 99, 149Teatro de Binondo, 76, 89Teatro del Principe Alfonso (also called

the Nuevo Teatro de Arroceros), 77, 100, 102

Teatro de Sirena, 102Teatro de Tondo, 87, 101, 102, 111Teatro de Variedades, 109Teatro español (Spanish language

theatre), 77Teatro Filipino, 102Teatro Pandaqueño, 105Teatro Paz, 102Teatro tagalo (Tagalog langauge

theatre), 89Technology, 6, 9, 10, 22, 24, 25, 27,

32, 38, 39, 41–46, 85, 86, 96, 111, 112, 121–123, 128–131, 133n14, 140, 158, 172, 185, 196, 197, 200, 207, 216, 219

Telegram, 28Telegraph, 85, 130, 208Telephone, 17, 85Telescope, 43Television, 88Television Malaysia (RTM) Orchestra,

218Telonista, 104Tempo, 17, 147, 162Tenor (voice), 58, 70Terrenate, 172Tertulias, 74Text

dramatic play/text, 88Thailand, see SiamTheatre, see Individual entries of

theatre buildingsTheatre company/group/troupe,

25, 32, 36, 37, 99, 101, 102, 109

See also Drama company/group/troupe

Theatre studies, 42, 43Theatricality, 63, 64, 108, 168n55Theatrical performance, see

PerformancesThird World, 16, 219Through-composed, 151Tiaong, Municipality of, 203Tiktik (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 150Timbre, 85, 123, 173Tiongson, Nicanor G., 87, 107,

114n1, 117n57, 155–158, 166n34, 167n44, 167n48, 167n52

Tiples, 72, 73Titay Molina, 149

See also Molina, Juana “Titay”Tkaczyk, Viktoria, 15Tobacco, 108, 213, 223n63, 225

Manila, 32Tocsan, Felipe, 197

266 INDEX

Tokyo, 8, 113, 146, 198, 216Tolentino, Aurelio, 147, 155, 156,

165n20Tolentino, Fulgencio, 157Tonal centre, 152Tondo, 76, 103, 111, 119n72, 171,

203, 204Tongking/Tonkin, 57, 86Tono, 88

See also Melody; PuntoTorneo, 88Torre, Hugo de la, 107Tosca, 97Trade, 130

cultural, 3, 25, 59, 90Galleon (see Galleon)global, 4, 35, 56, 61, 85, 142

Trade network/route, 32, 35, 57, 79, 85, 86

Tram, 17, 47n6, 85Transculturalization, 61, 185, 218,

220Translocality, 3, 5–9, 25, 27, 31–33,

35–37, 56, 59, 62, 86, 92, 94, 96, 97, 108, 116n38, 121, 125–128, 131, 132, 139–141, 196, 208, 227, 228

Transmutation, 98, 144Transnational, 3, 5, 16, 135n28, 144,

217Treatise, 88, 94, 152Treaty, 32, 86Treaty of Paris, 85, 113, 143, 178Tribute, 149, 170, 171, 190n12Trining (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 149Tristan und Isolde, 151Tulisanes (bandits), 63Turandot, 198Turks, 57Turner, Victor, 34, 51n61, 63, 65,

111, 118n69Typography, 44

UUnang Pag-ibig, 106Un Ballo in Maschera, 101UNESCO, 226Uniformization (cultural), 123Union Artistico-Musical, 103Universalizing, 60, 122, 123Uray (character in Sangdugong

Panaguinip), 149, 151Urban, 6, 7, 17, 26, 33, 36, 37, 45, 67,

85–87, 89, 92, 112–114, 129–131, 135n24, 202, 207, 216, 218, 227

Urbanization, 39, 131Urban planning/organization, 61Uruttia, G., 213US, 8

colonial administration/government, 143, 146, 148, 153–156, 178–180, 183

colonial occupation, 8, 140 (see also American Empire)

imperialism, 6, 107, 143, 179–189US Marine Band, 186US–Philippine Commission, 180, 181,

183

VVajiravudh, 97, 98Valdes, Ramon, 76, 103Vega, Ventura de la, 106Vela, Melchior, 208, 209Velarde, Miguel, 70, 71, 83n51, 161,

197Velasquez, Valentin, 76Vellarde, Pedro Murillo, 58Veloso, Sabas, 107Veni, Vedi, Vici, 147Verdi, Giuseppe, 101, 145, 146, 150,

186, 205Vernacular, 5, 64, 65, 86, 107, 138,

156, 157, 159, 200See also Language

267 INDEX

Vernacularization, 155, 158Verse, 87, 88, 165n20Verse-drama, 86Vietnam, 225Viet, Peter, see Chenduriyang, Phra

(Peter Viet)Vigan (city), 106Villacinco, 159Villanueva, Isidro, 212Villaruz, Hermogena, 212Visayan (language), 69Visayan (people), 184Visayas, 69, 88, 184Visual culture, 6, 130Visual studies, 40Vogl, Joseph, 38, 43, 51n66, 52n78,

53n85Voice, 16, 20, 21, 58, 68, 70, 73,

79, 99–109, 138, 152, 160, 198

Voice types, see Alto (voice); Baritone; Bass (voice); Soprano (voice); Tenor (voice)

Von Oppen, Achim, 5, 12n7Vries, Jan de, 26, 49n37Vu, Nguyen, 225

WWagner, Richard, 150, 151, 186, 210,

226Walang Sugat, 157, 162Wallett’s Bijou Circus, 212Washington D.C., 188Watkins, Lee William, 205, 216, 218,

222n34, 223n73, 223n74Weber, Carl Maria von, 186Weber, Max, 10, 13n17, 68, 82n47,

186Wedding, 63, 75, 207, 210, 215Western music, 20, 61, 68, 140,

184–186, 216, 218, 225White Man’s Burden, 185

White noise, 112Williamson, Jeffrey G., 11n3, 12n5,

56, 79n1, 79n4Wilson, Rob, 129Wilson, Robert, 226Wilson, William P., 183Wind instruments, see Specific

instrumentsWomen, 50n49, 100, 150, 152, 177,

183Wong, Jum-sum “James”, 218,

223n77Worlding, 7, 129World Picture

Age of World Picture, 39World system, 32, 59, 86, 197World War II/Second World War,

12n6, 113, 127, 138, 163, 195, 216

Writing, 16, 23, 39, 44, 71, 116n38, 127, 139, 144, 148, 173, 200, 214

Writing system, 70

YYang Gui Fe (character in Li Tai Pe),

198Yeo, Wei-wei, 6, 12n8, 130, 135n26,

219, 224n79Yepes, Juan de la Fuente, 73

ZZabat Orchestra, 76, 103Zamboanga, 172Zapa, Antonio, 101Zomia, 163

NON-LATIN CHARACTERS黃湛森, see Wong, Jum-sum “James”เจาตากสน, see Chao Tak Sin