cold war around the world. main idea the cold war superpowers supported opposing sides in latin...
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Cold War Around The WorldCold War Around The World
Main IdeaMain Idea
The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin America and Middle Eastern conflicts.
The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin America and Middle Eastern conflicts.
Why It Matters NowWhy It Matters Now
Many of these areas today are troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.
Many of these areas today are troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.
Setting The StageSetting The Stage
Vietnam was just one of many countries that attempted to shake off colonial rule after WWII.
Local battles for independence provided yet another arena for competition between the Cold War superpowers.
Vietnam was just one of many countries that attempted to shake off colonial rule after WWII.
Local battles for independence provided yet another arena for competition between the Cold War superpowers.
Confrontations over Developing NationsConfrontations over Developing Nations
After WWII the world’s nations were grouped politically into three “worlds.”
The first world was the US and all its allies. The second world was the USSR and allies. The third world consisted of developing
nations, often newly independent, who were NOT aligned with a superpower.
After WWII the world’s nations were grouped politically into three “worlds.”
The first world was the US and all its allies. The second world was the USSR and allies. The third world consisted of developing
nations, often newly independent, who were NOT aligned with a superpower.
Confrontations over Developing NationsConfrontations over Developing Nations
These third world countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa experienced terrible poverty and political instability.
This was because of Imperialism. Ethnic conflict, lack of technology and education
also played a role. Each needed a political and economic system to
follow. They had two choices. Soviet style Communism & US style democracy.
These third world countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa experienced terrible poverty and political instability.
This was because of Imperialism. Ethnic conflict, lack of technology and education
also played a role. Each needed a political and economic system to
follow. They had two choices. Soviet style Communism & US style democracy.
Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies
The US, USSR, and in some cases China, used a variety of techniques to influence these third world countries.
They sponsored revolutions, liberations, and counterrevolutions.
US/CIA and USSR/KGB, spy agencies. US provided schools, military aid, money, in Latin
America, Asia, and Africa. USSR offered military and technical assistance to
India and Egypt.
The US, USSR, and in some cases China, used a variety of techniques to influence these third world countries.
They sponsored revolutions, liberations, and counterrevolutions.
US/CIA and USSR/KGB, spy agencies. US provided schools, military aid, money, in Latin
America, Asia, and Africa. USSR offered military and technical assistance to
India and Egypt.
Association of Nonaligned Nations
Association of Nonaligned Nations
Other developing nations also had pressing needs for assistance.
They became key players in the competition between the US, USSR, and China.
Not all third world countries wanted to play this role of key player.
India vowed to remain neutral. Indonesia hosted the Bandung Conference, to
form the “third force,” of independent nations or nonaligned nations.
Other developing nations also had pressing needs for assistance.
They became key players in the competition between the US, USSR, and China.
Not all third world countries wanted to play this role of key player.
India vowed to remain neutral. Indonesia hosted the Bandung Conference, to
form the “third force,” of independent nations or nonaligned nations.
Postwar Face-off in Latin America
Postwar Face-off in Latin America
Long time before WWII US businesses dominated Latin American politics.
They backed leaders who oppressed their people, but who protected US interests.
After WWII the huge gap between rich and poor in LA countries had them seeking aid from both superpowers.
Parts of LA went towards the Communists and those who did not got aid from the US. Even if they were dictators.
Long time before WWII US businesses dominated Latin American politics.
They backed leaders who oppressed their people, but who protected US interests.
After WWII the huge gap between rich and poor in LA countries had them seeking aid from both superpowers.
Parts of LA went towards the Communists and those who did not got aid from the US. Even if they were dictators.
Postwar Face-off in Latin America
Postwar Face-off in Latin America
In 1970 Salvador Allende, (a marxist) was freely elected the president of Chile.
The US government feared the expansion of Communism in this country, so the CIA helped forces who were opposed to Allende to topple his government in 1973.
His replacement was Augusto Pinochet a dictator who used brutal tactics to keep his people in order.
But since he was NOT communist he had the support of the US.
In 1970 Salvador Allende, (a marxist) was freely elected the president of Chile.
The US government feared the expansion of Communism in this country, so the CIA helped forces who were opposed to Allende to topple his government in 1973.
His replacement was Augusto Pinochet a dictator who used brutal tactics to keep his people in order.
