constraining fluid and sediment contributions to ...searg.rhul.ac.uk/pubs/handley_etal_2007 ijen...

Constraining Fluid and Sediment Contributionsto Subduction-Related Magmatism in IndonesiaIjenVolcanic Complex

H K HANDLEY1 C G MACPHERSON1 J P DAVIDSON1 K BERLO2

AND D LOWRY3

1DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES DURHAM UNIVERSITY DURHAM DH1 3LE UK2DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES BRISTOL UNIVERSITY BRISTOL BS8 1RJ UK3DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON EGHAM TW20 0EX UK

RECEIVEDJULY 10 2006 ACCEPTED MARCH 7 2007ADVANCE ACCESS PUBLICATION APRIL 17 2007

Ijen Volcanic Complex (IVC) in East Java Indonesia is situated

on thickened oceanic crust within the Quaternary volcanic front of

the Sunda arc The 20 km wide calderas complex contains around

22 post-caldera eruptive centres positioned either around the

caldera-rim (CR) or along a roughly NE^SW lineament inside

the caldera (IC)The CR and IC lavas exhibit separate differentia-

tion histories Major element and trace element modelling shows that

fractionation of olivine clinopyroxene Fe^Ti oxide plagioclase is

important in the CR group whereas plagioclase is the dominant

fractionating mineral in the same assemblage for the IC group

Spatial controls on magmatic differentiation highlight important

structural controls on magma storage and ascent at IVC Mantle-

like d18O values restricted ranges in Sr Nd and Hf isotope ratios

and a lack of correlation between isotope ratios and indices of differ-

entiation in IVC lavas are consistent with magmatic evolution

through fractional crystallization Furthermore the small ranges in

isotopic ratios throughout the complex indicate little heterogeneity in

the mantle IVC lavas possess higher 176Hf177Hf and 143Nd144Nd

isotope ratios than other volcanoes of Java representing the least

contaminated source so far analysed and therefore give the best esti-

mate yet of the pre-subduction mantle wedge isotopic composition

beneath Java Trace element and radiogenic isotope data are

consistent with a two-stage three-component petrogenetic model

for IVC whereby an Indian-type mid-ocean ridge basalt

(I-MORB)-like fertile mantle wedge is first infiltrated by a small

percentage of fluid sourced from the altered oceanic crust prior to

addition of 51 Indian Ocean sediment dominated by pelagic

material

KEY WORDS differentiation geochemistry source components Sr Nd

Hf and O isotopes Sunda arc

I NTRODUCTION AND SETT INGUnderstanding magma genesis and evolution in subduc-tion zone environments is crucial to understanding the for-mation of the continents and crustal recycling in themantle However determining original source composi-tions of volcanic arc rocks can be challenging as lavasrarely reach the Earthrsquos surface without experiencingsome processes that modify their composition for examplecrystal fractionation magma mixing or crustal contamina-tion (Davidson 1996 Thirlwall et al 1996 Mandevilleet al 1996 Reubi amp Nicholls 2004 Davidson et al 2005)In most petrogenetic models island arc magmas originatefrom a mantle wedge that is modified by slab-derivedcomponents (Hawkesworth et al 1991 McCulloch ampGamble 1991 Pearce amp Peate 1995) The magnitude andnature of the contribution from the subducting slabis debated although there is a consensus that a slab-derived fluid is involved consisting of fluids from eitherthe altered oceanic crust (Hawkesworth et al 1997 Turneret al 1997 Turner amp Foden 2001) or overlyingsediments (Class et al 2000) and other componentspossibly partial melts derived from subductedsediment (Edwards et al 1993 Elliott et al 1997 Turner ampFoden 2001 Vroon et al 2001)

Corresponding author Present address GEMOC Key CentreDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydney NSW 2109 Australia Telephone thorn61 2 9850 4405 Fax thorn61 29850 8943 E-mail hhandleyelsmqeduau

The Author 2007 Published by Oxford University Press Allrights reserved For Permissions please e-mail journalspermissionsoxfordjournalsorg

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY VOLUME 48 NUMBER 6 PAGES1155^1183 2007 doi101093petrologyegm013

Ijen volcanic complex (IVC) is located on the easternedge of Java within the Quaternary volcanic front of theSunda arc (Fig 1) The arc forms the western part of theIndonesian subduction zone system which extends over3000 km from the Andaman Islands north of Sumatra toFlores in the Banda Sea It formed as a result of the north-ward subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneaththe Eurasian Plate at a rate of around 6^7 cmyear(DeMets et al 1990 Tregoning et al 1994) Despite thisapparently simple tectonic setting understanding magmagenesis and evolution at the Sunda arc is complicated bythe variable nature of the arc crust the changing age ofthe subducting oceanic crust which increases eastwardsfrom 80 to 130Ma (Plank amp Langmuir 1998) andvariation in the type and amount of subducted sedimentwhich ranges from bimodal siliceous ooze and clays withminor turbidites beneath the western part of the arc tostrongly clay-dominated material with secondarycarbonate and minor siliceous ooze in the east (Plank ampLangmuir 1998) Along the length of the arc the composi-tion and thickness of the overriding Eurasian plate isalso thought to change from continental in the west tooceanic in the east (Hamilton 1979) Beneath Javathe crust is 20 km thick and has a seismic velocity struc-ture intermediate between continental and oceanic(Whitford 1975) The Java crust is said to consist ofophiolite slivers mecurren lange and older volcanic rocks(Hamilton 1979) The Sunda Land (SE Asian continentalpart of the Sunda blockÊurasian plate with pre-Tertiarybasement) boundary shown in Fig 1 suggests that inwestern Java the island arc is built on continental materialIn eastern Java beneath the IVC (outside the hypothesized

Sunda Land boundary) the overriding plate comprisesthickened oceanic crust However recent research oninherited zircons (Smyth 2005) provides evidence forold continental basement beneath the SouthernMountains Arc (south of the active volcanic axis) inEast JavaDespite a number of petrogenetic studies of Javan

volcanoes (Edwards et al 1993 Turner amp Foden 2001Gertisser amp Keller 2003 and references therein) uncer-tainty still prevails over the nature of the subduction com-ponent and the mechanisms by which it is added to themantle wedge For example Edwards et al (1993)proposed a homogeneous slab contribution along theSunda arc whereas Turner amp Foden (2001) identifiedalong-arc heterogeneity in this component The IVC islocated on the eastern edge of Java within the Quaternaryvolcanic front of the Sunda arc (Fig 1) and is therefore inan ideal location to investigate the mantle source composi-tion beneath Java the relatively thin crust on which thevolcano sits minimizes the likelihood of high-level conti-nental crust contamination (compared with studies inWest Java) and potentially allows us to constrainbetter crustal contributions in the mantle sourceFurthermore apparent spatial controls on some majorand trace element variations at IVC mean that thevolcanic complex provides a useful opportunity to investi-gate the relationship between volcanic structure andshallow-level processes influencing the composition ofarc lavas The aims of this study are therefore two-fold(1) to identify the impact if any of volcanic and subjacentstructure upon magmatic differentiation (2) to charac-terize the IVC magma source and place constraints on

Fig 1 Tectonic setting of Indonesia [modified from Hoffmann-Rothe et al (2001)] showing the location of IjenVolcanic Complex (open star)Black arrows represent the directions of plate movement Convergence rate of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate from Chase (1978)DeMets et al (1990) andTregoning et al (1994) Grey triangles indicate active volcanoes Dashed outline of lsquoSunda Landrsquo indicates possible extentof continental lithospheric basement (Hamilton 1979)

JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 48 NUMBER 6 JUNE 2007

1156

the nature of the slab component(s) and the transfermechanism(s) to the mantle wedge

OVERV IEW OF THE IJ ENVOLCANO COMPLEXThe Ijen volcanic complex consists of several stratovolca-noes and cinder cones constructed within and around a20 km wide caldera (Fig 2) The complex takes its namefrom Kawah Ijen volcano the only volcano of the complexthat is currently active Based on an episode of caldera col-lapse the stratigraphic succession has been divided intopre-caldera caldera and post-caldera groups (vanBemmelen 1949) Little is known about the age structureor volcanic history of the pre-caldera cone (Old Ijen) it isthought to be either early (van Bemmelen 1949) or late(Sitorus 1990 KÂr dating) Pleistocene Sitorus (1990)considered the pre-caldera volcanic structure to be a

large single composite volcano whereas Berlo (2001) sug-gested that the pre-caldera collapse volcano may have hadmultiple vents Kemmerling (1921) has suggested the possi-bility that twin volcanoes made up Old Ijen because ofthe oval shape of the subsequent caldera The deposits ofOld Ijen disconformably overlie Miocene limestone (vanBemmelen 1949) and consist of pyroclastic flow deposits aseries of pumice airfall deposits and several lava flowsThecaldera wall forms a prominent arcuate ridge in the northbut elsewhere in the complex the caldera rim is buried bythe post-caldera volcanoes (Fig 2) The collapse of the pre-caldera cone(s) is thought to have occurred in stages morethan 50 000 years ago (Sitorus 1990) The caldera groupconsists of two main units comprising large volumes ofcaldera-forming ignimbrite and minor layers of pumiceairfall and lahar deposits Most of the eruptive productswere deposited to the north (van Bemmelen 1949)Shortly after caldera collapse a resurgent dome (Blau)

Fig 2 Schematic map of the IVC showing the geographical relationships of the eruptive centres Oval dashed line denotes the caldera rim(hypothesized in the south) Straight dashed line represents the lineation of intra-caldera volcanoes [based on Berlo (2001)] Continuous blacklines in the north and SW indicate faults Volcano boundaries represent the obvious topographic control exerted by the post-caldera volcaniccentres The general provenance of the samples used in this study is indicated below the map corresponding data symbols used insubsequent figures are shown [Sample grid references from Sitorus (1990) are given in Electronic Appendix 1]

HANDLEYet al MAGMATISM IN INDONESIA

1157

formed inside the caldera The post-caldera group is char-acterized by many types of eruption (phreatomagmaticphreatic strombolian and plinian) and comprises 58 litho-logical volcanic units erupted from 22 separate vents(Sitorus 1990) The post-caldera eruptive centres can befurther divided on the basis of their geographical positionwithin the complex those located on the caldera rim(CR) dominantly composite cones or intra-caldera(IC) centres situated inside the southern part of thecaldera along a ENE^WSW lineation (Fig 2) The latterare predominantly cinder cones with minor compositecones and a lava dome The IC volcanoes are generallyyounger (with the exception of Blau) than the CR volca-noes (Sitorus 1990 Berlo 2001) Faulting is evident withinthe caldera complex in the north (Fig 2) and large faultshave affected the caldera-rim volcanoes of MerapiRinggih and Djampit Present volcanic activity is limitedto Ijen crater (Kawah Ijen) an acidic crater lake with amaximum diameter of 12 km and a depth of around 200^300m The last major eruption created phreatomagmaticair fall and pyroclastic flow deposits 2590 years agoHistorical eruptions which were mainly phreaticoccurred in 1796 1817 1917 1936 1952 1993 1994 1999and 2000 (Volcanic Survey of Indonesia httpwwwvsiesdmgoidvolcanoesijenhistoryhtml)

