Colonizing America, 1519-1763Colonizing America, 1519-1763• The Reformation Divides Europe, England Begins to

Colonize America• The Protestant Reformation

– Movement against the Catholic Church, started by Martin Luther in Germany.

– Spreads throughout Europe, in the early 1500s.– Significance of Luther’s Impact:

• Starts the movement and Creates the Lutheran Church (new Christian denomination)

• Weakens the control of the Roman Catholic Church• King James refused to reform Catholic Church, and eventually

imprisoned many of those who followed Protestant teaching.

Economic Changes in England• Joint-Stock Companies finance colonization.• Colonization in North America brings new markets for England.

The Founding of VirginiaThe Founding of Virginia• The Lost Colony of Roanoke

– England looked to establish outposts in America, to aid privateers.– Walter Raleigh posts on Roanoke Island – one of a chain of islands

called the Outer Banks on the coast of North Carolina , and calls it “Virginia.”

– The colony is unable to survive on his first attempt b/c starving settlers abandoned the colony and returned home.

– The second attempt, made two years later, ended mysteriously when its settlers seemingly vanished.

• Jamestown is Founded• Virginia Company

– Joint-Stock company who invested in Virginia’s colonization. – A joint-stock company is a company funded and run by a groups of

investors who share in the company’s profits and losses. – Created in England (and Virginia), early 1600s– Money from investors makes colonization possible.– The settlement of Jamestown is established in Virginia, the first

English settlement in the Colonies to survive.

Settlers Hardships – 5 ReasonsSettlers Hardships – 5 Reasons1. Conflict with Native Americans – 14,000 N.A.’s lived around

Jamestown and most of them followed the powerful group of the Powhatan people. Even though the English paid a tribute, the Powhatans wouldn’t fully trust English intention.

2. Unrealistic Expectations – Many settlers came to the colony to get rich quick. Others were born into aristocratic families and had no experience with manual labor. And for these reasons, many of the first Jamestown settlers ignored the daily tasks necessary for their survival.

3. Location – B/c settlers live near and drew their water from swamps and pools of standing water where disease-carrying mosquitos bred, the colonists suffered from dysentery, typhus, and malaria.

4. Starvation – Not all people were willing to work. The settlers were not used to the type of soil and didn’t understand how to properly cultivate the land.

5. Poor Leadership – The settlers fought over minor matters even when they were in danger of starving. Their strongest leader, John Smith, had to leave the colony and sail back to England b/c of an injury which required medical attention.

JamestownTobacco Saves the Colony• Tobacco-A major cash crop for Virginia, and later into North

Carolina, used for sale to the English for large profits.• John Rolfe was the first grower to send a shipment back to England

where he made huge profits!• In order to cash in on the tobacco boom, colonists started to move

out of Jamestown and carve out plantations near the nearby waterways.

The First Governing Assembly…House of Burgesses• Governing body of representatives in Jamestown, • established in 1619• Colony of Jamestown given the right to choose its own

representatives.• Reps could then make laws.• Enticed more settlers to come to Virginia

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion• Revolt of backcountry farmers of Virginia, lead by Nathaniel

Bacon, against Native Americans, and later, against Governor Berkeley.

• Why Significant:– Backcountry farmers wanted more land to grow tobacco and

tried to take it, creating conflict with Native Americans.– Berkeley refused to raise troops to defend the frontiersmen. – Bacon, Berkeley’s cousin, sympathized with them and raised

a private army to fight the Native Americans.– Berkeley declared him a rebel and raised troops to fight

Bacon. – Bacon and his supporters burned Jamestown and controlled

nearly all of Virginia until Bacon’s death – then the rebellion crumbled.

The New England ColoniesThe New England Colonies

• This region included land that became the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

• The colonies in this region were called the New England Colonies.

New EnglandNew EnglandThe Mayflower Compact • Massachusetts, 1620 (Early 1600s)• Document stating the intention of the settlers to create a

government and to obey its laws.• Why Significant:

– Settlers (Pilgrims) had no legal right to the land– Establishes govt authority, into the hands of the settlers.– Pilgrims from England, also part of Protestant

movement, branched off from Puritans.Plymouth Colony• Pilgrims first established colony in Massachusetts• Learned from Natives (Squanto) how to harvest the land, to

fish, and secure life’s commodities.

Plymouth PlantationPlymouth Plantation

The Puritans Found The Puritans Found MassachusettsMassachusetts

• John Winthrop, a wealthy Puritan, starts a migration of English Puritans to Massachusetts.

• The Puritans are a sub-denomination that branched off from the Protestants. Many Protestant denominations fled England in droves.

• Winthrop a stockholder in the Massachusetts Bay Company, which had received a royal charter to establish a colony in New England.

