Roster: Please put a checkmark

next to your name or add your name.

Photographs: I’ll talk about these.

Handouts: Please pick up a copy of today’s

handouts for:

Information Processing

August 31, 2012

Cognitive Psychology

Mark Rafter http://www.canyons.edu/faculty/rafterm

(Other OLLI courses will meet as

usual next Friday.)

We will meet again

in two weeks.

Our Website

http://www.canyons.edu/faculty/rafterm

1. The Information Processing model: Structures & Functions

2. Processing Information: Encoding, Storing & Retrieving

3. The central role of Attention …and factors that affect attention

4. Habituation & Dishabituation

5. Information Processing in the Nervous System

Perception is a function of the person’s use of internalized concepts to comprehend the external stimuli in the environment.

Demonstration: (Remember when Mark did a number on Cynnie’s back?)

The touch is peripheral. The language codes are central.

Different sensations (different patterns of energy) may result in the same perception.

(the sound)

Different sensations (different patterns of energy) may result in the same perception.

Color Constancy

Shape Constancy

Size Constancy

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result in different perceptions.

The same sensation may result

in different perceptions.

First Class Right after Breakfast

Third Class Right before Lunch

Moon Banana

Banana Moon

First Class Right after Breakfast

Third Class Right before Lunch

Moon Banana

Banana Moon

First Class Right after Breakfast

Third Class Right before Lunch

Moon Banana

Banana Moon

Bottom-up Processing refers to the influence of the physical energy (the stimulus) on the process of perception. These are more universal, stimulus-driven (environmentally-driven) perceptions.

Top-down Processing refers to the influence of higher level processes (long-term memory associations) on the process of perception. These are more ideosyncratic, conceptually-driven (person-driven) perceptions.

…examples will follow

Psychological Factors that influence perception

Needs Billboards for food/lodging &

Values The 1990 Pepsi can – “Is it Good or Bad?”

Expectations Waiting & Your friend on the telephone

Culture Kenge of the BaMuti tribe (1961)

Beliefs ‘Seeing’ a UFO

Prior Experience The face of reality

Perception guides our thoughts, emotions, and our overt behavior at every moment.

& Perception is affected by our

thoughts, emotions, and overt behavior at every moment.

1. The Information Processing model: Structures & Functions

2. Information: Encoding, Storing & Retrieving

3. The central role of Attention …and factors that affect attention (Psychological & Developmental)

Sensory Memory

LTM STM

Each of these three Containers has

a capacity to contain an amount of information.

a duration of time it can contain the information.

Sensory Memory

STM LTM

CAPACITY Very large 7 + 2 chunks Unlimited

DURATION Very brief

½ - 2 seconds 30 seconds A Very Long

Amount of Time

Sperling, 1960 Miller, 1956 Loftus & Palmer (1974)

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P

George Sperling (1960).

The Following DISPLAY of letters will be presented for 50 msec

and after seeing the display you recall the letters you remember 50 milliseconds = 0.05 OR 1/20 seconds

…once more,

with

a Partial Report

procedure.

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P

Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

R

W

I M Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

R O Q K

L T W B

I M U P Whole Report = if recalled immediately a random 4 items correct on the average

Partial Report = if cued immediately a complete row correctly recalled

Partial Report = if cued ½ to 1 second later 0 to 1 item correctly recalled

Sensory Memory

LTM STM

Each of these three Containers has

a capacity to contain an amount of information.

a duration of time it can contain the information.

Sensory Memory

STM LTM

CAPACITY Very large 7 + 2 chunks Unlimited

DURATION Very brief

½ - 2 seconds 30 seconds A Very Long

Amount of Time

Sperling, 1960 Miller, 1956 Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Attention

“Count how many times the players

in the white shirts

pass the basketball.”

Break

• Data Driven Attention (Bottom Up)

• Selective Attention

• Divided Attention

• Sustained Attention

• Sensory Adaptation (olfactory)

• Habituation – a decrease in attention to

repeated stimulation (thalamus regulated)

• Dishabituation – an increase in attention to a

change in stimulation (The Novelty Effect)

Sensory Memory STM LTM

Mark Rafter

Data Driven Attention (Bottom Up)

Sensory Memory STM LTM

Mark Rafter

Selective Attention

Sensory Memory STM LTM

Mark Rafter

Sustained Attention

X

Sensory

Adaptation

Habituation …in the Thalamus

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

Habituation to “X”

Habituation to “O”

Dishabituation to “O”

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…and intelligence.

Res

ponse

inte

nsi

ty/D

ura

tion

Stimulus

“The Novelty Response”

“The Orienting Response”

…an increase in response to a change in stimulation.

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O

Person #1

Person #2

…a decrease in response to repeated stimulation.

Attentional

networks …in the Prefrontal Cortex

Reticular Activating System …in the brainstem

Top-Down

Attention …in the Prefrontal Cortex

Bottom-Up Attention …in the brainstem

Sensory Memory STM LTM

Mark Rafter

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG ?

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

DUCK ?

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

DUCK “Quack”

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

DUCK “Quack”

COW ?

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

DUCK “Quack”

COW “Moo”

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

The Task Read the noun and say the

corresponding verb.

DOG “Bark”

DUCK “Quack”

COW “Moo”

FISH ?

Broca’s Area Language Production

Wernicke’s Area Language Comprehension

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

This is the cover image on the book by

Posner, M.I., & Marcus, E.R. (1994).

Images of mind. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Effortful Processing vs. Automatic Processing

New Task Old Task (after 15-min)

Read the noun and say the corresponding verb.

DOG Bark

DUCK Quack

(Other OLLI courses will meet as

usual next Friday.)

We will meet again

in two weeks.

The End