SAMPLE GROUPINGSThis study builds on the established stratigraphy andpreliminary geochemical work of Sitorus (1990) Few sam-ples were available from the pre-caldera and calderagroups therefore emphasis is on the geochemistry of thepost-caldera rocks Based on temporal variations ingeochemistry particularly in SiO2 FeO CaO Ni andSr contents Sitorus (1990) divided the post-caldera samplesinto six groups but admitted that the variations are notentirely consistent through time either within or betweengroups Therefore in this study the majority of the sampleshave been simply divided into CR and IC groups basedon their spatial distribution rather than age (Fig 2)The centres of Kawah Ijen and Blau are consideredseparately from the two main post-caldera groups KawahIjen is located on the western flank of Merapi (a CRvolcano) in line with the other intra-caldera centres andappears to have geochemical affinities to both groupsBlau although easily identifiable as a volcanic centreinside the caldera is located north of the linear trend ofthe other intra-caldera volcanoes and geochemical datashow scatter between the two groups Stratigraphic rela-tionships geomorphology (deep incised valleys) andKÂr dating suggest that Blau is significantly older thanthe rest of the intra-caldera centres (Sitorus 1990)A total of 43 samples from the IVC were obtained from

the collection of Sitorus (1990) as rock powders with theexception of five samples for which hand specimens were

also obtained Major element data mineralogical dataand petrographic descriptions of the IVC rocks are takenfrom Sitorus (1990) and presented in ElectronicAppendices 1^3 respectively (which may be downloadedfrom the Journal of Petrology website at httppetrologyoxfordjournalsorg)

ANALYT ICAL TECHNIQUESFive bulk-rock and 43 powdered samples were available fortrace element and isotopic study The generally low rangeof loss on ignition values (039^125 wt ) for the post-caldera rocks with the exception of three samples (224226 and 439 wt LOI) indicates that most of thesamples are fresh Four of the five caldera samples withreported major element data (Electronic Appendix 1)have high LOI values and were not considered suitable fortrace element and isotopic analysisTrace element concentrations in 43 IVC rocks were

determined using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6000 quadrupoleinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)system at Durham University Full details of the analyticalprocedure and instrument operating conditions have beengiven by Ottley et al (2003) and Handley (2006)Calibration of the ELAN was achieved via the use ofin-house standards and international referencematerials [W2 BHVO-1 AGV1 BE-N and BIR1 usingthe accepted standard values given by Potts et al (1992)]together with procedural blanks (three per batch)Internal and external reproducibility of standard valuesare generally less than 3 relative standard deviation(Ottley et al 2003) Comparison of Zr and Ti elementalconcentrations in IVC rocks obtained by X-ray fluores-cence (Sitorus 1990) and ICP-MS (this study) show excel-lent agreement with mean relative differences of 6and 7 respectivelySr Nd and Hf isotope analysis was undertaken at

the Arthur Holmes Isotope Geology Laboratory(AHIGL) Durham University The sample dissolutionprocedure and separation of Hf and Nd from rock samplesis based on that presented by Dowall et al (2003) Thechemical separation procedure for Sr in this study followsthat outlined by Charlier et al (2006) Sr Nd and Hf frac-tions were measured for isotope ratios using the AHIGLThermoElectron Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS systemDetailed instrument operating conditions (including cupconfigurations and interference corrections) have beengiven by Dowall et al (2003) and Nowell et al (2003)Samples were analysed on several separate occasionsData quality was monitored over the separate sessionsby frequent analysis of standard reference materialsthroughout each run Measured values for the NBS 987JampM and JMC 475 standards 2SD error over theperiod of study were 071026211 (nfrac14 53) 051110610(nfrac14 74) and 02821464 (nfrac14 51) respectively Data are


1158

plotted relative to NBS 987 JampM and JMC 475 standardvalues of 071024 (Thirlwall 1991) 0511110 (Royseet al 1998) and 0282160 (Nowell et al 1998) respectivelyTotal procedural blanks for Sr Nd and Hf were deter-mined by ICP-MS on the PerkinElmer ELAN 6000 quad-rupole ICP-MS system at Durham University andwere below 12 ng for Sr 219 pg for Nd and 73 pg for HfThese values are considered insignificant in relation tothe quantity of Sr Nd and Hf typically processed fromIVC rocks (12 mg 3 mg and 500 ng respectively)Oxygen isotope analyses of mineral separates were

performed by laser-fluorination at Royal HollowayUniversity of London using the procedures outlined byMacpherson et al (2000) Oxygen results are reported asper mil deviations relative to the standard mean oceanwater (SMOW) standard In-house standard values ofSC olivine 2 and GMG II over the period of studywere thorn524oslash 004 (1s nfrac14 6) and thorn569oslash 008(1s nfrac14 15) within 001oslash of accepted valuesPrecision and accuracy within runs were similar tothe overall standard results Oxygen yields weregreater than 98 for olivine 93 for plagioclaseand between 92 and 94 for clinopyroxeneAlthough the yields for plagioclase and clinopyroxeneare slightly low they were consistent over thethree sessions Replicate analyses of olivine plagioclaseand clinopyroxene were within 006oslash 009oslash and004oslash respectively

GEOCHEMISTRYMajor element dataMajor element data are reported in Electronic Appendix 1and illustrated in Fig 3 Although SiO2 is commonly usedas the index of differentiation for typically evolved arclavas (Davidson et al 2005) MgO was chosen here as (1)IVC includes a large number of relatively less evolved(SiO2555 wt ) rocks and (2) there appears to be somedivision in SiO2 contents between the CR and IC post-caldera groups at lower MgO content (Fig 3a) Lavasfrom IVC display a broad range in SiO2 content from 48to 63 wt and relatively low MgO contents (558 wt )typical of island arc volcanoes which suggests thatno true primary basalts were erupted within thecomplex MgO correlates positively with Fe2O3 TiO2 andCaO whereas Na2O SiO2 and K2O generallyincrease with decreasing MgO Al2O3 and P2O5 data areconsiderably more scattered especially at lower MgOcontents (Fig 3)The IC samples form a coherent linear array in the

majority of variation diagrams with a narrower range ofSiO2 and MgO than for the CR volcanic rocks IC andCR rocks generally appear to follow different trends onplots of SiO2 Al2O3 K2O and CaO against MgO(Fig 3a^d) with the exception of four CR samples

(KI 202 KI 136 KI 164 and KI 108) that follow theIC trendThe IC group has higher SiO2 and K2O contentsthan the CR group at similar MgO and displays strongnegative correlations whereas within the CR group thereis a weaker and less obviously negative correlation betweenSiO2 and K2O and MgO (Fig 3a and c) The moredifferentiated CR rocks (below 4 wt MgO) haveelevated CaO and Al2O3 contents when compared withthe IC samples at the same degree of differentiation(Fig 3b and d) Samples from Kawah Ijen and Blauappear to straddle the two trends in the majority of thevariation diagrams (eg Fig 3b^d)

Trace element geochemistryNi (540 ppm) and Cr (560 ppm) concentrations are low inIVC rocks (Table 1) and Ni is positively correlatedwith MgO (eg Fig 4) There is a large decrease in Ni(and Cr) abundance from the most mafic rocks to thosewith intermediate MgO contents whereas the moreevolved lavas display more constant concentrationsLarge ion lithophile element (LILE Rb Cs Ba andincluding U and Th) concentrations (eg Fig 4b and c)generally increase with decreasing MgO Variation of Rbwith MgO mirrors that of K2O (Fig 3c) where IC groupcontents are higher than the relatively constant concentra-tions in the CR group Sr concentrations on the otherhand are more elevated in the CR group and generallyincrease with decreasing MgO whereas Sr concentrationsin the IC rocks are in the main lower at similar MgO(Fig 4d) Al2O3 and CaO exhibit similar behaviour TheIC samples have higher abundances of high field strengthelements (HFSE) such as Zr Hf Nb andTa than the CRrocks at a given MgO (Fig 4e and f)The variation of theseelements also mirrors that of K2O Rare earth element(REE) variation with MgO is illustrated in Fig 4g and hLight REE (LREE eg La) concentrations in the IVCrocks generally increase with decreasing MgO (Fig 4g)however heavy REE (HREE) variation trends are moredifficult to discern there is a wide variation in Yb at lowMgO content (Fig 4h)Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-normalized trace ele-

ment abundance patterns (Fig 5) are typical of island arcvolcanoes with enrichment of the more mobile LILE andLREE relative to HFSE and HREEThe highly to moder-ately incompatible elements are all enriched relative toMORB similar to those from other Sunda arc volcanoes(Turner amp Foden 2001) and local sediments (Vroon et al1995) The IC group are generally more enriched than theCR group This enrichment is emphasized in the inset dia-gram of Fig 5 where the IC are normalized to the CRgroup There is a general decrease in the degree of enrich-ment of the IC as element incompatibility decreaseswith the exception of Ba and Sr which are considerablyless enriched relative to their neighbouring elementsand in the case of Sr which is actually depleted relative


1159

to the CR group There is greater enrichment of Zr andHf in the IC group compared with the more compatibleelements whereas theTi concentrations of the IC and CRrocks are identical

Radiogenic isotopesThe Sr^Nd^Hf isotope compositions of the IVC samplesare listed in Table 1 and plotted in Fig 6 In contrast to

their major and trace element compositions the intra-caldera and caldera-rim groups cannot be distinguishedfrom one another on the basis of radiogenic isotopesThe relatively large dataset displays a restrictedrange in 87Sr86Sr (0704169^0704483) 143Nd144Nd(0512814^0512895) and 176Hf177Hf (0283078^0283133)and plots within the range of other Indonesian island arcvolcanoes The Sr and Nd isotope ratios of lavas from the

Fig 3 Major element variation diagrams for IVC rocks separated by geographical group Black arrows in (b) and (d) are general crystal-lization vectors indicating the expected direction of magmatic evolution with the crystallization of varying amounts of olivine (ol) clinopyrox-ene (cpx) and plagioclase (plag) Vectors were calculated from averaged microprobe mineral data (Sitorus 1990) The major element data arefrom Sitorus (1990) (see Electronic Appendix 1) Fields indicate differences between the two main groups high Ca (largely CR) and low Ca(largely IC) at IVC


1160

Table 1 Trace element and Sr^Nd^Hf isotope data for IVC volcanic rocks

Pre-caldera Caldera Post-caldera Caldera-rim (CR)

Djampit Djampit Djampit Djampit Ringgih Ringgih Ringgih Ringgih Ringgih Pawenen

KI 79 KI 114 KI 182 KI 85 KI 108 KI 69 KI 137 KI 136 KI 11 KI 26A KI 26B KI 18 KI 176 KI 178

Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

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1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera

Caldera-rim (CR) Kawah Ijen

Suket Suket Suket Suket Rante Rante Merapi Merapi Merapi Merapi Merapi

KI 165 KI 164 KI 145 KI 143 KI 202 KI 63 KI 106 KI 105 KI 116 KI 52 KI 57 KI 194 KI 162 KI 190 KI 29B

Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

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6JU

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Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera

Kawah Ijen Blau Intra-caldera (IC)

Kukusan Glaman Glaman Lingker Anyar Anyar GenPen GenPen GenPen GenPen

KI 75 KI 31D KI 29D KI 28 KI 34 KI 35 KI 36 KI 139 KI 142 KI 92 KI 90 KI 39 KI 140 KI 89

Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5

GenPen GentengPendian Errors on isotope ratios are within-run 2SE on the final quoted significant figure Details of isotope data accuracy and precision aregiven in the analytical techniques section