Massachusetts has no Massachusetts has no separation of “Church and State”separation of “Church and State”• Massachusetts was a very strict, Puritan “church

state” established through a representative assembly.

• How strict?– Everyone required to attend church– Mass. Govt. collected taxes to support the church.– Behavior regulated, severe punishment for blasphemy

(ugh), adultery, and drunkenness.– Heretics (those whose ideas differed from the

majority) could be banished…and/or killed.

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials• Trials that resulted in the execution of 20

residents of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692.• Why Significant:

– Accusations made by teenage girls, were later found to be made up.

– Accusations probably based on resentments between the prosperous and the less successful, “the haves” vs. “the have nots.”

– Witchcraft, as was the case in Europe, was punished by execution in Massachusetts.

The founding of the colony of The founding of the colony of Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Colony founded with TWO principles in mind: – The basis of religious freedom.– Rhode Island has clear separation of church and state

(government)• The founding of Rhode Island largely influenced

by Roger Williams, who was forced out of Mass., and would found the city of Providence.

• Many unhappy Puritans fled Massachusetts for Rhode Island.

The River Towns of ConnecticutThe River Towns of Connecticut• Connecticut settled by Reverend Thomas Hooker,

Puritan congregation finds new land. • Connecticut, like Rhode Island, illustrates how individual

rights continue to expand in the colonies. • All adult men, not just church-goers (as in

Massachusetts) allowed to vote.• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut---first written

Constitution of the colonies established New Hampshire and Maine• Settlers arrive looking toward fur trade and fishing

industry.• Both territories would eventually become colonized.

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War

• War between New England settlers and Wampanoag (Natives)

• New England colonies, 1670’s• Significance:

– Good relations between Natives and colonists in New England comes to an end.

– Fur trade (from Natives) had declined, colonial governments demand that Natives follow English laws and customs, which the Natives refuse.

– War erupts, colonists win, many Natives leave New England.New England’s Economy– New England not suitable for farming, though some subsistence

farming occurred.– New England industries included fishing, whaling, lumbering,

and shipbuilding.

Life in New England’s TownsLife in New England’s TownsTown Meetings• Local town government meetings• Common throughout New England, during the Colonial

period• Why Significant:

– Town residents met to discuss local problems and issues.– Free men in the town elected leaders and chose deputies.– Voting limited to men who had been granted land by the town.– Selectmen would appoint other officials the town needed.– Settlers in New England allowed to directly participate in local

government.– A strong belief in the right to govern themselves developed.

Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant• Intended to remind New England Puritans of their

religious foundations. • As more colonies developed with the thought in mind to

protect certain freedoms, many had begun to drift from their religious faith.

• The Puritan Church was hoping to increase its numbers and to hold onto its influence in New England society.

• The Puritan Church required a “conversion experience” in order to be a part of the church.

• The Half-Way Covenant was a way to admit more people into the Puritan Church, whereby if people followed the rules of the covenant, the church then hoped that people would then come upon the “conversion experience” and to be “born again.”

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies

• These colonies included…– New York– New Jersey– Pennsylvania– Delaware• They are called the Middle Colonies because

they are in the middle of the Atlantic Coast of North America.

Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam and Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam and the Founding of Pennsylvaniathe Founding of Pennsylvania

New Amsterdam Becomes New York• The Dutch (the Netherlands) settle the Hudson River Valley,

establishing fur-trading posts in 1614.• The Dutch were less interested in conquering or transforming the

countryside than simply obtaining furs by trade. • New Amsterdam is founded, the largest Dutch settlement, on

Manhattan Island.• It became a port where Dutch, Swedish, French, German, English,

and many other people carried on peaceful business together and religious tolerance was a firm rule.

• Slavery in the colonies begins in New Amsterdam in the 1620s.• England eventually takes over New Amsterdam, rename it New York.New Jersey• New Jersey founded shortly after the English take- over of New York. • New Jersey established by promise of land grants, religious freedom,

rights to elect a legislative assembly.

Pennsylvania and DelawarePennsylvania and DelawareThe Quakers• Yet another Protestant denomination, who settled in

Pennsylvania in the 1670s.• Significance:• Quakers objected to all political and religious authority,

taxes, and forced military service.• Persecuted in virtually every colony, until finding their own

and Penn wanted his colonist to practice religious tolerance.• Granted a colony through a debt the King had to William

Penn’s father.• Philadelphia, “The City of Brotherly Love” founded, would

later become nation’s capital.• Penn would also purchase what would later become the

colony of Delaware.

Economic Development in the Economic Development in the Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

The Wheat Boom• Wheat becomes the primary cash crop of the middle

colonies in the 1700s.• Port cities began to develop near rivers, such as

Philadelphia and New York City. Port cities are always heavily involved in trade.

