coefficients

Geotechnical Properties: mv

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, mv (after Carter 1983)

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Heavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff

weathered rocks and hard clays

Very low

compressibility0.05

Boulder clays, marls, very stiff tropical red

clays

Low

compressibility0.05 0.1 0.075

Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake

deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays,

normally consolidated clays at depth and firm

tropical red clays

Medium


Normally consolidated alluvial clays such as

estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive

clays

High


Highly organic alluvial clays and peatsVery high

compressibility1.5

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

mv

(x10-3

m2/kN)Type of clay Description

Page 1 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: Cc

Typical Values of Compressibility Index, Cc (after Holtz and Kovacs 1981)


Normally consolidated medium sensitive clays 0.2 0.5 0.35

Chicago silty clay (CL) 0.15 0.3 0.225

Boston blue clay (CL) 0.3 0.5 0.4

Vicksburg Buckshot clay (CH) 0.5 0.6 0.55

Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH) 1 3 2

Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH) 1 4 2.5

Mexico City clay (MH) 7 10 8.5

Organic clays (OH) 4

Peats (Pt) 10 15 12.5

Organic silt and clayey silts (ML-MH) 1.5 4 2.75

San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.4 1.1 0.75

San Francisco Old Bay clays (CH) 0.7 0.9 0.8

Bangkok clay (CH) 0.4


SoilCc

Page 2 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: Cv

Typical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation, cv (after Carter and Bentley 1991)


Boston blue clay (CL) 6 18 12

Organic silt (OH) 0.6 3 1.8

Glacial lake clays (CL) 2 2.7 2.35

Chicago silty clay (CL) 2.7 2.7 2.7

Swedish medium sensitive clays

(CL-CH)

1. laboratory 0.1 0.2 0.15

2. field 0.2 1 0.6

San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.6 1.2 0.9

Mexico City clay (MH) 0.3 0.5 0.4


Comparison of cv Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson and Allam, 1996)

(kPa)Logarithm-of-

time method

Square-root-of-

time method

Early stage log t

method

Red earth 25-50 1.46 1.72 1.93

50-100 2.03 2.52 2.84

100-200 2.31 3.15 3.60

200-400 2.57 3.44 3.96

400-800 2.55 3.78 4.04

Brown soil 25-50 1.20 1.40 1.71

50-100 0.95 1.19 1.20

100-200 0.90 1.07 1.11

200-400 0.66 0.70 0.86

400-800 0.41 0.46 0.43

Black cotton soil 25-50 1.60 2.07 3.07

50-100 0.97 1.16 1.51

100-200 0.63 0.79 1.09

200-400 0.36 0.50 0.64

400-800 0.18 0.20 0.25

Illite 25-50 0.52 0.71 0.79

50-100 0.42 1.00 1.05

100-200 0.69 1.00 1.15

200-400 0.99 1.45 1.62

400-800 1.31 1.84 2.03

Bentonite 25-50 0.02 0.04 0.05

50-100 0.01 0.03 0.04

100-200 0.01 0.02 0.03

200-400 0.01 0.01 0.01

400-800 0.00 0.01 0.01

Chicago clay 12.5-50 7.92 14.35 14.51

25-50 6.34 7.54 9.93

50-100 4.32 5.49 6.37

100-200 1.00 1.49 1.57

200-400 1.44 1.39 1.55

400-800 1.91 2.03 2.34

800-1600 2.24 2.72 2.87

Das, Braja M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering , Fifth Ed., Thomas Learning, United States, 2002.

Soil

cv

(m2/yr)

Soil

cv

(m2/yr)

Range of

Pressure 'Reference

Taylor, 1948

Reference

Ladd and Luscher, 1965

Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964

Wallace and Otto, 1964

Terzaghi and Peck, 1967

Leonards and Girault, 1961

Holtz and Broms, 1972

Page 3 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: C

Typical Values of C/Cc (after Carter and Bentley 1991)


Organic silts 0.035 0.06 0.0475

Amorphous and fibrous peat 0.035 0.085 0.06

Canadian muskeg 0.09 0.1 0.095

Leda clay (Canada) 0.03 0.06 0.045

Post-glacial Swedish clay 0.05 0.07 0.06

Soft blue clay (Victoria, B.C.) 0.026 0.026 0.026

Organic clays and silts 0.04 0.06 0.05

Sensitive clay, Portland, ME 0.025 0.055 0.04

San Francisco Bay Mud 0.04 0.06 0.05

New Liskeard (Canada) varved clay 0.03 0.06 0.045

Mexico City clay 0.03 0.035 0.0325

Hudson River silt 0.03 0.06 0.045

New Haven organic clay silt 0.04 0.075 0.0575

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties , Pentech Press, London, 1991.