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164

complex are among the least radiogenic Sr and mostradiogenic Nd isotopic values reported for Javanese volca-noes (Fig 6a) only samples from Guntur (Edwards 1990)and Galunggung (Gerbe et al 1992) have higher143Nd144Nd and lower 87Sr86Sr ratios The Sr isotoperatios of the IVC lavas are consistent with the previouslyrecognized eastward decrease in 87Sr86Sr fromWest Javato Bali (Whitford 1975) In Nd^Hf isotope space the IVClavas lie on the edge of the Java field close to the Indian

Ocean MORB field (Fig 6b) The pre-caldera group hasrelatively low 87Sr86Sr ratios (0704169^0704238) and areindistinguishable from one another in 143Nd144Nd(0512892^0512895) However their range in 176Hf177Hf(0283081^0283118) is comparable with the range of Hf iso-tope ratios seen in the volcanic complex as a whole (Fig 6binset) IC 143Nd144Nd values are similar to those of the CRgroup with no obvious division between the two groupsThe IC lavas display a more limited range in 176Hf177Hf

Fig 4 Trace element variation diagrams vs wt MgO as a differentiation index for selected trace elements in IVC volcanic rocks


1165

ratios but plot in the centre of the larger spread of the CRgroup (Fig 6b inset)

Oxygen isotope dataThe d18O values of clinopyroxene olivine and plagioclaseare thorn538 to thorn558oslash (nfrac14 5) thorn502oslash (nfrac14 1) andthorn608oslash (nfrac14 1) respectively (Table 2) The range ofclinopyroxene d18O values is narrow and comparablewith the average mantle d18O value of thorn557 032oslash(Ionov et al 1994 Mattey et al 1994) IVC d18Oclinopyroxene values are lower than those of plagio-clase and higher than those of olivine with coexistingmineral pair cpxol and plagcpx values of 036oslash and05oslash respectively suggesting isotopic equilibrium attypical magmatic temperatures for andesite liquids(Macpherson amp Mattey 1998 Macpherson et al1998) The limited dataset displays no noticeabledifference in the cpx d18O values of the differentgeographical groupsThe oxygen isotope ratios of clinopyroxene phenocrysts

from IVC rocks are within the range reported for clinopy-roxene from the primitive Galunggung lavas fromWest Java (thorn53 to thorn56oslash Harmon amp Gerbe 1992)and clinopyroxene and olivine d18O values lie at thelower end of the Banda arc d18O range (thorn518 tothorn704oslash and thorn492 to thorn559oslash respectively Vroonet al 2001) The d18O value for the only plagioclasesample analysed from the IVC is within error of thed18O range of Galunggung lavas (thorn56 to thorn60oslashHarmon amp Gerbe 1992) and is lower than d18O valuesrecorded in plagioclase phenocrysts from Merapivolcanic rocks (thorn65 to thorn700oslash Gertisser amp Keller2003) The d18O values of the IVC rocks also are close

to the values postulated for the upper mantle in othersubduction zones (Smith et al 1996 Thirlwall et al1996 Macpherson amp Mattey 1998 Macpherson et al1998 2000 Eiler et al 2000)

DISCUSS IONMagmatic differentiation processesDifferentiation processes can significantly change the com-position of magmas as they rise through the lithospheretowards the surface It is important to identify the impactof these processes on the composition of the magma toremove uncertainty in establishing the composition andmagnitude of slab-derived contributions to the mantlesource in subduction zones Low MgO Ni and Cr abun-dances in IVC volcanic rocks indicate that they are notprimary mantle melts and that magma compositionswere therefore modified en route to the Earthrsquos surfaceCorrelations of various major and trace elements

with indices of differentiation (ie MgO) in IVC lavas(Figs 3 and 4) suggest that the concentrations of someelements are controlled by shallow-level differentiationprocesses such as fractional crystallization magmamixing or contamination Major and trace element varia-tions for most of the post-caldera samples can be describedas one of two trends which are exemplified in the CaO vsMgO diagram (Fig 3d) where a low-Ca group domi-nantly consisting of the IC samples displays a positive cor-relation and a high-Ca group composed of most CRsamples along with some Kawah Ijen and Blau samplesshows little change in CaO with decreasing MgO Similartrends are apparent in plots of Al2O3 and Sr against MgO(Figs 3b and 4d) Higher modal plagioclase abundances

Fig 5 N-MORB normalized trace element diagram for IVC volcanic rocks Inset diagram shows the average enrichment of the IC grouprelative to the CR group Averages calculated using CR and IC rock samples of similar MgO content (between 3 and 4 wt MgO) Datasources Indian Ocean MORB (I-MORB) Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001) N-MORB normalization values Sun amp McDonough (1989)Sediment Vroon et al (1995) (Track III)


1166

(10Table 3) and a less pronounced negative Eu anom-aly in high-Ca lavas (Fig 7) suggest that the different geo-chemical trends exhibited by the low-Ca and high-Cagroups may be due to more extensive plagioclase fractiona-tion in the former or plagioclase accumulation in thelatter Possible evidence for open-system processes in thepetroenesis of the IVC lavas includes coexistence of phe-nocrysts (plagioclase and clinopyroxene) that displaynormal oscillatory and reverse zoning (Sitorus1990) clin-opyroxene overgrowths on orthopyroxene phenocrystsand bimodal distributions in plagioclase core compositions(Sitorus 1990 see Electronic Appendix 2 Berlo 2001)

One group of plagioclase crystal cores cluster below An60and the other generally above An80 However bimodalplagioclase compositions are found within volcanic rocksfrom both the high- and low-Ca groups indicating thatalthough mixing may occur it is not the dominant controlon chemical variation otherwise we would only expect tofind bimodal plagioclase populations in high-Ca rocksAlso higher modal plagioclase abundance (Table 3Electronic Appendix 3) does not necessarily indicateaccumulation it may just be a result of a greater degree ofcrystallization or more plagioclase in the modal equilib-rium assemblage Variations in the fractionating mineral

Fig 6 (a) Variation of 143Nd144Nd vs 87Sr86Sr for the IVC Inset Nd and Sr isotope diagram for the IVC groups The lack of any distinctionin isotope ratio between the IC and CR groups should be noted Data sources I-MORB Price et al (1986) Ito et al (1987) Rehkalaquo mper ampHofmann (1997) and Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001) N-MORB Ito et al (1987) and Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001) altered oceanic crust(AOC) Staudigel et al (1995) other Java volcanic rocks Whitford et al (1981)White amp Patchett (1984) Edwards (1990 including Guntur tho-leiites) Gerbe et al (1992 Galunggung) and Gertisser amp Keller (2003) Indian ocean sediments Ben Othman et al (1989) and Gasparon ampVarne (1998) (b) Variation of 176Hf177Hf vs143Nd144Nd for the IVC Inset Hf^Nd isotope diagram of IVC volcanic rocks separated by eruptivegroup Data sources I-MORB Salters (1996) Nowell et al (1998) and Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001) N-MORB I-MORB references listed for(a) plus Salters amp Hart (1991) OIB Patchett amp Tatsumoto (1980) Patchett (1983) Stille et al (1986) Salters amp Hart (1991) Nowell et al (1998) andSalters amp White (1998) Java White amp Patchett (1984) and Woodhead et al (2001) Banda White amp Patchett (1984) Indian ocean sedimentsWhite et al (1986) Ben Othman et al (1989) and Vervoort et al (1999) Dividing line for Indian and Pacific MORB provenance from Pearceet al (1999) Maximum 2s external errors for each geographical group are shown in the inset diagrams


1167

assemblage can produce contrasting differentiation trendson variation diagrams (eg Davidson 1996) Crystalliza-tion vectors drawn in Fig 3b and d illustrate the magmaticevolution predicted for primitive IVC magma during frac-tionation of different mineral assemblages The differenttrends observed in the high- and low-Ca groups can resultfrom differences in the phases that make up the fraction-ating assemblage and their proportions Assemblagesconsisting of clinopyroxene and olivineplagioclase canreplicate the high-Ca array (Fig 3b and d) whereas thesame assemblage but with more plagioclase fractionationrelative to clinopyroxene and olivine is suggested for thelow-Ca trend (see labelled arrows Fig 3b and d) Lessplagioclase fractionation in the evolution of the high-Calavas relative to the low-Ca lavas is also consistent withthe variations of Al2O3 Sr and Ba with respect to MgOalong with a smaller negative Eu anomaly

Fractional crystallizationThe XLFRAC least-squares major element modellingtechnique (see Stormer amp Nicholls1978) was used to ascer-tain whether the high-Ca and low-Ca differentiationtrends can be explained by differences in the amount ofplagioclase fractionation and also to determine whethercompositional variation within and between geographicalgroups (eg IC CR Kawah Ijen) can be explainedby fractional crystallization Models 1 and 2 inTable 3 sug-gest that the most evolved post-caldera rocks of the high-Ca and low-Ca groups can be produced by fractionationof plagioclase clinopyroxene olivine and Fe^Ti oxidefrom the least evolved samples of their respective groups(P

r2frac1402 and 019 respectively) Models of fractionationto other high-Ca and low-Ca group daughter compositions(models 3^6 and 7^9 respectively) yield excellent

Pr2

values (5016) All of these models also suggest that signifi-cantly less plagioclase fractionation is required from theparent magma to reach high-Ca daughter compositions(10^12) compared with those with low-Ca (20^37)

Therefore we suggest that the different (high- andlow-Ca) trends (eg Fig 3b and d) are due to a greateramount of plagioclase fractionation in the IC rocksthan in the CR rocksLeast-squares analysis demonstrates that intra-

group CR fractionation models yield lowP

r2 values(models 2^9Table 3) A good solution (

Pr2frac14002) is also

obtained for a model using a less evolved IC sample asparent to a more evolved IC rock (model 10) Low

Pr2

values are obtained in model 11 between the two KawahIjen samples which straddle the high-Ca and low-Catrends on several major element diagrams Some inter-group models can also generate very acceptable results(models 13^15) suggesting that members of the differentgeographical groups can be related to each other throughfractional crystallization However least-squares model-ling cannot generate low

Pr2 in models where IC rocks

represent the parent magma composition and CR is thedaughter unless crystals are accumulated rather thanremoved (models 16 and 17)Utilizing the phase proportions and degree of crystalli-

zation predicted from the major element modelling(Table 3) it is possible to test the conclusions of least-squares analysis by modelling trace element concentrationsusing the Rayleigh fractionation equation Clfrac14CoF

(D1)where Cl and Co represent the concentration of an elementin the daughter and parental liquids respectively F is thefraction of liquid remaining and D is the bulk distributioncoefficient The distribution coefficients used in modellingare given in Table 4 The results of selected trace elementmodels are given inTable 5 and show excellent agreementbetween calculated and observed daughter concentrationsThe strongest agreement (model 10) is between the intra-caldera samples KI 92 and KI 34 in the low-Ca groupwhere calculated values lie within 10 of the measuredconcentrations In summary trace element modelling vali-dates models of fractional crystallization developed frommajor element data this suggests that fractional crystalli-zation is the main control on melt evolution at IVC Italso confirms that the separate trends of the low-Ca andhigh-Ca groups are likely to be due to variable influenceof plagioclase in the fractionating mineral assemblage andare not a result of plagioclase accumulation in the high-Cagroup

Structural controls on magma ascent andstorageThe location of the CR volcanoes around the caldera rimsuggests that ring fractures may facilitate the movement ofmagma below these volcanoes This has been proposedfor other post-caldera vents located along radial fractureswithin volcanic complexes such as Roccamonfinavolcano in Italy (Giannetti 2001) and Chichontepec volca-nic centre in El Salvador (Rotolo amp Castorina 1998)The linear orientation (roughly NE^SW Berlo 2001) of

