comparing the environmental burdens of home laundry ... actif a... · a laundry detergent that...

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Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Ariel “Actif à froid” (2006), a laundry detergent that allows to wash at colder wash temperatures, with

previous Ariel laundry detergents (1998, 2001).

Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) comparative d’ Ariel « Actif à froid ” (2006), lessive qui permet de laver à plus basse température, avec des

formules antérieures d’Ariel (1998, 2001).

Comparing the environmental burdens of home laundry detergent products and laundry habits in France 1998-2006.

Comparant l’impact environnemental des lessives utilisées suivant les habitudes de

lavage en France durant 1998-2006.

Study prepared by / Etude préparée par:

Procter & Gamble, Brussels Innovation Center, Central Product Safety -Environmental;

Joost Dewaele, Rana Pant, Diederik Schowanek

For French Market Development Organisation, Nicole Salducci

Critical Review by / Revue critique conduite par:

Ecobilan - PricewaterhouseCoopers; Philippe Osset,

Gingko 21; Hélène Teulon, and assisted by/ et assistée par

ADEME (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maitrise de l’Energie); Mrs. Nadia Boeglin

April 2006 / Avril 2006

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Executive Summary (English) �� !�"��#� ��$%%&'� �(�� )�� '� � *�� "�� #�� '�+� �� !� �� ,%-.��'��+� �� ,� �� "/.�#� �� $%%0�� $%%,�� ,112'� � 3�� 4�� 5%6��'� � �(�� '� � �� !�� '� � �� !�� $%%0� �� ,112��$%%,'� � 3�� !� � �� 72'&-.�� $%%&�� "�� 8,'&-.#'� � 9�� :;<;�� =��(-��,� ��=�� $%6�� '� �� >�

Table 1: The product specifications for the base scenario of the comparative LCA

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3/57

��

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Primary Energy (total)

Water consumption (total)

Solid Waste (total)

Climate change (CM L2000)

Depletion of the ozone layer (CM L2000)

Photochemical oxidant formation (CM L2000)Human toxicity (USES 2.0)

Acidification (CM L2000)

Eutrophication (CML2000)

Aquatic eco-toxicity (USES 2.0 - freshwater)

Aquatic eco-toxicity (CML1992)

Ariel 1998

Ariel 2001

Actif à froid

(�� ,112��$%%,�� "$56� �� $%%,#�� "�'�'� ,26� �� $%%,#�� ,,� �� 4��'��A�� =�� =� ��"�� #�� $%%,� �� B'1,<CD�� 4�� %'B0�� D�� '� � � � �� =�� =�� "��#�� 4�� 0%�� "� �� #'��(��/.�� ,,�� >�� 4�� "$� �� #�� E��'�(�� '�(�� 4�� '� � $�� .</�1$��F9;9�$'%��" ��$'$'&#� �� 4�� '� ��(�� >�� !� ��E� �� ,� �� ,,� �� '� � (�� 4�� $%%&� �� 5%6�� '�(�� 4�� B�8��&'�(�� %�,%%6��$%%,��"��$%%,�� #�� '� � (�� ,,��

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4/57

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��;��>�(�� B� �� "�� ,112�� $%%,� �� #� �� ,� �� '�'� �� $%%&'� � ;�� ,,��

�� 4�� '� �(�� ,112�� $%%,� �� $%%&��'� ��

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��

��

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Primary Energy (total)


Solid Waste (total)



Photochemical oxidant formation (CM L2000)Human toxici ty (USES 2.0)


Eutrophication (CM L2000)


Aquatic eco-toxicity (CM L1992)

Actif à f roid - 1998T



Actif à f roid

��

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Primary Energy (total )

Water consumption (total )

Solid Waste (total)

Climate change

Depletion of the ozone layer

Photochemical oxidant formationHuman toxici ty

Acidification

Eutrophication

Freshwater toxicity (USES 2.0)

Aquatic eco-toxici ty (CM L1992)

Ariel 1998 -2005T

Ariel 2001-2005T

Actif à f roid 2005T

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��E�� ,�� "�� #��4��E�� ,��$%%,�� "�� ,%%6�� 4�� #'� � �(��E�� "�� $%%,#�� G�� '� � *�� E�� '� � �� E�� 4�� E�� '��

Table 2: Normalization of Actif à froid environmental burdens and savings versus 2001 product

Normalized Environmental indicator

Environmental burdens for 1 year

of Actif à froid usage

Savings of 1 year Actif à froid use vs 1 year Ariel 2001

use in France

Overall French normalization

factor Actif à froid burdens (Person equivalents)

Actif à froid savings (Person equivalents)

$��.�� /�*GJ,� 34,533,630 13,011,459 5,630,325,120 371,452 (Pe) 139,955 (Pe)

$��0�� 1 ��/�� *tonnes,� 214,503 49,374 128,612,000 101,006 (Pe) 23,249 (Pe)

$��1 �� /�*m3,� 239,257,391 2,324,510 33,216,500,000 436,220 (Pe) 4,238 (Pe)

2�� //�� *kg CO2-eq,� 756,229,212 160,324,649 754,297,564,451 60,716 (Pe) 12,872 (Pe)

� ��//�*kg PO4-eq,� 1,819,233 335,343 1,885,743,911 58,425 (Pe) 10,770 (Pe)

�� //�*kg SO2-eq,� 1,326,166 223,862 4,242,923,800 18,929 (Pe) 3,195 (Pe)

.� �� 3�� //�*kg C2H4-eq,� 69,088 18,410 1,288,591,673 3,247 (Pe) 865 (Pe)

4 � ��3��//�*kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq,� 55,434,217 12,929,330 1,194,304,477,048 2,811 (Pe) 656 (Pe)

5��6��//�*kg CFC11-eq,� 71 12 13,043,062 329 (Pe) 55 (Pe)

��% ��$3��*70�0�"8#,�///�� *kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq,� 72,616,673,415 12,141,911,216 Considered not

reliable Considered not


reliable

�- ��3��*29 �� ",�///�� *m3 poll. Wat.,� 97,147 -7,669,895 Considered not



reliable

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6/57

Revue Critique (French)

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Tableau 3: Description des caractéristiques des produits étudiés pour le scénario de base de l’ACV

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Eutrophication (CML2000)


Aquatic eco-toxicity (CML1992)

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Ariel 2001

Actif à froid

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%



Solid Waste (total)



Photochemical oxidant formation (CM L2000)Human toxici ty (USES 2.0)








Actif à f roid

��

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Primary Energy (total )

Water consumption (total )

Solid Waste (total)

Climate change


Photochemical oxidant formationHuman toxici ty

Acidification

Eutrophication


Aquatic eco-toxici ty (CM L1992)

Ariel 1998 -2005T

Ariel 2001-2005T

Actif à f roid 2005T

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�F��N�� N�� N�� ,#��4�� N� � �� ,�� N�� "�� #� �� N4�� T�� $#��N�� N�� N�� $%%,�"�� ,%%6�� 4�� 4�� 4�� #'� � ��.�� N�� N�� R� �� S� ��$%%,�� 4�� 4�� N�� N�� 4�� N��4��/� � �� N��4�� N�� E�� T�� '� � :�� N��N�� N �� N�� "N��N��4��4��R� �� S�N��N#�� '��

Tableau 4: Normalisation du bilan environnemental d’Ariel Actif à froid et des économies par rapport à Ariel 2001

Indicateurs environnementaux normalisés

Bilan Environnemental

pour 1 année d’utilisation Actif à

froid

Economies obtenues avec 1 année d’ Actif à froid use vs 1

année Ariel 2001 en France

Facteur de normalisation

global

Bilan environnemental Actif à froid (en

equivalent personnes)

Economies obtenues avec Actif à froid en

equivalents personnes)

��.�� $��/�*GJ,� 34,533,630 13,011,459 5,630,325,120 371,452 (Pe) 139,955 (Pe)

5;��?��$�� 3�/�� *tonnes,� 214,503 49,374 128,612,000 101,006 (Pe) 23,249 (Pe)

2�� <�� /�*m3,� 239,257,391 2,324,510 33,216,500,000 436,220 (Pe) 4,238 (Pe)

2�� 2�� - ��//�� *kg CO2-eq,� 756,229,212 160,324,649 754,297,564,451 60,716 (Pe) 12,872 (Pe)

� ��//�*kg PO4-eq,� 1,819,233 335,343 1,885,743,911 58,425 (Pe) 10,770 (Pe)

�� ;��- ��//�*kg SO2-eq,� 1,326,166 223,862 4,242,923,800 18,929 (Pe) 3,195 (Pe)

2�;��(� �� - ��//�*kg C2H4-eq,� 69,088 18,410 1,288,591,673 3,247 (Pe) 865 (Pe)

$3�3��;�4 � ��//�*kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq,� 55,434,217 12,929,330 1,194,304,477,048 2,811 (Pe) 656 (Pe)

5�� <6��//�*kg CFC11-eq,� 71 12 13,043,062 329 (Pe) 55 (Pe)

��% ��$3��;�*70�0�"8#,�///�� *kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq,� 72,616,673,415 12,141,911,216 .� ��N�N��

�� .� ��N�N�� .� ��N�N��

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6. CONCLUSIONS OF THE CRITICAL REVIEW BY ECOBILAN-PWC AND GINGKO21, ASSISTED BY ADEME, (ENGLISH VERSION)........................................................................................... 55

6. CONCLUSIONS DE LA REVUE CRITIQUE CONDUITE PAR ECOBILAN-PWC ET GINGKO21, ET ASSISTEE PAR ADEME, (FRENCH VERSION) …………………………………………………55 �

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y = 0.1924x + 52.691

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22/57

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29/57

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Table 16: LCI indicators for Ariel 1998 regular powder detergent in France (average 1998 wash temperature)

Flow Units Total Formulation Manufacturing Packaging Distribution Use Water

treatment Packaging disposal

Primary Energy (total) MJ 15.35 21.94% 2.40% 1.62% 0.33% 67.25% 6.45% 0.00%

Water consumption litre 73.21 1.70% 0.00% 0.05% 0.01% 98.01% 0.23% 0.00%

Total Solid Waste kg 0.093 25.87% 1.17% 0.84% 0.01% 19.37% 45.72% 7.02% � �

Table 17: LCI indicators for Ariel 2001 regular powder detergent in France (average 2001 wash temperature)





Total Solid Waste kg 0.094 28.20% 0.94% 0.92% 0.01% 18.22% 43.83% 7.88% �

Table 18: LCI indicators for Ariel 2006 regular powder detergent in France (Actif à froid base scenario wash temp.)





Total Solid Waste kg 0.073 26.69% 0.95% 0.93% 0.01% 15.54% 47.92% 7.96%

�)8"8"8 �2@��- � ��

Table 19: LCI indicators for Ariel 1998 dilute liquid detergent in France (average 1998 wash temperature)





Total Solid Waste kg 0.074 19.66% 1.32% 2.32% 0.00% 24.35% 35.84% 16.50% � �

Table 20: LCI indicators for Ariel 2001 dilute liquid detergent in France (average 2001 wash temperature)





Total Solid Waste kg 0.069 14.21% 1.14% 1.99% 0.00% 24.93% 43.57% 14.16% �

Table 21: LCI indicators for Ariel dilute liquid detergent in France (Actif à froid base scenario wash temp.)





Total Solid Waste kg 0.059 16.42% 1.34% 2.33% 0.00% 19.17% 44.15% 16.58%

31/57

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Table 22: LCIA indicators of Ariel 1998 regular powder detergent in France (average 1998 wash temperature)

LCIA indicator Units Total Formulation Manufacturing Packaging Distribution Use Water

treatment

Climate change g eq. CO2 312 47.43% 6.39% 1.77% 1.33% 27.84% 15.24%

Depletion of ozone layer �'��4'�.�.�,, 5.08E-05 75.47% 0.00% 1.23% 5.72% 10.38% 7.20%

Photochemical oxidants g eq. C2H4 0.029 39.09% 0.85% 0.77% 1.49% 43.34% 14.45%

Human toxicity g 1,4-DCB eq 29.64 54.22% 0.00% 0.70% 1.20% 39.32% 4.55%

Acidification g eq. SO2 0.63 71.92% 3.92% 2.02% 3.73% 16.38% 2.02%

Eutrophication g eq. PO43- 0.85 59.99% 0.79% 0.42% 0.72% 3.24% 34.84%

Aquatic eco-tox(USES 2.0) g 1,4-DCB eq 31393 42.03% 0.00% 0.25% 1.38% 23.08% 33.27%

Aquatic eco-tox(CML1992) m3 poll. wat 0.042 45.54% 0.00% 0.93% 0.39% 3.07% 50.06%

Table 23: LCIA indicators of Ariel 2001 regular powder detergent in France (average 2001 wash temperature)


treatment









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32/57

Table 24: LCIA indicators for Ariel 2006 regular powder detergent in France (Actif à froid base scenario wash temp.)


treatment








Aquatic eco-tox(CML1992) m3 poll. wat 0.033 36.56% 0.00% 0.91% 0.32% 2.44% 59.78% ��:8"8 �2@�� - � ��

Table 25: LCIA indicators of Ariel 1998 dilute liquid detergent in France (average 1998 wash temperature)


treatment









Table 26: LCIA indicators of Ariel 2001 dilute liquid detergent in France (average 2001 wash temperature)


treatment









Table 27: LCIA indicators for Ariel 2006 dilute liquid detergent in France (Actif à froid base scenario wash temp.)


treatment









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Ariel 2001

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Figure 14: Environmental differences of Actif à froid laundry detergent in France versus 1998 and 2001 products

34/57

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Figure 15: Environmental differences of Actif à froid Regular Powder in France versus 1998 and 2001 products

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Figure 16: Environmental differences of Actif à froid Dilute Liquid in France versus 1998 and 2001 products

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Figure 17: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the total primary energy consumption of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Total primary energy consumption

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Figure 18: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the total solid waste of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

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Figure 19: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the climate change potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product �� "�� #�� 7$B�BB6�� '� � .�� '�(�� '�*�� '�I�� $�� "�� #'� � <�� ,%%6��'�

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Contribution of the life cycle stage to the climate change potential

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37/57

Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Acidification potential

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Figure 21: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the human toxicity potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

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Figure 22: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the acidification potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Photochemical oxidant formation potential

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Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Human toxicity potential

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38/57

Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Eutrophication potential

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Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Freshwater toxicity potential (USES 2.0)

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(�� .A:� �� '� � 3�� ,112�� '� � �� 9��"��#'� � (�� 3�G'�

Figure 23: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the eutrophication potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

&','8',%' �� "F9;9�$'%#� �� F9;9$'%�� "7B$�056#��"71�8$6#�� "7$%�$26#'� � �� "�'�'� �� #'� � �3�� "� �� #� �� "��#�� Q��"Q #��+��"dd#��9�� '� � (�� E��Figure 25'�

�(�� $%6'� �� /.�� A<I**(A\ ��)��?$8@?$&@?$&@?$0@'� �

Figure 24: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the freshwater toxicity potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

��

39/57

Contribution of the life cycle stage to the Aquatic eco-toxicity potential (CML1992)

0%

10%20%

30%

40%50%

60%

70%80%

90%

Formula

t ion

Manufac

turing

Packa

ging

Distrib

ution Use

Water

trea

tmen

t

Packa

ging d

ispos

al

RP-1998

RP-2001

RP-Actif à f roid

DL-1998

DL-2001

DL-Actif à f roid

Freshwater toxicity potential (USES2.0): contribution of the relevant emissions

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

RP-199

8

RP-200

1

RP-Acti

f à fro

id

DL-19

98

DL-20

01

DL-Acti

f à fr

oid

Other (EDDS, Cl, zeolit e, MEA)

(w) Barium (Ba++)

(a-w) Vanadium (V)

(a-w) Selenium (Se)

(a) Nickel (Ni)

(w) Sulphat es (SO4--)

(w) Carbonat es (CO3--, HCO3-, CO2, as C)

(w) Ot her surf act ants

(w) Fat t y acids

(w) Alkyl et hoxylat e (AE5/ AE7)

(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulf onat e (LAS)

Figure 25: Relative contribution of water emissions to the freshwater toxicity potential of dilute liquid and regular powders in 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid.�

��&','8',,' �4��".</,11$#�

�� 4�� .</,11$�� "78&�2B6#�� "75�&%6#'� � 9�� '� � (�� <�� "�� #�� '�(�� '� � (�� $5'� � (�� 4��

�� '� � (�� G�� J� K�� "�'�'�FM�� ?5@#�� "�'�'� F9;9�$'%#'�

Figure 26: Contribution analysis: life cycle stages contributing to the aquatic eco-toxicity potential of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid product

40/57

Aquatic eco-toxicity potential (CML1992): contribution of the relevant emissions

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

RP-199

8

RP-200

1

RP-Acti

f à fro

id

DL-19

98

DL-20

01

DL-Acti

f à fr

oid

Other (PAH, oil, boronIII)

(w) M onoethanolamine (M EA)

(w) Phenol (C6H5OH)

(w) Perfume

(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+),Cadmium (Cd++)

(w) M ercury (Hg+, Hg++)

(w) Other surfactants

(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE5/AE7)

(w) Alkylsulfate C28

(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS)

Figure 27: Relative contribution of water emissions to the aquatic eco-toxicity potential of dilute liquid and regular powders in 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid.

&','8',$' 9��

�� E�� 4�� "�� #'�

Ariel Actif à froid - regular powder: Contribution per life cycle stage

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Primary

Ene

rgy

Water

cons

umpti

on

Total s

olid w

aste

Climate

Cha

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otenti

al

Ozone

deple

tion

Photoc

hemica

l oxid

ant fo

rmati

on

Human tox

icity

Eutrop

hicatio

n

Acidific

ation

Fresh

water to

xicity

Aquati

c eco

-toxic

ity

Formulation Manufacturing Packaging Distribution Use Waste water treatment Packaging disposal

Figure 28: contribution of the life cycle stages for the regular powder Ariel Actif à froid product

�

41/57

Ariel Actif à froid - Dilute Liquid: Contribution per life cycle stage

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Primary

Ene

rgy

Water

cons

umpti

on

Total s

olid w

aste

Climate

Cha

nge P

otenti

al

Ozone

deple

tion

Photoc

hemica

l oxid

ant fo

rmati

on

Human tox

icity

Eutrop

hicatio

n

Acidific

ation

Fresh

water to

xicity

Aquati

c eco

-toxic

ity

Formulation Manufacturing Packaging Distribution Use Waste water treatment Packaging disposal

Figure 29: Contributions of the life cycle stages for the Ariel Actif à froid dilute liquid product

'8"8 0��

'8"8�8 0�� 4�� '� � (�� B� �� 4�� B� �� '� � (�� '� �(�� $%%&�� GJK��'��

42/57

&'$',',' <�� 4�� ,112��$%%,��

��

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%



Solid Waste (total)

Cl imate change


Photochemical oxidant formationHuman toxicity

Acidification

Eutrophication



Ariel 1998 -2005T

Ariel 2001-2005T

Actif à froid 2005T

Figure 30: Sensitivity analysis: mix of powder and liquids of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid, at 2005 wash temperature�

�� $%%,�� $%%&�� "`,%6#'��

&'$','$' Y�� ,112��$%%,��

Regular powder: Actif à froid versus 1998 and 2001 at wash temperature of 2005

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Ariel 1998 -2005T

Ariel 2001-2005TActif à froid 2005T

Figure 31: Sensitivity analysis: regular powder detergents of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid, at 2005 wash temperature

�� ,112�� $%%,� �� $%%&� �� "�� $%%&� �� #�� B� ��

43/57

�� '� � �� $%%,� �� " �� `,%6#'� � I� �� '

&'$','B' :��4�� ,112��$%%,��

Dilute liquid: Actif à froid versus 1998 and 2001 at wash temperature of 2005

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Ariel 1998-2005TAriel 2001-2005TActif à froid 2005T

Figure 32: Sensitivity analysis: dilute liquid detergents of 1998, 2001 and Actif à froid, at 2005 wash temperature

�� 4�� $%%,�� '� � *�� E�� '�

�'8"8"8 0��

�� 4�� '� � *'�'�(�� ,�� "�� #� � � �� ,112��$%%,��$%%&��"�� #�� '��

&'$'$',' �� "��4��#�� "�� 4�� #� �� $%%&� �� " �� `,%6#'�� '�

44/57

��

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%



Solid Waste (total)

Cl imate change



Acidification

Eutrophication



Actif à froid - 1998T



Actif à froid

Figure 33: Actif à froid regular powder and dilute liquid product used at average wash temperatures of 1998, 2001, 2005 and the base scenario�

&'$'$'$' Y��

Regular powder used at wash temperatures of 1998, 2001, 2005 and base scenario

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

Prim

ary

Ene

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(tota

l)

Wa

ter c

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ty (

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S 2.

