cognitive psychology report
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE
in MEMORY:Concepts, Categories,
Networks and Schemas
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
1. How are representations of words and symbols organized in the mind?
2. How do we represent other forms of knowledge in the mind?
3. How does declarative knowledge interact with procedural knowledge?
INTRODUCTION
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
-CONCEPT – the fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge (knowledge of correspondence between symbols and their meaning for example, that symbol “3” means three), an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world.
-CATEGORY-is a group of items into
which different objects or concepts can be placed
that belong together because they share
some common features, or because they are
similar to a certain prototype.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
Concepts and categories can be divided in various ways:
NATURAL CATEGORIES
ARTIFACT CATEGORIES
are groupings that occur naturally in the world like birds or tree.
are groupings that are designed or invented by humans to serve particular purposes or functions.
Natural and Artifact Categories are relatively stable and people tend to agree on criteria for membership.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
On the contrary..
-CONCEPTS-are not always stable but can change. They are described not in words but rather in phrases.
they also appear to have a basic level (sometimes
termed as a natural level) of specificity, a
level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other
levels.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
In general, the basic level is neither the most
abstract nor the most specific. This basic level can be manipulated by context or expertise.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
The basic level is the one that most people find to be maximally distinctive. By means of training, the
basic level can be shifted to a more subordinate level.
For example, the more a person learns about cars, the more he or she is likely to make elaborate
distinction among cars.
Research suggests that the difference between experts and novices are not due to qualitative
mechanisms but rather quantitative differences in processing efficacy.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
So, how do we decide what objects to put into
a category?
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
-FEATURE-BASED CATEGORIES
-PROTOTYPE THEORY
-THEORY BASED VIEW OF CATEGORIZATION
-SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS
-SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
FEATURE-BASED CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
the classic view of categories disassembles a concept into a set of featural components. All those features are then necessary (and sufficient) to define the category. This means that each feature is an essential element of the category. Together, the features uniquely define the category; they are defining features.
For a thing to be an X, it must have that feature. Otherwise it is not an “X”.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
BACHELOR
MALE
UNMARRIED
ADULT
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
WIFE
FEMALE
MARRIED
ADULT
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
The Problem:
1. Some categories do not readily lend themselves to featural analysis.
2. A violation of those defining features does not seem to change the category we use to define them.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
In sum, the feature-based theory has some attractive
features, but it does not give a complete account of
categories.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
PROTOTYPE THEORY: A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
grouping things together not by their defining features rather by their similarity to an averaged model of the category.
PROTOTYPEis an abstract average of all the objects the category we have encountered before
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE
describe (characterize or typify) prototype but are not
necessary for it.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
So what exactly is a characteristic feature?
whereas a defining feature is shared by every single object in a category, a characteristic feature need not to be Instead, many or most instances possess each character feature..
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
Psychologists differentiate two kinds of categories: Classical concepts and Fuzzy Concepts.
CLASSICAL CONCEPTS FUZZY CONCEPTS
-Can be readily defined through defining features
-May be built on defining features
-Cannot be so easily defined
-Built around prototypes
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
Real-World Examples: Using ExemplarsSome Psychologists suggests that
instead of using a single abstract prototype for categorizing a concept, we use multiple, specific exemplars.
EXEMPLARS are typical representatives of a category
In particular, categories are set up by creating a rule and then by storing examples as exemplars. Objects are then compared to the exemplars to decide whether or not they belong in the category the exemplars represent.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED and PROTOTYPE THEORIIES
A full theory of categorization can combine both defining and characteristic features, so that each category has both prototype and a CORE.
CORE refers to the defining features something must have to be considered an example of category.
The prototype encompasses the characteristic features that tend to be typical of an example but that are not necessary for being considered as an example.
The core requires that someone labeled as a robber be a person who takes things from others without permission. The prototype, however, tends to identify particular people as more likely to be robbers.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
“ROBBER”
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
A departure from feature-based, prototype-based, and exemplar-
based views of meaning is a THEORY BASED VIEW of meaning
also sometimes called an EXPLANATION-BASED VIEW.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
HOW DO PEOPLE USE THEIR THEORIES FOR CATEGORIZATION?
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
A THEORY BASED VIEW OF MEANING hold that people understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories, or general ideas they have regarding those concepts.