SoilC/Cc

Page 4 of 11

Geotechnical Properties:

Typical Values of Unit Weights (sat and dry) (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

Lower

Limit

Upper

LimitAverage

Lower

Limit

Upper

LimitAverage

Sands and gravels

very loose 16.67 17.65 17.16 12.75 13.73 13.24

loose 17.65 18.63 18.14 13.73 14.71 14.22

medium dense 18.63 20.59 19.61 14.71 17.65 16.18

dense 19.61 21.57 20.59 16.67 19.61 18.14

very dense 21.57 22.56 22.06 19.61 21.57 20.59

Poorly-graded sands 16.67 18.63 17.65 12.75 14.71 13.73

Well-graded sands 17.65 22.56 20.10 13.73 21.57 17.65

well-graded sand/gravel mixtures 18.63 22.56 20.59 14.71 21.57 18.14

Clays

unconsolidated muds 15.69 16.67 16.18 8.83 10.79 9.81

soft, open-structured 16.67 18.63 17.65 10.79 13.73 12.26

typical, normally consolidated 17.65 21.57 19.61 12.75 18.63 15.69

boulder clays (overconsolidated) 19.61 23.54 21.57 16.67 21.57 19.12

Red tropical soils 16.67 20.59 18.63 12.75 17.65 15.20


Soil

sat dry

(kN/m3) (kN/m

3)

Page 5 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: Es

Representative Values of Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, Es (Das, 2002)


Soft clay 1800 3500 2650

Hard clay 6000 14000 10000

Loose sand 10000 28000 19000

Dense sand 35000 70000 52500

Range of Values: Modulus of Elasticity, E (McCarthy, 1998)


Sand, loose 9000 25000 17000

Sand, dense 45000 80000 62500

Sand, silty 7000 21000 14000

Sand and gravel, loose 45000 145000 95000

Sand and gravel, dense 90000 180000 135000

Silt 2400 20000 11200

Loess 15000 50000 32500

Clay, soft 500 5000 2750

Clay, medium 4000 10000 7000

Clay, firm 7000 20000 13500

Clay, sandy 25000 40000 32500

Soil

Es

(kPa)

Soil

Es

(kPa)

Page 6 of 11

Geotechnical Properties:

Representative Values of Poisson's Ration, (Das, 2002)


Loose sand 0.2 0.4 0.3

MediumSand 0.25 0.4 0.325

Dense sand 0.3 0.45 0.375

Silty sand 0.2 0.4 0.3

Soft clay 0.15 0.25 0.2

Medium clay 0.2 0.5 0.35

Range of Values: Poisson's Ratio, (McCarthy, 1998)


Sand, loose 0.1 0.3 0.2

Sand, dense 0.3 0.4 0.35

Silt 0.3 0.4 0.35

Loess 0.2 0.4 0.3

Clay, saturated 0.4 0.5 0.45

Clay, partially saturated 0.3 0.4 0.35

Clay, with sand and silt 0.2 0.4 0.3

Soil

Soil

Page 7 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: Cu

Typical Values of Undrained Shear Strength, cu (after Day, 2006)


Very soft 12

Soft 12 25 18.5

Medium 25 50 37.5

Stiff 50 100 75

Very stiff 100 200 150

Hard 200

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook , McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

Clay

cu

(kPa)

Page 8 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: e

Typical Values of Void Ratio, e (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)