0)Aq

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co-to

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ty (C

ML1

992)

Actif à froid - 1998TActif à froid - 2001TActif à froid - 2005TActif à froid

Figure 34: Actif à froid regular powder product used at average wash temperatures of 1998, 2001, 2005 and the base scenario

�� "�� $%%&��#�� "�� c,%6#� �� $%%&�� '� � 3��

45/57

�� '� .�� '��

&'$'$'B' :��4��

Dilute liquid used at wash temperatures of 1998, 2001, 2005 and base scenario

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

Prim

ary

Ener

gy (t

otal

)W

ater

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tal)

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ater

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city

(US

ES 2

.0)

Aqua

tic e

co-to

xici

ty (C

ML1

992)

Actif à froid - 1998TActif à froid - 2001TActif à froid - 2005TActif à froid

Figure 35: Actif à froid dilute liquid product used at average wash temperatures of 1998, 2001, 2005 and the base scenario

�� 4�� '� � �� $%%&�� '�

��

'8"8)8 B�� à froid�(�� "�� $'$','B#� �� '� � �� "� �� #'� � �� &'$'$'� � 3�� '� � (�� $%6� �� '� � (�� "�� $� ��3� '#� �� ,%'51°C �� $%%&'� � �� ,112��$%%,�"��,112��$%%,�� #'� � (�� '��

46/57

Table 28: Realistic Ariel ��scenario, environmental burdens per wash compared to Ariel 1998 and 2001�

Environmental Indicator Units Ariel 1998 Ariel 2001 Actif à froid

Primary Energy (total) MJ 15.49 14.29 9.86

Water consumption litre 72.89 72.61 71.82

Total Solid Waste kg 0.082 0.079 0.063

Climate change g eq. CO2 314 275 223

Depletion of ozone layer g. eq. CFC-11 4.8E-05 2.5E-05 2.10E-05

Photochemical oxidants g eq. C2H4 0.028 0.026 0.020

Human toxicity g 1,4-DCB eq 22.66 20.55 16.08

Acidification g eq. SO2 0.57 0.47 0.39

Eutrophication g eq. PO43- 0.97 0.65 0.55

Freshwater toxicity (USES 2.0) g 1,4-DCB eq 31620 25474 21461

Aquatic ecotoxicity (CML1992) m3 poll. wat 0.042 0.027 0.029

�

��

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%



Solid Waste (total)

Climate change



Acidification

Eutrophication



Ariel 1998

Ariel 2001

Actif à froid

Figure 36: Environmental burdens of a realistic Ariel �� scenario and of Ariel 1998 relative to Ariel 2001�

�

'8"8:8 0��O��% ��3� ��/.�� F��M ��?5@�� "�� #� �� ,,�� '� � �� "�� /.�� #�� )�� ,� �� ,112��$%%,� �� $%%0� "�� #'� � 9�� ,� �� 4�� 4�� ,112��$%%,��$%%0�"�� #'�(�� ,��4��",112�� F��M ��#��,� �� "�� $%%,� �� F�� M ��#� �� 3�)'� � �(�� *9;� �� "�� E� #��

47/57

�� "�� #'� � �� /.�� ,112��$%%,��$%%0�� Annex 3' (�� "FM �$%%,��#��E�� G;� �� BB6�'� �� "�� 4�� BB6#� �� "�� B'&6#'� � �

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%110%

Primary Energy (to tal)


So lid Waste (to tal)

Climate change


Photochemical oxidant fo rmationHuman toxicity

Acidification

Eutrophication



Actif à froid + 33% packaging

Actif à froid

Figure 37: Sensitivity analysis: increasing the weight of primary and secondary packaging materials by 33% (mixed dilute liquid and regular powder).�

�

'8"8'8 0�� (�� '� � (� �� &%%� �� 4�� '� � (�� 4�� "��&%�� #'� � �� E�� E�� "3�� ,B%,#� � � �� "�� &','8'&#'� � ;�� "�� 1'&6#�� "��cB6#'� � <�� "�� `&%%�� #�� B� �� 4��'� � I�� ,112� �� $%%,� �� '� � 3�� '��

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191%

126%

147%

100%

100%

100% 11

4%

105%10

8%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

Ariel 1998 Ariel 2001 Ariel Actif à froid

Relative toxicity ranking of Ariel products based on CDV calculation (EU DID-list I), 2001 product =

reference

Regular powder

Dilute liquid

Tot al (weight ed)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%110%

Primary Energy (to tal)

Water consumption (to tal)

Solid Waste (total)


Depletion o f the ozone layer (CM L2000)

Photochemical oxidant fo rmation (CM L2000)Human toxicity (USES 2.0)




Aquatic eco -toxicity (CM L1992)

Actif à froid

Actif à froid+soap

'8"8+8 0��- ��3��:�� 4�� /.�� ?$8@?$&@?$0@?$5@�� ;F� �� ;�� F�� ";F� :*:�� #?$B@'� � � (�� ".:Q#� �� 4�� 4�� "/��(��;��.��#��"/��#'��

(�� '� �.� �� $%6� �� '��(�� 4�� $%%,��'� � �� .</,11$� �� '�

Figure 38: Relative product toxicity ranking (relative to the 2001 Ariel product)

'8"8G8 0��

�� "(�;:#'� � 3�� "��#'� � 3�� '� � �� "a ��#�� (�;:�� B',&��"��,112#��$'$B��"��$%%,#��B'2$��"�� #�� '� � :�� ,112��$%%,�� (�;:�� "9��(��G��M��A��.;�*.D;.A9A/#� �� '� � (��

�� (�;:�"��#� �� "B'2$�#� �� '� � (�� " �� Figure 39#'� �� (�;:� �� "�� #� �� c�,6'�

Figure 39: Sensitivity analysis for excluded production of TAED

49/57

'8"8!8 �� % �(�� *�� '� � �� '� � �� '� � 3�� /.�� 4�� ,112��$%%,�� "�� #'� � (�� .</,11$'�(�� "��#��F�� 4��'�� "�� #�� ,112��$%%,'�

Depletion of non-renewable resources: main drivers - Dilute Liquids

0

5E-16

1E-15

1.5E-15

2E-15

2.5E-15

1998 2001 Actif a froid

(r) Oil (in ground)(r) Natural Gas (in ground)(r) Uranium (U, ore)

Depletion of non renewable resources: Contribution per life cycle stage - Dilute Liquids

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Manufa

cturin

g

Packa

ging

Distrib

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19982001Actif a froid

Figure 40: non renewable resource depletion for dilute liquid products - base scenario

Depletion of non-renewable resources: main drivers - Regular Powders

0

5E-16

1E-15

1.5E-15

2E-15

2.5E-15

3E-15

1998 2001 Actif a froid

(r) Oil (in ground)

(r) Potassium Chloride (KCl, as K2O, inground)(r) Natural Gas (in ground)

(r) Bauxite (Al2O3, ore)

(r) Uranium (U, ore)

Depletion of non renewable resources: Contribution per life cycle stage - regular Powders

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Formula

tion

Manufa

cturin

g

Packa

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Distrib

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Was

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19982001Actif a froid

Figure 41: Non renewable resource depletion for regular powder products - base scenario

50/57

'8)8 �� ##K �� O��

�� $%%,�� "6#� �� !�� " �� D�� #'� � Table 29� ��E� � �� !�� 4��'� ��

Table 29: Per wash environmental savings of Actif à froid base scenario vs Ariel 2001 product and wash conditions

Laundry detergent savings vs 2001 Actif à froid % savings Actif à froid savings per wash Unit

.�� *��,� 27.37% 3.91 MJ

1 �� *��,� 0.96% 0.70 litres

0��1 ��*��,� 18.71% 0.015 kg

2�� 17.49% 48.18 g CO2-eq

5��6�� 14.40% 3.58E-06 g CFC11-eq

.�� 3�� 21.04% 0.00556 g C2H4-eq

4 � ��3��*70�0�"8#,� 18.91% 3.89 g 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq

�� *29 �"###,� 14.44% 0.067 g SO2-eq

� ��*29 �"###,� 15.56% 0.10 g PO4-eq

��% ��$3��*70�0�"8#,� 14.33% 3649 g 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq

�- ��3��*29 �� ",� -8.57% -0.0023 m3 poll. Wat. �

� �� 4�� 75%6�� 5%6�� ,%%6� �� $%%,� �� !�� '� � (�� 4�� B�$1,�%,1�BB8�� D��'� � (�� E�� "0%�&0,�$%%� 0#��E�� "$'80�6#�� "B'8&� 5#�� 5%6�"�2C A�@5�A$@��ANNEXES: AVAILABLE FOR THE CRITICAL REVIEW Annex 1#�� 4�� '��

Table 30: France environmental savings of Actif à froid base scenario vs Ariel 2001 product and wash conditions

Laundry detergent savings vs 2001 Actif à froid % benefit Actif à froid savings in France Unit

.�� *��,� 27.37% 13,011,459 GJ

1 �� *��,� 0.96% 2,324,510 m3

0��1 ��*��,� 18.71% 49,374 tonnes

2�� 17.49% 160,324,649 kg CO2-eq

5��6�� 14.40% 12 kg CFC11-eq

.�� 3�� 21.04% 18,410 kg C2H4-eq

4 � ��3��*70�0�"8#,� 18.91% 12,929,330 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq

�� *29 �"###,� 14.44% 223,862 kg SO2-eq

� ��*29 �"###,� 15.56% 335,343 kg PO4-eq

��% ��$3��*70�0�"8#,� 14.33% 12,141,911,216 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq

�- ��3��*29 �� ",� -8.57% -7,669,895 m3 poll. Wat.

��

6 Eurostat website, http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/, data on “population an social conditions of EU25, 2005 7 P&G internal data, study of consumer marketing knowledge, load composition study 2002

51/57

�'8:8 A�� 6� �� ( ��

*�� E�� '� � (�� E�� ,�� "�� #'� � +�� "�'�'� �� D�� 4��E�� #�� '� � (��E��E�� B�� '�� "�� #��E�� '� � �� E�� '� �� E�� ;��'� � 9�� E�� 4�� ;��'� � 9�� "�'�'� �� '#'� � �� E�� 4�� '� �9�� E�� E�� '� � �� 4�� .</,11$� �� ;��E�� '� � (�� E�� '�� E��4�� '� � �� E�� '� � �� E�� '��E�� E�� ;F,&� �� '�'�� "9�� I�#'� � �� "0%�&0,�$%%� ��E�� 2#�� ;F,&� "B2&�B2B�8%%��E�� 1#��"0�,B8�,B&�%%%��E�� ,%#� � �� '� � (��B,�G�� E�� '�

Table 31: Normalization factors and references for 11 environmental indicators

Environmental indicator Reference Normalization Value Scaled NF unit

Primary Energy Total primary energy produced, Eurostat 2003, France 5,630,325,120 5,630,325,120 GJ

Water consumption Total Fresh water abstraction, Eurostat 2001, France 33,216,500,000 33,216,500,000 m3

Total Solid Waste Total waste generated, Eurostat 1999, France 128,612,000 128,612,000 tonnes

Climate change EU15, GWP100 (Houghton et al., 2001) 4,800,000,000,000 754,297,564,451 kg CO2-eq

:��E�� EU15, ODP steady state (WMO, 1992 & 1995 & 1999) 83,000,000 13,043,062 kg CFC11-eq

G�� EU15, POCP (Jenkin & Hayman, 1999; Derwent et al. 1998) 8200000000 1,288,591,673 kg C2H4-eq

3��"F9;9�$'%#� EU15, HTP inf. (Huijbregts, 1999 & 2000) 7,600,000,000,000 1,194,304,477,048 kg 1,4-DCB eq

��".</$%%%#� EU15, AP ( Huijbregts, 1999; average Europe total, A&B) 27,000,000,000 4,242,923,800 kg SO2-eq

;��".</$%%%#� EU15, EP (Heijungs et al. 1992)) 12,000,000,000 1,885,743,911 kg PO4-eq

�� (��"F9;9�$'%#� EU15, FAETP inf. (Huijbregts, 1999 & 2000) 500,000,000,000 78,572,662,964 kg 1,4-DCB eq

�4��".</,11$#� Global, CML1992, corrected normalization values 1996 908,000,000,000,000 8,964,518,974,558 m3 poll. Wat.

�

8 Eurostat website, http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/, data on “population an social conditions of EU25, 2005 9 Eurostat website, http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/, data on “population an social conditions of EU15, 2001 10 United Nations, 2001, website European population bureau, http://www.prb.org/

52/57

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Table 32: Normalized environmental burdens of Ariel 2001 laundry detergent

Ariel 2001 Laundry detergent use Environmental burden of 1 year Scaled NF Unit Person equivalents

Primary Energy (total) 47,545,090 5,630,325,120 GJ 511,407

Water consumption (total) 241,581,902 33,216,500,000 m3 440,459

Solid Waste (total) 263,877 128,612,000 tonnes 124,255

Climate change 916,553,862 754,297,564,451 kg CO2-eq 73,588

Eutrophication 2,154,576 1,885,743,911 kg PO4-eq 69,195

Acidification 1,550,028 4,242,923,800 kg SO2-eq 22,124

Photochemical oxidant formation 87,498 1,288,591,673 kg C2H4-eq 4,112

Human toxicity 68,363,547 1,194,304,477,048 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq 3,467

Depletion of the ozone layer 83 13,043,062 kg CFC11-eq 384

Freshwater toxicity (USES 2.0) 84,758,584,631 Considered not reliable kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq Considered not

reliable

Aquatic eco-toxicity (CML1992) 89,477 Considered not reliable m3 poll. Wat. Considered not

reliable

I��>�(�� 4�� E�� 0&�B$1�,%B�G��,�G�'� � �� &'8�� '�

Table 33: Normalized environmental burdens of Ariel �� laundry detergent

Actif à froid Laundry detergent use Environmental burden of 1 year Scaled NF Unit Person equivalents

Water consumption (total) 239,257,391 33,216,500,000 m3 436,220

Primary Energy (total) 34,533,630 5,630,325,120 GJ 371,452

Solid Waste (total) 214,503 128,612,000 tonnes 101,006

Climate change 756,229,212 754,297,564,451 kg CO2-eq 60,716

Eutrophication 1,819,233 1,885,743,911 kg PO4-eq 58,425

Acidification 1,326,166 4,242,923,800 kg SO2-eq 18,929

Photochemical oxidant formation 69,088 1,288,591,673 kg C2H4-eq 3,247

Human toxicity 55,434,217 1,194,304,477,048 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq 2,811

Depletion of the ozone layer 71 13,043,062 kg CFC11-eq 329

Freshwater toxicity (USES 2.0) 72,616,673,415 Considered not reliable kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq Considered not

reliable

Aquatic eco-toxicity (CML1992) 97,147 Considered not reliable m3 poll. Wat. Considered not

reliable

I��>�(�� 4�� E�� &&�15%�&$, G��,�G�'� � �� &'8�� '� (��E�� $%%,�� G�� '� �*�� E�� '� � ��E��4�� E�� '�

53/57

'8:8"8 A�� 6�� "##��

9�� E�� $� �� D�� $%%,� �� E�� E�� '� � (�� E�� '�

Table 34: Normalized environmental changes of Ariel 2001 versus Ariel��

Laundry detergent savings vs 2001 Actif à froid savings in France Normalization value Unit Person equivalents

.�� *��,� 13,011,459 5,630,325,120 GJ 139,955

0�� 1 ��*��,� 49,374 128,612,000 tonnes 23,249

1 �� *��,� 2,324,510 33,216,500,000 m3 4,238

2�� 160,324,649 754,297,564,451 kg CO2-eq 12,872

� �� 335,343 1,885,743,911 kg PO4-eq 10,770

�� 223,862 4,242,923,800 kg SO2-eq 3,195

.� �� 3�� 18,410 1,288,591,673 kg C2H4-eq 865

4 � ��3�� 12,929,330 1,194,304,477,048 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq 656

5��6�� 12 13,043,062 kg CFC11-eq 55

��% ��$3��*70�0�"8#,� 12,141,911,216 Considered not reliable kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq Considered not

reliable

�- ��3��*29 �� ",� -7,669,895 Considered not reliable m3 poll. Wat. Considered not

reliable

I��>�(�� 4�� E�� 1�B&2�&2$ G��&$�G�'� � �� &'8�� '� (�� E�� E�� '�'� � �� G�� '� � (�� E�� '� � �� E�� 4�� E�� '�

�

54/57

'8'8 �� G��>� �/.*�� '�(�� "7&6#�� '��

G��>� �� 4�� /.�� ?5@'� ��'� � �� '��

:� ��>� �(�� '� � ;��/.�� '� � �� ,�� '� � ��

F �� >� �*�� '�/�� '� � (�� $%%&'�3�� 4�� '� �(�� '� � (�� '�(�� /.�� 4�� '� � (�� 4�� '� � �� 4�� '� � �� '��

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:� � ��>� � �:� � �� '� � 9�� GJK�� '� ��

55/57

6. Conclusions of the Critical review by Ecobilan-PwC and Gingko21, assisted by ADEME, (English version)

G��A ��;��9'�'��3N�O��(��K��$,��I��+��:;<;��

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56/57

Conclusions de la revue critique conduite par Ecobilan-PwC et Gingko21, et assistée par ADEME, (French version)�G��A ��;��9'�'��3N�O��(��K��$,��I��+�� :;<;��N�� N� ��

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"$%%0#�� 4�� N�� N�� ",112��

$%%,#� S� �� *9A�,8%8%�� 4��'�

:��N�� N�N� N�� N��'� *� ��N�N�� GJK��

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57/57

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ANNEX 7

Procter & Gamble Life Cycle Inventory datasets used Annex 7

Name Reference (TEAM)111 Natural Gas: Production (Europ, 1996) Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1,

Erdgas\r\nPrimary source:\r\nOECD/IEA, \'Oil and Gas Statistics 1994\', Paris 1991adapted by Ecobilan expertise

111I Coal: Production Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1: Kohle\r\npage 63-64\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nfor energy requirement:\r\nDGMK-Arbeitskreis \' Ansatzpunkte und Potentiale zur Minderung des treibhausseffektes aus Sicht der fossilen Energieträger\', Hamburg 1992\r\n\r\nfor atmospheric emissions:\r\n1) DGMK-Arbeitskreis \' Ansatzpunkte und Potentiale zur Minderung des treibhausseffektes aus Sicht der fossilen Energieträger\', Hamburg 1992\r\n\r\n2) \'Luftreinhaltung 88; Tendenzen-Probleme-Lösungen\', Umwelbundesamt Berlin 1989\r\n\r\n3) Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, Drucksache 11/5438 \'Reduzierung der durch Kokerein versachten Umweltbelastung\', Düsseldorf Mai 1993\r\n\r\nfor waste water:\r\nTippmer K. in Steinmetz E. (Hrsg.) \'Kokereitechnick\', Haus der Technick - Vortragsveöffentlichungen, Heft 537, \' Rückgewinnung von Prozess und Brauchwasser sowie Werstoffen aus dem Abwasser der Kokerei KT 45\', Essen 1988

232I Diesel Oil: Production Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Erdol\r\nPage 173-174\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\n1) Schmidt K.H, Romey I, \'Kohle, Erdöl, Erdgas; Chemie und Technik\', Würzburg 1981.\r\n\r\n2) Concawe (Hrsg.), \'quality of aquous effluents from oil refineries in western europe\', Concawe report n°84/53, Brussels 1984\r\n\r\n3) Concawe (Hrsg.), \'oil refineries waste survey -disposal methods, quantities and costs\', Concawe report n° 5/89, Brussels 1989.\r\n\r\n4) Concawe (Hrsg), \'Performance of Oil Industry Pipeline in Western Europe Statistical Summary of Reported Spillages-1994\', Concawe report n° 4/95, Brussels 1995\r\n\r\n5) <Raffoil 1991> Vertrauliche Informationen einer modernen, westeuropaischen Raffinerie, 1991.

232I Gasoline (unleaded): Production Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Erdol\r\nPage 173-174\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\n1) Schmidt K.H, Romey I, \'Kohle, Erdöl, Erdgas; Chemie und Technik\', Würzburg 1981.\r\n\r\n2) Concawe (Hrsg.), \'quality of aquous effluents from oil refineries in western europe\', Concawe report n°84/53, Brussels 1984\r\n\r\n3) Concawe (Hrsg.), \'oil refineries waste survey -disposal methods, quantities and costs\', Concawe report n° 5/89, Brussels 1989.\r\n\r\n4) Concawe (Hrsg), \'Performance of Oil Industry Pipeline in Western Europe Statistical Summary of Reported Spillages-1994\', Concawe report n° 4/95, Brussels 1995\r\n\r\n5) <Raffoil 1991> Vertrauliche Informationen einer modernen, westeuropaischen Raffinerie, 1991.

232I Heavy Fuel Oil: Production Buwal 132 (1991) A9 adapted by Ecobilan.\r\nAdaptation covers CO2 emissions added for what Buwal calls precombustion for fuels production models; cross loop treatment for fuels production models; recalculation from process data when provided in the Buwal, in order to check, calculation updated using recent European electricity model (UCPTE 1990).

401 Electricity (European Union, 2002): Production

1) For combustion of coal, lignite, heavy fuel oil, natural gas, process gas:\r\nLaboratorium für Energiesysteme ETH, Zurich, 1996 \r\n\r\n2) for breakdown efficiencies:\r\nElectricity Information 2004\r\nIEA Statistics\r\nInternational Energy Agency

401 Electricity (France, 2002): Production 1) For combustion of coal, lignite, heavy fuel oil, natural gas, process gas:\r\nLaboratorium für Energiesysteme ETH, Zurich, 1996 \r\n\r\n2) for breakdown efficiencies:\r\nElectricity Information 2004\r\nIEA Statistics\r\nInternational Energy Agency

402 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG): Combustion (1)

Life Cycle Assessment\r\nof Packaging Systems for Beer and Soft Drink\r\nEnergy and Transport scenarios\r\nDanish Environmental Protection Agency, 1998\r\npage: 6-7 annex A\r\n\r\nPrimary source: \r\nfor production of LPG: Frishknecht R (1996).Ökoinventare fûr Energiesysteme. Zürich: Bundesamt fûr Energiewirtschaft \r\n\r\nfor forklift combustion of LPG: the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (CORINAIR 90). kobenhavn: European Envirronnement Agency.

Energy Combustion and Production LCI's

1/5


402 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG): Combustion (2)

Life Cycle Assessment\r\nof Packaging Systems for Beer and Soft Drink\r\nEnergy and Transport scenarios\r\nDanish Environmental Protection Agency, 1998\r\npage: 6-7 annex A\r\n\r\nPrimary source: \r\nfor production of LPG: Frishknecht R (1996).Ökoinventare fûr Energiesysteme. Zûrich: Bundesamt fûr Energiewirtschaft \r\n\r\nfor forklift combustion of LPG: the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (CORINAIR 90). kobenhavn: European Envirronnement Agency.

403I Coal: Combustion Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Kohle\r\nPage 137-138\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\n1) Vernon J.L, Soud H.N.\'FGD installations on coal-fired plants\', IEA Coal Research, London 1990.\r\n\r\n2) Braunn H., ANgrüner B., Ecker P., Gschaider R., Sorger A., Wurst F., Ellinger R., \'Emissionen bei der Verbrennung\', Wien 1991.\r\n\r\n3) Sloss L.L., \'Organic Compounds from Coal Utilisation, DRAFT\', London 1993.

403I Gasoline (USA) : Combustion in industrial equipment

Franklin Associates : Dry CLeaning report\r\nTable A24

403I Heavy Fuel Oil: Combustion Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Erdol\r\nPage 219-220

403I Light Fuel Oil: Combustion Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Erdol\r\nPage 219-220

403I Natural Gas: Combustion Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 1, Erdgas\r\nPage 66-67

403I Steam (2.6 MJ per kg, 100% natural gas): Production

Steam production model developed by Ecobilan.

Name Reference (TEAM)211 Corrugated Cardboard (Recycled Fibers): Production

BUWAL (Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft) n°250\r\nBand II: Ökoinventare für Verpackungen\r\nBern, 1996\r\nPage 290-291

211 Paper (Kraft, Bleached): Production BUWAL (Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft) n°250\r\nBand II: Ökoinventare für Verpackungen\r\nBern, 1996\r\nPage 210-211

241 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE, Bottle Grade Quality): ProductionEcoprofiles of plastics and related intermediates\r\nI.Boustead\r\nAPME, Brussels, 1999\r\navailable on web site: http://www.apme.org

241 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE, Film): Production

Ecoprofiles of plastics and related intermediates\r\nI.Boustead\r\nAPME, Brussels, 1999\r\navailable on site web: http://www.apme.org

241 Polypropylene (PP, Moulded by Injection): ProductionEcoprofiles of plastics and related intermediates\r\nI.Boustead\r\nAPME, Brussels, 1999\r\navailable on web site: http://www.apme.org

241I Starch Adhesive Production Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of HSC and Mix-your-own Cleaning System (1992)\r\nTable: C50\r\n\r\nALSO IN:\r\n\r\nResource and environmental profile analysis of Product and Packaging for four granular detergents formulations (1992)\r\nTable: D42

Name Reference (TEAM)144 Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Production Eco-profiles of the European polymer industry (APME)\r\nReport 6: Polyvinyl

Chloride (Second Edition)\r\nI.Boustead \r\nBrussels, May 1998\r\nPage: 22 to 24\r\n\r\nprimary source:\r\nfor raws materials and emissions:\r\nBoustead I., Eco-profiles of the European polymer industry. Report 6: Polyvinyl chloride APME, Brussels, April 1994\r\n\r\nfor energy data:\r\n1) International Energy Agency. Coal Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n2) International Energy Agency. Electricity Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n3) International Energy Agency. Natural Gas Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n4) International Energy Agency. Oil Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997

241 Alcohol Ethoxy Sulphates (AE3S-petrochemical): Production

Tenside Surfactants Detergents\r\nJournal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 145 to 148\r\n\r\nauthor: H.Thomas, Wilton (United Kingdom)

241 Alcohol Ethoxylate (AE11_PO): Production

Journal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 190 to 192.

