Psych 182, 2nd Sem, AY 2014-2015

Fernandez, H.

Communication

Communication Process (an activity, exchange, or set of behaviors that occur

over time) of using messages to generate meaning

Defined as the sharing of messages which could be expressed in form of non/verbal expression

Main objective is to establish a degree of understanding between the sender and the receiver

Communication

Components of Communication People

Source (sender; initiates a message) and receiver (intended target of the message) of messages

Message Verbal or nonverbal form of idea, thought, or feeling that one

person wishes to communicate to another

Channel The means by which a message moves from the source to the

receiver of the message

Feedback The receivers verbal and nonverbal response to the sources

message

Communication

Components of Communication Code

A systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person/s (ex. Computer carries messages via binary code on cable, wire or fiber; languages are codes)

Encoding Process of translating an idea or thought into a code

Decoding Process of assigning meaning to the idea or thought in a code

Noise Any interference in the encoding and decoding processes that

reduces the clarity of message (physical, distracting sights, unusual behavior, mental, psychological and semantic)

Communication

Communication Process

Develop an idea

Encode Transmit Receive Decode Use

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Communication

Levels of Communication Intrapersonal Type

Communication with ones self

Interpersonal From one person to another

Group Individual Occurs in two levels (One-to-Many; Many-to-One)

Group to group Organizational type of communication

Thank you

Nonverbal Communication

Stronger than verbal communication

Importance of communication: (Albert Mebrabian)

7% Verbal 38% tone and vocal

inflection 55% facial expression, body

posture and gesture (nonverbal/body language)

Nonverbal Communication

Proxemics Spaces or distances between people in daily interactions

Distance

Intimate Close 6 inches Whispering, comforting

Intimate Far 8-18 inches Standing in elevator

Personal Distance

18 inches to 4 ft.

Counselling, lunch, convention

Social Distance 4 12 ft. Employment interview

Public Distance 12 15 ft. Presentation in

Nonverbal Communication

Ways in which information is exchanged through nonverbal communication:

Facial expressions

No part of the body is as expressive as the face, particularly the muscles around the eyes and mouth

Eye Contact Mutual eye contact acknowledges recognition (respect) Glance (attention-getting method) may capture a persons

attention prior to communication Eyes fixed in a stare (anger) Eyes which tend to narrow (disgust) Eyes open wide (fear)

Nonverbal Communication

Ways in which information is exchanged through nonverbal communication:

Posture and gait

Ways people walk and carry themselves Indicators of self-concept, current mood and health

Kinesics Hand movements and gestures

Dress and grooming Clothing and grooming practices carry significant non-verbal

messages

Nonverbal Communication

Ways in which information is exchanged through nonverbal communication:

Sounds

Crying, moaning, gasping and sighing are oral but non-verbal forms of communication

Paralanguage Voice inflections Pitch and degree of loudness of the voice (shout joy/anger)

Silence Silence between two persons may indicate complete

understanding of each other or it may mean anger with each other

Thank you

Social Communication Network

Types of Communication

Downward Communication top to bottom communication

How to do something

Specific task is important

Feedback

Upward Communication flow from the bottom to top management of the group

What lower members are doing

Outline of problems

Suggestions from lower ranks

Social Communication Network

Types of Communication

Horizontal or Lateral Communication flow of messages is on equal level

People in horizontal communication carry similar power, status and authority

Vertical Communication from subordinates to superiors; communication of unequal position

Serial Communication the transmission of the messages through several persons

Grapevine 2 Rumors 1

Warning!!!

- Hearsay and ambiguous statements quoted from another person

- Unreliable information

- Messages are usually transferred from a small group clustered together to another selected group

- 80% accurate and reliable

Social Communication Network

Social Communication Network

Social Communication Pattern By Harold J. Leavitt

- Examples of common communication networks in small groups

- Various kinds of communication networks that can be created by opening and closing lines of communication between members

Social Communication Network

Wheel Network - Most structured and central; each can communicate to the central person but to no one else

Y or Fork Network - Only one can communicate to the inner group

Chain Network - People serve as end persons having only one person whom they can communicate directly

Social Communication Network

Circle Network - Unequal communication opportunities

- Each can communicate with the person to their immediate right and left

All Channel or All Star Network - Each person communicates information to

others directly

- This system maximizes opportunities or feedback

Thank you Thank You

Sources:

Forsyth, D. R. (2010). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Tria, G. E. & Jao, L. V. (1999). Introductory course in group dynamics (1st ed.). Manila, PH: Rex Book Store, Inc.