But since he was NOT communist he had the support of the US.
Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution
Throughout the 1950’s the US support maintained Cuba’s unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista.
Cuban resentment led to a popular revolution, which overthrew Batista in January 1959.
A young lawyer named Fidel Castro led the revolution.
At first many people praised Castro for bringing reforms to Cuba and improving the economy, literacy, health care, and conditions for women.
Throughout the 1950’s the US support maintained Cuba’s unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista.
Cuban resentment led to a popular revolution, which overthrew Batista in January 1959.
A young lawyer named Fidel Castro led the revolution.
At first many people praised Castro for bringing reforms to Cuba and improving the economy, literacy, health care, and conditions for women.
Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution
Yet Castro was a harsh dictator. He suspended all elections, jailed or killed his
opponents, and strangled the press with tight government controls.
When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he took over US owned sugar mills and refineries.
In response Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba.
As relations with the US worsen, Cuba turned to the USSR for economic and military aid.
Yet Castro was a harsh dictator. He suspended all elections, jailed or killed his
opponents, and strangled the press with tight government controls.
When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he took over US owned sugar mills and refineries.
In response Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba.
As relations with the US worsen, Cuba turned to the USSR for economic and military aid.
Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution
In 1960, the CIA planned an invasion of Cuba and began to train anti-Castro cuban exiles to carry it out.
In April 1961, these exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba.
Kennedy approved the invasions, but refused to send plans to support it.
Castro’s forces defeated the invaders, humiliating the United States.
In 1960, the CIA planned an invasion of Cuba and began to train anti-Castro cuban exiles to carry it out.
In April 1961, these exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba.
Kennedy approved the invasions, but refused to send plans to support it.
Castro’s forces defeated the invaders, humiliating the United States.
The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis
The failed Bay of Pigs invasion convinced the Nikita Khrushchev, that the US would not resist Soviet expansion in Latin America
In July 1962, Khrushchev secretly began to build 42 missile sites in cuba.
In October a US spy plane discovered it. JFK declared the missiles were to close to the US
mainland and were a threat. He demanded they be removed and also set up a
blockade around Cuba so no more could be installed.
The failed Bay of Pigs invasion convinced the Nikita Khrushchev, that the US would not resist Soviet expansion in Latin America
In July 1962, Khrushchev secretly began to build 42 missile sites in cuba.
In October a US spy plane discovered it. JFK declared the missiles were to close to the US
mainland and were a threat. He demanded they be removed and also set up a
blockade around Cuba so no more could be installed.
The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro protested his country being used as a tool in the Cold War. He said he did not want to be in the middle of the conflict.
The USA and USSR were now on a collision course.
US troops assembled in Florida ready to invade Cuba.
The World thought this would lead to WWIII or a nuclear disaster.
Castro protested his country being used as a tool in the Cold War. He said he did not want to be in the middle of the conflict.
The USA and USSR were now on a collision course.
US troops assembled in Florida ready to invade Cuba.
The World thought this would lead to WWIII or a nuclear disaster.
The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis
Instead of war Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in return the US promised not to invade Cuba.
The result of the Cuban missile crisis was the Castro was now dependent on Soviet support.
Castro in exchange supported Communist Revolutions in Latin America and Africa.
With the Soviet breakup in 1991, Cuba economy suffered greatly.
US even today refuses to lift the trade embargo.
Instead of war Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in return the US promised not to invade Cuba.
The result of the Cuban missile crisis was the Castro was now dependent on Soviet support.
Castro in exchange supported Communist Revolutions in Latin America and Africa.
With the Soviet breakup in 1991, Cuba economy suffered greatly.
US even today refuses to lift the trade embargo.
Civil War in NicaraguaCivil War in Nicaragua
The US supported and funded another dictator in Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza since 1933.
In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled the dictatorship of Somoza’s son.
Both the US and USSR initially gave aid to the Sandinistas and their leader, Daniel Ortega.
The Sandinistas, however, had aided other socialist in El Salvador.
To help the government fight those rebels the US aided the Nicaraguan anti-communist rebel force, called contras.
The US supported and funded another dictator in Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza since 1933.
In 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled the dictatorship of Somoza’s son.
Both the US and USSR initially gave aid to the Sandinistas and their leader, Daniel Ortega.