For example, what makes a GOOD SPORT?
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
In the PROTOTYPE VIEW, you would try to find characteristic features of a good sport.
In the COMPONENTIAL VIEW, you would try to isolate features of a good sport.
In the EXAMPLAR VIEW, you might try to find some good examples you have known in your life.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
In the theory-based view, you would use your experience to construct an explanation for what makes someone a good
sport.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
SO what does it means to be a GOOD SPORT in a theory-based view?
A good sport is someone who, when he or she wins, is gracious in victory and dos not mock losers or otherwise make them feel bad about losing. It is also someone who, when he or she loses, loses graciously and does not blame the
winner, the referee, or find excuses. Rather, he or she takes the defeat in stride, congratulates the
winner, and then moves on.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
FINDING THE “ESSENCE” OF THINGS
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS
Semantic Network Models suggests that knowledge is represented in our minds in the
form of concepts that are connected with each other in a web-like form
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
Collins and Quillan’s Network ModelsKnowledge is represented in terms of hierarchal
semantic network.
A SEMANTIC NETWORK is a web of elements of meaning (nodes) that are connected with
each other through links.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
ORGANIZED KNOWLEDGE representation takes the form of a hierarchal tree diagram. The elements are called nodes they are typically concepts.
The connections between the nodes are labeled relationships. They may indicate category membership, attributes, or some other semantic relationship. Thus a network provides a means of organizing concepts.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
INHERITANCE
This concept implies that lower-level items inherit the properties of higher-level items.
Whatever was known about items at higher levels in a
hierarchy was applied to all items at lower levels in the
hierarchy
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
COMPARISON OF SEMANTIC FEATURES
Knowledge is organized based on a comparison of semantic features, rather than on a strict hierarchy of concepts
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEConcepts and Categories
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS
SCHEMA SCRIPT
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATIONOF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
- acquired to practicing the implementation of a procedure
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
Psychologists have developed a variety of models for how procedural information is processed. Each
of the models involves:
SERIAL PROCESSING of information
in which information handled through a linear sequence of
operations, one operation at a time
One way in which computer can represent and organize procedural knowledge is in the form of set of rules governing a
PRODUCTION which includes the generation and output of procedure
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
In the same way computer simulation of production follow production rules, people may use the same
form of organizing knowledge of very close to it this production rules is the:
“if-then” rulesThe “if” clause includes a set of conditions that must be met to implement the “then’ clause.
The “then” clause is an action or a series of actions that are a response to “if” clause.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
When the rules are described precisely and all the relevant conditions and actions are noted, a huge number of rules are required to perform even a very simple task.
These rules are organized into a structure of
ROUTINES SUBROUTINESinstructions regarding procedures for implementing a task.
Instructions for implementing a subtask within a larger task governed by a routine
Many of these routines and subroutines are
ITERATIVEthey are repeated many times during the
performance of a task
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ORGANIZATION OF PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEknowledge traditionally has been has been described as either declarative
or procedural. One can expand the traditional distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge to suggest that NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE may encompass a broader range of mental representations
than just procedural knowledge.We mentally represent the following forms of non declarative knowledge:
PERCEPTAL, MOTOR, AND COGNITIVE SKILLS (procedural knowledge)
SIMPLE ASSOCIATIVE KNOWLEDGE (classical and operant conditioning)
SIMPLE NON-ASSOCIATIVE KNOWLEDGE (habituation and sensitization)
PRIMING
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
THE P 100.00
CHALLENGE
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
APRILAUGUST
DECEMBER FEBRUARYJANUARY
JULYJUNE
MARCHMAY
NOVEMBEROCTOBER
SEPTEMBER
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
The ANAGRAM GAME
ZAZIPGASPETHITPOCH YUSEOWCH MINE
ILCHIACOT
TECKAJSTEV
ATEREWOLACKZELBARACOT
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
The preceding example illustrate situations in which an item may prime another item that somehow related in meaning.
TWO TYPES OF PRIMING
SEMANTIC PRIMING REPITITION PRIMINGWe are primed a meaningful context or by meaningful information. Such information typically is a word or cue that meaningfully related to the target that is used.