241 Alcohol Ethoxylate (AE7-PC): Production Journal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 175 to 177.\r\n\r\nAuthor: W.Schul, F.Hirsinger, K.P Schick (Germany)

Ingredient Production LCI's

Packaging Materials Production LCI's

2/5


241 Alcohol Sulphate (AS, petrochemical): Production

Tenside Surfactants Detergents\r\nJournal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 128 to 132\r\n\r\nauthor: F.Hirsinger and K.P Schick, Düsseldorf (Germany)

241 Alkyl Polyglucosides (APG, coconut oil) : Production

Tenside Surfactants Detergents\r\nJournal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 193 to 197\r\n\r\nauthor: F.Hirsinger and K.P Schick, Düsseldorf (Germany)

241 Antifoam S1.2-3522 (Dow): Production Production of Antifoam compound (S1.2-3522)\r\nProduction of detergent antifoam compound\r\n

241 Carboxymethylcellulose (EMPA 99): Production

CMC produced as reaction of alkali cellulose with chloroacetic acid, EMPA 244 Production of CMC (72% solids)

241 Cationic Ta Quat (EMPA99) : Production The production of tallow esterquat (85% esterquat in 2-isopropanol)

241 FWA.DAS-1 (EMPA 99): Production Production of FWA DAS-1 EMPA 99,EMPA 244 Original CIBA ( R. Bretz 94)

241 Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS): Production

Journal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 122 to 127\r\n\r\nAuthors: J.L. Berna, Madrid; L. Cavalli, Milano; C. Renta, Madrid

241 PolyAcrylate (EMPA 99): Production EMPA 244 Original data Fawer et Fecker 1993 + Henkel 1992\r\nProduction of PolyAcrylate EMPA 99\r\n

241 Savinase 10 TA (+ a protease): Production

Production of Savinase 10 TA+ (a protease) at Novo Nordisk A/S.\r\n\r\nNovo Nordisk-1

241 SKS-6 (Layered silicate EMPA99): Production

Production of SKS-6

241 Soap (palm kernel and palm oil): Production

Journal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 157 to 170.\r\n\r\nAuthor: D Postlethwaite, Wirral, UK

241 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, 100%): Production

Eco-profiles of the European polymer industry (APME)\r\nReport 6: Polyvinyl Chloride (Second Edition)\r\nI.Boustead \r\nBrussels, May 1998\r\nPage: 27 to 29\r\n\r\nprimary source:\r\nfor raws materials and emissions:\r\nBoustead I., Eco-profiles of the European polymer industry. Report 6: Polyvinyl chloride APME, Brussels, April 1994\r\n\r\nfor energy data:\r\n1) International Energy Agency. Coal Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n2) International Energy Agency. Electricity Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n3) International Energy Agency. Natural Gas Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997\r\n\r\n4) International Energy Agency. Oil Information 1996. OECD Paris 1997

241 Sodium Perborate (Tetrahydrate, 2Na(H2O)6.B2O8H4): Production

Ecoprofiles of perborates\r\npublication of CEFIC\r\nby I.Boustead and M.Fawer\r\nBrussels, February 1998\r\npage 8 to 15

241 Sodium Percarbonate (EMPA 99): Production

EMPA 244. Average from processes with similar output. Production of percarbonate as cristallisation from a solution of carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, Minimum O2 is 13.5%241 Sodium Silicate (EMPA99): Production EMPA234, Production of Sodium silicate (EMPA)

241 Zeolite A powder (EMPA 99) : Production EMPA234, Production of Zeolite A powder (EMPA)

241I Citric Acid (HOC(COOH)(CH2COOH)2): Production

M2000 report\r\nTAble: D6

241I Ethanol (C2H5OH) USA: Production Production of ethanol through fermentation of corn\r\n\r\nFAL 92 HSC\r\nTable B-57, page B-99

241I Monoethanolamine (MEA) Production Resource and Environmental Analysis Profile of HSC and Mix-your-own cleaning system (1992)\r\nTable: B42

241I Propylene Glycol: Production Chauvel, Lefevre, Castex, Procédés de Pétrochimie, tome 2\r\n p 31, ENSPM, Technip editions, 1986

241I Sodium Carbonate (Synthetic, Na2CO3): Production

Stoichiometric data for consumed products.\r\nConfidential Site data 1992 for air and atmosphere releases.

241I Sodium Cumene Sulfonate (FAL2000): Production

Production of sodium cumene sulfonate (SCS)\r\n\r\nFAL 92 HSC Table B-53, page B-92

3/5


241I Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4): Production BUWAL 250 (office federal de l'environnement des forets et du paysage)\r\nVolume II: inventaires ecologiques relatifs aux emballages\r\nBerne, 1996\r\npage 458\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nSodium sulfates. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. A24, 1993:355-368

241I Water (Softened): Production Laboratorium für Energiesysteme \r\nETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich)\r\nZurïch, 1996\r\nTeil 3: Basismaterialieren\r\nPage 82-83\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nEidgenössisches Institut für Reaktorforschung (EIR), \'Die Atmosphäische Külhung von Kernkraftwerken\', Band 1: Leichtwasserreazktoren, im Auftrag des Eidgenössischen Amtes für Energiwirtschaft, Würenlingen 1974.

Name Reference (TEAM)600S Transport Pipeline (kg.km): Natural gas pipeline

From Simapro FAL database

600S Transport Pipeline (kg.km): Petrochemical pipeline

Simapro FAL database

601I Rail Transport (European average) Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nAnhang B, Bahntransport\r\nPage 31

602S Road Transport (Truck 40 t, Diesel Oil, kg.km)

ETH 1996\r\nAnhang B: Strassengutertransport\r\nPage 22.\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nM.Maïbach, D.Peter, B.Seilen \'Okoinventar Transport; Grundlagen fûr den ôjologischen Vergleich von Transportsystem und für den Einbezug von Transportsystem in ökobilanzen\', SPP Umwelt, Modul 5, Infras Zurîch, 1995.

611S Sea Transport (Tanker, kg.km) Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nAnhang B, Hochseefrachter\r\nPage 61\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nEPA (Environmental Protection Agency)\r\nHandbook of emission factors; Non industrial sources 1, Ministry of health and environmental protection, The Hague 1980.

612S Fluvial Transport (River Barge, kg.km) Laboratorium fur Energiesysteme \r\nETH, Zurïch, 1996\r\nAnhang B, Binnenschifftransport\r\nPage 63-64\r\n\r\nPrimary source:\r\nW.Rothengatter, \'Cost-Benefit-Analysis for Good Transport on Roads,\' in M.Kroon et al (Hrsg) \'Freight transport and the Environment\', Studies in Environmental Science, Elservier Science Publication, Amsterdam 1991, S.187-213.

Name Reference (TEAM)241 I Drinking Water (surface water): Production

Preparation of drinking water from surface water\r\n13% losses\r\nProject cycleaupe

241 I Regular Detergent Powder: production TSD6/95-1 Production of detergent powder in Germany

241I Compact liquid : Production Franke, M. et al., 1995, Tenside Surf.Det. 32, 6, pp. 508.\r\n\r\nTSD6/95-1241I LDPE bags Production Life Cycle Inventory of the Commercial Solvent-based Dry Cleaning Industry of the

Un ited States (2001)\r\nTable: D3

Name Reference (TEAM)141I Limestone (Calcinated): Production Swiss Federal Office of Environment, Forests and Landscape (FOEFL or

BUWAL)\r\nEnvironmental Series No. 132\r\nBern, February 1991. Page A22.

241 Benzene (C6H6): Production Eco-profiles of European plastics industry \r\nReport 14 : Polymethyl Methacrylate\r\nI.Boustead\r\nSeptember, 1997\r\nPage: 15-16-17\r\n\r\nPrimary source for energy: \r\n1) International Energy Agency. Coal Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995\r\n\r\n2) Interantional Energy Agency. Oil and Gas Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995\r\n\r\n3) International Energy Agency. Electricity Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995

241 Chlorine (Cl2): Production Eco-profiles of the European polymer industry (PWMI, April 1994).\r\nReport 6 (Polyvinyl Chloride), p.13

241 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl, direct synthesis): Production

ELF ATOCHEM expertise, Mr. Lecouls' letter of 25 July 1997

Other Process LCI's

Other Chemicals Production LCI's

Transport LCI's

4/5


241 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2, 50-70 wt%): Production

Ecoprofile of Hydrogen Peroxide\r\nCEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council)\r\nI.Boustead and M.Fawer\r\nBrussels, February 1998\r\nPage 8-11

241 I WAC (DW preparation) Production of WAC (Al salt, Chlorine based)\r\n\r\nProjecty Cycleaupe, Only energy is estimated\r\n

241 Propylene (CH2CHCH3): Production Eco-profiles of European plastics industry \r\nReport 14 : Polymethyl Methacrylate\r\nI.Boustead\r\nSeptember, 1997\r\nPage: 15-16-17\r\n\r\nPrimary source for energy: \r\n1) International Energy Agency. Coal Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995\r\n\r\n2) Interantional Energy Agency. Oil and Gas Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995\r\n\r\n3) International Energy Agency. Electricity Information 1995. OECD Paris 1995

241 Sulphur (S): Production Tenside Surfactants Detergents\r\nJournal for Theory, Technology and Application of Surfactants\r\nCarl Hanser Verlag\r\nMunchen\r\nMärz/April 1995\r\nPage 412 to 414\r\n\r\nauthor: \r\nD.Postlethwaite, Wirral (United Kingdom), W.Schul, Ludwigschafen (Germany), M.Stalmans, Strombeek-Beever (Belgium).

241I Activated Carbon (EPFL): Production Project Cycleaupe,Theorical calculation\r\nProduction of activated from coal. This includes coal mining, activation of the carbon and reactivation. Over the full life time, 9 reactivation cycles are assumed

241I Ammonia (NH3): Production M2000 report\r\nTable: C21241I Corn Production M2000 report\r\nTable: D19241I Cumene (C6H4CH2(CH3)2): Production M2000 report\r\nTable: D13

241I Dextrose Production M2000 report\r\nTable D4241I Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O): Production Chauvel A., Lefebvre G., Castex L., Procédés de pétrochimie, page 9, volume 2,

Paris, Ecole Nationale Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs, Technip, 1985.

241I Nitrogen fertilizer Production M2000 report\r\nTable: D20241I Phosphate fertilizer Production M2000 report\r\nTable: D21241I Potash fertilizer Production M2000 report\r\nTable: D22241I Starch from Corn (FAL2000): Production Production of corn starch (FAL2000)\r\n\r\nFAL94\r\nUSA process but EU

electricity grids (UCPTE B250) Table B17241I Urea (H2NCONH2): Production Laboratorium für Energiesysteme \r\nETH (Eidgenössische Technische

Hochschule Zurich)\r\nZurïch, 1996\r\nPage 112.\r\n\r\nprimary source:\r\n1) R.J.J van Heijningen, J.F.M de Castro, E.Worell, \'Energiekentallen in Relatie tot Preventie en Hergebruick van Afvalstrommen\', NOH Rapport 9210, Utrech 1992\r\n\r\n2) Reinders M.E., \'Handbook of Emission Factors: part 2: industrial sources\', Goverment Publishing Office, The Hague 1983\r\n\r\n3) L Verstappen, A.W.H.M Hoogenkamp, \'Produktie van Fenol; Samenwerkingsprojekt Procesbeschrijvingen Industrie Nederland (SPIN) 152\', RIVM rapport n° 773006152, 1993

265I Lime (Quick, CaO): Production BUWAL 250 (office federal de l'environnement des forets et du paysage)\r\nVolume II: inventaires ecologiques relatifs aux emballages\r\nBerne, 1996\r\npage 446\r\n\r\nprimary source:\r\n1) Lime and Limestone. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1990 A15:317-345\r\n\r\n2) The comparative Energy and Environnemental Imâcts for Soft Drink Delivery Systems. Franklin Associates, Prairie village (USA) 1989.

5/5

ANNEX 8

Procter & Gamble Waste water treatment + toxicity characterization Annex 8

ThOD BOD Na Used in Used in Used in Used in Used in Used in CF CF

INGREDIENT category g /g ingr. g /g ingr. (%) Primary Sec./Tert. Primary Sec./Tert. RP2005 RP2001 RP1998 DL2005 DL2001 DL1998 P&G-CML92 uses2.0

Alcohol ethoxylates AE5 nonionic surfactant 2.3 1.1 0 29 97 0.29 0.29 x 0.0056 6400

Alcohol ethoxylates AE7 nonionic surfactant 2.3 1.1 0 29 97 0.29 0.29 x x x x x 0.0042 4800

Alcohol ethoxylates AE11 nonionic surfactant 2.36 0 0 97 97 0.97 0.97 x 0.02 3100

tallow alkyl ethoxylate 80 nonionic surfactant 1.92 0 0 25 25 0.25 0.25 x x 0.0004 457.14

tallow alkyl ethoxylate 25 nonionic surfactant 2.11 0 0 95 95 0.95 0.95 x 0.0028 3200

alkylglucosamide nonionic surfactant 2.3 1.35 0 27 97 0.27 0.27 x 0.001 1142.9

benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C10-16-alkyl, sodium saltsanionic surfactant 2.3 0.9 6.89 44 95 0.44 0.44 x x x x x 0.0033 1400

sodium alkylsulphate anionic surfactant 2.1 1.4 6.97 17 98 0.17 0.17 x x x x 0.0067 150

fatty acids, C8-18 / C16-18-unsat., sodium salts anionic surfactant 2.9 1.4 10.36 27 95 0.27 0.27 x x x x 0.00063 4800

hydrogenated castor oil anionic surfactant 2.9 1.4 10.36 27 95 0.27 0.27 x 0.00063 4800

alkyl ether sulphate anionic surfactant 2.1 1.3 5.48 22 97 0.22 0.22 x x x 0.0067 2900

quaternary ammonium compounds, C8-10-alkyl cationic surfactant 2.62 1.53 0 3 97 0.03 0.03 x x 0.004 320

amines, C10-16-alkyldimethyl, N-oxides amphoteric surfactant 3.2 1.9 0 18 97 0.18 0.18 x 0.0125 14286

sodium carbonate builder&buffer 0 0 43.4 10 20 0.1 0.2 x x x 0.00002 89

citric acid builder&buffer 0.6 0.5 26.74 27 93 0.27 0.27 x x x x x x 0.0000118 2.1

sodium silicate builder&buffer 0 0 25.27 10 20 0.1 0.2 x x x 0.000001 82

zeolite builder&buffer 0 0 0 50 95 0.5 0.95 x x x 0.0000083 99

sodium sulphate builder&buffer 0 0 32.39 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0.000001 100

magnesium sulphate builder&buffer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x 0.000001 100

sodium hydroxide builder&buffer 0 0 57.5 0 0 0 0 x x x 0.00001

sodium metaborate builder&buffer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x 0.00018 190

sodium chloride builder&buffer 0 0 39.32 0 0 0 0 x x 0.0000015 9.7

calcium chloride builder&buffer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x 0.0000015 9.7

layered silicate builder&buffer 0 0 25.27 10 20 0.1 0.2 x x 0.000001

tetra sodium etidronate chelant 0.32 0 31.29 60 60 0.6 0.6 x x x x 0.00014 66

trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate chelant 1.12 0.66 19.27 1 95 0.01 0.01 x x x 0.0001 9900

sodium diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonatechelant 0.75 0 29 60 60 0.6 0.6 x x x 0.00014 45

sodium carbonate peroxide bleach 0 0 29.3 10 20 0.1 0.2 x x 0.00002 89

tetra acetyl ethylene diamine bleach 2 1.17 0 0 87 0 0 x x x 0.000002 5.8

monoethanolamine solvent 2.49 0.85 0 0 87 0 0 x x x 0.0013 260

Sludge production (g/g ingr.)Removal in WWT (%)

1/2

Procter & Gamble Waste water treatment + toxicity characterization Annex 8

ethanol solvent 2.3 1.49 0 0 87 0 0 x x x 0.00001 18

propyleneglycol solvent 1.69 0.96 0 10 87 0.1 0.1 x x x 0.00001 0.15

1,3-propane diol, 2-methyl solvent 1.69 0.96 0 10 87 0.1 0.1 x 0.00001

diethylene glygol solvent 1.69 0.96 0 10 87 0.1 0.1 x 0.00001

water solvent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 0

carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) polymer 0 0 8.85 10 25 0.1 0.25 x x 0.000004 150

carboxymethylcellulose(EMC) polymer 0 0 8.85 10 25 0.1 0.25 x 0.000004 8.7

polycarboxylate polymer 0.1 0 31.64 20 60 0.2 0.6 x x x 0.0000081

ethoxyl. hexamethylene diamine, quat polymer 1.83 0 0 26 27 0.26 0.27 x x 0.00001

starch polymer 0.97 0.57 0 0 90 0 0 x x 0.000004 2.9

polyethyleneimine polymer 1.9 0 0 31 45 0.31 0.45 x 0.000001

modified perfume polyethyleneimine polymer 1.9 0 0 31 45 0.31 0.45 x 0.22

polyethyleneimine polymer 3.1 1.81 0 5 99.8 0.05 0.05 x x 0.0015 26000

trans-sulphated EHDQ polymer 1.83 0 0 26 27 0.26 0.27 x 0.00943

ethoxylated tetraethylene pentaimine polymer 1.88 0 0 25 86 0.25 0.86 x x 0.000001

soil release 1 polymer 0.1 0 31.64 20 60 0.3 0.6 x 0.0000032 0

soil release 2 polymer 1.22 0 4.95 30 60 0.3 0.6 x x 0.0000032 0

imidazole epichlorohydrin polymer 2.43 0 0 21 85 0.21 0.21 x 0.0016 15000

brightener auxiliary 2.21 0 4.98 55 60 0.55 0.6 x x x x x x 0.001 2200

enzyme auxiliary 2 0.7 0 27 87 0.27 0.27 x x x x x x 0.00004 2.9

dye auxiliary 2 0 0 60 60 0.6 0.6 x x x x x 0.01 14

foam control agent (silicic acid) auxiliary 0 0 0 50 60 0.5 0.6 x x x x 0.00021

dimethylsiloxane auxiliary 0 0 0 50 60 0.5 0.6 x x x x 0.00021

opacifier/ dispersant auxiliary 0 0 0 50 60 0.5 0.6 x x 0.00021

photobleach auxiliary 1.9 0 7.62 93 93 0 0 x x x 0.063 85000

perfume auxiliary 3 0 0 26 90 0.26 0.26 x x x x x x 0.05

sodium cumene sulphonate auxiliary 1.7 0.99 10.36 24.5 87 0.245 0.245 x x 0.00015

N-(ethylenediaminoethyl)aminopropyl trimethoxy silane auxiliary 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0.1

Total 99.78 98.71 98.80 100.00 99.99 99.99 58 ingr. 42 ingr.