The Sandinistas, however, had aided other socialist in El Salvador.
To help the government fight those rebels the US aided the Nicaraguan anti-communist rebel force, called contras.
Civil War in NicaraguaCivil War in Nicaragua
The civil war in Nicaragua lasted over 10 years and seriously weakened the country’s economy. Finally in 1990, President Ortega agreed to hold free elections.
He was defeated by Violeta Chamorro. In 1997 Jose Lacayo was elected President.
The civil war in Nicaragua lasted over 10 years and seriously weakened the country’s economy. Finally in 1990, President Ortega agreed to hold free elections.
He was defeated by Violeta Chamorro. In 1997 Jose Lacayo was elected President.
Confrontations in the Middle East
Confrontations in the Middle East
With its rich oil supply the Middle East lured both the United States and the Soviet Union.
With its rich oil supply the Middle East lured both the United States and the Soviet Union.
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
Throughout the Middle East the wealth from the oil industry fueled a growing conflict between traditional Islamic values and modern Western materialism.
This clash between cultures erupted in Iran. After WWII Iran’s leader Shah Mohammed
Reza Pahlavi embraced Western Governments and wealthy oil companies.
Throughout the Middle East the wealth from the oil industry fueled a growing conflict between traditional Islamic values and modern Western materialism.
This clash between cultures erupted in Iran. After WWII Iran’s leader Shah Mohammed
Reza Pahlavi embraced Western Governments and wealthy oil companies.
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
Iranian nationalist were angry about this and resented the foreign alliances.
These nationalist united under the leadership of Prime Minister Muhammad Mossaddeq.
They seized and nationalized a British-owned oil company and in 1953 forced the Shah to flee.
Fearing that Mossaddeq might turn to the USSR the USA had him arrested and returned the Shah to power.
Iranian nationalist were angry about this and resented the foreign alliances.
These nationalist united under the leadership of Prime Minister Muhammad Mossaddeq.
They seized and nationalized a British-owned oil company and in 1953 forced the Shah to flee.
Fearing that Mossaddeq might turn to the USSR the USA had him arrested and returned the Shah to power.
The United States Supports Secular Rule.
The United States Supports Secular Rule.
With the support of the US, the Shah westernized his country.
By the end of 1950’s, Iran’s capital, Tehran, had huge skyscrapers, foreign banks, and modern factories.
However, million of Iranians still lived in extreme poverty.
The Shah’s secret police brutalized anyone who dared oppose him.
With the support of the US, the Shah westernized his country.
By the end of 1950’s, Iran’s capital, Tehran, had huge skyscrapers, foreign banks, and modern factories.
However, million of Iranians still lived in extreme poverty.
The Shah’s secret police brutalized anyone who dared oppose him.
The United States Supports Secular Rule
The United States Supports Secular Rule
The Shah also tried to weaken the political influence of religion in the country by limiting the role of Islamic legal and academic experts.
Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders known as ayatollahs, bitterly opposed this move.
The ayatollahs also opposed all western influences. They wanted Iran to become a republic ruled strictly
by Islamic law. The leader of this religious opposition is Ayatollah
Ruholla Khomeini.
The Shah also tried to weaken the political influence of religion in the country by limiting the role of Islamic legal and academic experts.
Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders known as ayatollahs, bitterly opposed this move.
The ayatollahs also opposed all western influences. They wanted Iran to become a republic ruled strictly
by Islamic law. The leader of this religious opposition is Ayatollah
Ruholla Khomeini.
The United States Supports Secular Rule
The United States Supports Secular Rule
Ayatollah Khomeini was living in exile. He sent taped recordings to encourage the Iranian
workers to go on strike. In late 1978 riots erupted in every major city in
Iran. In 1979 the Shah fled and Ayatollah Khomeini
returned triumphant and established an Islamic state.
He banned western influences and reinstated Muslim values. Islamic law became the legal code.
Ayatollah Khomeini was living in exile. He sent taped recordings to encourage the Iranian
workers to go on strike. In late 1978 riots erupted in every major city in
Iran. In 1979 the Shah fled and Ayatollah Khomeini
returned triumphant and established an Islamic state.
He banned western influences and reinstated Muslim values. Islamic law became the legal code.