Table 2 Oxygen isotope compositions of IVC post-caldera

volcanic rocks

Caldera-rim (CR) Intra-caldera (IC) Blau

Rante Kukusan Glaman Glaman

Sample KI 63 KI 34 KI 35 KI 36 KI 31D

d18O cpx thorn538 thorn551 thorn549 thorn558 thorn546

d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608

O isotope data reported as per mil (oslash) cpx clinopyroxeneol olivine plag plagioclase


1168

Table 3 Results of major element least-squares modelling

Model no Initial (parent) Geog group Final (daughter) Geog group MgO (wt )P

r2 removed D thin-section abundance

Plag Cpx Ol FendashTi Cryst Plag Cpx Ol FendashTi

1 most to least evolved low-Ca KI 63 CR KI 35 IC 332 020 452 121 79 62 71 23 6 ndash 5

2 most to least evolved high-Ca KI 11 CR KI 26A CR 283 019 118 49 89 26 28 36 7 1 6

3 high-Ca group daughter KI 145 CR KI 57 CR 209 007 124 78 33 58 29 37 4 1 3

4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3

7 low-Ca group daughter KI 63 CR KI 202 CR 27 010 373 90 51 78 59 25 9 ndash 7

8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4

10 within geog groups KI 92 IC KI 34 IC 041 002 103 15 20 13 15 16 6 ndash 6

11 KI 190 K IJEN KI 194 K IJEN 102 004 396 69 48 44 56 31 9 ndash 3

12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4

13 between geog groups KI 31D BLAU KI 92 IC 008 007 393 42 50 25 51 28 8 ndash 5

14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3

15 KI 63 CR KI 162 K IJEN 261 013 399 108 73 55 63 28 11 ndash 4

16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4

XLFRAC least-squares modelling based on nine oxides Mineral compositions taken from phenocrysts in the basic and intermediate IVC rocks (see ElectronicAppendix 2 for representative mineral data) The mineral phases considered in modelling are limited to those observed as phenocrysts in either the parent or thedaughter rocks (Electronic Appendix 3) MgO wt difference calculated between parent and daughter compositions Plag plagioclase Cpx clinopyroxene Ololivine FendashTi FendashTi oxide D daughter removed is relative to initial parent magma Phase percentages in bold indicate addition rather than removal of thatphase

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169

the intra-caldera volcanoes also suggests that magmabelow the central part of the caldera is utilizing lines ofweakness and further highlights the structural control onthe location of post-caldera volcanoes at IVCThe different fractionation trends exhibited by the low-

Ca (dominantly the intra-caldera rocks) and high-Ca(dominantly the caldera-rim rocks) suggest that spatialvariations in chemistry within the volcanic complexmight be linked to sub-volcanic structure The contrast ingeochemistry is proposed to result from differences in theamount of plagioclase fractionation from the respectivemagmas Experimental evidence (Grove et al 2003) sug-gests that plagioclase crystallization is suppressed by highwater contents and high pressure in basaltic andesitemagmas Therefore the more extensive plagioclase frac-tionation inferred for the IC group magmas could resultfrom either shallower level (ie lower pressure) storage orlower water contents (or both) in the IC magmas relativeto the CR magmas The volatile content of magmas is alsocontrolled by pressure thus the suppression of plagioclasecrystallization in the CR group could be a result of mag-matic differentiation at deeper levels in the crust below thecaldera-rim volcanoes (Fig 8) Magmas stored at greaterdepth with higher volatile contents might be expected toerupt more explosively than those stored at shallowerlevels from which eruptions might be more passive Thepresence of large stratovolcanoes on the caldera-rim anddominantly small cinder cones inside the caldera at IVCis consistent with the type of eruption compatible withthis interpretation Therefore at IVC it is proposed thatvolcanic structure exerts some control on the depths atwhich the rising magma can pond Kawah Ijen eruptslavas belonging to both the low-Ca and high-Ca trendsKawah Ijen lies at the intersection between the calderarim and the northeastern edge of the intra-caldera linea-tion (Fig 2) and could therefore tap both shallow anddeeply ponded magmas (Fig 8) There is no temporal

division in the production of high-Ca and low-Ca lavatypes at Kawah Ijen and no evidence for physicalmingling or mixing (Berlo 2001) implying separatemagmatic pathways for magmas erupted from differentdepths (Fig 8)

Role of crustal contaminationThere is considerable evidence from other island arcs(Thirlwall amp Graham 1984 Davidson et al 1987 Ellam ampHarmon1990 Davidson1996 Smith et al 1996 Thirlwallet al 1996 Macpherson et al 1998) for thecontamination of primary magmas by the arc crustContamination is also believed to be an important processresponsible for modifying isotope ratios in the westernSunda arc (Gasparon et al 1994 Gasparon amp Varne1998) and at Sangeang Api volcano in the East Sunda arc(Turner et al 2003) Therefore prior to discussing magmasource compositions it is important to assess the role ofcrustal contamination at IVC The absence of correlationsbetween IVC Sr Nd and Hf isotope ratios and indicesof differentiation (eg MgO Fig 9) and the restrictedranges of Sr Nd and Hf isotope ratios in IVC samples(Table 1) are consistent with a negligible input of isotopi-cally distinct crust during differentiation Clinopyroxened18O values in the IVC lavas are homogeneous (thorn538 tothorn558oslash Table 2) and low lying within the range ofmantle d18O values (thorn557 032oslash) reported byMattey et al (1994) and Ionov et al (1994) Thereforeit is unlikely that the lavas have been contaminatedby upper crustal materials which typically possesshigh d18O values such as those reported by Gertisseramp Keller (2003) for the local upper crust (calcareoussediments) in Central Java (thorn205oslash and thorn189oslash)

Fig 7 Europium anomaly (EuEu) vs MgO for IVC rocks

Table 4 Distribution coeffiecients used in trace element

modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353

Distribution coefficients calculated as average values forbasalticndashandesiticndashdacitic systems taken from the GERMdatabase (httpearthreforgGERMindexhtml) OLolivine CPX clinopyroxene PLAG plagioclase magmagnetite


1170

Furthermore only igneous cumulate xenoliths have

been found within the Ijen complex lavas continental-

type crustal xenoliths have not been detected (Sitorus

1990 Berlo 2001) Monomineralic plagioclase

xenoliths are present in lavas erupted from Anyar

(IC) and Blau and cumulate xenoliths containing

plagioclase olivine clinopyroxene and Ti-magnetite

have been found in Rante (CR) and Kawah Ijen

lavas A cumulate containing olivine ortho- and

clinopyroxene was also found in lava from Kukusan

(Berlo 2001)Similar to conclusions reached in studies of other Sunda

arc volcanoes (Gerbe et al 1992 Elburg et al 2002

Gertisser amp Keller 2003) the evidence above suggests thatany interaction of IVC magmas with the arc crust duringdifferentiation has had a negligible impact on their geo-chemistry Fractional crystallization therefore appears tobe the dominant differentiation process controlling geo-chemical variations in IVC lavas Higher Sr and lowerNd and Hf isotope ratios in IVC rocks relative to MORBpoint towards contamination of the IVC source by anisotopically distinct crustal component

Magma source componentsMost models of magma petrogenesis at island arcs involvethree main source components (1) the mantle wedge

Table 5 Results of trace element fractional crystallization modelling

Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11

Parent KI 145 KI 52 KI 63 KI 145 KI 92 KI 190

Daughter KI 57 KI 57 KI 202 KI 108 KI 34 KI 194

Centres CRndashCR CRndashCR CRndashCR CRndashCR ICndashIC KIjenndashKIjen

To group high-Ca high-Ca low-Ca low-Ca low-Ca highndashlow Ca

Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444

Pr2 values phase proportions () and model number taken from Table 3 Trace element concentrations in ppm


1171

(2) the subducting slab (oceanic crust and associated sedi-ments) (3) the arc lithosphere The majority of island arcmagmas are thought to originate in the mantle wedge(Ringwood 1974 Ellam amp Hawkesworth 1988McCulloch amp Gamble 1991) which has been inferred byseveral workers to be similar to the source of MORB(Davidson 1987Woodhead et al 1993 Gamble et al 1996Turner et al 2003) It has been proposed that there mightbe contribution from an enriched mantle component[ocean island basalt (OIB) source] in some Sunda arclavas (Wheller et al 1987 Edwards et al 1991 1993 vanBergen et al 1992) although a MORB-source-like mantlesource has been advocated for the Sunda arc by others(eg White amp Patchett 1984 Turner amp Foden 2001Elburg et al 2002) Helium isotope values of olivine crys-tals in mantle xenoliths and island arc volcanic rocksalso implicate a MORB-source-like mantle source inthe western Sunda arc (Hilton amp Craig 1989 Gasparonet al 1994)

Mantle source characteristicsThe HREE and HFSE are thought to remain relativelyimmobile compared with other elements such as LILEduring slab dehydration (Tatsumi et al 1986 Kessel et al2005) and abundances are generally too low in oceanicand continental crust (Taylor amp McLennan 1985)to significantly alter ratios of these elements in magmasderived from the mantleWe can use these trace elementstherefore to help ascertain the pre-subduction compositionof the mantle wedge HREE concentrations are 10^15times chondrite values in IVC lavas and display relativelyflat profiles (Fig 10) This suggests that garnet is not animportant residual mineral in the source region and thatthe IVC magmas are derived largely from a shallowmantle source above the garnet^spinel transition for wetperidotite The LaLu ratios of CR (41) and IC (44) lavas

Fig 8 Simplified diagram of magma petrogenesis at IVC focusingon crustal level differentiation Cross-section shown is orientedroughly parallel to the lineation of the intra-caldera volcanoes Thediagram shows the envisaged deeper level storage of magma belowthe CR volcanoes and shallower level storage plus more extensiveplagioclase fractionation below the IC volcanoes Kawah Ijen isthought to tap both the shallow and deep reservoirs and transportthe magma through unconnected pathways It should be noted thatFe^Ti oxide is also fractionating in both the shallow and deepreservoirs

Fig 9 87Sr86Sr vs MgO for IVC groups The 2s external errors areless than data symbol size

Fig 10 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element variation in post-caldera IVC volcanic rocks Normalizing factors and N-MORB valuesfrom Sun amp McDonough (1989) Indian MORB (Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft 2001) and Izu^Bonin arc lava compositions (Taylor amp Nesbitt1998) are shown for comparison Inset shows the chondrite-normalized abundance of the pre-caldera volcanic rocks The largedifference in LaLu ratios displayed by the pre-caldera group (inset)in comparison with the IC and CR groups should be noted