2/2

ANNEX 9

Procter & Gamble Dilute Liquid Detergent LCI - base scenario Annex 9

Flow Units Ariel 1998 Ariel 2001 Ariel Actif a froidInputs: (r) Auxiliary materials kg 0 0 0

(r) Barium Sulphate (BaSO4, in ground) kg 3.44E-05 3.06E-05 2.51E-05(r) Bauxite (Al2O3, ore) kg 0.000251655 0.000202717 0.000200852(r) Bentonite (Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O, in ground) kg 3.34E-06 3.17E-06 2.54E-06(r) biomass kg 0 0 0(r) Boron (B, ore) kg 0 0 0(r) Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4, ore) kg 1.06E-06 9.98E-07 7.68E-07(r) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, in ground) kg 3.46E-08 2.77E-08 2.77E-08(r) Chromium (Cr, ore) kg 9.67E-09 8.42E-09 7.33E-09(r) Clay (in ground) kg 0.000312875 0.00030403 0.000214455(r) Coal (in ground) kg 0.0484941 0.041586 0.0336775(r) Copper (Cu, ore) kg 3.27E-08 2.96E-08 2.41E-08(r) Corn Seedling kg 8.06E-06 5.62E-06 1.30E-05(r) Dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3, in ground) kg 4.42E-08 4.10E-08 3.74E-08(r) Fluorspar (CaF2, ore) kg 4.41E-06 3.53E-06 3.53E-06(r) Gravel (unspecified) kg 0.00014258 0.0001326 0.00010233(r) Iron (Fe, ore) kg 0.000364633 0.000349129 0.000255221(r) Iron Sulphate (FeSO4, ore) kg 1.16E-06 1.08E-06 8.27E-07(r) Lead (Pb, ore) kg 1.89E-08 1.62E-08 1.46E-08(r) Lignite (in ground) kg 0.000555624 0.000339674 0.000333741(r) Limestone (CaCO3, in ground) kg 0.00230688 0.00187923 0.00143222(r) Magnesium (Mg, ore) kg 0 0 0(r) Manganese (Mn, ore) kg 3.74E-09 3.39E-09 2.76E-09(r) Natural Gas (in ground) kg 0.0471858 0.0352612 0.0302892(r) Nickel (Ni, ore) kg 2.17E-09 1.97E-09 1.60E-09(r) nitrogen kg 0 0 0(r) Oil (in ground) kg 0.0378606 0.0365804 0.0333319(r) Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4, ore) kg 3.06E-08 2.95E-08 2.71E-08(r) Phosphate Rock (CaH4(PO4)2) kg 8.27E-07 6.57E-07 6.93E-07(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground) kg 2.49E-05 0 5.72E-06(r) Potassium kg 1.25E-08 9.91E-09 1.04E-08(r) Potassium Chloride (KCl, as K2O, in ground) kg 0.000102887 2.33E-05 3.83E-05(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore) kg 5.35E-05 4.85E-05 3.94E-05(r) Quartz Sand kg 0.000317172 2.32E-06 2.34E-07(r) Sand (in ground) kg 0.000328369 0.000315467 0.000218836(r) Silver (Ag, ore) kg 1.62E-10 1.47E-10 1.19E-10(r) SO2 secondary kg 3.85E-06 1.86E-06 1.07E-05(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) kg 0.00646669 0.00383716 0.00363488(r) Sulphur (in natural gas) kg 0 0 6.32E-07(r) Sulphur (S, in ground) kg 0.00179076 0.00115891 0.00107412(r) Uranium (U, ore) kg 1.89E-05 1.82E-05 1.29E-05(r) Zinc (Zn, ore) kg 2.37E-10 2.15E-10 1.75E-10_HCl ex customer kg 4.59E-05 3.36E-07 3.39E-08Borax (B4Na2O7) kg 1.57E-06 1.25E-06 1.25E-06Carbon Dioxide (CO2) kg 0 0 0Catalyst kg 3.57E-06 2.61E-08 2.63E-09Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl, propellant 22) kg 6.17E-09 4.52E-11 4.56E-12Explosive (unspecified) kg 1.85E-05 1.75E-05 1.30E-05Filter Cartridge kg 2.36E-07 1.73E-09 1.74E-10Fresh Fruit Bunches kg 0.0222611 0.0171625 0.00844304Husked Coconuts kg 0.00507574 0 0Iron Scrap kg 8.26E-05 7.88E-05 5.75E-05Land Use (II -> III) m2a 0.000152742 0.000142122 0.000108874Land Use (II -> IV) m2a 2.04E-05 1.90E-05 1.46E-05Land Use (III -> IV) m2a 7.25E-06 6.75E-06 5.17E-06Maize kg 0.000343286 0.000274629 0.000274629Molecular Sieve kg 3.10E-08 2.27E-10 2.29E-11Potatoes kg 9.28E-05 7.42E-05 7.42E-05R11 (CFC) kg 2.77E-09 2.03E-11 2.05E-12Raw Materials (unspecified) kg 0.000711591 0.000602993 0.000547484Steel kg 1.83E-09 2.16E-09 1.02E-09

Dilute Liquid Detergent

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Wastepaper kg 0.00512185 0.00409748 0.00409748Water Used (total) litre 72.6586 72.4273 71.7772Water: Public Network litre 0.0273495 0.0206778 0.0206395Water: River litre 1.68E-05 1.85E-05 1.56E-05Water: Sea litre 0.000751305 0.00116313 0.000843676Water: Unspecified Origin litre 72.633 72.4074 71.7577Water: Well litre 5.22E-07 3.66E-07 3.80E-07Wood kg 0.000729919 0.00060855 0.000567473Wood (standing) m3 0 0 0

Outputs: (a) Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) g 1.93E-05 1.74E-05 1.89E-05(a) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0.000194938 0.000176025 0.000162379(a) Acetone (CH3COCH3) g 1.86E-05 1.68E-05 1.84E-05(a) Acetylene (C2H2) g 0.000322125 0.000299753 0.000229512(a) Aldehyde (unspecified) g 0.00145128 0.00110711 0.000891394(a) Alkane (unspecified) g 0.00280761 0.00254961 0.00213493(a) Alkene (unspecified) g 0.000330966 0.000307759 0.00023696(a) Alkyne (unspecified) g 5.45E-08 4.94E-08 4.02E-08(a) Aluminium (Al) g 0.00619031 0.00576051 0.00441043(a) Ammonia (NH3) g 0.00659955 0.00549857 0.00470911(a) Antimony (Sb) g 1.19E-06 1.11E-06 8.50E-07(a) AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) g 5.16E-15 4.80E-15 3.68E-15(a) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 2.4741 0.0190082 0.00266839(a) Arsenic (As) g 1.37E-05 1.28E-05 1.02E-05(a) Barium (Ba) g 7.42E-05 6.91E-05 5.29E-05(a) Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) g 9.83E-12 8.92E-12 7.25E-12(a) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.000807087 0.000739136 0.000591745(a) Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12) g 1.01E-06 9.39E-07 7.21E-07(a) Berylium (Be) g 5.29E-08 4.46E-08 4.37E-08(a) Boron (B) g 0.000588415 0.000547527 0.000419252(a) Bromium (Br) g 0.000117569 0.000109402 8.38E-05(a) Butane (n-C4H10) g 0.000987403 0.000886169 0.000866734(a) Butene (1-CH3CH2CHCH2) g 7.33E-06 6.65E-06 6.96E-06(a) Cadmium (Cd) g 5.23E-06 4.72E-06 4.93E-06(a) Calcium (Ca) g 0.000758354 0.000705416 0.000543282(a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, biomass) g 12.5968 8.36569 8.25227(a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, fossil) g 287.952 236.591 200.253(a) Carbon Disulfide (CS2) g 1.23E-06 4.05E-07 4.68E-07(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO) g 0.205825 0.163902 0.129374(a) Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) g 7.90E-09 7.17E-09 5.83E-09(a) CFC 11 (CFCl3) g 2.77E-06 2.03E-08 2.05E-09(a) CFC-HCFC (unspecified) g 4.91E-08 3.60E-10 3.63E-11(a) Chlorides (Cl-) g 5.54E-08 5.43E-08 3.76E-08(a) Chlorinated Matter (unspecified, as Cl) g 3.12E-06 1.85E-06 5.88E-06(a) Chlorine (Cl2) g 0.000244843 0.000146568 0.000131662(a) Chromium (Cr III) g 0 0 0(a) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 1.67E-05 1.55E-05 1.25E-05(a) Cobalt (Co) g 6.20E-06 5.67E-06 5.59E-06(a) Copper (Cu) g 1.57E-05 1.44E-05 1.29E-05(a) Cyanide (CN-) g 1.65E-06 1.53E-06 1.18E-06(a) Dimethyl ether (CH3CH3O) g 0.00164443 1.20E-05 1.21E-06(a) Dioxins (unspecified) g 1.22E-11 1.13E-11 8.68E-12(a) Endblocker (EBB) g 1.37E-05 1.01E-07 1.01E-08(a) Ethane (C2H6) g 0.00504281 0.00451158 0.0048742(a) Ethanol (C2H5OH) g 3.70E-05 3.34E-05 3.66E-05(a) Ethylbenzene (C8H10) g 1.97E-06 1.65E-06 3.16E-06(a) Ethylene (C2H4) g 0.0126858 0.0115687 0.0092882(a) Fluorides (F-) g 0.000240284 0.000141644 0.000126417(a) Fluorine (F2) g 8.59E-06 6.35E-06 6.32E-06(a) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 0.000186155 0.000169078 0.000151235(a) Glycerine g 0 0 0(a) Halogenated Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 3.70E-06 2.96E-06 2.96E-06(a) Halogenated Matter (unspecified) g 2.05E-06 1.33E-06 2.92E-06(a) Halogenous Matter (unspecified) g 0 0 1.06E-14

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(a) Halon 1301 (CF3Br) g 9.06E-07 8.13E-07 8.50E-07(a) HCFC 22 (CHF2Cl) g 6.17E-06 4.52E-08 4.56E-09(a) Heptane (C7H16) g 7.21E-05 6.54E-05 6.87E-05(a) Hexane (C6H14) g 0.000141657 0.000128798 0.000134461(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane) g 0.886092 0.377729 0.375057(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.0911194 0.222889 0.207056(a) Hydrogen (H2) g 0.00275425 0.00130915 0.00206342(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) g 0.0389879 0.0327142 0.0256239(a) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) g 4.95E-06 3.38E-06 3.44E-06(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) g 0.00160523 0.00140862 0.00111979(a) Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) g 0.00120928 0.00110044 0.000866855(a) Iodine (I) g 2.94E-05 2.74E-05 2.10E-05(a) Iron (Fe) g 0.00251007 0.00233526 0.00179478(a) Isopropanol g 3.63E-05 2.66E-07 2.68E-08(a) Kerosene g 3.89E-10 0 0(a) lanthanum (La) g 4.93E-07 3.79E-07 4.04E-07(a) Lead (Pb) g 6.52E-05 5.92E-05 4.88E-05(a) Magnesium (Mg) g 0.00216893 0.00201828 0.00154535(a) Manganese (Mn) g 1.79E-05 1.65E-05 1.29E-05(a) Mercaptans g 6.87E-06 5.43E-06 5.21E-06(a) Mercury (Hg) g 1.68E-05 1.23E-05 1.01E-05(a) Metals (unspecified) g 0.000374536 0.000258467 0.000226381(a) Methane (CH4) g 1.22765 1.03361 0.847626(a) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.00018956 5.77E-05 6.22E-05(a) Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) g 0.00158819 1.16E-05 1.17E-06(a) Molybdenum (Mo) g 4.53E-06 4.17E-06 3.79E-06(a) Nickel (Ni) g 0.000105638 9.61E-05 9.86E-05(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) g 1.03446 0.750217 0.654886(a) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) g 0.00409454 0.0036001 0.00269987(a) Organic Matter (unspecified) g 0.00641016 0.0054115 0.00518516(a) Particulates (unspecified) g 0.351301 0.221401 0.204326(a) PDMS g 0.000877979 6.43E-06 6.48E-07(a) Pentane (C5H12) g 0.00132959 0.00120176 0.00105858(a) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 7.55E-11 6.84E-11 5.56E-11(a) Phosphorus (P) g 5.51E-05 5.14E-05 3.92E-05(a) Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) g 3.71E-08 3.45E-08 2.64E-08(a) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified)g 1.34E-05 1.10E-05 9.75E-06(a) Potassium (K) g 0.000758889 0.000705783 0.000541113(a) Propane (C3H8) g 0.00186752 0.00168966 0.00164986(a) Propionaldehyde (CH3CH2CHO) g 2.71E-11 2.45E-11 1.99E-11(a) Propionic Acid (CH3CH2COOH) g 3.54E-08 3.20E-08 2.61E-08(a) Propylene (CH2CHCH3) g 0.000365662 0.000339925 0.00026401(a) Scandium (Sc) g 6.62E-07 6.16E-07 4.71E-07(a) Selenium (Se) g 1.36E-05 1.26E-05 1.01E-05(a) Silanes g 2.55E-05 1.87E-07 1.88E-08(a) Silicon (Si) g 0.00927733 0.00863307 0.00660994(a) Siloxanes g 0.000183856 1.35E-06 1.36E-07(a) Sodium (Na) g 0.000471983 0.000437401 0.000362632(a) Strontium (Sr) g 0.00012109 0.00011268 8.63E-05(a) Sulphur Oxides (SOx as SO2) g 1.35237 1.03002 0.92593(a) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) g 5.13E-06 3.90E-06 3.66E-06(a) Tars (unspecified) g 3.31E-06 8.60E-08 4.74E-08(a) Thallium (TI) g 2.64E-08 2.22E-08 2.18E-08(a) Thorium (Th) g 1.25E-06 1.16E-06 8.89E-07(a) Tin (Sn) g 3.90E-07 3.63E-07 2.78E-07(a) Titanium (Ti) g 0.000216812 0.000201755 0.000154475(a) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.000296894 0.000270633 0.000227249(a) Trimethyl silianol g 2.38E-08 1.74E-10 1.75E-11(a) Unspecified emission g 0 0 0(a) Uranium (U) g 1.21E-06 1.13E-06 8.63E-07(a) Vanadium (V) g 0.000371058 0.000338345 0.000356168(a) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) g 0.0209686 0.00217406 0.00216408(a) Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) g 9.62E-05 8.13E-05 6.97E-05

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(a) Zinc (Zn) g 9.75E-05 8.75E-05 7.41E-05(a) Zirconium (Zr) g 9.28E-07 8.63E-07 6.61E-07(ar) Aerosols and Halogenes (unspecified) kBq 3.34E-05 3.28E-05 2.27E-05(ar) Americium (Am241) kBq 1.34E-07 1.31E-07 9.10E-08(ar) Carbon (C14) kBq 0.0462076 0.045332 0.0313643(ar) Cerium (Ce144) kBq 2.77E-06 2.71E-06 1.88E-06(ar) Cesium (Cs134) kBq 9.57E-06 9.39E-06 6.50E-06(ar) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 1.91E-05 1.88E-05 1.30E-05(ar) Cobalt (Co58) kBq 4.25E-07 4.17E-07 2.89E-07(ar) Cobalt (Co60) kBq 4.25E-07 4.17E-07 2.89E-07(ar) Curium (Cm alpha) kBq 2.13E-07 2.09E-07 1.44E-07(ar) Gas (unspecified) kBq 1.06699 1.04677 0.724237(ar) Iodine (I129) kBq 2.55E-05 2.50E-05 1.73E-05(ar) Iodine (I131) kBq 2.83E-06 2.78E-06 1.92E-06(ar) Iodine (I133) kBq 4.88E-06 4.78E-06 3.31E-06(ar) Krypton (Kr85) kBq 327.776 321.564 222.484(ar) Lead (Pb210) kBq 4.19E-05 3.97E-05 2.93E-05(ar) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 3.40E-11 3.34E-11 2.31E-11(ar) Plutonium (Pu alpha) kBq 4.89E-07 4.80E-07 3.32E-07(ar) Plutonium (Pu214 beta XXX) kBq 1.19E-05 1.17E-05 8.08E-06(ar) Plutonium (Pu238) kBq 4.98E-12 4.88E-12 3.38E-12(ar) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 1.15E-11 1.13E-11 7.81E-12(ar) Polonium (Po210) kBq 4.98E-05 4.64E-05 3.55E-05(ar) Potassium (K40) kBq 7.62E-06 7.09E-06 5.43E-06(ar) Promethium (Pm147) kBq 3.40E-06 3.34E-06 2.31E-06(ar) Protactinium (Pa234m) kBq 4.86E-06 4.77E-06 3.30E-06(ar) Radioactive Substance (unspecified) kBq 6.45691 5.16014 5.19818(ar) Radium (Ra106) kBq 0.000425392 0.000417331 0.000288743(ar) Radium (Ra220) kBq 1.63E-16 1.31E-16 1.31E-16(ar) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.000313201 0.00030691 0.000212828(ar) Radium (Ra228) kBq 3.81E-06 3.55E-06 2.72E-06(ar) Radon (Rn220) kBq 0.000117255 0.000109112 8.35E-05(ar) Radon (Rn222) kBq 0.000475235 0.000442159 0.000339205(ar) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 1.34E-05 1.31E-05 9.10E-06(ar) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 1.72E-09 1.69E-09 1.17E-09(ar) Thorium (Th228) kBq 3.22E-06 3.00E-06 2.30E-06(ar) Thorium (Th230) kBq 6.34E-05 6.22E-05 4.31E-05(ar) Thorium (Th232) kBq 2.05E-06 1.91E-06 1.46E-06(ar) Thorium (Th234) kBq 4.86E-06 4.77E-06 3.30E-06(ar) Tritium (H3) kBq 0.224043 0.219797 0.152073(ar) Uranium (U alpha) kBq 2.00E-08 1.96E-08 1.36E-08(ar) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.000111072 0.000108967 7.54E-05(ar) Uranium (U235) kBq 8.64E-07 8.48E-07 5.87E-07(ar) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.000132213 0.000129411 8.99E-05(ar) Xenon (Xe133) kBq 0.906686 0.889504 0.61543(s) Aluminium (Al) g 0.000426291 0.00038666 0.000314194(s) Arsenic (As) g 1.70E-07 1.54E-07 1.33E-07(s) Cadmium (Cd) g 7.71E-11 6.99E-11 3.86E-08(s) Calcium (Ca) g 0.00170313 0.00154479 0.00125528(s) Carbon (C) g 0.00127833 0.00115949 0.000942187(s) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 2.13E-06 1.93E-06 1.57E-06(s) Chromium (Cr) g 0 0 2.71E-07(s) Cobalt (Co) g 7.81E-11 7.09E-11 3.27E-08(s) Copper (Cu) g 3.91E-10 3.55E-10 1.19E-07(s) Fluorine (F) g 0 0 6.53E-05(s) Iron (Fe) g 0.000851332 0.000772186 0.000627468(s) Lead (Pb) g 1.79E-09 1.62E-09 4.41E-07(s) Manganese (Mn) g 1.70E-05 1.54E-05 1.26E-05(s) Mercury (Hg) g 1.42E-11 1.29E-11 2.57E-07(s) Molybdenum (Mo) g 0 0 1.60E-08(s) Nickel (Ni) g 5.87E-10 5.33E-10 1.22E-07(s) Nitrogen (N) g 6.67E-09 6.05E-09 4.92E-09(s) Oils (unspecified) g 2.53E-06 2.29E-06 1.86E-06

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(s) Phosphorus (P) g 2.13E-05 1.93E-05 1.57E-05(s) Selenium (Se) g 0 0 9.87E-09(s) Sulphur (S) g 0.000255483 0.000231731 0.000188301(s) Thallium (Tl) g 0 0 9.54E-10(s) Tin (Sn) g 0 0 1.14E-08(s) Vanadium (V) g 0 0 3.82E-07(s) Zinc (Zn) g 6.40E-06 5.81E-06 5.63E-06(sr) Americium (Am241) kBq 0.274358 0.269159 0.186225(sr) Americium (Am243) kBq 2.11795 2.07781 1.4376(sr) Cesium (Cs135) kBq 19.7963 19.4212 13.4371(sr) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 3.14E-05 3.08E-05 2.13E-05(sr) Curium (Cm244) kBq 0.29721 0.291578 0.201737(sr) Curium (Cm245) kBq 0.000165125 0.000161996 0.000112082(sr) Iodine (I129) kBq 9.53E-07 9.35E-07 6.47E-07(sr) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 0.0389737 0.0382352 0.0264541(sr) Palladium (Pd107) kBq 0.0105759 0.0103754 0.00717856(sr) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 18.6203 18.2674 12.6389(sr) Plutonium (Pu240) kBq 47.6371 46.7344 32.3345(sr) Plutonium (Pu241) kBq 19551.4 19180.9 13270.9(sr) Plutonium (Pu242) kBq 0.29605 0.29044 0.200949(sr) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.211428 0.207422 0.143511(sr) Samarium (Sm151) kBq 0.0157646 0.0154658 0.0107005(sr) Selenium (Se79) kBq 0.0340711 0.0334255 0.0231264(sr) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 1.39975 1.37322 0.950103(sr) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 1.46858 1.44075 0.996826(sr) Thorium (Th230) kBq 0.211428 0.207422 0.143511(sr) Tin (Sn126) kBq 0.0587489 0.0576356 0.0398769(sr) Uranium (U233) kBq 0.000176182 0.000172844 0.000119587(sr) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.0654467 0.0642065 0.0444231(sr) Uranium (U235) kBq 0.000831541 0.000815783 0.000564423(sr) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.0173491 0.0170203 0.011776(sr) Zirconium (Zr93) kBq 0.299556 0.293879 0.203329(w) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0 0 0(w) Acids (H+) g 0.0112584 0.00167218 0.00218108(w) Adipic acid (HOOC(CH2)4COOH) g 0 0 0(w) ae11 g 0 0 0(w) Alcohol (unspecified) g 3.25E-05 3.19E-05 2.21E-05(w) Aldehyde (unspecified) g 1.82E-07 1.65E-07 1.34E-07(w) Alkane (unspecified) g 5.54E-05 5.03E-05 5.19E-05(w) Alkene (unspecified) g 5.11E-06 4.64E-06 4.79E-06(w) Alkyl ethersulfate (AES) g 0.65634 0 0(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE5) g 0 0 0(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE7) g 0.72668 1.10994 1.18503(w) Alkylsulfate C28 g 2.27602 0 0(w) Aluminium (Al3+) g 0.00646236 0.00625954 0.0044819(w) Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) g 5.68E-07 5.58E-07 3.86E-07(w) Amidopropyl dimethylamine C8-10 g 0.237387 0.207977 0(w) amine oxide g 0 0 0.229955(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N) g 0.0114412 0.00691136 0.0259098(w) AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) g 0.000975901 0.00077542 0.000813398(w) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.000252893 0.00022777 0.000231935(w) Arsenic (As3+, As5+) g 1.28E-05 1.17E-05 9.36E-06(w) Barium (Ba++) g 0.0011097 0.0010008 0.00103595(w) Barytes g 0.00604125 0.00547961 0.00445265(w) Base (OH-) g 0.957794 0.0477378 1.04E-07(w) Benzene (C6H6) g 5.54E-05 5.03E-05 5.20E-05(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) g 14.1778 9.90142 8.35325(w) Boric Acid (H3BO3) g 1.55466 1.24867 0.0303804(w) Boron (B III) g 6.91E-06 6.27E-06 6.48E-06(w) Brightener (FWA) g 0.0542637 0.0430783 0.045428(w) C12-14 N methyl glucose amide g 0.660653 0 0(w) C16-18 N methyl glucose amide g 0 0 0(w) Cadmium (Cd++) g 1.63E-06 1.58E-06 1.15E-06