Quebec• The French would settle and colonize much of the region

now known as Quebec, in current-day Canada.• Quebec lies to the north of the St. Lawrence River,

stretching to the north of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, reaching toward Lake Huron.

• The French, as well, were looking for new markets, as well as new outposts for fishing and the fur trade.

The Southern Colonies and the The Southern Colonies and the Development of SlaveryDevelopment of Slavery

The Carolinas• The land was split into North and South Carolina in 1712.• Both colonies thrived on tobacco profits and trade with Native

Americans.Georgia• GA was managed by trustees – someone entrusted to look after a

business.• The trustees were led by James Oglethorpe, who wanted to make it

a haven for people who had been in jail in England because they could not pay their debts.

• GA was a “buffer colony” between South Carolina, and Spanish-owned Florida.

• At first, no one was allowed to own slaves or drink hard liquor and all types of Protestants (not Catholics) were allowed to be colonists.

• Eventually settlers were allowed to sell and use liquor, and own slaves to work the land.

Maryland• George Calvert saw Catholics persecuted in England

and wanted to establish a safe place for them to live.• Calvert died before the colony was established and the

charter was given to his son, Lord Baltimore.• The Maryland Toleration Act was established to protect

Catholics from being persecuted in Maryland. • Maryland grew tobacco and used slaves on the

plantations

Southern Colonies Economic Southern Colonies Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

• Southern economy based on commercial agriculture, exporting cash crops.

• Cash crops included tobacco, indigo, rice, and later, cotton.• Plantations, large commercial estates, employed large

numbers of indentured servants to work the land. Indentured servants later gave way to slavery.

Southern Society• The Planter Elite, also known as the Southern Gentry, had

enormous economic and political influence, and controlled the governing councils and assemblies.

• By the early 1700s, slave labor begins to replace indentured servants.

Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the Colonies

• English government adopts policies to encourage slavery, slaves brought to the Colonies via the Middle Passage.

• The Middle Passage was the long and brutal trip many Africans endured, from the West Coast of Africa to North America, across the Atlantic Ocean.– The ships were jam packed with as many slaves as could be fit on the

ship.– The ships inhabitants, due to poor sanitation, inadequate food and

dehydration, and lack of being able to get proper rest, often fell sick or diseased.

– Thousands would die on the way, those who were deemed too sick to survive, were often thrown overboard.

• Colonies adopt slave codes, or laws to strictly regulate the lives of slaves, defining the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people.

• Slavery becomes the backbone of the Southern economy, especially as “Cotton Becomes King” in the South.

Africans in Colonial AmericaAfricans in Colonial America

• Gullah, a common language with English and African words, allowed slaves to converse in some areas.

• Slave life relied heavily on family support and religious beliefs to survive.

• Various forms of resistance to slavery performed, though few slaves became independent.

• Stono Rebellion one of many slave uprisings to be crushed.

Trade and the Rise of CitiesTrade and the Rise of Cities

Triangular Trade• Triangular Trade (Trans-Atlantic Trade) established, a

three-way trade system involving England, the American Colonies, and the Caribbean.

• Molasses (sugar) was sent from the Caribbean to the Colonies and England, who would use the molasses to make rum. The rum would then ship to West Africa in exchange for slaves, with the slaves traded to the Caribbean or to the Colonies.

• Triangular Trade…Molasses (Sugar) to Rum to Slaves.

MercantilismMercantilism

• Economic principle that believes wealth is developed by accumulating gold and silver.

• Mercantilists believe a country should be self-sufficient in raw materials.

• England’s chief motives in colonizing America were economic (mercantilism), as well as to get rid of the all of the religious malcontents.

• Raw materials from colonies sent to the home country to produce manufactured goods.

• Mercantilism prevented the colonies from selling to other countries.

• England enjoyed huge profits especially from Colonial cotton (which fueled the English textile industry) as well as from Colonial tobacco.

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening was a religious revival, focused on devotion and union with God.

• The Great Awakening emphasizes the importance of being “born again.” (The Baptist faith originated largely due to the Great Awakening)

• The Great Awakening, like most religious revivals, occurred during a time where the importance of one’s faith, trust in God, and keeping church at the center of their life, had been seemingly in decline in the colonies.

• As time had gone on, the strict, religious church states that first settled in the colonies, had become more and more tolerant, with more rights protected, more freedom of choice in regard to religion.

• The Great Awakening was a call for people to get back to their religious roots.

Preview of the RevolutionPreview of the Revolution• By 1775, the English government, over the course of

nearly 200 years, had permitted new patterns of land ownership, new styles of worship, and new kinds of government to grow in the colonies. Once established, these practices became fixed principles, and the colonists became used to self-government and, consistent with Enlightenment thinking, thought of it as their natural right. Inadvertently, the English government had planted the seeds of rebellion, leading to the American Revolution, laying the foundation for what would eventually become the United States of America.