1172

are very similar which is consistent with a similar sourcemineralogy and degree of partial melting for these twopost-caldera groups The large difference in LaLu ratioswithin the three pre-caldera group samples (34^80) whencompared with the fairly constant ratio of the post-calderavolcanics (42) might be due to variable degrees of partialmelting andor different source mineralogies for the pre-caldera rocks If post-caldera rocks from the IC and CRvolcanoes Kawah Ijen and Blau share the same sourcethen they should possess similar ratios of immobile traceelements generally assumed to be unmodified by subduc-tion processes (Table 6) ZrNb [17^23 (except one CRsample at 14)] and TaNb (007^013) ratios do not changesignificantly with differentiation (Fig 11a and b) and arerelatively homogeneous in all IVC eruptive rocks ZrNbratios are similar to those of MORB [normal and Indiantype (N-MORB and I-MORB)] whereas TaNb ratiosare comparable with both MORB and OIB (Table 6eg Fig 11) The similarity between HFSE and HREE con-centrations in primitive IVC basalts and I-MORB ratherthan N-MORB is also apparent in Fig 12 Thereforewe suggest that the mantle wedge beneath the IVCis similar to the source of I-MORB Several studies utiliz-ing Pb isotopic and trace element data have reached asimilar conclusion for magmatism in SE Asia throughoutthe Cenozoic (Taylor et al 1994 Hickey-Vargas 1998Macpherson amp Hall 2001 2002 Elburg et al 2002Macpherson et al 2003) The HFSE and HREE concen-trations and ratios of IVC lavas also indicate that themantle wedge is not significantly depleted beneath EastJava in contrast to others arcs such as Izu^Bonin andMariana (Fig 12) where mantle sources are thought tohave experienced melt extraction prior to their involve-ment in arc petrogenesis (Woodhead et al 1993 Elliottet al 1997 Taylor amp Nesbitt 1998)Sr is fluid-mobile during slab dehydration therefore

Sr isotope data are not well suited for identifying the

isotopic composition of the precursor mantle wedgeExperimental work (Tatsumi et al 1986 Brenan et al1995 You et al 1996) and studies of arc lavas (McCullochamp Gamble 1991 Pearce amp Peate 1995 Mulaquo nker et al 2004)indicate that Hf and Nd are relatively immobile duringslab dehydration particularly with respect to the forma-tion of aqueous fluids (Kessel et al 2005) HoweverWoodhead et al (2001) have cast doubt upon the status of

Table 6 Average trace element ratios in I-MORB

N-MORB bulkJava sediment and the range in IVC rocks

Ratio I-MORB N-MORB Bulk Java sediment IVC

TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23

CePb 15 25 3 3ndash7

ThYb 017 004 3 1ndash4

BaLa 7 3 27 23ndash36

SrNd 14 12 6 16ndash44

Data sources I-MORB Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001)nfrac14 8 N-MORB Sun amp McDonough (1989) bulk Javasediment Plank amp Langmuir (1998)

Fig 11 (a) ZrNb and (b) TaNb vs MgO (wt ) for IVC groupsN-MORB and OIB data from Sun amp McDonough (1989) IndianMORB data from Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001)

Fig 12 Comparison of HFSE Y and Yb abundances in the mostprimitive IVC basalt with N-MORB (Sun amp McDonough 1989)I-MORB (Price et al 1986 Rehkalaquo mper amp Hofmann 1997Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft 2001) and other island arc lavas Izu^Bonin(Taylor amp Nesbitt 1998) and Marianas arc (Elliott et al 1997)


1173

Hf as a truly fluid-immobile element they see evidencein the New Britain subduction system for the transportof Hf in aqueous fluids when Nd is immobileTheir observations are based on the contrast in Hf isotoperatios of the mantle wedge beneath New Britain and thesubducting crust of the Woodlark Basin As we advocatean I-MORB composition for both the mantle wedge andthe down-going subducted crust any Hf mobility shouldhave negligible impact on the Hf isotope ratio of the IVCmagma source Therefore combined Nd and Hf isotopedata can better document the source (mantle wedge) char-acteristics of the IVC lavas than combinations of isotoperatios involving 87Sr86Sr isotope data (eg Pearce et al1999) IVC lavas display a restricted range in 143Nd144Ndand especially 176Hf177Hf and lie within the Hf isotoperange of I-MORB Lavas from other Javan volcanoesdiverge further from typical mantle (MORB) valuestowards more lsquocrustalrsquo Hf^Nd isotopic compositionsTherefore although the major element data indicate thatthe IVC lavas are moderately fractionated and are not pri-mary magmas the IVC source appears to be among theleast affected by crustal inputs from either the slab or arclithosphere (noting that the Hf isotope database is slightlymore limited in comparison with Sr^Nd isotope data avail-able)Volcanic rocks from the IVC and other volcanic cen-tres on Java lie above the dividing line that separatesMORB of Indian and Pacific provenance drawn inHf^Nd isotope space by Pearce et al (1999) (Fig 6b)implying derivation from an I-MORB-like mantle sourcerather than a source similar to Pacific MORB andcorroborating conclusions from ratios of immobile traceelements (above)In summary restricted variation in isotope ratios and

immobile trace element ratios suggests that the mantlesources of the different groups of IVC magmatic rocks arenot distinct from each other The mantle wedge beneathEast Java is relatively fertile compared with that of manyother island arcs with HFSE (especially Nb and Ta) andHREE concentrations similar to those in the source ofI-MORB

Identification of subduction zone componentstrace element constraints

Enrichment of LILE and LREE relative to HFSE in arcvolcanic rocks has long been attributed to slab involvement(Hawkesworth et al 1979 Kay1980White amp Duprecurren 1986Davidson 1987 McCulloch amp Gamble 1991) but thereremains considerable uncertainty as to the source of thiscontribution (altered oceanic crust or sediments or both)and the transfer mechanism of this component to the sub-arc mantle (as a fluid or melt or both)Th and the LREE are thought to be less mobile in aque-

ous fluids than the LILE (Tatsumi et al 1986 Pearce et al1999) and consequently high CePb and ThYb ratios inarc lavas are taken to indicate a sedimentary contribution

from the slab (Woodhead et al 2001 Gertisser amp Keller2003) The large contrast in CePb and ThYb ratiosbetween MORB (N- and I-MORB) and Indian Oceansediments near Java (Table 6 Fig 13a) suggests that rela-tively low CePb (3^7) and high ThYb (1^4) ratios ofthe IVC could be attributed to a sediment componentin the arc mantle source However the slightly higherThYb ratios observed in lavas of the low-Ca group suggestthat this ratio was also affected by fractional crystalliza-tion A plot of ThYb vs MgO (Fig 13b) reveals slightelevation and correlation of ThYb ratios in the IC groupcompared with the CR group The CR group displayslimited variation (ThYb 15) over the entire range ofMgO and we infer that this ratio is representative ofthe IVC sourceElevations of LILELREE ratios in arc lavas compared

with MORB are thought to indicate fluid addition to themantle wedge from dehydration of the subducting slab(Ben Othman et al 1989 Elliott et al 1997) The BaLa(23^36) and SrNd (16^44) ratios of the IVC lavas are

Fig 13 (a) BaLa^ThYb diagram highlighting the high BaLaand ThYb ratios of IVC samples compared with I-MORB (Chauvelamp Blichert-Toft 2001) The field of Indian Ocean sediment is definedby three of the four sediment compositions used in the isotope mixingmodels in Fig 14 bulk Java sediment (Plank amp Langmuir 1998)average terrigenous sediment (V33-75 -77 -79) and nanno-ooze(Gasparon amp Varne 1998) Altered oceanic crust data from Staudigelet al (1996) AOC fluid ratios were calculated using mobility data ofTatsumi et al (1986) and show the significantly higher BaLa ratiosin an AOC fluid relative to bulk AOC (b) ThYb vs MgOfor IVC groups


1174

slightly to significantly higher than those of Indian Oceansediment and also much greater than I-MORB (Table 6Fig 13a) indicating that slab fluids may also be added tothe IVC mantle source possibly from the altered oceaniccrust (AOC) The BaLa ratios of the IVC volcanic rocksare not as high as those observed in the KermadecMariana and New Britain arcs where the dominant slabinput is thought to be a hydrous fluid (Woodhead et al2001) However the overall flux of hydrous fluid might bethe same in all these arcs the lower BaLa in the IVC lavascould reflect the addition of La from a subducted sedimen-tary component

Modelling slab input constraints from radiogenic isotopes

Two-component model I-MORBthorn bulk sediment Figure 14shows simple mixing between an I-MORB source andbulk sediment for a variety of Indian Ocean sedimentend-members (Table 7) Mixing arrays involving three ofthe four end-member sediments (A^C Mn nodulenanno-ooze and average Java sediment respectively) pro-duce reasonable fits to the general range of Java volcanicrocks Addition of 05^1 average bulk Java sediment (CPlank amp Langmuir 1998) to I-MORB produces a curvethat passes through the most isotopically primitive IVCvolcanic rocks (Fig 14) but that is highly oblique to theIVC array The terrigenous^biogenic sediment end-member (D) has high SrNd and produces a convex-upmixing trend in Sr^Nd isotope space when added toI-MORB mantle (Fig 14) Bulk terrigenous^biogenic sedi-ments are unlikely to dominate the sediment contributionto the mantle source of the IVC volcanic rocksThis is sup-ported by sediment data collected from the Indian Ocean

Terrigenous sands and silts such as turbidites are presentin the average composition of the sedimentary columnsubducted at the Java trench as described by Plank ampLangmuir (1993) but are minor components comparedwith clay and siliceous ooze Boreholes 211 and 261 ofDeep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) leg 22 (SEATAR 1981httpwwwngdcnoaagovmgggeologyseatarhtml)located in the Indian Ocean crust south of Java are domi-nated by nanno-ooze nanno-claystone a small amount ofvolcanic ash and a 12 cm thick surface layer of small man-ganese nodulesTwo-stage three-component model I-MORBthornAOC compo-

nentthorn bulk sediment Two-component mixing fails to providea good fit to the isotopic variation of the IVC lavas sug-gesting that an additional isotopically distinct componentis required in the source Furthermore some trace elementratios (eg BaLa) are too high for MORB-source mantleand sediment mixtures to explain but are consistent with afluid contribution derived from the subducted AOCContributions from AOC have been inferred for manySunda arc lavas (Turner amp Foden 2001) and there is con-siderable support for two separate contributions from thesubducting slab to the mantle wedge in the petrogenesis ofmany other arc lavas (White amp Patchett 1984 Ellam ampHawkesworth 1988 Thirlwall et al 1996 Elliott et al1997 Hawkesworth et al 1997 Turner amp Hawkesworth1997 Turner et al 1997 Taylor amp Nesbitt 1998)Interaction of seawater with basalt produces significantchemical and isotopic changes (Hart et al 1974 White ampPatchett 1984) Altered oceanic crust displays a widerange in 87Sr86Sr ratios whereas 143Nd144Nd isotoperatios are generally indistinguishable from those of fresh

Fig 14 143Nd144Nd^87Sr86Sr diagram showing bulk mixing between I-MORB source (I-MORB01 assuming 10 melting) and bulk sedi-ment Data sources for I-MORB N-MORB AOC and Indian Ocean sediment as in Fig 6 Sediments used in mixing A Mn nodule B nanno-ooze C bulk Java sediment D terrigenous^biogenic Sediment data sources and compositions are given in Table 7 Ticks along the mixingcurves show the per cent of sediment in the mixture Java field Gu Guntur C Cereme (Edwards 1990) Ga Galunggung (Gerbe et al 1992)S Salak Ge Gede (this study) M Merapi (Gertisser amp Keller 2001) K Krakatau (Turner amp Foden 2001)TTangkuban Prahu U Ungaran PPapandayan (Whitford et al 1981)


1175

MORB (Fig 15) Because of the lack of isotopic data foraltered Indian Ocean MORB we have used data forAtlantic MORB (Staudigel et al 1996) to consider theeffect of adding this component to the mantle wedgeRegardless of how this component is added to the mantlewedge either as a fluid (most commonly proposed egEllam amp Hawkesworth 1988 Turner et al 1997) or melt(particularly where the subducting crust is young egDefant amp Drummond 1990) the isotopic composition ofthe resultant mixture will be generally the same mixingI-MORB source with AOC fluid or melt will create a mix-ture with higher Sr isotope ratios and similar Nd isotoperatios to I-MORB However the quantity of AOC compo-nent required will be dependent on the transfer mechanismas a result of higher SrNd ratios in fluids produced fromthe AOC compared with melts The trajectory of the IVCdata crosscuts any conceivable two-component mixingcurve produced between the mantle source and an AOC^sediment mixture therefore a two-stage model is pre-ferred In the mixing models we have chosen to addthe AOC component as a fluid as it is hard to envisage