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(w) Calcium (Ca++) g 0.0387859 0.0804719 0.014427(w) Carbonates (CO3--, HCO3-, CO2, as C) g 0.000681821 0.000657315 0.000471383(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) g 0 0 0(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (EMC) g 0 0 0(w) castor g 0 0 0(w) Cerium (Ce++) g 3.89E-07 3.53E-07 3.72E-07(w) Cesium (Cs++) g 3.67E-13 1.77E-13 4.53E-10(w) Chlorates (ClO3-) g 0.0003204 0.00025632 0.00025632(w) Chlorides (Cl-) g 0.998112 0.825689 0.753966(w) Chlorinated Matter (unspecified, as Cl) g 0.00096058 0.000871275 0.000707989(w) Chlorine (Cl2) g 1.71E-05 9.24E-06 2.81E-05(w) Chloroform (CHCl3) g 3.14E-10 2.53E-10 2.60E-10(w) Chromate (CrO4--) g 1.25E-06 4.20E-07 4.80E-07(w) Chromium (Cr III) g 4.48E-06 4.06E-06 3.30E-06(w) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 9.13E-05 0.000117007 0.00011461(w) Chromium (Cr VI) g 3.93E-08 3.15E-08 3.15E-08(w) Citrate g 0.24124 0.116244 0.670801(w) Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) g 2.76E-07 2.51E-07 2.04E-07(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) g 27.2363 22.5727 19.7255(w) Copper (Cu+, Cu++) g 3.61E-05 1.08E-05 9.23E-06(w) Cumenesulfonate g 0 0.44325 0.193549(w) Cyanides (CN-) g 3.90E-06 2.63E-06 2.88E-06(w) Cyclohexane dimethanol g 0 0 0(w) diehtylene glycol g 0 0 0.570547(w) Dieth. triamine pentameth.phosph. (DTPMP)) g 0.255304 0.0659041 0.154662(w) Dimethylhydroxyethyl ammonium chloride (C8-10) g 0 0 0(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 0.32544 0.165165 0.144052(w) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) g 0.00205614 0.00167083 0.00168684(w) Dye g 0.000256845 0.000206273 0.00135106(w) Edetic Acid (C10H16N2O8, EDTA) g 0 0 0(w) ehdq g 0 0 1.10412(w) Enzyme g 0.265791 0.177827 0.233048(w) Ethanol (CH3CHOH) g 0.653518 0.551855 0.535372(w) Ethoxylated hexylene diamine (PB) g 0 0 0(w) Ethoxylated poly(ethyleneimine) g 0 0.306984 0(w) Ethoxylated tetraethylene pentaimine g 0.164339 0.175975 0(w) Ethylbenzene (C6H5C2H5) g 2.53E-06 2.12E-06 4.11E-06(w) Ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) g 0 0 0(w) Fatty acids g 1.70661 0 0.620942(w) Fluorides (F-) g 0.000667126 0.00055417 0.00054986(w) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 1.31E-11 1.18E-11 9.62E-12(w) Formic acid (HCOOH) g 0 0 0(w) Halogenated Hydrocarbons g 7.27E-09 5.77E-09 6.09E-09(w) Halogenous Matter (organic) g 0 0 2.75E-13(w) Hexachloroethane (C2Cl6) g 1.82E-15 1.65E-15 1.34E-15(w) Hydrazine (N2H4) g 5.16E-07 5.07E-07 3.51E-07(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.00167825 0.00107277 0.000912431(w) Hydroxyethane diphosphonate (HEDP) g 0 0.124014 0(w) Hypochlorite (ClO-) g 3.10E-07 2.81E-07 2.28E-07(w) Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) g 3.10E-07 2.81E-07 2.28E-07(w) Imidazole epichlorhydrin (ABE) g 0 0 0(w) Inorganic Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 0.00237513 0.00163108 0.00150685(w) Iode (I-) g 3.90E-05 3.54E-05 3.73E-05(w) Iron (Fe++, Fe3+) g 0.0154904 0.00765057 0.00550163(w) KOH-isopropanol 10% g 3.28E-06 2.40E-08 2.42E-09(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+) g 0.000346671 0.000338528 0.000236394(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) g 0 1.7229 1.61421(w) Lithium Salts (Lithine) g 5.77E-08 5.66E-08 3.92E-08(w) Magnesium (Mg++) g 0.002586 0.00248303 0.00184926(w) Manganese (Mn II, Mn IV, Mn VII) g 0.00103591 0.00101339 0.000709402(w) Mercury (Hg+, Hg++) g 5.75E-06 4.52E-06 4.12E-06(w) Metals (unspecified) g 0.00244162 0.00198262 0.00160214(w) Methane (CH4) g 0.00151652 0.00148778 0.00102936

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(w) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.0011157 8.18E-06 8.24E-07(w) Methyl tert Butyl Ether (MTBE, C5H12O) g 5.13E-10 3.58E-10 8.29E-10(w) Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) g 8.99E-07 7.24E-07 7.45E-07(w) Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) g 3.78E-05 3.68E-05 2.58E-05(w) Monoethanolamine (MEA) g 1.21933 1.44066 0.676104(w) Morpholine (C4H9NO) g 5.47E-06 5.36E-06 3.71E-06(w) MP diol glycol g 0 0 0.340134(w) Nickel (Ni++, Ni3+) g 2.19E-05 4.34E-05 3.83E-05(w) Nitrates (NO3-) g 0.000612179 0.000499213 0.0005201(w) Nitrites (NO2-) g 2.34E-08 1.88E-08 1.94E-08(w) Nitrogenous Matter (Kjeldahl, as N) g 0.000230875 0.00022635 0.000156836(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N) g 0.0151649 0.0107304 0.0175118(w) Oils (unspecified) g 0.00481564 0.00438427 0.00344852(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (aromatic) g 0 0 0(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (chlorinated) g 1.77E-05 8.04E-06 5.65E-06(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 0.000486628 0.000446583 0.000348703(w) Organic Matter (unspecified) g 0.00232005 0.000170743 0.000914803(w) Oxalic Acid ((COOH)2) g 2.25E-06 2.21E-06 1.53E-06(w) PDMS g 0.0672388 0.00134785 0.000135819(w) Perfume g 0.129209 0.103768 0.13444(w) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 0.000365488 0.000255045 0.000232277(w) Phosphates (PO4 3-, HPO4--, H2PO4-, H3PO4, as P)g 0.00178483 0.00129564 0.00266056(w) Phosphorous Matter (unspecified, as P) g 0.0994456 0.0579469 0.0233654(w) Phosphorus (P) g 1.74E-06 1.58E-06 1.64E-06(w) Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) g 1.11E-06 1.03E-06 7.89E-07(w) Polyacrylate g 0 0 0(w) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified)g 5.66E-06 5.12E-06 5.29E-06(w) Polyethylene glycol g 0 0 0(w) polyethyleneimini-damascone g 0 0 0(w) Potassium (K+) g 0.00385408 0.0023702 0.00280591(w) propanediol terephthalic acid copolymer g 0 0 0(w) Propyleneglycol (CH2OHCHOHCH3) g 2.71161 1.86193 0.815224(w) Rubidium (Rb+) g 3.90E-06 3.54E-06 3.73E-06(w) Salts (unspecified) g 0.18753 0.149024 0.156595(w) Saponifiable Oils and Fats g 0.00190322 0.00172653 0.00181955(w) Selenium (Se II, Se IV, Se VI) g 3.19E-05 3.13E-05 2.17E-05(w) Silicate g 0 0 0(w) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) g 1.06E-06 9.61E-07 7.81E-07(w) Silver (Ag+) g 2.34E-07 2.12E-07 2.24E-07(w) Soap g 0 0 0.0751318(w) Sodium (Na+) g 2.26533 0.774399 0.782146(w) Soil release polymer g 0.0465421 0 0(w) Sorbitol g 0 0 0(w) Starch g 0 0 0(w) Stibium (Sb) g 2.77E-06 2.20E-06 2.32E-06(w) Strontium (Sr II) g 0.00247926 0.00225169 0.00233863(w) Sulfonated polystyrene g 0 0 0(w) Sulphates (SO4--) g 0.10756 0.0451335 0.0459624(w) Sulphides (S--) g 0.019083 0.00145313 0.00137758(w) Sulphites (SO3--) g 1.55E-09 1.25E-09 1.28E-09(w) Sulphurated Matter (unspecified, as S) g 2.89E-05 1.99E-05 1.84E-05(w) Suspended Matter (organic) g 0 0 0(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified) g 0.216117 0.144066 0.169614(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE11) g 0 0 0.0173035(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE25) g 0 0 0(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE80) g 0 0 0(w) Tars (unspecified) g 4.73E-08 1.23E-09 6.77E-10(w) Tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED) g 0 0 0(w) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) g 4.44E-12 4.03E-12 3.27E-12(w) Tin (Sn++, Sn4+) g 1.24E-07 1.22E-07 8.43E-08(w) Titanium (Ti3+, Ti4+) g 3.07E-05 2.93E-05 2.15E-05(w) TOC (Total Organic Carbon) g 0.0103455 0.00906243 0.00844045(w) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 4.84E-05 4.37E-05 4.51E-05

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(w) Tri n-butyl-phosphate (TBP, (C4H9O)3PO) g 0 0 0(w) Tributyl Phosphate ((C4H9)3PO4, TBP) g 2.13E-05 2.09E-05 1.45E-05(w) Trichlorethane (1,1,1-CH3CCl3) g 3.05E-12 2.46E-12 2.53E-12(w) Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) g 8.39E-11 6.76E-11 6.96E-11(w) Triethanolamine (TEA) g 0 0 0(w) Triethylene Glycol (C6H14O4) g 0.000339922 0.00030832 0.000250537(w) trimethoxysilylpropyl diethyleneamine g 0.020202 0 0(w) Trimethyl Silianol g 5.94E-08 4.35E-10 4.38E-11(w) Unspecified emission g 0 0 0(w) Vanadium (V3+, V5+) g 0.000124262 0.000121895 8.44E-05(w) Vinylacetate (CH3COOCH2:CH2) g 0 0 0(w) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) g 0.000136248 0.000123599 0.000130259(w) Water (unspecified) litre 0.0348461 0.0324219 0.0248351(w) Water: Chemically Polluted litre 60.807 0.0636323 60.7836(w) Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) g 0.000370038 0.000335684 0.000353021(w) Zeolite g 0 0 0(w) Zinc (Zn++) g 7.89E-05 7.10E-05 6.07E-05(w) Zinc phthalocyanine sulfonate g 0 0 0(wr) Americium (Am241) kBq 4.47E-05 4.38E-05 3.03E-05(wr) Antimony (Sb124) kBq 2.52E-05 2.47E-05 1.71E-05(wr) Antimony (Sb125) kBq 0.0303855 0.0298097 0.0206247(wr) Carbon (C14) kBq 0.0223947 0.0219703 0.0152008(wr) Cerium (Ce144) kBq 0.000680626 0.000667728 0.000461987(wr) Cesium (Cs134) kBq 0.000747465 0.000733301 0.000507355(wr) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 0.00681111 0.00668204 0.00462317(wr) Cobalt (Co58) kBq 7.29E-05 7.15E-05 4.95E-05(wr) Cobalt (Co60) kBq 0.00452493 0.00443918 0.00307138(wr) Curium (Cm alpha) kBq 2.77E-05 2.71E-05 1.88E-05(wr) Curium (Cm244) kBq 2.13E-05 2.09E-05 1.44E-05(wr) Iodine (I129) kBq 0.000338185 0.000331777 0.000229549(wr) Iodine (I131) kBq 2.76E-06 2.71E-06 1.88E-06(wr) Manganese (Mn54) kBq 3.65E-06 3.58E-06 2.47E-06(wr) Manganese (Mn55) kBq 0.000595547 0.000584261 0.000404238(wr) Mix (Zr95, Nb95) kBq 4.25E-05 4.17E-05 2.89E-05(wr) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 9.57E-06 9.39E-06 6.50E-06(wr) Plutonium (Pu alpha XXX) kBq 0.000233965 0.000229531 0.000158808(wr) Plutonium (Pu238) kBq 4.47E-05 4.38E-05 3.03E-05(wr) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 2.77E-05 2.71E-05 1.88E-05(wr) Plutonium (Pu241 beta) kBq 0.00701891 0.0068859 0.00476421(wr) Protactinium (Pa234m) kBq 9.00E-05 8.83E-05 6.11E-05(wr) Radioactive Substance (unspecified) kBq 0.0590036 0.0471535 0.0475017(wr) Radium (Ra224) kBq 1.95E-05 1.77E-05 1.86E-05(wr) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.15578 0.152825 0.10575(wr) Radium (Ra228) kBq 3.90E-05 3.54E-05 3.73E-05(wr) Ruthenium (Ru106) kBq 0.0432173 0.0423983 0.0293345(wr) Silver (Ag110m) kBq 0.000109353 0.000107281 7.42E-05(wr) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 0.0720292 0.0706642 0.0488911(wr) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 0.000446657 0.000438193 0.000303177(wr) Thorium (Th228) kBq 7.80E-05 7.08E-05 7.46E-05(wr) Thorium (Th230) kBq 0.00759924 0.00745524 0.00515812(wr) Thorium (Th234) kBq 9.00E-05 8.83E-05 6.11E-05(wr) Tritium (H3) kBq 14.6129 14.3359 9.91874(wr) Uranium (U alpha XXX) kBq 1.47E-05 1.44E-05 9.96E-06(wr) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.0026841 0.00263324 0.00182188(wr) Uranium (U235) kBq 0.000116544 0.000114335 7.91E-05(wr) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.00252557 0.00247771 0.00171428Carbon Dioxide (CO2) kg 0 0 8.78E-07FU wash 0 0 0Hydrochloric Acid (HCl, 100%) kg 0 0 2.10E-05Recovered Energy MJ 0.00013824 0.000110592 0.000110592Recovered Matter (total) kg 0.000785804 0.000631163 0.000560628Recovered Matter (unspecified) kg 0.000477141 0.000381843 0.000315158Recovered Matter: Ash kg 3.00E-12 2.40E-12 9.40E-11

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Recovered Matter: Cardboard kg 0.000295243 0.000236195 0.000236195Recovered Matter: Iron Scrap kg 1.33E-05 1.31E-05 9.05E-06Recovered Matter: Paraffin Wax kg 1.14E-10 9.12E-11 9.12E-11Recovered Matter: Steel Scrap kg 0 0 0Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4, 100%) kg 1.10E-06 8.03E-09 8.09E-10Waste (hazardous) kg 0.00726126 0.00499509 0.00463247Waste (incineration) kg 1.19E-06 1.46E-06 1.43E-06Waste (municipal and industrial) kg 0.0127026 0.0101642 0.0101585Waste (total) kg 0.0738375 0.0688328 0.0587813Waste (unspecified) kg 0.00419832 0.00263385 0.00251494Waste: Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4, hazardous) kg 0 0 3.00E-06Waste: Highly Radioactive (class C) kg 1.44E-06 1.41E-06 9.76E-07Waste: Intermediate Radioactive (class B) kg 1.10E-05 1.08E-05 7.46E-06Waste: Low Radioactive (class A) kg 0.000120167 0.000117714 8.22E-05Waste: Mineral (inert) kg 0.0149251 0.0138068 0.0106062Waste: Mining kg 0.12227 0.119953 0.0829933Waste: Non Mineral (inert) kg 1.40E-05 1.02E-05 9.11E-06Waste: Non Toxic Chemicals (unspecified) kg 2.21E-05 1.25E-05 1.36E-05Waste: Radioactive kg 1.01E-07 8.49E-08 1.65E-07Waste: Radioactive (unspecified) kg 2.78E-07 2.59E-07 1.97E-07Waste: Slags and Ash (unspecified) kg 0.00193973 0.00175974 0.0013864Waste: Sludge kg 0.0259599 0.0287638 0.024834Waste: Treatment kg 0.00681451 0.00668537 0.00462547

Reminders:E Feedstock Energy MJ 2.26941 1.76803 1.51733E Fuel Energy MJ 13.3228 12.5026 9.11004E Non Renewable Energy MJ 14.4218 13.3596 10.0117E Renewable Energy MJ 1.16743 0.908621 0.613209E Total Primary Energy MJ 15.5898 14.2688 10.6254Electricity MJ elec 4.24893 4.03041 2.87941

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ANNEX 10

Procter & Gamble Regular Powder Detergent LCI - base scenario Annex 10

Flow Units Ariel 1998 Ariel 2001 Ariel Actif a froidInputs: (r) Auxiliary materials kg 9.72E-06 7.03E-05 5.40E-05

(r) Barium Sulphate (BaSO4, in ground) kg 5.97E-05 5.19E-05 3.81E-05(r) Bauxite (Al2O3, ore) kg 0.0164121 0.0157958 0.0119802(r) Bentonite (Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O, in ground) kg 2.53E-06 2.42E-06 1.70E-06(r) biomass kg 4.15E-06 1.88E-05 5.35E-06(r) Boron (B, ore) kg 0.0014175 0 0(r) Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4, ore) kg 1.34E-06 1.32E-06 8.85E-07(r) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, in ground) kg 0 0 0(r) Chromium (Cr, ore) kg 1.09E-08 1.04E-08 7.74E-09(r) Clay (in ground) kg 0.00467347 0.00444849 0.00029336(r) Coal (in ground) kg 0.0583884 0.0606459 0.042517(r) Copper (Cu, ore) kg 2.56E-08 2.45E-08 1.72E-08(r) Corn Seedling kg 4.32E-06 7.24E-06 4.21E-06(r) Dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3, in ground) kg 40500 1.41E-07 1.09E-07(r) Fluorspar (CaF2, ore) kg 3.17E-07 3.13E-07 2.79E-07(r) Gravel (unspecified) kg 0.000182002 0.000179017 0.000120422(r) Iron (Fe, ore) kg 0.000380253 0.000355861 0.000242917(r) Iron Sulphate (FeSO4, ore) kg 1.43E-06 1.42E-06 9.47E-07(r) Lead (Pb, ore) kg -8.11E-06 -5.19E-06 -5.03E-06(r) Lignite (in ground) kg 0.00389084 0.00496493 0.00332884(r) Limestone (CaCO3, in ground) kg 0.0298686 0.0435679 0.0318282(r) Magnesium (Mg, ore) kg 6.08E-06 0 0(r) Manganese (Mn, ore) kg 2.94E-09 2.80E-09 1.97E-09(r) Natural Gas (in ground) kg 0.0404492 0.0358491 0.0253898(r) Nickel (Ni, ore) kg 1.71E-09 1.63E-09 1.14E-09(r) nitrogen kg 0 2.14E-06 4.10E-06(r) Oil (in ground) kg 0.0398117 0.033013 0.0272005(r) Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4, ore) kg 9.00E-08 7.66E-08 5.89E-08(r) Phosphate Rock (CaH4(PO4)2) kg 5.51E-07 2.17E-05 4.16E-05(r) Phosphate Rock (in ground) kg 0 1.04E-06 3.52E-06(r) Potassium kg 8.31E-09 6.76E-09 1.39E-08(r) Potassium Chloride (KCl, as K2O, in ground) kg 0.00340209 0.00273594 0.00209584(r) Pyrite (FeS2, ore) kg 4.20E-05 4.01E-05 2.82E-05(r) Quartz Sand kg 7.82E-05 4.54E-05 5.01E-05(r) Sand (in ground) kg 0.0103502 0.00968327 0.00727848(r) Silver (Ag, ore) kg 1.27E-10 1.21E-10 8.52E-11(r) SO2 secondary kg 8.56E-06 0.000165453 0.000139486(r) Sodium Chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) kg 0.0719851 0.0754423 0.0588438(r) Sulphur (in natural gas) kg 0 1.14E-07 3.88E-07(r) Sulphur (S, in ground) kg 0.00148239 0.00111798 0.00107919(r) Uranium (U, ore) kg 1.88E-05 1.75E-05 1.19E-05(r) Zinc (Zn, ore) kg 1.86E-10 1.78E-10 1.25E-10_HCl ex customer kg 1.13E-05 6.58E-06 7.25E-06Borax (B4Na2O7) kg 1.81E-06 2.13E-06 1.66E-06Carbon Dioxide (CO2) kg 0 0 0Catalyst kg 8.80E-07 5.11E-07 5.63E-07Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl, propellant 22) kg 1.52E-09 8.85E-10 9.75E-10Explosive (unspecified) kg 2.16E-05 2.12E-05 1.42E-05Filter Cartridge kg 5.81E-08 3.38E-08 3.72E-08Fresh Fruit Bunches kg 0 0.00171194 0.00131416Husked Coconuts kg 0 0 0Iron Scrap kg 8.08E-05 7.66E-05 5.20E-05Land Use (II -> III) m2a 0.000188168 0.000186434 0.000124689Land Use (II -> IV) m2a 2.52E-05 2.50E-05 1.67E-05Land Use (III -> IV) m2a 8.93E-06 8.85E-06 5.92E-06Maize kg 0.000395728 0.000466286 0.000363092Molecular Sieve kg 7.63E-09 4.43E-09 4.89E-09Potatoes kg 0.000106522 0.000125514 9.77E-05R11 (CFC) kg 6.84E-10 3.97E-10 4.38E-10Raw Materials (unspecified) kg 0.000777244 0.000870274 0.00065886Steel kg 2.83E-06 2.98E-06 1.97E-06

Regular Powder Detergent

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Wastepaper kg 0.00592261 0.0069786 0.00543416Water Used (total) litre 73.2137 72.8589 72.0915Water: Public Network litre 0.191933 0.155359 0.118737Water: River litre 2.59E-06 2.44E-06 1.90E-06Water: Sea litre 0.000309868 0.000262478 0.000201738Water: Unspecified Origin litre 73.026 72.7075 71.9755Water: Well litre 2.80E-06 2.27E-06 1.74E-06Wood kg 0.00103286 0.00216982 0.00201357Wood (standing) m3 0 0 0

Outputs: (a) Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) g 4.05E-05 3.11E-05 2.42E-05(a) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0.000256144 0.000214165 0.000159795(a) Acetone (CH3COCH3) g 4.00E-05 3.06E-05 2.38E-05(a) Acetylene (C2H2) g 0.000276581 0.000266311 0.000179216(a) Aldehyde (unspecified) g 0.000596844 0.000490101 0.000360157(a) Alkane (unspecified) g 0.00287108 0.00264369 0.00188704(a) Alkene (unspecified) g 0.000288598 0.00027627 0.000186678(a) Alkyne (unspecified) g 4.28E-08 4.08E-08 2.87E-08(a) Aluminium (Al) g 0.00521928 0.00501665 0.00337735(a) Ammonia (NH3) g 0.0369623 0.0709679 0.08386(a) Antimony (Sb) g 9.89E-07 9.49E-07 6.39E-07(a) AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) g 6.36E-15 6.30E-15 4.21E-15(a) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.610951 0.355509 0.391549(a) Arsenic (As) g 1.37E-05 1.25E-05 8.69E-06(a) Barium (Ba) g 6.25E-05 6.01E-05 4.05E-05(a) Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) g 7.72E-12 7.37E-12 5.18E-12(a) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.000927894 0.000938332 0.00065198(a) Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12) g 1.25E-06 1.23E-06 8.25E-07(a) Berylium (Be) g 1.94E-08 2.60E-08 1.59E-08(a) Boron (B) g 0.00048389 0.000463955 0.000312534(a) Bromium (Br) g 9.67E-05 9.27E-05 6.24E-05(a) Butane (n-C4H10) g 0.00223744 0.00195825 0.00144459(a) Butene (1-CH3CH2CHCH2) g 2.46E-05 2.12E-05 1.59E-05(a) Cadmium (Cd) g 1.29E-05 1.13E-05 8.57E-06(a) Calcium (Ca) g 0.000653457 0.00062359 0.00042182(a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, biomass) g 40.3929 36.7158 29.6409(a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, fossil) g 284.241 261.67 196.339(a) Carbon Disulfide (CS2) g 3.10E-05 2.49E-05 1.90E-05(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO) g 0.234467 0.305267 0.226523(a) Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) g 6.21E-09 5.92E-09 4.16E-09(a) CFC 11 (CFCl3) g 6.84E-07 3.97E-07 4.38E-07(a) CFC-HCFC (unspecified) g 1.21E-08 7.04E-09 7.76E-09(a) Chlorides (Cl-) g 5.53E-08 5.22E-08 3.52E-08(a) Chlorinated Matter (unspecified, as Cl) g 3.34E-05 2.88E-05 2.13E-05(a) Chlorine (Cl2) g 0.000182465 0.000129704 0.000114264(a) Chromium (Cr III) g 5.13E-13 5.15E-13 4.01E-13(a) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 1.68E-05 1.52E-05 1.06E-05(a) Cobalt (Co) g 1.11E-05 8.88E-06 6.74E-06(a) Copper (Cu) g 2.19E-05 1.84E-05 1.35E-05(a) Cyanide (CN-) g 2.02E-06 2.00E-06 1.34E-06(a) Dimethyl ether (CH3CH3O) g 0.000405511 0.000235583 0.000259667(a) Dioxins (unspecified) g 1.01E-11 9.63E-12 6.51E-12(a) Endblocker (EBB) g 3.39E-06 1.97E-06 2.17E-06(a) Ethane (C2H6) g 0.0154228 0.0133864 0.00984039(a) Ethanol (C2H5OH) g 7.98E-05 6.11E-05 4.76E-05(a) Ethylbenzene (C8H10) g 2.01E-05 1.68E-05 1.29E-05(a) Ethylene (C2H4) g 0.010461 0.0100249 0.00696637(a) Fluorides (F-) g 0.000128807 9.66E-05 8.81E-05(a) Fluorine (F2) g 5.21E-05 3.17E-05 2.52E-05(a) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 0.000269305 0.000228204 0.000174617(a) Glycerine g 0 0 0(a) Halogenated Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 7.92E-05 0.00035832 0.000102008(a) Halogenated Matter (unspecified) g 4.02E-05 3.44E-05 2.61E-05(a) Halogenous Matter (unspecified) g 0 1.92E-15 6.51E-15