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. PoliciesKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
Hatred of the US was at the heart of Khomeini’s politics.
The US had long supported the Shah and the final insult was when in 1979 the US admitted the Shah into the US for medical treatment.
With the Ayatollah’s blessing, a group of young Islamic revolutionaries seized the US embassy in Tehran.
They took more than 60 hostages, demanded the return on the Shah to face trial.
Hatred of the US was at the heart of Khomeini’s politics.
The US had long supported the Shah and the final insult was when in 1979 the US admitted the Shah into the US for medical treatment.
With the Ayatollah’s blessing, a group of young Islamic revolutionaries seized the US embassy in Tehran.
They took more than 60 hostages, demanded the return on the Shah to face trial.
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. PoliciesKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
Most of the US hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before they were released on January 20, 1981.
Khomeini also encouraged Muslims fundamentalist in other countries to overthrow their secular governments.
This caused tensions between Iran and Iraq. The Iranians were Shi’a Muslims, while the Iraq’s
were Sunni Muslim. In addition the Iraqi leaders Saddam Hussein ruled
Iraq as a secular state.
Most of the US hostages remained prisoners for 444 days before they were released on January 20, 1981.
Khomeini also encouraged Muslims fundamentalist in other countries to overthrow their secular governments.
This caused tensions between Iran and Iraq. The Iranians were Shi’a Muslims, while the Iraq’s
were Sunni Muslim. In addition the Iraqi leaders Saddam Hussein ruled
Iraq as a secular state.
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. PoliciesKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
War broke out between the two countries in 1980. For eight years, Muslims killed Muslims in a
territorial struggle. Caught in the middle the US secretly sold
weapons to Iran in an effort to get their hostages released.
A million people died before a UN ceasefire ended the hostilities in 1988.
War broke out between the two countries in 1980. For eight years, Muslims killed Muslims in a
territorial struggle. Caught in the middle the US secretly sold
weapons to Iran in an effort to get their hostages released.
A million people died before a UN ceasefire ended the hostilities in 1988.
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
Iran was not the only country in the Middle east in which the Cold War erupted.
For several years following WWII Afghanistan was able to maintain independence from both the USSR and US.
However in the 1950’s Soviet influence in the country began to increase.
In the late 1970’s, a Muslim revolt threatened to topple Afghanistan’s Communist regime, this triggered a Soviet invasion in December 1979.
Iran was not the only country in the Middle east in which the Cold War erupted.
For several years following WWII Afghanistan was able to maintain independence from both the USSR and US.
However in the 1950’s Soviet influence in the country began to increase.
In the late 1970’s, a Muslim revolt threatened to topple Afghanistan’s Communist regime, this triggered a Soviet invasion in December 1979.
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The Soviets thought they would be in and out of Afghanistan, but just like the US in Vietnam in the 1960’s, the Soviets found themselves stuck in Afghanistan.
Like the Vietcong in Vietnam, determined Afghan rebel forces outmaneuvered and overpowered the Soviets.
The Afghan rebels were called mujahideen, they were supplied by the Americans with arms.
The Soviets thought they would be in and out of Afghanistan, but just like the US in Vietnam in the 1960’s, the Soviets found themselves stuck in Afghanistan.
Like the Vietcong in Vietnam, determined Afghan rebel forces outmaneuvered and overpowered the Soviets.
The Afghan rebels were called mujahideen, they were supplied by the Americans with arms.
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The US had armed the Afghan rebels because they believed the USSR invasion put a threat to the oil rich Middle East.
President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be “repelled by any means necessary, including military force.”
No threat developed, so the US only placed an embargo to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympic games.
The US had armed the Afghan rebels because they believed the USSR invasion put a threat to the oil rich Middle East.
President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be “repelled by any means necessary, including military force.”
No threat developed, so the US only placed an embargo to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympic games.
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
In the 1980’s a new Soviet regime acknowledge how devastating the war with Afghanistan really was.
By 1989 all Soviet forces were out of Afghanistan.
By then, internal unrest and economic problems were tearing the Soviet Union apart.
In the 1980’s a new Soviet regime acknowledge how devastating the war with Afghanistan really was.
By 1989 all Soviet forces were out of Afghanistan.
By then, internal unrest and economic problems were tearing the Soviet Union apart.