(in a two-stage process whereby the mantle source is firstcontaminated by AOC prior to bulk addition of sedimentsee Elliott et al 1997 Turner amp Hawkesworth 1997)melting of the AOC and addition of this to the mantlewedge without melting the sediments and incorporatingthem too simultaneously to the mantle wedgeFurthermore the IVC lavas exhibit none of the geochem-ical traits thought to record slab melting (Defant ampDrummond 1990)Figure 15 shows the results obtained from models of two-

stage source contamination where an I-MORB source isfirst contaminated by fluid from the AOC and then bulksediment [Mn nodule (curve A-2) and nanno-ooze (curveB-2)] These types of sediments are consistent with thefindings from DSDP leg 22 boreholes 211 and 261 men-tioned above To create the fluid-modified mantle (FMM)component in this model 3 AOC fluid was added (seeTable 7 for AOC fluid calculation details) Mixing propor-tions of AOC and I-MORB are highly dependent on the Srand Nd contents and isotopic ratios of AOC which arethemselves extremely variable The fraction of fluid

Table 7 End-member compositions used in mixing calculations for Figs 14 15 and 16

Sr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Hf (ppm) 87Sr86Sr 143Nd144Nd 176Hf177Hf

Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124

IM1 FMM 155 138 ndash 0703502 0513038 ndash



Mantle wedge represented by I-MORB source (I-MORB10 assuming 10 melting) I-MORB data from Chauvel ampBlichert-Toft (2001) Data sources I-MORB average Sr concentration from Price et al (1986) Rehkamper amp Hofmann(1997) and Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft (2001) I-MORB Nd and Hf concentration Sr Nd and Hf isotope data from Chauvel ampBlichert-Toft (2001) Sediments A Mn nodule V34-62 (White et al 1986 Ben Othman et al 1989) B nanno-oozeDSDP site 211 (Gasparon amp Varne 1998) C average Java sediment (Plank amp Langmuir 1998) D terrigenousndashbiogenicaverage of V33-75 -77 -79 (Ben Othman et al 1989 Gasparon amp Varne 1998) FMM (fluid-modified mantle) mixturein Figs 15 and 16 is 3 AOC fluid and 97 I-MORB source AOC end-member composition used in fluid calculation fromStaudigel et al (1995) Sr 6732 ppm Nd 1308 ppm 87Sr86Sr 0707437 143Nd144Nd 0513023 Fluid created by 05dehydration of AOC using CFfrac14CODthorn F(1 D) where CF is the concentration in the fluid CO is the concentration inAOC D is the distribution coefficient given by Keppler (1996) Sr Dfluidcpxfrac14 21 Nd Dfluidcpx estimated at 03 (relative toDfluidcpx Lafrac14 10 Gdfrac14 014 and Lufrac14 011) and F is the fraction of fluid created (0005) I-MORB low 176Hf177Hf sourcesIM1 is MD37-05-02 (Chauvel amp Blichert-Toft 2001) IM2 is 54R-1 115-121 (Nowell et al 1998) IM3 is MD34 D2 (Chauvelamp Blichert-Toft 2001)


1176

required is smaller if more highly altered basalt composi-tions are used and greater if partial melting or bulkmixing of AOC is considered The three-componentmodels produce excellent fits not only to the trend of IVClavas but also a large proportion of other Java volcanicrocks Only a small percentage of sediment (025 Mnnodule or 05^1 nanno-ooze) is required to generate theisotopic values seen in the IVC volcanic rocks

Three-component mixing in Nd and Hf isotope spaceModelling of two-stage source contamination in Nd^Hfisotope space is hampered by the paucity of Hf isotopedata reported for altered oceanic crust Nd isotope ratiosremain relatively constant during hydrothermal and low-temperature seawater alteration of MORB thereforeWhite amp Patchett (1984) predicted that Hf isotope ratioswill also be unaffected by the alteration of oceanic crust

Fig 15 143Nd144Nd^87Sr86Sr diagram showing two-stage three-component mixing Data sources as in Figs 6 and 14 Mixing between I-MORB source and a fluid from the altered oceanic crust creates a mixture with higher 87Sr86Sr and near identical 143Nd144Nd to I-MORBsource Mixing of fluid-modified mantle with sediments A and B (as in Fig 14) produces a good fit to the IVC data (curves A-2 and B-2respectively)Tick marks indicate the per cent of sediment added to the fluid-modified mantle End-member compositions and fluid calculationsare given inTable 7

Fig 16 176Hf177Hf vs143Nd144Nd showing mixing curves between three I-MORB source compositions with lower than average 176Hf177Hfisotope ratios IM1 IM2 and IM3 and sediment A (Mn nodule) Data sources as in Fig 6 Java data Merapi Gede and Salak this studyother Sunda White amp Patchett (1984) other named volcanoes [Mu Muriah L Lamongan B Batur (Bali) Se Semaru Su Sumbing otherabbreviations detailed in Fig 6 caption] fromWoodhead et al (2001) End-member compositions are listed inTable 7 Inset diagram shows three-component mixing in Sr^Nd isotope space using the lower 176Hf177Hf I-MORB source compositions used in the main diagram (rather thanaverage I-MORB) AOC fluid (as in Fig 15) and sediment A The inset shows that using a lower 176Hf177Hf I-MORB source composition haslittle effect on the shape of the mixing curve and the amount of sediment required when compared with curve A in Fig 15 which uses averageI-MORB source composition Data fields as in Fig 6 and end-member compositions are given inTable 7


1177

In these circumstances contamination of the mantlesource by a slab fluid from the AOC would be undetectableusing Nd and Hf isotopesThe relatively shallow array of IVC lavas projects back

towards a mantle source with lower 176Hf177Hf ratios thanaverage I-MORB (Fig 16) Mixing of an I-MORB sourcewith a lower than average Hf isotope composition (IM1IM2 and IM3 Table 7) with sediment A (Hf isotope dataare unavailable for the nanno-ooze B) produces mixingcurves that correspond perfectly to the IVC data arrayrequiring505 addition of sediment (all mixing curvesin Fig 16) and also match the percentage of sedimentrequired to explain the IVC data in three-component Sr^Nd mixing (Fig 15) Using low 176Hf177Hf I-MORB sourceend-members instead of average I-MORB compositionsdoes not affect the conclusions reached from three-compo-nent modelling in Sr^Nd isotope space (Fig 16 inset)almost identical results are obtained (compare with curveA-2 in Fig 15) This implies that if a hydrous fluid is addedto the mantle source from the altered oceanic crust there isa minimal effect on the resulting Nd and Hf isotope ratiosIn conclusion radiogenic isotope and trace element data

for IVC lavas suggest that a three-component two-stagesource contamination model is applicable In this modelI-MORB mantle is metasomatized by slab fluids prior toaddition of subducted sediment Three-component modelshave also been suggested in geochemical studies of otherisland arc volcanoes (Ellam amp Hawkesworth 1988 Elliottet al 1997 Turner et al 1997 Taylor amp Nesbitt 1998)However the order in which the two components fromthe slab (fluid and sediment) are introduced to the mantlewedge beneath IVC differs from that proposed in othermodels The U-series isotopic compositions of Marianalavas indicate that addition of a sedimentary componenttook place at least 350 kyr before fluid addition to themantle wedge beneath the Mariana arc (Elliott et al1997)The authors propose two possible models for the sub-duction component addition (1) shallow (5120 km depth)sedimentary melts produce enriched sub-arc mantlewhich is then dragged down to deeper depths where dehy-dration of the altered oceanic crust then releases fluid intothe enriched sub-arc mantle causing melting (2) alteredoceanic crust dehydrates at shallow depth to producehydrated peridotite mantle which is down-draggedand dehydrates at around 120 km depth causing extensivemelting This material then encounters sedimentary mate-rial rising from greater depth Elliot et al (1997) acknowl-edge the inherent problems in their most simplified model(1) of satisfying thermal models of subduction zones(Peacock 1991 Johnson amp Plank 1999) The reverse orderin the addition of subduction components proposed at IVC(ie slab dehydration and fluid addition to the mantlewedge prior to sediment addition) appears mechanicallymore viable However in this model fluid sourced

predominantly from the oceanic crust must pass throughthe overlying sediment and avoid any sedimentaryimprint This is possible as Elliott et al (1997) pointed outthat the sedimentary pile on top of the oceanic crust islikely to dehydrate and lose its fluid-mobile elements atshallower depths before major dehydration of the basalticcrust This earlier fluid addition to the wedge may avoidbeing down-dragged to the region of arc magma genesis(Fryer 1992) and therefore not contribute to magma geo-chemistry Turner amp Hawkesworth (1997) also proposed amodel in which partial melts of sediment are added to themantle wedge at relatively shallow levels prior to fluidaddition from the slab The timescale envisaged for fluidaddition is of the order of 30^50 kyr before eruptionIn comparison at volcanoes of the Andonara^Pantar

section in the East Sunda arc U-series Sr^Nd^Pb isotopeand trace element data support a similar transfer order forthe addition of fluid- and sediment-sourced slab compo-nents (Hoogewerff et al 1997) as that proposed at IVCalthough differing slightly in the exact nature of the slabcomponents (sediment-derived hydrous fluid and siliceousmelt) The hydrous fluid is proposed to dominate the inputin the shallow part of the subduction zone whereas thesedimentary melt dominates the flux at deeper levelsEvidence for relatively recent fluid addition is provided by226Ra excesses in volcanic rocks closest to the arc front inthe Andonara^Pantar section and also in other Sunda arclavas (Turner amp Foden 2001 Turner et al 2003)

Comparison of slab contributions

The amount of local sediment incorporated in the sourceregion of IVC lavas (505 Mn nodule or 05^1 nanno-ooze) is similar to or less than the amount of subductedsediment proposed in magma genesis at other arcsfor example the Lesser Antilles (White amp Duprecurren 1986)Banda (Vroon 1992) Izu^Bonin (Taylor amp Nesbit 1998)and Aleutian arcs (McCulloch amp Perfit 1981) Radiogenicisotopic compositions of other Sunda arc lavas are alsoaccounted for by incorporation of similar amounts ofsubducted Indian Ocean sediment into the mantle wedgeto that proposed beneath IVC 1^2 (Merapi Gertisseramp Keller 2003)52 (general Sunda arc lavas Turner ampFoden 2001)55 (eastern Sunda arc Stoltz et al 1990)25 (Sangeang Api East Sunda arc Turner et al 2003)Several workers have proposed that the sedimentarycomponent is added to mantle source in the form of a par-tial melt (Turner amp Foden 2001 Turner et al 2003)However in eastern Sunda arc lavas calculated melt frac-tions of pelagic and biogenic sediments at low degrees ofmelting (1^10) have low SrNd ratios that producecurves that do not fit the volcanic data (even up to 40melting) (Stoltz et al 1990) Sediment addition as a partialmelt is a possibility beneath the IVC but is not requiredto explain the data However considering this possibilitywe propose that the bulk sediment to mantle- or


1178

fluid-modified mantle mixing curves provide an upper esti-mate of the amount of sediment contribution in the IVCmagma source