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(a) Halon 1301 (CF3Br) g 3.52E-06 3.41E-06 2.62E-06(a) HCFC 22 (CHF2Cl) g 1.52E-06 8.84E-07 9.75E-07(a) Heptane (C7H16) g 0.000245398 0.000210809 0.000158023(a) Hexane (C6H14) g 0.000447312 0.000385997 0.000283192(a) Hydrocarbons (except methane) g 0.4789 0.36156 0.243841(a) Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.359588 0.27949 0.251857(a) Hydrogen (H2) g 0.249075 0.200079 0.153268(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) g 0.0319427 0.0307719 0.0213863(a) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) g 3.16E-05 2.55E-05 1.95E-05(a) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) g 0.00134648 0.0013423 0.0009685(a) Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) g 0.00130317 0.00125618 0.000850862(a) Iodine (I) g 2.42E-05 2.32E-05 1.56E-05(a) Iron (Fe) g 0.00214867 0.00205557 0.0013881(a) Isopropanol g 8.95E-06 5.20E-06 5.73E-06(a) Kerosene g 0 0 0(a) lanthanum (La) g 2.07E-07 2.29E-07 1.52E-07(a) Lead (Pb) g 9.54E-05 8.55E-05 6.20E-05(a) Magnesium (Mg) g 0.00182974 0.00175879 0.00118406(a) Manganese (Mn) g 1.56E-05 1.54E-05 1.06E-05(a) Mercaptans g 5.19E-05 3.11E-05 2.45E-05(a) Mercury (Hg) g 3.81E-05 3.16E-05 2.46E-05(a) Metals (unspecified) g 0.00113837 0.000675647 0.000529453(a) Methane (CH4) g 1.16462 1.0742 0.957714(a) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.00016685 0.000121915 0.000100835(a) Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) g 0.000391644 0.000227526 0.000250787(a) Molybdenum (Mo) g 6.63E-06 5.50E-06 4.07E-06(a) Nickel (Ni) g 0.000260559 0.000231471 0.000176747(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) g 1.14014 0.936959 0.709107(a) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) g 0.0105794 0.0450443 0.0732192(a) Organic Matter (unspecified) g 0.00657476 0.00295703 0.00213903(a) Particulates (unspecified) g 0.444265 0.434774 0.338235(a) PDMS g 0.000216507 0.00012578 0.000138639(a) Pentane (C5H12) g 0.00201073 0.00179964 0.00131595(a) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 5.92E-11 5.65E-11 3.97E-11(a) Phosphorus (P) g 4.58E-05 4.40E-05 2.96E-05(a) Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) g 4.57E-08 4.53E-08 3.03E-08(a) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified)g 4.13E-05 3.58E-05 2.67E-05(a) Potassium (K) g 0.000638651 0.000613743 0.000413558(a) Propane (C3H8) g 0.00436844 0.00383994 0.00279723(a) Propionaldehyde (CH3CH2CHO) g 2.12E-11 2.03E-11 1.42E-11(a) Propionic Acid (CH3CH2COOH) g 2.80E-08 2.67E-08 1.87E-08(a) Propylene (CH2CHCH3) g 0.000361465 0.000343944 0.000234547(a) Scandium (Sc) g 5.75E-07 5.54E-07 3.73E-07(a) Selenium (Se) g 1.34E-05 1.22E-05 8.49E-06(a) Silanes g 6.29E-06 3.65E-06 4.03E-06(a) Silicon (Si) g 0.0078178 0.00751385 0.00505865(a) Siloxanes g 4.53E-05 2.63E-05 2.90E-05(a) Sodium (Na) g 0.000530195 0.000468696 0.00033277(a) Strontium (Sr) g 0.000101069 9.70E-05 6.53E-05(a) Sulphur Oxides (SOx as SO2) g 2.21501 1.77809 1.3941(a) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) g 3.16E-05 2.55E-05 1.95E-05(a) Tars (unspecified) g 8.62E-07 5.23E-07 5.52E-07(a) Thallium (TI) g 8.84E-09 1.21E-08 7.37E-09(a) Thorium (Th) g 1.06E-06 1.02E-06 6.84E-07(a) Tin (Sn) g 3.36E-07 3.24E-07 2.18E-07(a) Titanium (Ti) g 0.00018291 0.000175819 0.000118363(a) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.000372216 0.000340577 0.000243559(a) Trimethyl silianol g 5.86E-09 3.40E-09 3.75E-09(a) Unspecified emission g 0.000555555 0.000520103 0.000392209(a) Uranium (U) g 1.01E-06 9.70E-07 6.53E-07(a) Vanadium (V) g 0.000773509 0.000601712 0.000464778(a) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) g 0.112029 0.11205 0.0762796(a) Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) g 0.000148762 0.000132078 9.59E-05

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(a) Zinc (Zn) g 0.000222191 0.000199133 0.000152421(a) Zirconium (Zr) g 1.14E-06 1.13E-06 7.57E-07(ar) Aerosols and Halogenes (unspecified) kBq 3.34E-05 3.15E-05 2.13E-05(ar) Americium (Am241) kBq 1.34E-07 1.26E-07 8.53E-08(ar) Carbon (C14) kBq 0.0461813 0.04359 0.0294166(ar) Cerium (Ce144) kBq 2.76E-06 2.61E-06 1.76E-06(ar) Cesium (Cs134) kBq 9.57E-06 9.03E-06 6.09E-06(ar) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 1.91E-05 1.81E-05 1.22E-05(ar) Cobalt (Co58) kBq 4.25E-07 4.01E-07 2.71E-07(ar) Cobalt (Co60) kBq 4.25E-07 4.01E-07 2.71E-07(ar) Curium (Cm alpha) kBq 2.13E-07 2.01E-07 1.35E-07(ar) Gas (unspecified) kBq 1.06638 1.00654 0.679264(ar) Iodine (I129) kBq 2.55E-05 2.41E-05 1.62E-05(ar) Iodine (I131) kBq 2.83E-06 2.67E-06 1.80E-06(ar) Iodine (I133) kBq 4.87E-06 4.60E-06 3.10E-06(ar) Krypton (Kr85) kBq 327.589 309.208 208.668(ar) Lead (Pb210) kBq 3.69E-05 3.52E-05 2.37E-05(ar) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 3.40E-11 3.21E-11 2.17E-11(ar) Plutonium (Pu alpha) kBq 4.89E-07 4.61E-07 3.11E-07(ar) Plutonium (Pu214 beta XXX) kBq 1.19E-05 1.12E-05 7.58E-06(ar) Plutonium (Pu238) kBq 4.97E-12 4.70E-12 3.17E-12(ar) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 1.15E-11 1.09E-11 7.33E-12(ar) Polonium (Po210) kBq 4.09E-05 3.93E-05 2.64E-05(ar) Potassium (K40) kBq 6.26E-06 6.00E-06 4.04E-06(ar) Promethium (Pm147) kBq 3.40E-06 3.21E-06 2.17E-06(ar) Protactinium (Pa234m) kBq 4.86E-06 4.58E-06 3.09E-06(ar) Radioactive Substance (unspecified) kBq 16.1674 25.8277 19.4249(ar) Radium (Ra106) kBq 0.00042515 0.000401294 0.000270813(ar) Radium (Ra220) kBq 1.28E-10 1.35E-10 8.93E-11(ar) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.000311772 0.000294364 0.000198644(ar) Radium (Ra228) kBq 3.13E-06 3.00E-06 2.02E-06(ar) Radon (Rn220) kBq 9.63E-05 9.24E-05 6.22E-05(ar) Radon (Rn222) kBq 0.000506093 0.000495035 0.000332382(ar) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 1.34E-05 1.26E-05 8.53E-06(ar) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 1.72E-09 1.63E-09 1.10E-09(ar) Thorium (Th228) kBq 2.65E-06 2.54E-06 1.71E-06(ar) Thorium (Th230) kBq 6.34E-05 5.98E-05 4.04E-05(ar) Thorium (Th232) kBq 1.69E-06 1.62E-06 1.09E-06(ar) Thorium (Th234) kBq 4.86E-06 4.58E-06 3.09E-06(ar) Tritium (H3) kBq 0.223915 0.211351 0.14263(ar) Uranium (U alpha) kBq 2.00E-08 1.89E-08 1.27E-08(ar) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.000111009 0.00010478 7.07E-05(ar) Uranium (U235) kBq 8.64E-07 8.15E-07 5.50E-07(ar) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.000131095 0.000123811 8.35E-05(ar) Xenon (Xe133) kBq 0.90617 0.855324 0.577213(s) Aluminium (Al) g 0.000334697 0.000319404 0.000224325(s) Arsenic (As) g 1.34E-07 1.29E-07 9.43E-08(s) Cadmium (Cd) g 6.05E-11 7.03E-09 2.37E-08(s) Calcium (Ca) g 0.00133719 0.00127609 0.000896232(s) Carbon (C) g 0.00100367 0.00095781 0.000672693(s) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 1.67E-06 1.60E-06 1.12E-06(s) Chromium (Cr) g 0 4.90E-08 1.66E-07(s) Cobalt (Co) g 6.14E-11 5.97E-09 2.01E-08(s) Copper (Cu) g 3.07E-10 2.18E-08 7.32E-08(s) Fluorine (F) g 0 1.18E-05 4.01E-05(s) Iron (Fe) g 0.000668413 0.000637873 0.000447993(s) Lead (Pb) g 1.40E-09 8.09E-08 2.71E-07(s) Manganese (Mn) g 1.34E-05 1.28E-05 8.96E-06(s) Mercury (Hg) g 1.11E-11 4.65E-08 1.58E-07(s) Molybdenum (Mo) g 0 2.89E-09 9.81E-09(s) Nickel (Ni) g 4.61E-10 2.24E-08 7.47E-08(s) Nitrogen (N) g 5.24E-09 5.00E-09 3.51E-09(s) Oils (unspecified) g 1.99E-06 1.89E-06 1.33E-06

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(s) Phosphorus (P) g 1.67E-05 1.60E-05 1.12E-05(s) Selenium (Se) g 0 1.79E-09 6.06E-09(s) Sulphur (S) g 0.000200589 0.000191424 0.000134442(s) Thallium (Tl) g 0 1.73E-10 5.86E-10(s) Tin (Sn) g 0 2.07E-09 7.03E-09(s) Vanadium (V) g 0 6.91E-08 2.34E-07(s) Zinc (Zn) g 5.03E-06 4.96E-06 3.93E-06(sr) Americium (Am241) kBq 0.274202 0.258816 0.174661(sr) Americium (Am243) kBq 2.11674 1.99797 1.34833(sr) Cesium (Cs135) kBq 19.7851 18.6749 12.6027(sr) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 3.14E-05 2.96E-05 2.00E-05(sr) Curium (Cm244) kBq 0.297041 0.280374 0.18921(sr) Curium (Cm245) kBq 0.000165031 0.000155771 0.000105122(sr) Iodine (I129) kBq 9.52E-07 8.99E-07 6.07E-07(sr) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 0.0389515 0.0367659 0.0248114(sr) Palladium (Pd107) kBq 0.0105698 0.00997676 0.00673279(sr) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 18.6097 17.5655 11.854(sr) Plutonium (Pu240) kBq 47.61 44.9385 30.3267(sr) Plutonium (Pu241) kBq 19540.3 18443.9 12446.8(sr) Plutonium (Pu242) kBq 0.295881 0.279279 0.188471(sr) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.211308 0.199451 0.134599(sr) Samarium (Sm151) kBq 0.0157556 0.0148715 0.010036(sr) Selenium (Se79) kBq 0.0340517 0.032141 0.0216903(sr) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 1.39895 1.32045 0.891105(sr) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 1.46774 1.38539 0.934927(sr) Thorium (Th230) kBq 0.211308 0.199451 0.134599(sr) Tin (Sn126) kBq 0.0587154 0.0554209 0.0374006(sr) Uranium (U233) kBq 0.000176082 0.000166202 0.000112161(sr) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.0654094 0.0617392 0.0416646(sr) Uranium (U235) kBq 0.000831067 0.000784435 0.000529375(sr) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.0173392 0.0163663 0.0110448(sr) Zirconium (Zr93) kBq 0.299385 0.282587 0.190703(w) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0 0 0(w) Acids (H+) g 0.184156 0.101155 0.0961797(w) Adipic acid (HOOC(CH2)4COOH) g 0 0 0(w) ae11 g 0 0 0(w) Alcohol (unspecified) g 3.25E-05 3.07E-05 2.07E-05(w) Aldehyde (unspecified) g 1.43E-07 1.37E-07 9.60E-08(w) Alkane (unspecified) g 0.000178551 0.000153658 0.000115123(w) Alkene (unspecified) g 1.65E-05 1.42E-05 1.06E-05(w) Alkyl ethersulfate (AES) g 0.0107379 0.0567674 0(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE5) g 1.03494 0 0(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE7) g 0 0.637232 0.371651(w) Alkylsulfate C28 g 0.342458 0.217603 0.154091(w) Aluminium (Al3+) g 0.061161 0.0595863 0.0444856(w) Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) g 5.68E-07 5.36E-07 3.62E-07(w) Amidopropyl dimethylamine C8-10 g 0 0 0(w) amine oxide g 0 0 0(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N) g 0.0147334 0.0241578 0.0159747(w) AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) g 0.000638138 0.000711773 0.00104579(w) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.000874073 0.000829855 0.000631129(w) Arsenic (As3+, As5+) g 1.56E-05 1.93E-05 1.39E-05(w) Barium (Ba++) g 0.00403869 0.00387631 0.00293769(w) Barytes g 0.00474321 0.00452649 0.00317906(w) Base (OH-) g 3.49E-05 2.02E-05 0.00695995(w) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.000178616 0.000153716 0.000115165(w) BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) g 4.98331 4.10033 4.19195(w) Boric Acid (H3BO3) g 0.000661815 0.000624681 0.000421564(w) Boron (B III) g 17.2702 1.91E-05 1.43E-05(w) Brightener (FWA) g 0.0361228 0.0293799 0.0605003(w) C12-14 N methyl glucose amide g 0 0 0(w) C16-18 N methyl glucose amide g 0 0 0(w) Cadmium (Cd++) g 2.38E-06 2.43E-06 1.79E-06

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(w) Calcium (Ca++) g 0.0569463 0.0475858 0.0364853(w) Carbonates (CO3--, HCO3-, CO2, as C) g 12.926 13.6324 14.8744(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) g 0.171311 0.082348 0.220635(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (EMC) g 0 0.731983 0(w) castor g 0 0 0(w) Cerium (Ce++) g 9.23E-07 9.21E-07 6.44E-07(w) Cesium (Cs++) g 4.20E-07 2.32E-07 2.20E-07(w) Chlorates (ClO3-) g 0.0002052 0.000928359 0.000264282(w) Chlorides (Cl-) g 28.4718 39.5173 28.6838(w) Chlorinated Matter (unspecified, as Cl) g 0.000754194 0.000719739 0.000505493(w) Chlorine (Cl2) g 4.31E-05 4.36E-05 3.02E-05(w) Chloroform (CHCl3) g 1.57E-10 1.53E-10 1.25E-10(w) Chromate (CrO4--) g 3.10E-05 2.49E-05 1.90E-05(w) Chromium (Cr III) g 3.51E-06 3.35E-06 2.36E-06(w) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 0.000148534 0.000142206 0.000113447(w) Chromium (Cr VI) g 6.60E-11 6.30E-11 4.43E-11(w) Citrate g 0.319014 0.503778 0.297312(w) Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) g 2.17E-07 2.07E-07 1.45E-07(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) g 10.9533 10.0367 10.4091(w) Copper (Cu+, Cu++) g 6.20E-05 6.33E-05 4.90E-05(w) Cumenesulfonate g 0 0 0(w) Cyanides (CN-) g 5.33E-05 4.84E-05 3.50E-05(w) Cyclohexane dimethanol g 0 0 0(w) diehtylene glycol g 0 0 0(w) Dieth. triamine pentameth.phosph. (DTPMP))g 0 0 0(w) Dimethylhydroxyethyl ammonium chloride (C8-10)g 0 0.109458 0.209899(w) Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 1.2641 1.03249 0.788603(w) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) g 0.00146013 0.00298716 0.00541183(w) Dye g 0.00142554 0.00151231 0.00039254(w) Edetic Acid (C10H16N2O8, EDTA) g 0 0 0(w) ehdq g 0 0 0(w) Enzyme g 0.412669 0.231146 0.158787(w) Ethanol (CH3CHOH) g 0 0 0(w) Ethoxylated hexylene diamine (PB) g 0 0.58506 0(w) Ethoxylated poly(ethyleneimine) g 0 0 0(w) Ethoxylated tetraethylene pentaimine g 0 0 0(w) Ethylbenzene (C6H5C2H5) g 2.65E-05 2.22E-05 1.71E-05(w) Ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) g 0.0472484 0.045634 0.0423611(w) Fatty acids g 0 0.004406 0(w) Fluorides (F-) g 0.000501405 0.000439137 0.000383137(w) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 1.03E-11 9.78E-12 6.87E-12(w) Formic acid (HCOOH) g 0 0 0(w) Halogenated Hydrocarbons g 2.49E-07 3.33E-07 2.47E-07(w) Halogenous Matter (organic) g 0 4.98E-14 1.69E-13(w) Hexachloroethane (C2Cl6) g 1.43E-15 1.36E-15 9.56E-16(w) Hydrazine (N2H4) g 5.16E-07 4.87E-07 3.29E-07(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.000369185 0.000260662 0.000224224(w) Hydroxyethane diphosphonate (HEDP) g 0.059621 0.0588829 0.0786487(w) Hypochlorite (ClO-) g 2.43E-07 2.32E-07 1.63E-07(w) Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) g 2.43E-07 2.32E-07 1.63E-07(w) Imidazole epichlorhydrin (ABE) g 0 0.0279585 0(w) Inorganic Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 0.634839 0.594327 0.448179(w) Iode (I-) g 0.000134523 0.000115504 8.67E-05(w) Iron (Fe++, Fe3+) g 0.0109564 0.01311 0.00912023(w) KOH-isopropanol 10% g 8.08E-07 4.70E-07 5.18E-07(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+) g 0.000357438 0.000350918 0.000239628(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) g 1.59908 1.23322 1.32459(w) Lithium Salts (Lithine) g 5.77E-08 5.44E-08 3.67E-08(w) Magnesium (Mg++) g 0.102336 0.0957704 0.0914843(w) Manganese (Mn II, Mn IV, Mn VII) g 0.00108549 0.00102039 0.000692738(w) Mercury (Hg+, Hg++) g 3.20E-05 2.58E-05 1.98E-05(w) Metals (unspecified) g 0.00346185 0.00357047 0.00276396(w) Methane (CH4) g 0.00151565 0.00143061 0.000965443

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(w) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.000275129 0.000159837 0.000176178(w) Methyl tert Butyl Ether (MTBE, C5H12O) g 2.76E-10 4.61E-10 2.68E-10(w) Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) g 4.51E-07 4.40E-07 3.57E-07(w) Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI)g 3.83E-05 3.64E-05 2.48E-05(w) Monoethanolamine (MEA) g 0 0 0(w) Morpholine (C4H9NO) g 5.46E-06 5.16E-06 3.48E-06(w) MP diol glycol g 0 0 0(w) Nickel (Ni++, Ni3+) g 8.66E-05 8.47E-05 6.90E-05(w) Nitrates (NO3-) g 0.0225177 0.0211167 0.0165792(w) Nitrites (NO2-) g 1.17E-08 1.14E-08 9.29E-09(w) Nitrogenous Matter (Kjeldahl, as N) g 0.000250645 0.000249983 0.000175935(w) Nitrogenous Matter (unspecified, as N) g 0.0148373 0.0132018 0.0101136(w) Oils (unspecified) g 0.00714348 0.00871933 0.00699592(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (aromatic) g 0 0 0(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (chlorinated) g 3.13E-05 2.54E-05 1.94E-05(w) Organic Dissolved Matter (unspecified) g 0.000215222 0.000179631 0.000134202(w) Organic Matter (unspecified) g 0.000726179 0.00089474 0.000529466(w) Oxalic Acid ((COOH)2) g 2.25E-06 2.12E-06 1.43E-06(w) PDMS g 0.0453595 0.0263517 0.0290457(w) Perfume g 0.0783948 0.0898452 0.163872(w) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 0.000405949 0.000317084 0.000258732(w) Phosphates (PO4 3-, HPO4--, H2PO4-, H3PO4, as P)g 0.125668 0.0075509 0.00706069(w) Phosphorous Matter (unspecified, as P) g 0.018983 0.0184654 0.0244113(w) Phosphorus (P) g 5.66E-06 4.87E-06 3.65E-06(w) Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) g 1.36E-06 1.35E-06 9.03E-07(w) Polyacrylate g 1.02329 0.657699 0.635373(w) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified)g 1.99E-05 1.83E-05 1.38E-05(w) Polyethylene glycol g 0 0 0(w) polyethyleneimini-damascone g 0 0 0.0136201(w) Potassium (K+) g 0.111175 0.0896203 0.0684248(w) propanediol terephthalic acid copolymer g 0 0 0(w) Propyleneglycol (CH2OHCHOHCH3) g 0 0 0(w) Rubidium (Rb+) g 1.34E-05 1.15E-05 8.66E-06(w) Salts (unspecified) g 0.151091 6.13763 5.57037(w) Saponifiable Oils and Fats g 0.00656362 0.00563553 0.00422843(w) Selenium (Se II, Se IV, Se VI) g 3.23E-05 3.04E-05 2.06E-05(w) Silicate g 0.17524 0.0900182 0.0304357(w) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) g 0.108127 0.0999625 0.00136552(w) Silver (Ag+) g 8.07E-07 6.93E-07 5.20E-07(w) Soap g 0 0.0854871 0.0845751(w) Sodium (Na+) g 28.4462 23.4968 22.1613(w) Soil release polymer g 0.0667821 0.0325897 0(w) Sorbitol g 0 0 0(w) Starch g 0 0.0974926 0.0424825(w) Stibium (Sb) g 1.85E-06 1.50E-06 3.09E-06(w) Strontium (Sr II) g 0.00824805 0.00710151 0.00531652(w) Sulfonated polystyrene g 0 0 0(w) Sulphates (SO4--) g 0.596758 11.2465 13.6573(w) Sulphides (S--) g 0.00172645 0.00267684 0.00107627(w) Sulphites (SO3--) g 7.77E-10 7.57E-10 6.16E-10(w) Sulphurated Matter (unspecified, as S) g 3.78E-06 3.54E-06 2.67E-06(w) Suspended Matter (organic) g 0.192265 0.180172 0.126415(w) Suspended Matter (unspecified) g 0.452709 1.11254 0.929758(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE11) g 0 0 0(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE25) g 0 0 0.0080826(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE80) g 0 0.0460855 0.0702796(w) Tars (unspecified) g 1.23E-08 7.48E-09 7.89E-09(w) Tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED) g 0.974043 0.690365 1.18418(w) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) g 3.49E-12 3.33E-12 2.34E-12(w) Tin (Sn++, Sn4+) g 1.24E-07 1.17E-07 7.91E-08(w) Titanium (Ti3+, Ti4+) g 2.83E-05 2.68E-05 1.83E-05(w) TOC (Total Organic Carbon) g 0.0248578 0.0301256 0.0235575(w) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.000168296 0.000155172 0.000117716