Compacted caliche 0.227 0.667 0.447

Silty sand 0.242 0.333 0.2875

Sandy clay 0.379 1.303 0.841

Beach sand 0.636 0.833 0.7345

Compacted Boston blue clay 0.485 0.652 0.5685

Vicksburg buckshot clay 0.576 0.985 0.7805

Ottawa sand 0.591 0.636 0.6135

Sand-Franklin Falls 0.75 0.848 0.799

Sand-Scituate 0.485 0.621 0.553

Sand-Plum Island 0.652 0.697 0.6745

Sand-Fort Peck 0.561 0.606 0.5835

Silt-Boston 0.742 3.97 2.356

Loess 0.652 0.764 0.708

Lean clay 0.394 0.53 0.462

Sand-Union Falls 0.439 0.645 0.542

Silt-North Carolina 0.636 0.879 0.7575

Sand from dike 0.652 1.152 0.902

Sodium-Boston blue clay 0.47 2.697 1.5835

Calcium kaolinite 1.212 1.682 1.447

Sodium montmorillonite 2.333 3.97 3.1515

Sand (dam filter) 0.455 0.773 0.614


Soile

Page 9 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: k

Typical Values of Permeability, k (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)


Compacted caliche 5.0E-09 1.0E-07 5.3E-08

Silty sand 7.0E-09 3.0E-08 1.9E-08

Sandy clay 2.5E-10 2.8E-04 1.4E-04

Beach sand 8.0E-02 2.0E-01 1.4E-01

Compacted Boston blue clay 3.5E-09 3.2E-08 1.8E-08

Vicksburg buckshot clay 3.0E-10 1.2E-09 7.5E-10

Ottawa sand 6.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.5E-10

Sand-Franklin Falls 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 1.1E-03

Sand-Scituate 4.0E-03 9.5E-03 6.8E-03

Sand-Plum Island 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-02

Sand-Fort Peck 1.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-03

Silt-Boston 1.0E-08 2.0E-06 1.0E-06

Loess 4.0E-09 5.2E-09 4.6E-09

Lean clay 2.0E-09 2.8E-08 1.5E-08

Sand-Union Falls 4.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.2E-02

Silt-North Carolina 5.7E-07 8.0E-05 4.0E-05

Sand from dike 1.4E-04 1.7E-03 9.2E-04

Sodium-Boston blue clay 1.7E-10 1.0E-07 5.0E-08

Calcium kaolinite 2.1E-06 1.2E-05 7.1E-06

Sodium montmorillonite 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08

Sand (dam filter) 1.6E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02


Typical Values of Permeability, k


Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+00

Gravel, clean coarse sand 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E-01

Graded sand, fine sand 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02

Silty sand, silt 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04

Dense silt, clayey silt 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 5.1E-06

Clay, silty clay 1.0E-08 1.0E-07 5.5E-08

Spangler, Merlin G. and R.L. Handy, Soil Engineering , Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1982.

Soil

k

Soil

k

(cm/s)

(cm/s)

Page 10 of 11

Geotechnical Properties: k



River deposits

Rhone at Genissiat 4.00E-01

Small streams, eastern Alps 2.00E-02 1.60E-01 9.00E-02

Missouri 2.00E-02 2.00E-01 1.10E-01

Mississippi 2.00E-02 1.20E-01 7.00E-02

Glacial deposits

Outwash plains 5.00E-02 2.00E+00 1.03E+00

Esker, Westfiels, Mass. 1.00E-02 1.30E-01 7.00E-02

Delta, Chicopee, Mass. 1.00E-04 1.50E-02 7.55E-03

Till 1.00E-04

Wind deposits

Dune sand 1.00E-01 3.00E-01 2.00E-01

Loess 1.00E-03

Loess loam 1.00E-04

Lacustrine and marine offshore

deposits

Very fine uniform sand 1.00E-04 6.40E-03 3.25E-03

Bull's liver, Sixth Ave. N.Y. 1.00E-04 5.00E-03 2.55E-03

Bull's liver, Brooklyn 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 5.50E-05

Clay 1.00E-07

Lambe, T. William, and Whitman, Robert V., Soil Mechanics, SI version , Wiley, New York, 1969.



Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 5.5E+00

Clean sand, sand and gravel

mixtures1.0E-03 1.0E+00 5.0E-01

Fine sands, silts 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04

Sand-silt-clay mistures, glacial tills 1.0E-07 1.0E-04 5.0E-05

Homogeneous clays 1.0E-07

McCarthy, David F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics , Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.

(cm/s)

(cm/s)

Soil

k

Soil

k

Page 11 of 11

coefficients

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