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSDifferentiation processes can account for the spatial varia-tions observed in the geochemistry of volcanic rocks at theIjen Volcanic Complex Major element and trace elementmodelling suggests that trends towards high CaO Al2O3

and Sr contents with increasing MgO in the CR group(high-Ca group) and positive correlations of these ele-ments in the IC group (low-Ca group) are a result ofslight differences in fractionating mineral assemblagesolivine clinopyroxeneplagioclase fractionation domi-nating the CR group and plagioclase 4 clinopyroxeneand olivine in the IC group (Fig 8) Spatial variationsin lava geochemistry are controlled to some extent by sub-volcanic structure It is proposed that magma storage atshallower depths is prevented beneath volcanoes locatedon the caldera-rim (compare with the intra-calderamagmas) because of the presence of ring fractures whichfocus and facilitate migration of magma towards the sur-face and inhibit the formation of shallow-level storagechambers As a result CR magmas do not undergo sub-stantial shallow-level degassing or extensive plagioclasefractionation like that envisaged for the IC volcanoes(Fig 8) The linear orientation of the IC volcanoes furtherindicates the importance of sub-volcanic structure for vol-canism at IVC Location of Kawah Ijen at the intersectionbetween the caldera rim and the northeastern edge of theintra-caldera lineation combined with the eruption oflavas with the characteristics of both differentiationtrends implies that Kawah Ijen may be sourced by boththe shallow and deep magma reservoirs by separate path-ways (Fig 8)Low mantle-like d18O values and a lack of correlation

between isotope ratios and indices of differentiation implythat contamination by continental lsquocrustalrsquo material isinsignificant at IVC consistent with IVC being locatedon thickened oceanic crust Assimilation of isotopicallyindistinct material (ie older volcanic crust) cannot be dis-counted at IVCDespite the variation observed in major and trace

element data the HFSE ratios Nd Hf isotope ratiosand d18O values of the IVC lavas are remarkably constantsuggesting that the subduction-modified mantle wedgesource was relatively homogeneous The IVC lavas havehigher Hf and Nd isotope ratios than those of other Sundaarc volcanoes and lie on the edge of the I-MORB field inHf^Nd isotope space suggesting that they reflect thecompo-sitionof theuncontaminatedmantlewedge inEastJavaIVC magma genesis can be explained by two-stage

three-component source mixing In this model a fertileI-MORB source mantle wedge is infiltrated first by

a hydrous slab fluid and then by sediment As a result ofthe orientation of the IVC array and the shape of themixing curves produced by different types of sedimentaddition in Hf^Nd isotope space (and constraints on sedi-ment type from Sr^Nd isotope modelling) the I-MORBsource component proposed has a lower than average176Hf177Hf isotope composition In the model theI-MORB source is contaminated by a small percentage offluid created by the dehydration of the subducting slab(dominated by the chemistry of altered oceanic crust)this generates a mixture with higher 87Sr86Sr and similar143Nd144Nd to I-MORB At a later stage less than 1 ofIndian Ocean sediment is transferred from the slab intothe fluid-modified mantle source The type of subductedsediment proposed in magma genesis at IVC (nanno-oozeand Mn nodule) is consistent with those found as moderndeposits on the sea bed south of East Java

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank John Gamble and Joel Baker for provision ofIVC samples Invaluable assistance was provided by ChrisOttley during trace element analysis and by Geoff Nowellthroughout analytical work in the Arthur Holmes IsotopeGeology Laboratory (AHIGL) at Durham UniversityWe are grateful to D Peate I Smith and R Gertisser forconstructive reviews which greatly improved the manu-script We also wish to thank Robert Hall and HelenSmyth of Royal Holloway University of London andVal Troll and Jane Chadwick of Trinity College Dublin fortheir valuable comments and contributions This work wasfunded by an NERC studentship (NERSA200106127)and supported by the South East Asia Research Group(SEARG) at Royal Holloway University of London

SUPPLEMENTARY DATASupplementary data for this paper are available at Journalof Petrology online

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Survey Professional Papers 1078Handley H K (2006) Geochemical and Sr^Nd^HfÔ isotopic con-

straints on volcanic petrogenesis at the Sunda arc Indonesia PhDthesis Durham University

Harmon R S amp Gerbe M C (1992) The 1982^83 eruptionat Galunggung volcano Java (Indonesia) oxygen isotope geo-chemistry of a zoned magma chamber Journal of Petrology 33585^609

Hart S R Erlank A J amp Kable E J D (1974) Sea floor basaltalteration some chemical and Sr isotopic effects Contributions to

Mineralogy and Petrology 44 219^230Hawkesworth C J OrsquoNions R K amp Arculus R J (1979) Nd and Sr

isotope geochemistry of island arc volcanics Grenada LesserAntilles Earth and Planetary Science Letters 45 237^248

Hawkesworth C J Hergt J M Ellam R M amp McDermott F(1991) Element fluxes associated with subduction related magma-tism Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A335 393^405

Hawkesworth C J Turner S P McDermott F Peate D W ampvan Calsteren P J (1997) U^Th isotopes in arc magmas implica-tions for element transfer from the subducted slab Science 276551^555

Hickey-Vargas R (1998) Origin of the Indian Ocean-type isotopicsignature in basalts form the Philippine Sea plate spreading cen-tres an assessment of local versus large-scale processes Journal ofGeophysical Research 103 20963^20979


1180

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Hoffmann-Rothe A Ritter O amp Haak V (2001) Magnetotelluricand geomagnetic modelling reveals zones of very high electricalconductivity in the upper crust of Central Java Physics of the Earthand Planetary Interiors 124 131^151

Hoogewerff J A van Bergen M J Vroon P Z Hertogen JWordel R Sneyers A Nasution AVarekamp J C Moens HL E amp Mouchel D (1997) U-series Sr^Nd^Pb isotope and traceelement systematics across an active island arc^continent collisionzone implications for element transfer at the slab^wedge interfaceGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 1057^1072

Ionov D A Harmon R S France-Lanord C Greenwood B ampAshchepkov I V (1994) Oxygen isotope composition of garnetand spinel peridotites in the continental mantle evidence from theVitim xenolith suite southern Siberia Geochimica et Cosmochimica

Acta 58 1463^1470Ito EWhiteW M amp Gopel C (1987)The O Sr Nd and Pb isotope

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Geophysics Geosystems 1 paper number 1999GC000014Kay R W (1980) Volcanic arc magmas implications of a melting^

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Kemmerling G L L (1921) Het Idjen Hoogland de geologie en geo-morphologie van den Idjen In Kolff G et al (eds) de KoninklijkeNatuurkundigeVereniging BataviaWeltevreden 162 p

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Kessel R Schmidt M W Ulmer P amp Pettke T (2005) Trace ele-ment signature of subduction-zone fluids melts and supercriticalliquids at 120^180 km depth Nature 437 724^727

Macpherson C G amp Hall R (2001) Tectonic setting of Eocene boni-nite magmatism in the Izu^Bonin^Mariana forearc Earth and

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Macpherson C G amp Mattey D P (1998) Oxygen isotope variationsin Lau Basin lavas Chemical Geology 144 177^194

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Mattey D Lowry D amp Macpherson C (1994) Oxygen isotope com-position of mantle peridotite Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128231^241

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pressure^temperature^time paths constraints on fluid productionand arc magmatism Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ofLondon Series A 335 341^353

Pearce J A amp Peate DW (1995) Tectonic implications of the com-position of volcanic arc magmas Annual Review of Earth and

Planetary Sciences 24 251^285Pearce J A Kempton P D Nowell G M amp Noble S R (1999)

Hf^Nd element and isotope perspective on the nature and prove-nance of mantle and subduction components in western Pacificarc^basin systems Journal of Petrology 40 1579^1611

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PlankT amp Langmuir C H (1998)The chemical composition of sub-ducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantleChemical Geology 145 325^394

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Refractories and Ores Used in Research and Industry Caithness WhittlesPublishing

Price R C Kennedy A K Riggs-Sneeringer M amp Frey F A(1986) Geochemistry of basalts from the Indian Ocean triplejunction implications for the generation and evolution ofIndian Ocean ridge basalts Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78379^396

Rehkalaquo mper M amp Hofmann AW (1997) Recycled ocean crust andsediment in Indian Ocean MORB Earth and Planetary Science

Letters 147 93^106


1181

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the Hf and Nd isotope perspective Earth and Planetary Science Letters141 109^123

Salters V J M amp Hart S R (1991) The mantle sources of oceanislands and arc basalts the Hf isotope connection Earth and

Planetary Science Letters 104 364^380Salters V J M amp White W M (1998) Hf isotope constraints on

mantle evolution Chemical Geology 145 447^460Sitorus K (1990)Volcanic stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Idjen

Caldera Complex East Java Indonesia MSc thesis University ofWellington New Zealand

SmithT EThirlwall M F amp Macpherson C (1996)Trace elementand isotope geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of BequiaGrenadine Islands Lesser Antilles Arc a study of subductionenrichment and intra-crustal contamination Journal of Petrology 37117^143

Smyth H (2005) Eocene to Miocene basin history and volcanicactivity in East Java Indonesia PhD thesis Royal HollowayUniversity of London

Staudigel H Davies G R Hart S R Marchant K M ampSmith B M (1995) Large scale isotopic Sr Nd and O isotopicanatomy of altered oceanic crust DSDPODP sites 417418 Earthand Planetary Science Letters 130 169^185

Staudigel H Plank T White B amp Schimincke H-U (1996)Geochemical fluxes during seafloor alteration of the basalticupper oceanic crust DSDP Sites 417 and 418 In Bebout GEScholl DW Kirby SH amp Platt JP (eds) Subduction

Top to Bottom Geophysical Monograph American Geophysical Union 9619^36

Stille P Unruh D M amp Tatsumoto M (1986) Pb Sr Nd and Hfisotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and evidencefor a unique mantle source Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 502303^2319

Stolz A J Varne R Davies G R Wheller G E amp Foden J D(1990) Magma source components in an arc^continent collisionzone the Flores^Lembata sector Sunda arc IndonesiaContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105 585^601

Stormer J C Jr amp Nicholls J (1978) XLFRAC a program for theinteractive testing of magmatic differentiation models Computers ampGeosciences 4 143^159

Sun S amp McDonough W F (1989) Chemical and isotopic system-atics of oceanic basalts implications for mantle composition andprocesses In Saunders A D amp Norry M J (eds) Magmatism in

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Tatsumi Y Hamilton D L amp Nesbitt RW (1986) Chemical char-acteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere andorigin of arc magmas evidence from high-pressure experiments

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Taylor S R amp McLennan S M (1985) The Continental Crust its

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Section 94 85^104Thirlwall M F amp Graham A M (1984) Evolution of high-Ca high-

Sr C-series basalts from Grenada Lesser Antilles the effects ofintra-crustal contamination Journal of the Geological Society London141 427^445

Thirlwall M F Graham A M Arculus R J Harmon R S ampMacpherson C G (1996) Resolution of the effects of crustal assim-ilation sediment subduction and fluid transport in island arcmagmas Pb^Sr^NdÔ isotope geochemistry of Grenada LesserAntilles Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 4785^4810

Tregoning P Brunner F K Bock Y Puntodewo S S OMcCaffrey R Genrich J F Calais E Rais J amp Subarya C(1994) First geodetic measurement of convergence across the JavaTrench Geophysical Research Letters 21 2135^2138