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(w) Tri n-butyl-phosphate (TBP, (C4H9O)3PO) g 0 0 0(w) Tributyl Phosphate ((C4H9)3PO4, TBP) g 2.13E-05 2.01E-05 1.36E-05(w) Trichlorethane (1,1,1-CH3CCl3) g 1.53E-12 1.49E-12 1.21E-12(w) Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) g 4.21E-11 4.10E-11 3.33E-11(w) Triethanolamine (TEA) g 0 0 0(w) Triethylene Glycol (C6H14O4) g 0.000266885 0.000254691 0.000178876(w) trimethoxysilylpropyl diethyleneamine g 0 0 0(w) Trimethyl Silianol g 1.46E-08 8.51E-09 9.38E-09(w) Unspecified emission g 2.15E-06 2.01E-06 1.51E-06(w) Vanadium (V3+, V5+) g 0.000124587 0.000117549 7.94E-05(w) Vinylacetate (CH3COOCH2:CH2) g 0 0 0(w) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) g 0.000469879 0.000403439 0.000302707(w) Water (unspecified) litre 0.115636 0.14495 0.0854639(w) Water: Chemically Polluted litre 60.8186 60.8181 60.7908(w) Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) g 0.00126704 0.00108814 0.000816324(w) Zeolite g 3.29686 3.08648 2.32751(w) Zinc (Zn++) g 0.000130793 0.000136322 0.000101067(w) Zinc phthalocyanine sulfonate g 0.000175491 0.000163123 0.000111144(wr) Americium (Am241) kBq 4.46E-05 4.21E-05 2.84E-05(wr) Antimony (Sb124) kBq 2.52E-05 2.38E-05 1.61E-05(wr) Antimony (Sb125) kBq 0.0303682 0.0286642 0.019344(wr) Carbon (C14) kBq 0.0223819 0.021126 0.0142569(wr) Cerium (Ce144) kBq 0.000680238 0.00064207 0.000433299(wr) Cesium (Cs134) kBq 0.000747039 0.000705123 0.00047585(wr) Cesium (Cs137) kBq 0.00680723 0.00642528 0.00433608(wr) Cobalt (Co58) kBq 7.29E-05 6.88E-05 4.64E-05(wr) Cobalt (Co60) kBq 0.00452235 0.0042686 0.00288065(wr) Curium (Cm alpha) kBq 2.76E-05 2.61E-05 1.76E-05(wr) Curium (Cm244) kBq 2.13E-05 2.01E-05 1.35E-05(wr) Iodine (I129) kBq 0.000337993 0.000319028 0.000215295(wr) Iodine (I131) kBq 2.76E-06 2.61E-06 1.76E-06(wr) Manganese (Mn54) kBq 3.64E-06 3.44E-06 2.32E-06(wr) Manganese (Mn55) kBq 0.000595207 0.00056181 0.000379136(wr) Mix (Zr95, Nb95) kBq 4.25E-05 4.01E-05 2.71E-05(wr) Neptunium (Np237) kBq 9.57E-06 9.03E-06 6.09E-06(wr) Plutonium (Pu alpha XXX) kBq 0.000233831 0.000220711 0.000148946(wr) Plutonium (Pu238) kBq 4.46E-05 4.21E-05 2.84E-05(wr) Plutonium (Pu239) kBq 2.76E-05 2.61E-05 1.76E-05(wr) Plutonium (Pu241 beta) kBq 0.00701491 0.0066213 0.00446837(wr) Protactinium (Pa234m) kBq 8.99E-05 8.49E-05 5.73E-05(wr) Radioactive Substance (unspecified) kBq 0.148388 0.237258 0.178396(wr) Radium (Ra224) kBq 6.72E-05 5.77E-05 4.33E-05(wr) Radium (Ra226) kBq 0.155787 0.147034 0.0992346(wr) Radium (Ra228) kBq 0.000134499 0.000115481 8.66E-05(wr) Ruthenium (Ru106) kBq 0.0431927 0.0407691 0.0275129(wr) Silver (Ag110m) kBq 0.000109291 0.000103158 6.96E-05(wr) Strontium (Sr90) kBq 0.0719881 0.0679488 0.0458551(wr) Technetium (Tc99) kBq 0.000446403 0.000421355 0.00028435(wr) Thorium (Th228) kBq 0.000268999 0.000230963 0.000173295(wr) Thorium (Th230) kBq 0.00759491 0.00716876 0.00483782(wr) Thorium (Th234) kBq 8.99E-05 8.49E-05 5.73E-05(wr) Tritium (H3) kBq 14.6045 13.7851 9.30282(wr) Uranium (U alpha XXX) kBq 1.47E-05 1.38E-05 9.34E-06(wr) Uranium (U234) kBq 0.00268257 0.00253205 0.00170875(wr) Uranium (U235) kBq 0.000116477 0.000109942 7.42E-05(wr) Uranium (U238) kBq 0.00252413 0.0023825 0.00160783Carbon Dioxide (CO2) kg 0 1.59E-07 5.39E-07FU wash 0 0 0Hydrochloric Acid (HCl, 100%) kg 0.0193339 0.0106271 0.0101358Recovered Energy MJ 0 0 0Recovered Matter (total) kg 0.000543658 0.000594219 0.000442807Recovered Matter (unspecified) kg 0.000188818 0.000179195 0.00012097Recovered Matter: Ash kg 0 1.66E-11 5.63E-11

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Recovered Matter: Cardboard kg 0.000341402 0.000402274 0.000313246Recovered Matter: Iron Scrap kg 1.33E-05 1.26E-05 8.49E-06Recovered Matter: Paraffin Wax kg 0 0 0Recovered Matter: Steel Scrap kg 0 0 0Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4, 100%) kg 2.70E-07 1.57E-07 1.73E-07Waste (hazardous) kg 0.000293721 0.000236914 0.000180698Waste (incineration) kg 8.74E-06 7.37E-06 5.44E-06Waste (municipal and industrial) kg 0.0072924 0.00856644 0.00670548Waste (total) kg 0.0928461 0.0941554 0.0725287Waste (unspecified) kg 0.0159661 0.0157508 0.0113433Waste: Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4, hazardous) kg 0 5.43E-07 1.84E-06Waste: Highly Radioactive (class C) kg 1.44E-06 1.36E-06 9.16E-07Waste: Intermediate Radioactive (class B) kg 1.10E-05 1.04E-05 6.99E-06Waste: Low Radioactive (class A) kg 0.000125926 0.00011816 8.03E-05Waste: Mineral (inert) kg 0.0183049 0.0208278 0.014741Waste: Mining kg 0.122201 0.115344 0.0778397Waste: Non Mineral (inert) kg 2.93E-06 2.70E-06 1.91E-06Waste: Non Toxic Chemicals (unspecified) kg 0.00105124 0.000443221 0.0003325Waste: Radioactive kg 2.90E-07 2.80E-07 2.16E-07Waste: Radioactive (unspecified) kg 1.01E-06 8.40E-07 6.24E-07Waste: Slags and Ash (unspecified) kg 0.00169374 0.00156649 0.00106776Waste: Sludge kg 0.041414 0.0403187 0.0338077Waste: Treatment kg 0.00681062 0.00642848 0.00433824

Reminders:E Feedstock Energy MJ 0.938331 0.736407 0.659322E Fuel Energy MJ 14.3935 13.5702 9.35837E Non Renewable Energy MJ 14.6713 13.6055 9.51365E Renewable Energy MJ 0.683522 0.71283 0.515575E Total Primary Energy MJ 15.3549 14.3185 10.0293Electricity MJ elec 4.15882 3.78375 2.57951

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ANNEX 11

Procter & Gamble Characterization factors Annex 11

1 Acididication Potential (CML 2000: Huijbregts,1999b)CLM2000-Acidification g SO2-eq CF(a) Ammonia (NH3) g 1.6(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) g 0.5

2 Climate Change Potential (Houghton et al., 2001)CML2000-Climate Change (direct, 100 years) g CO2-eq CF(a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, fossil) g 1(a) Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) g 6500(a) CFC 11 (CFCl3) g 4000(a) Halon 1301 (CF3Br) g 5600(a) HCFC 22 (CHF2Cl) g 1700(a) Methane (CH4) g 21(a) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) g 310

3 Ozone depletion potential (World Meteorological Organization,1998)CML2000-Depletion of the ozone layer g CFC11-eq CF(a) CFC 11 (CFCl3) g 1(a) Halon 1301 (CF3Br) g 12(a) HCFC 22 (CHF2Cl) g 0.034(a) Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) g 0.02

4 Eutrophication potential (Heijungs et al., 1992)CML2000-Eutrophication g PO4-eq CF(a) Ammonia (NH3) g 0.35(a) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) g 0.13(w) Ammonia (NH4+, NH3, as N) g 0.42(w) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) g 0.022(w) Nitrates (NO3-) g 0.1(w) Phosphates (PO4 3-, HPO4--, H2PO4-, H3PO4, as P) g 3.06(w) Phosphorous Matter (unspecified, as P) g 3.06(w) Phosphorus (P) g 3.06(w) Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) g 1.34

5 Photochemical oxidant formation potential (Derwent et al., 1998 - Jenkin & Hayman,1999)CML2000-Photochemical oxidant formation g C2H4-eq CF(a) Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) g 0.641(a) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0.097(a) Acetone (CH3COCH3) g 0.094(a) Acetylene (C2H2) g 0.085(a) Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) g -0.092(a) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.218(a) Butane (n-C4H10) g 0.352(a) Butene (1-CH3CH2CHCH2) g 1.08(a) Carbon Monoxide (CO) g 0.027(a) Ethane (C2H6) g 0.123(a) Ethanol (C2H5OH) g 0.399(a) Ethylene (C2H4) g 1(a) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 0.519(a) Heptane (C7H16) g 0.494(a) Hexane (C6H14) g 0.482(a) Methane (CH4) g 0.006(a) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.14(a) Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) g 0.005(a) Propane (C3H8) g 0.176(a) Propionaldehyde (CH3CH2CHO) g 0.798(a) Propionic Acid (CH3CH2COOH) g 0.15(a) Propylene (CH2CHCH3) g 1.12(a) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.637

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Aquatic eco-toxicity potential (Global, CML1992, adapted and extended by Procter&Gamble)CML-Aquatic Eco-toxicity P&G July20th-2005 m3 poll. Wat. CF(w) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 0.00001(w) Adipic acid (HOOC(CH2)4COOH) g 0.001(w) Alkyl ethersulfate (AES) g 0.0067(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE5) g 0.0056(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE7) g 0.0042(w) Alkylsulfate C28 g 0.0067(w) Amidopropyl dimethylamine C8-10 g 0.0015(w) amine oxide g 0.0125(w) AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) g 0.00094(w) Arsenic (As3+, As5+) g 0.2(w) Base (OH-) g 0.00001(w) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.029(w) Boric Acid (H3BO3) g 0.00018(w) Boron (B III) g 0.000167(w) Brightener (FWA) g 0.001(w) C12-14 N methyl glucose amide g 0.001(w) C16-18 N methyl glucose amide g 0.0086(w) Cadmium (Cd++) g 200(w) Carbonates (CO3--, HCO3-, CO2, as C) g 0.00002(w) Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) g 0.000004(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (EMC) g 0.000004(w) Chlorides (Cl-) g 0.0000015(w) Chromate (CrO4--) g 0.448(w) Chromium (Cr III) g 1(w) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 1(w) Chromium (Cr VI) g 1(w) Citrate g 0.0000118(w) Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) g 1(w) Copper (Cu+, Cu++) g 2(w) Cumenesulfonate g 0.00015(w) Cyanides (CN-) g 0.05(w) Cyclohexane dimethanol g 0.0011(w) diehtylene glycol g 0.00001(w) Dieth. triamine pentameth.phosph. (DTPMP)) g 0.00014(w) Dimethylhydroxyethyl ammonium chloride (C8-10) g 0.004(w) Dye g 0.01(w) ehdq g 0.00001(w) Enzyme g 0.00004(w) Ethanol (CH3CHOH) g 0.00001(w) Ethoxylated hexylene diamine (PB) g 0.00001(w) Ethoxylated poly(ethyleneimine) g 0.000001(w) Ethoxylated tetraethylene pentaimine g 0.000001(w) Ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) g 0.0001(w) Fatty acids g 0.00063(w) Formic acid (HCOOH) g 0.00001(w) Hexachloroethane (C2Cl6) g 0.14(w) Hydrocarbons (unspecified) g 0.05(w) Hydroxyethane diphosphonate (HEDP) g 0.00014(w) Imidazole epichlorhydrin (ABE) g 0.0016(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+) g 2(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) g 0.0033(w) Mercury (Hg+, Hg++) g 500(w) Methanol (CH3OH) g 0.00001(w) Monoethanolamine (MEA) g 0.0013(w) MP diol glycol g 0.00001(w) Nickel (Ni++, Ni3+) g 0.33(w) Oils (unspecified) g 0.05(w) Oxalic Acid ((COOH)2) g 0.000125(w) PDMS g 0.00021(w) Perfume g 0.05(w) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 5.9

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(w) Phosphates (PO4 3-, HPO4--, H2PO4-, H3PO4, as P) g 0.000001(w) Polyacrylate g 0.0000081(w) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified) g 40(w) Polyethylene glycol g 0.00001(w) polyethyleneimini-damascone g 0.22(w) propanediol terephthalic acid copolymer g 0.0000032(w) Propyleneglycol (CH2OHCHOHCH3) g 0.00001(w) Silicate g 0.000001(w) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) g 0.00001(w) Soap g 0.00063(w) Soil release polymer g 0.0000032(w) Sorbitol g 0.00001(w) Starch g 0.000004(w) Sulfonated polystyrene g 0.000001(w) Sulphates (SO4--) g 0.000001(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE11) g 0.02(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE25) g 0.0028(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE80) g 0.0004(w) Tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED) g 0.000002(w) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) g 0.02(w) Triethanolamine (TEA) g 0.0013(w) trimethoxysilylpropyl diethyleneamine g 0.1(w) Vinylacetate (CH3COOCH2:CH2) g 0.0004(w) Zeolite g 0.0000083(w) Zinc (Zn++) g 0.38(w) Zinc phthalocyanine sulfonate g 0.063

Freshwater toxicity potential USES 2.0 (Huijbregts, 1999 & 2000), adapted and extended by Procter & GambleUSES 2.0-Aquatic Ecotoxicity g 1,4-DCB eq CF(a) Antimony (Sb) g 44000(a) Arsenic (As) g 290000(a) Barium (Ba) g 1000000(a) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.0037(a) Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12) g 1800(a) Cadmium (Cd) g 1500000(a) Chromium (Cr III) g 6500(a) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 6500(a) Cobalt (Co) g 7200000(a) Copper (Cu) g 1200000(a) Ethylene (C2H4) g 1.1E-10(a) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 2.4(a) Lead (Pb) g 9000(a) Mercury (Hg) g 1600000(a) Molybdenum (Mo) g 2600000(a) Nickel (Ni) g 5000000(a) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 0.77(a) Selenium (Se) g 28000000(a) Tin (Sn) g 9600(a) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.00093(a) Vanadium (V) g 16000000(a) Zinc (Zn) g 89000(s) Arsenic (As) g 81000(s) Cadmium (Cd) g 150000(s) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 580(s) Cobalt (Co) g 2900000(s) Copper (Cu) g 170000(s) Lead (Pb) g 880(s) Mercury (Hg) g 220000(s) Molybdenum (Mo) g 1500000(s) Nickel (Ni) g 1500000(s) Selenium (Se) g 17000000(s) Thallium (Tl) g 18000000(s) Tin (Sn) g 980

3/5


(s) Vanadium (V) g 5900000(s) Zinc (Zn) g 9400(w) Arsenic (As3+, As5+) g 160000(w) Barium (Ba++) g 1100000(w) Benzene (C6H6) g 0.0059(w) Cadmium (Cd++) g 290000(w) Chromium (Cr III) g 1100(w) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 1100(w) Chromium (Cr VI) g 4600(w) Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) g 5800000(w) Copper (Cu+, Cu++) g 310000(w) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 7.5(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+) g 1500(w) Mercury (Hg+, Hg++) g 280000(w) Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) g 2800000(w) Nickel (Ni++, Ni3+) g 3000000(w) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 6.2(w) Selenium (Se II, Se IV, Se VI) g 34000000(w) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) g 0.47(w) Tin (Sn++, Sn4+) g 1600(w) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.0092(w) Vanadium (V3+, V5+) g 11000000(w) Zinc (Zn++) g 18000(w) Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) g 27(w) Adipic acid (HOOC(CH2)4COOH) g 110(w) Alkyl ethersulfate (AES) g 2900(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE5) g 4800(w) Alkyl ethoxylate (AE7) g 4800(w) Alkylsulfate C28 g 150(w) Amidopropyl dimethylamine C8-10 g 26000(w) amine oxide g 5000(w) Boric Acid (H3BO3) g 190(w) Brightener (FWA) g 2200(w) Carbonates (CO3--, HCO3-, CO2, as C) g 89(w) Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) g 150(w) Carboxymethyl cellulose (EMC) g 8.7(w) Chlorides (Cl-) g 9.7(w) Citrate g 2.1(w) Cyclohexane dimethanol g 31(w) Dieth. triamine pentameth.phosph. (DTPMP)) g 45(w) Dimethylhydroxyethyl ammonium chloride (C8-10) g 320(w) Dye g 14(w) Enzyme g 2.9(w) Ethanol (CH3CHOH) g 18(w) Ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) g 9900(w) Fatty acids g 4800(w) Formic acid (HCOOH) g 120(w) Hydroxyethane diphosphonate (HEDP) g 66(w) Imidazole epichlorhydrin (ABE) g 15000(w) Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) g 1400(w) Monoethanolamine (MEA) g 260(w) Polyethylene glycol g 6.9(w) Propyleneglycol (CH2OHCHOHCH3) g 0.15(w) Silicate g 82(w) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) g 180(w) Soil release polymer g 0(w) Sorbitol g 29(w) Starch g 2.9(w) Sulphates (SO4--) g 100(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE11) g 3100(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE25) g 1000(w) Tallow alkyl ethoxylate (TAE80) g 1000(w) Tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED) g 5.8

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(w) Vinylacetate (CH3COOCH2:CH2) g 2.2(w) Zeolite g 99(w) Zinc phthalocyanine sulfonate g 85000

Human toxicity potential (Huijbregts, 1999 & 2000)USES 2.0-Human Toxicity g 1,4-DCB eq CF(a) Ammonia (NH3) g 1(a) Antimony (Sb) g 6200(a) Arsenic (As) g 370000(a) Barium (Ba) g 710(a) Benzene (C6H6) g 2000(a) Cadmium (Cd) g 160000(a) Chromium (Cr III) g 130(a) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 130(a) Cobalt (Co) g 19000(a) Copper (Cu) g 4700(a) Ethylene (C2H4) g 0.69(a) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 0.91(a) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) g 2.4(a) Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) g 0.77(a) Lead (Pb) g 360(a) Mercury (Hg) g 1200(a) Molybdenum (Mo) g 4900(a) Nickel (Ni) g 38000(a) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 0.57(a) Selenium (Se) g 43000(a) Tin (Sn) g 1.2(a) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.36(a) Vanadium (V) g 6000(a) Zinc (Zn) g 110(s) Arsenic (As) g 490(s) Cadmium (Cd) g 90(s) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 9.8(s) Cobalt (Co) g 61(s) Copper (Cu) g 3.2(s) Lead (Pb) g 180(s) Mercury (Hg) g 200(s) Molybdenum (Mo) g 2800(s) Nickel (Ni) g 160(s) Selenium (Se) g 25000(s) Thallium (Tl) g 100000(s) Tin (Sn) g 32(s) Vanadium (V) g 1600(s) Zinc (Zn) g 0.35(w) Arsenic (As3+, As5+) g 880(w) Barium (Ba++) g 570(w) Benzene (C6H6) g 1900(w) Cadmium (Cd++) g 23(w) Chromium (Cr III) g 2.1(w) Chromium (Cr III, Cr VI) g 2.1(w) Chromium (Cr VI) g 3.4(w) Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) g 99(w) Copper (Cu+, Cu++) g 1.3(w) Formaldehyde (CH2O) g 0.04(w) Lead (Pb++, Pb4+) g 12(w) Mercury (Hg+, Hg++) g 250(w) Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) g 5000(w) Nickel (Ni++, Ni3+) g 310(w) Phenol (C6H5OH) g 0.054(w) Selenium (Se II, Se IV, Se VI) g 51000(w) Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) g 5.5(w) Tin (Sn++, Sn4+) g 0.017(w) Toluene (C6H5CH3) g 0.33(w) Vanadium (V3+, V5+) g 2900(w) Zinc (Zn++) g 0.57

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ANNEX 12

Procter & Gamble Wash temperature 2005 in France Annex 12

1/1

�� The actual wash cycle temperature in France is measured in consumer homes through placement of 60 washing machines. Through use of data logging devices, the washing machine settings (wash cycle) and the operational temperature is monitored. The 60 households are equipped with a very elaborated system which can measure key records during the wash process (i.e. cycle, temperature, rinses spin speed, conductivity, volume of water used…) and send data to a Call Center in our labs at NTC. The system Architecture comprises of a washing machine and a Telephone Link Interface. At the end of each wash, all the key washing machine parameters are transmitted down the domestic power line to the TLI which stores this information in its memory and then transmits these data each day via the phone line to a Call Centre in our labs at Newcastle Technical Centre (United Kingdom). Through such study, datasheets (like the one below) are gathered on a monthly bases, which includes information on the number of particular wash cycle used (per month), and what is the actual wash temperature for such cycle. The data, gathered during a period of 12 months (august 2004- august 2005), was averaged to estimate the actual wash temperature of 2005.

