commissioning of the katrin spectrometer and detector...
TRANSCRIPT
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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Württemberg and
National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
KIT Center Elementary Particle and Astroparticle Physics (KCETA)
Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP)
www.kit.edu
The KATRIN experiment
Hardware commissioning
SDS measurements
Transmission measurements
Background measurements
Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section Nancy Wandkowsky for the KATRIN collaboration
561. WEH-Seminar „Massive Neutrinos“, Bad Honnef
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2 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
The KATRIN experiment
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3
The KATRIN experiment
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Direct determination of m(𝝂 e)
β-decay: (A,Z) → (A,Z+1) + e- + ν 𝑒
Electron energy spectrum:
Expected count rate: 10-2 cps
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4
The KATRIN experiment
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
source transport spectrometer detector
• sensitivity:
upper limit: 200 meV (90% CL)
discovery: 350 meV (5σ)
• predecessor experiments (Mainz, Troitsk): m(ν e) < 2.1 eV
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
![Page 5: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
low endpoint β source
high count rate
high energy resolution
low background (<10-2 cps)
key requirements:
The KATRIN experiment
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
source transport spectrometer detector
![Page 6: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
low endpoint β source
high count rate
high energy resolution
low background (<10-2 cps)
key requirements:
The KATRIN experiment
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
source transport spectrometer detector
E0 = 18.6 keV
![Page 7: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
low endpoint β source
high count rate
high energy resolution
low background (<10-2 cps)
key requirements:
The KATRIN experiment
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
source transport spectrometer detector
![Page 8: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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The KATRIN experiment
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
distance to analyzing plane (m) -10 0 10
pote
ntial (k
V)
-20
-20 -30 -40
-10
0
source transport spectrometer detector
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9
The KATRIN experiment
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
distance to analyzing plane (m)
B-f
ield
(T
) pote
ntial (k
V)
1
10-1
10-2
0
-10
-20
-10 0 10 -20 -30 -40
Bmin
Bmax
𝒑
𝑩
𝜽
𝒑
𝑩
MAC
E filter
Magnetic adiabatic collimation
& electrostatic filter
𝜇 =𝐸⊥𝐵
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. orb. magn. moment
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10
The KATRIN experiment
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
distance to analyzing plane (m)
B-f
ield
(T
) pote
ntial (k
V)
1
10-1
10-2
0
-10
-20
-10 0 10 -20 -30 -40
Bmin
Bmax
E filter
Magnetic adiabatic collimation
& electrostatic filter
high acceptance angle
energy resolution:
Δ𝐸 = 𝐸0𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥= 1 eV
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11 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
low endpoint β source
high count rate
high energy resolution
low background (<10-2 cps)
key requirements:
The KATRIN experiment
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
source transport spectrometer detector
![Page 12: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
low endpoint β source
high count rate
high energy resolution
low background (<10-2 cps)
key requirements:
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
The KATRIN experiment
KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN)
![Page 13: Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector sectionqgp.uni-muenster.de/~weinheim/heraeus_seminar561/talks/04_Thursday/06... · Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP) The KATRIN](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040810/5e51441872d3b72ba03c77e4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware commissioning
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Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
NEG pumps
and
baffle system
inner electrode system
detector electron-gun
SDS Commissioning in 2013
SDS = spectrometer and detector section
Air coil system
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15 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware Commissioning
Air coil system
without any air coil system (solenoids only)
distorted flux tube due to earth magnetic field
central field too weak
B = 6 T B = 1·10-4 T
flux tube transporting signal electrons
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16 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware Commissioning
Air coil system
with earth magnetic field compensation system (EMCS)
flux tube symmetric around spectrometer axis
central field too weak (desired value: 3·10-4 T)
B = 6 T
EMCS
B = 1·10-4 T
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17 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware Commissioning
Air coil system
with EMCS and low field correction system (LFCS)
central field at desired value: 3·10-4 T
full transmission
B = 6 T
EMCS LFCS
B = 3·10-4 T
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18 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware Commissioning
Air coil system
with EMCS and low field correction system (LFCS)
central field at desired value: 3·10-4 T
full transmission & background suppression (factor 105)
B = 6 T
e
B = 3·10-4 T
EMCS LFCS
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19
Ø = 12.6 m
LFCS EMCS
large
Helmholtz
coil system
main
spectrometer
vessel
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20
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
electron energy analysis background suppression
U0
U1
U2
• single layer: factor ~10
• double layer: factor 100
• smooth electric potential
• maximal potential in center (-18.6 kV)
Inner electrode & high voltage system
250 modules, > 24000 wires
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21
Inner Electrode System
Jan. 31, 2012
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22
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
NEG pump & baffle system
NEG: UHV Baffle: radon cold trap
• 6 turbo-molecular pumps: 104 ℓ/s (H2)
• 3 NEG-pumps (3000 m strips): ~106 ℓ/s (H2)
• 3 LN2-cooled baffles: ~170 000 ℓ/s (Rn)
J. Wolf – Poster 23
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23
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Closing the vessel
after completion of
installations within vessel
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24
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Ultra-high vacuum (UHV)
• goal: 10-11 mbar in volume of 1240 m3
• spectrometer bake-out:
• water removal from surface
• activation of chemical getter pump
• achieved: 10-10 mbar
T
p
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25 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Hardware commissioning
J. Wolf
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
insulator
6
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10
distance from analysing plane [m]
po
ten
tia
l [k
V]
-20
-10
0
tritium source
1
10-1
10-2
spectrometer
Bmin
Bmax
magnetic field & electrostatic potential
B-f
ield
[T
]
T. Thümmler - KATRIN Experiment
fix point
Spectrometer bake-out: vessel expansion
tem
pera
ture
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26
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Electron gun
• Quasi-monoenergetic
• Angular selective
M. Zacher – Poster 24
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27
Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Electron gun
• Quasi-monoenergetic
• Angular selective
• Diagnostic tool
• Study of signal electron transport
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Hardware commissioning
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
• May 16, 2013: SDS connection established
• May 28, 2013: opening gate valve
Integration of detector and spectrometer
148 pixel Si-PIN diode
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29 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Total background in ROI: <4.6 ± 0.2 mcps (goal: 1 mcps)
Peaks are measurement artefact.