A prior exposure to a word or other stimulus primes a subsequent retrieval of the information
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
INTEGRATIVE MODELS FOR
REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ADAPTIVE CONTROL of THOUGHT- RATIONAL (ACT-R)
PARALLEL PROCESSING: THE CONNECTIONIST MODEL
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
COMBINING REPRESENTATIONS: ACT-R (ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF THOUGHT- RATIONAL)
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
represented in the form of production systems
represented in the form of propositional networks
Proposition the smallest unit of knowledge that can be judged to either true or false
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
In ACT-R, networks include images of objects and corresponding spatial configurations and relationships. They also include TEMPORAL
INFORMATION, such as relationships involving the sequencing of actions, events, or even the
order in which items appear.
TEMPORAL INFORMATION = TEMPORAL STRINGS
they contain information about the relative time sequence
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE within ACT-R
it contains a MECHANISM by which information can be retrieved and also a STRUCTURE for storing information.
within a semantic network, concepts are stored at various nodes within the network these nodes can be either inactive or active at a given time.
ACTIVE NODE - is one that is in a sense, "turned on".
a node can be turned on- activated- directly by external stimuli, such as sensations, or it can be activated by internal stimuli, such as memories or thought processes, and it can also be activated indirectly, by the activity of one or more neighboring nodes
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
there is SPREADING ACTIVATION within the network from one node to
another due to each nodes receptivity to stimulation from neighboring
nodes.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
ACT-R also suggests means by which the network changes as a result of
activation. For one thing, the more often particular links between nodes are used,
the stronger the links become.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE within ACT-R
Such knowledge is represented in production systems rather than in semantic networks. Knowledge representation of procedural skill occurs in three stages:
COGNITIVE ASSOCIATIVE AUTONOMOUS
we think about explicit rules
for implementing the procedure
we consciously practice using the
explicit rules extensively,
usually in a highly consistent manner
is the overall process which we transform
slow, explicit information about
procedure ("knowing that") into speedy,
implicit, implementation of procedures ("knowing
how“)
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
COMPOSITIONa means by which we make this transformation.
PRODUCTION TUNINGanother aspect of proceduralization, it involves the two complementary processes of generalization and discrimination.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
PARALLEL PROCESSING: THE CONNECTIONIST MODEL
Computer-inspired information-processing theories are processed one step after another. Some aspects of human cognition may indeed be explained in terms of serial processing, but psychological findings and other cognitive research seem to indicate other aspects of human cognition.
Parallel Processing
multiple operations can go all at once
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING (PDP) MODELS or
CONNECTIONIST MODELS
states that we handle very large numbers of cognitive operations at once
through a network distributed across incalculable numbers of locations in the
brain
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
HOW THE PDP MODEL WORKS
The mental structure which parallel processing is believed to occur is a network. In connectionist
networks, all forms of knowledge are represented within the network structure.
In the PDP model, the network comprises neuron-like units. They do not, in and of themselves, actually
represent the concepts, propositions, or any other type of information. Thus the pattern of connections
represents knowledge not the specific units.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
Differing cognitive processes are handled by differing patterns of activation, rather than a result of a different
set of instructions from a computer’s central processing unit. In the brain, at any one time, a given
neuron may be :
INACTIVE EXCITATORY INHIBITORYneurons are
not stimulated beyond their threshold of excitation.
neurons release neurotransmitters
that stimulate receptive neurons at
the synapse.
neurons release neurotransmitters
that inhibit receptive neurons.
The more often a particular connection is activated, the greater is the strength of the connection, whether the connection is excitatory or inhibitory
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
According to the PDP model, whenever we use knowledge, we change our presentation of it.
Thus KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION is not really a final product
Rather, it is a process or even a potential process.
It is pattern of potential excitatory or inhibitory connection strengths.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
When we receive new information, the activation from that information either:
STRENGTHENS WEAKENS
the connections between units
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
The ability to create new information by drawing inferences and making generalizations allows for almost
infinite versatility in knowledge and manipulation.
HUMAN MINDS ARE FLEXIBLE
This versatility allow as to accommodate incomplete and distorted information
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
By using the PDP model, cognitive psychologists attempt to explain various general characteristics of
human cognition.
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
CRITICISMS OF THE CONNECTIONIST MODEL
REPRESENTATION and ORGANIZATION of KNOWLEDGE in MEMORY:
Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas
COMPARING CONNECTIONIST WITH NETWORK
REPRESENTATIONS