Table 1: Datasheet for wash temperature calculations in France in 2005.

Respondents 15 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Silk rinse y x

Wool rinse y x

Wool spin y x

Cotton rinse y x

Cotton spin y x Synthetic rinse y x Synthetic spin y x Synthetic softener y x Synthetic 30 y x x

Silk 30 y x x

Synthetic 40 y x x x

Class A 40 y x x x

Cotton 40 y x x x

Wool 40 y x x x

Synthetic 60 y x x x x x

cotton 60 y x x x x x

cotton 90 y x x x x x X x x The washing machines used are machines that are equipped with a temperature dial, i.e. by using the temperature dial, the actual wash temperature can be lowered so to achieve the actually desired wash temperature, which is thus different from the temperature of the standard wash cycle. E.g. a wash cycle “Cotton 60”, can be operated at an operational wash temperature of 50°C if the temperature dial is set at 50°C. The temperature can however not be raised (Operational wash temperature of a “Cotton 60” washing cycle cannot be set at 70°C).

ANNEX 13

Critical Review Report for P&G Annex 13 PO/HT 8626.11

Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers – Gingko 21 – ADEME

Critical Review of Procter & Gamble’s LCA study

“Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Ariel “Actif à froid” (2006) a laundry detergent that allows to wash at colder wash temperatures with previous Ariel

laundry detergents (1998, 2001)”

Critical review report

Authors of the review: Philippe Osset, Ecobilan S.A., PricewaterhouseCoopers

Hélène Teulon, Gingko 21

Nadia Boeglin, ADEME

Date: 17/05/2006

Ref.: 8626.11



1. Background Scope of the study

Procter & Gamble (P&G) has commissioned Ecobilan S.A. and Gingko 21, together with ADEME to review the report relative to the “Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Ariel “Actif à froid” (2006), a laundry detergent that allows to wash at colder wash temperatures, with previous Ariel laundry detergents (1998, 2001)” prepared by Joost Dewaele and Rana Pant from P&G in 2006.

The peer review panel did this work according to the ISO 14040 recommendations concerning critical reviews. The peer review panel is independent from P&G, and was not involved in the making of the study. The work done during the critical review is therefore described in this document, together with the conclusions of the reviewing process.

The conclusions have been provided to Procter & Gamble in order to be published. The present report should be delivered together with the full LCA report of P&G.

Structure of the present critical review report

The structure of the present report follows the ISO guidelines concerning the reviewing process. This report contains the final review results and the conclusions.



2. Description of the Work which has been done The work which has been done consisted in:

- checking the report (Microsoft Word format, two versions),

- checking part of the database (TEAM™ format, with all the systems),

- checking the TEAM™ interface values and formulae according to the report values.

The report have been checked in order to determine if it answers well the requirements of ISO 14040 concerning LCA reports (presentation and content), following the respective points of the chapter of the standard.

Moreover, the database which had been reviewed according to ISO 14040 in previous studies. We have checked the way this database has been used (interface and transfer of results) to produce the results in the report.

The comments have been made to P&G by PwC, and afterwards P&G modified its report and database in order to reach the requested quality level.



3. Questions from the critical review panel, and answers from P&G

Critical review comments – first critical review round

first review round in P&G offices, Brussels Innovation Center: by P. Osset

nr Comment description P&G answer

1 Summary: Provide more information on the complete market change

in France in the goal and scope: (functional unit) indicate that AAF is

not an additional option, but that all Ariel will convert to AAF, and

make the link to the assumed reduction in temperature of 10C.

The full explanation on the market changes

with respect to the product and temperature

is now included in the executive summary

and scope definition (chapter 2.2)

2 Elaborate more /demonstrate more on the eco-toxicity of the product. We have now included calculations on the

eco-toxicity potential of the compared

products with 2 LCIA methods, and further

backup is provided with a sensitivity

analyses that provides a CDV calculation for

the base scenario.

3 Summary:

-indicate the market share of what this represents: 70% of “Ariel”

-environmental “changes”, and not “benefits”.

-also indicate the 10C change with the graphs, indicating this is not

washing at 15C

-also add that we do NOT want people to wash 10 degrees lower, we

want people to wash COLD!!!! People should not read this as “now

you can wash 10C lower….”

-change wording of “huge” to actual percentages!

-remove DOW

-Market shares are provided in the summary,

scope definition and confidential annex 1.

-Corrected in various parts of the report.

-energy model / perspective is now more

carefully outlined, approach for on average

~10°C drop is explained in summary.

Furthermore it is indicated that it is not

desired for people to wash cold in all

circumstances

-removed

-removed

-removed



-to much detail on some specific indicators, to technical…part of

interpretation

-add normalization data in summary, and do not focus on

eutrophication so much, just to say it is not impact full (quantify with

one number: nr of people ,…) overall, indicate the relevance.

-modified CML1992, “adapted & enlarged”: reference to publication ,

and footnote to indicate what is changed.

-Add reference to critical review in the summary !! standards in goal

and scope

-Normalization provided in chapter 5.4, key

results are shared in the summary. The

focus on the various indicators is reflecting

the results of the normalization

-Included in methods description

-Included

4 Functional unit: explain more on performance, equal product

functionality

-Indication on the equal product

functionality is provided based on overall

consumer acceptance. No documentation on

performance is provided since the trade-off

between cleaning / care / whiteness

performance is not easily made. This is

explained in the functional unit chapter 2.3.

-Detailed annexes available and table 2 in

report

5 Latter, formulations will be useful (scenarios) -Done

6 -add more information on the AISE steps…. Regular powders are

actually compacted over the years. The compact product, is actually

the further compacted alternative offered to the consumer, which is

considered ultra-compact

-Done, p.20 (functional unit) for the

explanation on ultra-compacts as they are

not studied

7 -weighting of the transport impact is important to indicate the

relevance or of production in London or amiens plants…. Other

producers might focus on that…. Sensitivity analysis is needed for

extra number of km’s for transport of ingredients to manufacturing

plant…. Indicates this is irrelevant in the overall life cycle.

-Sensitivity analysis provided 5.2.4

8 95%is great, the calculation of the percentage have to be explained

(p3)

-Difference in cut-off for products: sensitivity analysis on the

-Done, some minor change needed



difference : add 2%...

-list of formula cards: and include what is included / excluded., in the

end a summary in mass %, which is common, different from the part

excluded…. The difference should be <2%

-no real cut-off applied and explained, it is

based on data availalbitiy, the products are

treated equal (see table 2)

9 -packaging, indicate that the key change in terms of AISE code was

taken into account (except scoop), but did not foresee change in shape

of bottle

No changes in packaging are taken into

account here… Sensitivity analysis provided

to cover packaging changes 5.2.4 –annex 3

10 Energy: indicate the conservatism of always using the 2002 energy

grid

-conservatism to the energy model is

provided in 2.2.1.3

11 -Use phase: limitations: we don’t know what will happen, put extra

paragraph , indicate what is possible, the more people will use, the

better: encourage people to use it.,

-Some small indication on cost savings would be very interesting.

The arguments must show the fact that the study is conservative

-Better explanation on the base scenario is

provided, with specific foces on the

temperature scenario

-no cost saving data have been provided

(beyond goal of this study, but can be used

in further communication)

12 Coverage of environmental indicators…. Indication that the

indicators are chosen to be relevant for detergents (historically).

Reference to UK study is provided, plus +

justification in table 13

13 We need a maximum scenario: option 2 A best case scenario is developed and

calculated in a sensitivity analysis, 5.2.3.

14 Normalization – – think about easy communicable comparisons Some reference on energy savings is brought

relative to the electricity consumption of

light bulbs.

15 Justify each time the comparison The full product comparison is justified in

the goal& scope

16 Indicate that the chemical data is the most updated …. LCI references included in annex +

mentioned in “temporal coverage”

17 Toxicity aspect, clearly indicate this is the maximum potential impact,

not indicating any reference to risk assessment. Not in the scope of

this project.

Indicated in the Life Cycle Impact

assessment chapter

18 Chapter 4, 1 phrase to indicate what is done. We have compared 4 Goal and scope is now better defined



options and have looked at their …. Always objective …

19 6.1 benefits -> Changes Done

20 ETH model – does it take into account the electricite de france model

for nuclear?

Yes, it is (indicated in LCI annex)

21 France -> NUCLEAR france is conservative for cold water initiatives

in general

Indicated this conservatism in the report

22 The detail of the energy calculation should be in appendix Annex provided

23 Electricity production system should be updated Done (now 2002)

Brussels Innovation Center – first review round, additional comments by P. Osset –H. Teulon

Page Comment description Info

2 The objectives should be formulated in a neutral style, as in a

scientific investigation ("energy balance" instead of "energy

savings" and "benefits and charges" instead of "benefits")

Annexes 1 to 4 are not available

Same remark as above on the consistency of the functional unit

and the reference flow

Done, the objectives were stated as to

highlight the real objectives of the study,

which are therefore stated as expected

results: energy savings since this is rather

obvious, and to check whether there are no

trade offs…

Annex and Functional Unit, Done

3 The UK laundry detergent study is not available whereas it seems

to be a reference for the current project

Use phase: develop sensitivity analyses

Waste water treatment is a critical point for detergents: a

significant effort should be dedicated to the validation of the

related data sets

It is true that the system is built starting from

the UK study, but also that study uses the

laundry database, which is therefore the real

reference. The references are provided in

the report and available on public website

(www.scienceinthebox.com)

Significant efforts were done to model the

chemicals based on sound science,

especially our in-house experience in

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)_and

have been validated internally



4 Why is the list of environmental indicators slightly different from

the one in the AISE study?

More recent data on packaging would be preferable, they are

available

AISE study was developed before AAF. We

used the same indicators in AISE as before

for comparability and because there is no

particular need to change. For AAF, we

intended to use USES 2.0 for Aquatoxicity

(& OMNIITOX) in addition to

CML92(seen the focus on aquatic

ecotoxicity). Therefore, we thought is

beneficial to use the most recent methods for

all indicators.

More recent LCI data used for the outdated

plastic LCI’s

6 4.1.5: Are all the new ingredients modeled in terms of COD-BOD,

or is information lacking for some of them?

4.3: "3 stages" is not clear: how detailed is the model, what is

called a "stage" here?

We have covered 100% (see annex)

We have displayed all life cycle stages now

into the report (and no longer focus on the

three highest contributing ones)

9 1st sentence: the justification is not right: since the burdens are

calculated for the functional unit, then the total perfume content

per wash should not change. If it changes, then the right wording

would be "over compensates"…

Why are the benefits higher for dilute liquids?

Correct, overcompensates.

Wording has changed completely

10 Top of the page: also note the increased impacts for dilute liquids

By crossing scenarios 6.3 and 6.4, it should be possible to interpret

the evolution of the most significant impacts as the result of

benefits and drawbacks…

6.5: the title seems misleading: Isn't it instead the "Benefits of an

average combination of Actif a froid" powder and liquid"?

Changed graphs and results, led to different

conclusions

The most relevant impacts have been

reflected in the chapters that describe the

impacts of the formulation change and the

temperature change

Titles changed

11 Repeat the reference flow at the top of table 6.5 The reference flows are now more clearly

defined on page 20.



12 Last table: to remain consistent with the previous calculations, the

values in the column "Benefits for Actif a froid" should be

multiplied by 70%, since no comparison with compact and tab

detergents was performed.

2 normalization references are mixed in the table: it could be

interesting to split the table into 2 tables: a EU normalization

table, which would provide insight on the relevancy of the

different impact categories, and a France/households

normalization table, useful for communication purpose.

Agreed, 70% conversion is now reflected

We split the tables in 3 parts: French, EU15,

and a third part for aquatoxicity to reflect the

different underlying data uncertainties (e.g.

not all emissions are included for

aquatoxicity)

Critical review comments – second critical review round – Mrs. Nadia Boeglin, Mrs. Helene Teulon, Mr Philippe Osset.

nr Comment description P&G answer

1 TAED : Make a sensitivity analysis on the energy use Indeed, the production life cycle inventory

of tetra acetyl ethylene diamine is not

available. Therefore, the LCI does not

include the production of this chemical. A

sensitivity analysis (chapter 5.2.7. has

evaluated the the potential impact of not

including a chemical on the overall life

cycle). The sensitivity analysis indicates

the impact is negligible.

2 TAED : Add some SIMPLETREAT decomposition of TAED (is TAED

included in the releases ? It appears in the coefficients list)

Although the production life cycle

inventory is not included, the toxicity

aspects of the down-the-drain release of

this chemical is entirely evaluated and

included (removal, degradadation,

characterization factor for impact

assessment). Annex 8.

3 Selection criteria : The percentage of formula which is not included is

increasing for regular powder. The work on TAED might be useful to show

that the increase does not change the results

Indeed, more recent formulas contained

more TAED, which is reflected in the

ingredients not covered by production

datasets. The sensitivity analysis on

TAED production indicates the impact is

negligible (see 1)



5 Introduction : Please state that you have taken conservative choices when

choices were needed, and do not hesitate to add this (e.g. p42) (it has been

done at most places)

Indeed, where possible (sensitivity

analyses, introduction and scenario

description), we have included indications

that the assumption taken were

conservative for the Ariel Actif à froid

product.

6 Water emissions considerations : Add some introduction remark stating

something like: no pollution transfer has been made, including to water.

Energy has been the key concern of the study. Water emissions are known to

be improved, are at the focus of P&G research, but were not the topic of this

study.

We have included statements in the

executive summary and in the toxicity

calculations t o indicate the the methods

for toxicity evaluations includes the

surfactants and inorganics present in the

detergent formulations

7 Normalization tables : Please comment on the results of the calculations,

incl. The positioning of each potential impact (water emissions appear to be

the first key topic)

Indeed, we have revised the normalization

results and found conflicting data with

respect to normalization of the aquatic

eco-toxicity potential. For that reason

(unreliable data), it was opted to not rank

the aquatic eco-toxicity in the

normalization dataset.

8 Executive Summary : To be translated into French, and extended to be self-

standing

Full translated version of the executive

summary and critical review conclusions

is provided in French

9 Executive Summary : Please explain the differences between the three

analyzed products

Table 1 from the executive summary

summarizes the key differences between

the products used in 1998-2001 and Actif

à froid. More details on the formulation,

packaging, etc, are provided in 2.2.1 (e.g.

table 6)

10 Reference [1] : Please correct the date (2001 to be replaced by 2002 and

LCA 6 replaced by LCA 7)

Correct, changed

11 Reference [1] : Please add the date of the reference in the core of the report

(in the exec. Summary + report)

Agreed, included

12 Dosage : Were the past recommended dosages exactly adapted to the needs?

Or would it be possible to state that the past dosages were too high?

The previous recommended dosages were

tailored to meet the consumer needs with

respect to the expected performance

criteria. As a result from product



compaction and improved chemistry,

lower dosage can now be recommended

for the regular powder and liquid

detergents. These elements are reflected

in the executive summary, the functional

unit description and the product

comparison.

13 Dosage : Some consumer associations could attack the study and say that the

benefits result simply from a dosage reduction down to what is really

necessary…

See 12: the dosage reduction is

accompanied by significant changes in

product formulation which allows to

achieve comparable and acceptable

cleaning performance. Furthermore, the

energy savings are clearly a result of the

reduced wash temperature.

17 Missing word : Page 33, 5.1.4.7 fig 17. The comment is not clear, and needs

to be reformulated.

Agreed, editorial error corrected

18 Database : Page 10, "ISO Compliant Database" is not precise enough. Please

elaborate.

Page 15, corrected the references to the

database review

19 Match between table and annex : Please explain how to go from Annex 2 to

Table 2: we need a mapping to understand the transformation

Indeed, Annex 2 (confidential) now

provides a detailed overview on what are

the chemicals used, and how they are

modeled by appropriate chemical

production life cycle inventory datasets.

20 Functions of chemicals : Please group the chemicals in table 2 by function

(e.g. surfactant, bleaching agent…)

All chemical from table 6 are grouped per

category, but without providing

information on category title.

21 Methodology : Please state that ISO 14040 is under revision and that ISO

14044 will replace 41 to 43

Indicated in text , chapter 2.1.3.

22 Risk management : Please add a (small) chapter on the comparison between

powder and dilute - readers of the report will make the comparison and it

would be welcomed to guide them

Reference in the study limitations is made

to why this study does not meet criteria for

direct comparison of dilute liquid and

regular powder products.



23 Depletion of non renewable resources : This indicator is useful to assess the

relevance of the choice of indicators - i.e. is Total primary energy

consumption the only interesting consumption to assess ?

The coverage of the environmental

indicators did not include depletion of non

renewable resources. Since this is a result

of environmental indicator selection from

historical reasons, a sensitivity analysis is

performed in which the depletion of non

renewable resources is assessed for the

base scenario: chapter 5.2.8.

24 Energy use per 10°C : p15 Please show a basic calculation of energy use in

adiabatic conditions to heat the amount of water used for the wash (60,72 l ?

Maybe less) and compare to the calculation done per 10°C

Agree, a basic calculation on adiabatic

heat (p. 19-20) confirms the conservative

energy consumption scenario of washing

machines.

25 Freshwater Tox : Table 29 show that the Normalization Factor of Freshwater

toxicity is not correct since the origin of the toxicity in France might be not

only from the wash. The calculation for France is correct. Then it is not the

responsibility of P&G. It is important to state the comment, since the reading

can be misleading (this is maybe why you have highlighted these two toxicity

lines ?)

(see also 7) Indeed, we have changed the

tables to indicate the relevance of the

various indicators according the the

normalization results. For the aqatic ec-

toxicity indicators, we have indicated the

data are unreliable and provided an

explanation.

27 Freshwater Tox : p34 vs. Aquatic eco-tox. Please explain why there is a

contribution at the use phase in the case of freshwater, when there is hardly no

contribution for aquatic eco-tox

Chapter 5.1.4.10 and 5.1.4.11explains the

driving elementary flows for both aquatic

eco-toxicity calculations. Due to the

methodological differences, a sensitivity

analysis is provided (5.2.6.), in which the

reference is made to the involvement of

Procter&Gamble into the methodological

developments for toxicity impact

assessment.

28 Executive Summary : Include a summary of the normalization section into

the executive summary.

Agree, this is now included

29 Critical Review Panel : For future projects, it could be considered to involve

a person from a consumer association into the critical review panel.

It is agreed that such involvement can be

considered depending on the needs and

intended further use of the study report.

30 Appendices : In the list of appendices, precise which are confidential Agree, now included



4. Conclusions for publication (English version) Philippe Osset from Ecobilan S.A., Hélène Teulon from Gingko 21 and Nadia Boeglin from ADEME did the critical review of the P&G report “Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Ariel “Actif à froid” (2006), a laundry detergent that allows to wash at colder wash temperatures with previous Ariel laundry detergents (1998, 2001)”, following the checklist and recommendations of ISO 14040 about critical reviews.

Different comments were made about the study, and taken into account by P&G in their final report. These comments addressed data implementation, presentation and content of the report. The way P&G took into account the comments of the reviewers was adapted to the expectations.

Taking into account the elements that were shown to the reviewers, no major mistakes or misunderstanding remains in the final report, from the point of view of ISO 14040 recommendations.

Critical review process evaluation The two-round critical review process proved very efficient: the quality of the report greatly improved along the process. The authors of the study were transparent about data and calculation: the reviewers had access to all data and documents, and were able to audit the TEAM database and control panels. The authors of the study were also very keen to understand the comments of the reviewers and to include them into the report. This good collaboration was made possible thanks to the deep LCA expertise at P&G.

Report Evaluation The report reaches a high quality level. It answers the ISO recommendations regarding the structure and the content of LCA reports. It is clearly written and transparent (apart from some confidential appendices – which have been disclosed to the review panel). Numerous sensitivity analyses were performed and are displayed in the report.

When assumptions had to be made, they are generally conservative, and take into account not only the technical potential of the product but also and in first row the possible behaviour of the consumers.

Conclusions The conclusions of this in-depth study are consistent with the goals of the project. They are supported by both the results of the calculations and the sensitivity analyses. As a conclusion, the results appear as reliable within the limitations of the study.

As stated by the authors in the "limitations" section, further improvement of the study could consist in improving the modelling of the fate of substances discharged into water.



5. Conclusions for publication (French Version) Philippe Osset d’Ecobilan S.A., Hélène Teulon de Gingko 21 et Nadia Boeglin de l’ADEME ont réalisé la revue critique du rapport de P&G « Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) comparative d’Ariel « Actif à Froid » (2006), lessive qui permet de laver à plus basse température, avec des formules antérieures d’Ariel (1998, 2001) » selon les recommandations de l’ISO 14040 relatives au processus de revue critique.

Différents commentaires ont été émis à propos de l’étude. Ils ont été pris en compte par P&G dans le rapport final. Ces commentaires concernaient l'élaboration du modèle, la présentation et le contenu du rapport. La façon dont P&G a pris en compte les commentaires des vérificateurs est conforme à leurs attentes.

En prenant en compte les éléments mis à disposition des vérificateurs, aucune erreur primordiale ni incompréhension ne demeure dans le rapport final, du point de vue des recommandations de l’ISO 14040.

Evaluation du processus de revue critique

Le processus de revue en deux tours s'est révélé très efficace : la qualité du rapport s’est nettement améliorée. Les auteurs de l’étude ont été très transparents avec le panel en ce qui concerne les données utilisées et les calculs réalisés : les vérificateurs ont eu accès à tous les documents qu’ils souhaitaient, et ont été autorisés à regarder la base de données et les panneaux de contrôle. Par ailleurs, les auteurs de l’étude ont su comprendre les commentaires des vérificateurs et les prendre en compte dans leur rapport. Cette bonne collaboration a été possible grâce à la grande expertise de P&G dans le domaine des ACV.

Evaluation du rapport

Le rapport est d'excellente qualité. Il répond aux recommandations de l’ISO, tant dans sa structure que dans son contenu. Le rapport est écrit de façon claire et transparente, mis à part certaines annexes qui restent confidentielles pour le public, et qui ont été communiquées au panel de revue. De nombreuses analyses de sensibilité ont été réalisées et sont présentées dans le rapport.

Quand des hypothèses ont été faites, elles sont généralement conservatives, et prennent en compte non seulement le potentiel technique du produit, mais aussi et surtout le comportement potentiel du consommateur.

Conclusions

Les conclusions de cette étude détaillée sont cohérentes avec les objectifs du projet. Elles sont étayées par les résultats des calculs et les analyses de sensibilité. En conséquence, les résultats apparaissent fiables dans le cadre des limites de l’étude.

Comme annoncé par les auteurs dans la section présentant les limitations, une amélioration ultérieure de l’étude pourra consister à améliorer la modélisation du devenir des substances rejetées dans l’eau.

comparing the environmental burdens of home laundry ... actif a... · a laundry detergent that...

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