ROI
Energy (keV)
Rate
(1/s
ec/k
eV
)
Detector performance
Hardware commissioning
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Spectrometer Detector
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
detector integration requires valve inside
magnet bore: beam-line valve
deformation of O-Ring during baking
disabled the valve’s basic function
challenge to attach detector without
venting / getter contamination
X-rays visual
Hardware commissioning
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31 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
XENON 1t
gas purification system (SAES)
144 bottles Argon N6.0
O-ring exchanged in Ar atmosphere
beam-line valve now leak tight
detector section attached
replacing the O-ring requires work
under inert gas atmosphere (Ar)
NEG pump requires Ar of quality
N9.0 to prevent contamination
Hardware commissioning
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32 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
SDS measurements
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33 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Main goals:
Test of Hardware and Slow Control components
Understanding of transmission properties
Measurement and Understanding of background
Verification of simulations software and models
Main Spectrometer
Electron
Gun
Detector
Section
Main Spectrometer
Electron
Gun
Detector
Section
Spectrometer-Detector-Section commissioning
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34
Det
First „light“
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
• May 31, 2013
• map field emission from
electrode onto detector
• misalignment: tilted detector
chamber
• confirmed by simulations
Asymmetric magnetic field
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35
First „light“
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
• May 31, 2013
• map field emission from
electrode onto detector
• misalignment: tilted detector
chamber
• confirmed by simulations
• shadow: flapper valve
Asymmetric magnetic field
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36 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
SDS measurements
transmission of ß-electrons:
magnetic guiding &
electrostatic retardation
B [T]
e
e e
q [°]
background:
spectrometer acts as
a magnetic bottle,
long storage (h)
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37
Transmission measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
e-gun energy distribution (schematically)
Study of signal electron transport
starting energy
|U2|<|U1|
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38
Transmission measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Study of signal electron transport
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39
Transmission measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Study of signal electron transport
• Transmission functions measured at various retarding potentials [0, -18.6 kV]
• … and radial positions (e-gun manipulator used to pinpoint individual pixels)
• width of transmission function dominated by systematic effects of the electron
gun (energy spread and angular spread) → spectrometer works as expected
V. Hannen – Session 15
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40
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
781.9 ± 2.7 mcps
First look at background @ full high voltage setup
• initial background already below 1 cps! (previous spectrometers: 105 cps)
• goal: 10-2 cps = 10 mcps
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41 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
219Rn
How large are the individual
background contributions?
Background measurements
Background sources: muons and radon
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42
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
e-
Muon-induced background: theory
• total muon-flux onto spectrometer: 75 kµ/s
• a small fraction produces single hit events at the detector
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43
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Muon-induced background: countermeasure
• Background suppression by inner electrode
• single layer: factor 10 suppression
• prospect for double layer: > factor 100
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44
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Radon-induced background
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45
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Radon-induced background
• nuclear decays inside spectrometer volume
• magnetic bottle effect: stored electrons
• ionization of residual gas → many secondary electrons on detector
• UHV (10-11 mbar) → storage time up to several hours
F. Harms – Poster 6
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46
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Disentanglement of background sources
• Measurement at increased pressure: 10-11 mbar → 10-8 mbar (Ar injection)
• Individual radon events as spikes in count rate
• Background contribution: radon : muon ≈ 40 : 60
F. Harms – Poster 6
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47
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
NEG-Pump
LN2 cooled
baffle
spectrometer
vessel
219Rn
Passive background reduction: principle
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48
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Passive background reduction: measurement
• Background reduction by ~40% → muon-dominated
• high pressure measurements confirm very high baffle efficiency
• minimal bg: ~0.6 cps (scaled to full detector) → 300 meV m(ν) sensitivity
detector pixel
rate
per
unit v
olu
me (
mcps/m
3)
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49
Background measurements
N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
electron cyclotron resonance
electric dipole
magnetic pulse
• idea: influence electron flight path by
modification of electromagnetic fields
Active background reduction
J. Behrens – Poster 1
D. Hilk – Poster 7
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50 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Background measurements
Active background reduction
• test with Kr source
(artificial bg increase)
• factor 10 reduction of
stored particle bg
achievable
• requires UHV
p≤10-11 mbar
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51 N. Wandkowsky, Commissioning of the KATRIN spectrometer and detector section, Bad Honnef, 2014
Summary & Outlook
KATRIN: determine mν with 200 meV sensitivity (90% CL)
Successful commissioning of spectrometer and detector section
(non-tritium part of beam line)
Electron transmission: spectrometer works as MAC-E filter
Background: cosmic muon, radon induced, passive & active
background reduction methods
minimal achieved bg rate: ~600 mcps (goal: 10 mcps)
Prepare 2nd commissioning phase (summer/autumn 2014)
improve spectrometer-detector alignment
inner electrode & NEG pump modifications
bake-out in July
Start of tritium operation: 2016
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52
Thanks for your attention!