Turner S amp Foden J (2001) U Th and Ra disequilibria SrNd and Pb isotope and trace element variations in Sunda arclavas predominance of a subducted sediment componentContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 142 43^57

Turner S amp Hawkesworth C (1997) Constraints on flux rates andmantle dynamics beneath island arcs from Tonga^Kermadec lavageochemistry Nature 389 568^573

Turner S Hawkesworth C Rogers N Bartlett JWorthingtonTHergt J Pearce J amp Smith I (1997) 238U^230Th disequilibriamagma petrogenesis and flux rates beneath the depletedTonga^Kermadec island arc Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 614855^4884

Turner S Foden J George R Evans P Varne R Elburg M ampJenner G (2003) Rates and processes of potassic magma evolutionbeneath Sangeang Api volcano East Sunda Arc Indonesia Journalof Petrology 44 491^515

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van Bergen M J Vroon P Z Varekamp J C amp Poorter R P E(1992) The origin of the potassic rock suite from BatuTaraVolcano(East Sunda Arc Indonesia) Lithos 28 261^282

Vervoort J D Patchett P J Blichert-Toft J amp Albare de F (1999)Relationships between Lu^Hf and Sm^Nd isotopic systems in theglobal sedimentary system Earth and Planetary Science Letters 16879^99

Vroon P Z (1992) Subduction of continental material in the BandaArc Eastern Indonesia Sr^Nd-Pb isotope and trace-element evi-dence from volcanics and sediments PhD thesis University ofUtrecht

Vroon P Z van Bergen M J Klaver G J amp WhiteW M (1995)Strontium neodymium and lead isotopic and trace-element signa-tures of the East Indonesian sediments provenance and implica-tions for Banda Arc magma genesis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta59 2573^2598

Vroon P Z Lowry D van Bergen M J Boyce A J amp Mattey DP (2001) Oxygen isotope systematics of the Banda arc low d18O


1182

despite involvement of subducted continental material in magmagenesis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 589^609

Wheller G E Varne R Foden J D amp Abbott M J (1987)Geochemistry of Quaternary volcanism in the Sunda^Banda ArcIndonesia and three-component genesis of island arcbasaltic magmas Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 32137^160

White W M amp Duprecurren B (1986) Sediment subduction and magmagenesis in the Lesser Antilles isotopic and trace element con-straints Journal of Geophysical Research 91 5927^5941

WhiteW M amp Patchett J (1984) Hf^Nd^Sr isotopes and incompat-ible element abundances in island arcs implications for magmaorigins and crustal^mantle evolution Earth and Planetary Science

Letters 67 167^185White W M Patchett J amp Ben Othman D (1986) Hf isotope

ratios of marine sediments and Mn nodules evidence for amantle source of Hf in seawater Earth and Planetary Science Letters

79 46^54

Whitford D J (1975) Strontium isotopic studies of the volcanic rocksof the Sunda arc Indonesia and their petrogenesis Geochimica

et Cosmochimica Acta 39 1287^1302Whitford D J White W M amp Jezek P A (1981) Neodymium

isotopic composition of Quaternary island arc lavas fromIndonesia Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 989^995

Woodhead J D Eggins SM ampGamble J (1993) High field strengthand transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basinbasalts evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and depletedmantlewedgeEarth andPlanetary ScienceLetters114491^504

Woodhead J D Hergt J M Davidson J P amp Eggins S M (2001)Hafnium isotope evidence for lsquoconservativersquo element mobitiyduring subduction processes Earth and Planetary Science Letters 192331^346

You C-F Castillo P R Gieskes J M Chan L H amp Spivack A J(1996) Trace element behaviour in hydrothermal experimentsimplications for fluid processes at shallow depths in subductionzones Earth and Planetary Science Letters 140 41^52


1183

Ijen volcanic complex (IVC) is located on the easternedge of Java within the Quaternary volcanic front of theSunda arc (Fig 1) The arc forms the western part of theIndonesian subduction zone system which extends over3000 km from the Andaman Islands north of Sumatra toFlores in the Banda Sea It formed as a result of the north-ward subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneaththe Eurasian Plate at a rate of around 6^7 cmyear(DeMets et al 1990 Tregoning et al 1994) Despite thisapparently simple tectonic setting understanding magmagenesis and evolution at the Sunda arc is complicated bythe variable nature of the arc crust the changing age ofthe subducting oceanic crust which increases eastwardsfrom 80 to 130Ma (Plank amp Langmuir 1998) andvariation in the type and amount of subducted sedimentwhich ranges from bimodal siliceous ooze and clays withminor turbidites beneath the western part of the arc tostrongly clay-dominated material with secondarycarbonate and minor siliceous ooze in the east (Plank ampLangmuir 1998) Along the length of the arc the composi-tion and thickness of the overriding Eurasian plate isalso thought to change from continental in the west tooceanic in the east (Hamilton 1979) Beneath Javathe crust is 20 km thick and has a seismic velocity struc-ture intermediate between continental and oceanic(Whitford 1975) The Java crust is said to consist ofophiolite slivers mecurren lange and older volcanic rocks(Hamilton 1979) The Sunda Land (SE Asian continentalpart of the Sunda block^Eurasian plate with pre-Tertiarybasement) boundary shown in Fig 1 suggests that inwestern Java the island arc is built on continental materialIn eastern Java beneath the IVC (outside the hypothesized

Sunda Land boundary) the overriding plate comprisesthickened oceanic crust However recent research oninherited zircons (Smyth 2005) provides evidence forold continental basement beneath the SouthernMountains Arc (south of the active volcanic axis) inEast JavaDespite a number of petrogenetic studies of Javan

volcanoes (Edwards et al 1993 Turner amp Foden 2001Gertisser amp Keller 2003 and references therein) uncer-tainty still prevails over the nature of the subduction com-ponent and the mechanisms by which it is added to themantle wedge For example Edwards et al (1993)proposed a homogeneous slab contribution along theSunda arc whereas Turner amp Foden (2001) identifiedalong-arc heterogeneity in this component The IVC islocated on the eastern edge of Java within the Quaternaryvolcanic front of the Sunda arc (Fig 1) and is therefore inan ideal location to investigate the mantle source composi-tion beneath Java the relatively thin crust on which thevolcano sits minimizes the likelihood of high-level conti-nental crust contamination (compared with studies inWest Java) and potentially allows us to constrainbetter crustal contributions in the mantle sourceFurthermore apparent spatial controls on some majorand trace element variations at IVC mean that thevolcanic complex provides a useful opportunity to investi-gate the relationship between volcanic structure andshallow-level processes influencing the composition ofarc lavas The aims of this study are therefore two-fold(1) to identify the impact if any of volcanic and subjacentstructure upon magmatic differentiation (2) to charac-terize the IVC magma source and place constraints on

Fig 1 Tectonic setting of Indonesia [modified from Hoffmann-Rothe et al (2001)] showing the location of IjenVolcanic Complex (open star)Black arrows represent the directions of plate movement Convergence rate of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate from Chase (1978)DeMets et al (1990) andTregoning et al (1994) Grey triangles indicate active volcanoes Dashed outline of lsquoSunda Landrsquo indicates possible extentof continental lithospheric basement (Hamilton 1979)


1156






1157









1158









1159






1160





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183






1157









1158









1159






1160





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183









1158









1159






1160





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183









1159






1160





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183






1160





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183





Sc 37 12 11 24 31 38 18 10 32 19 19 20 27 25

Ti 8260 4585 3291 6911 8134 7768 6114 3830 6384 5694 5005 5694 5359 8014

V 462 95 95 176 333 418 199 89 381 217 217 222 279 241

Cr 00 04 43 11 09 594 11 14 45 00 03 -02 182 13

Co 58 31 32 51 207 55 35 24 46 32 37 35 33 36

Ni 83 26 38 107 108 378 71 27 233 48 40 45 146 43

Cu 233 42 24 43 181 175 34 24 198 125 123 113 74 52

Zn 111 73 62 115 101 85 106 89 86 77 73 75 74 98

Ga 20 20 17 21 21 19 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19

Rb 274 451 619 431 577 385 284 603 319 270 250 272 178 194

Sr 517 575 547 484 487 491 501 485 500 654 626 640 567 612

Y 30 28 20 35 31 25 30 39 23 23 21 23 20 28

Zr 85 146 131 125 136 93 135 166 82 73 69 72 60 81

Nb 473 838 678 704 637 415 943 917 383 411 386 408 303 411

Cs 038 152 150 183 222 123 076 135 121 110 098 110 058 026

Ba 492 568 635 646 545 422 446 601 419 459 407 439 265 466

La 147 203 257 187 182 136 196 252 121 149 137 144 116 170

Ce 286 407 452 378 378 284 403 459 253 299 283 289 242 343

Pr 401 542 614 523 515 396 541 689 355 398 375 389 342 493

Nd 180 227 238 228 223 174 235 295 158 176 164 171 151 220

Sm 444 494 449 550 524 429 528 637 386 418 381 406 354 520

Eu 147 154 126 177 150 130 163 173 119 137 126 134 118 166

Gd 497 490 400 601 548 447 552 654 423 430 398 421 380 533

Tb 081 076 058 096 085 071 085 098 066 066 061 064 057 080

Dy 475 443 328 568 499 412 498 572 385 387 360 377 336 467

Ho 099 092 066 118 102 085 104 121 079 081 074 079 070 095

Er 267 247 177 325 272 224 284 335 210 220 199 212 188 251

Tm 044 043 031 055 046 036 048 058 035 035 034 035 031 041

Yb 266 261 190 327 276 217 284 353 206 216 198 211 190 246

Lu 044 043 032 054 046 035 047 061 033 037 033 035 031 040

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1161

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183

Table 1 Continued




Hf 236 367 333 343 353 249 343 424 225 206 192 198 166 229

Ta 034 074 067 073 085 043 074 067 033 040 043 037 025 028

Pb 63 83 114 101 85 61 63 100 57 69 63 60 33 56

Th 338 487 619 450 564 368 425 600 309 317 283 310 202 341

U 063 115 167 111 152 107 100 145 086 078 071 072 046 055

87Sr86Sr 0704252 9 0704257 13 0704188 6 0704275 8 0704219 6 0704292 8 0704272 8 0704353 11 0704231 10 0704518 9

143Nd144Nd 0512890 6 0512891 11 0512893 10 0512875 7 0512839 5 0512859 5 0512842 8 0512850 10 0512848 5 0512827 7 0512839 14 0512785 9

176Hf177Hf 0283113 5 0283075 6 0283097 16 0283114 4 0283121 6 0283102 10 0283063 6 0283079 5 0283103 8 0283128 7 0283064 6 0283109 6

Post-caldera




Sc 18 11 34 34 17 34 27 29 27 37 26 21 18 28 21

Ti 5395 3219 6689 7373 4484 6617 5736 6174 5496 7079 6342 5257 4975 6533 5754

V 198 85 397 389 179 314 285 281 264 333 226 197 172 306 234

Cr 01 08 47 41 26 185 94 76 122 86 19 58 33 49 10

Co 42 27 52 47 37 51 78 46 48 46 35 33 29 49 40

Ni 69 31 249 244 47 284 398 174 222 173 98 69 79 125 68

Cu 88 35 194 192 38 147 97 133 68 90 99 21 49 107 136

Zn 72 75 85 111 62 93 79 85 79 97 94 72 79 86 74

Ga 20 18 20 20 17 21 19 20 19 22 21 18 19 22 19

Rb 329 250 318 339 628 254 161 303 259 330 433 674 692 269 187

Sr 600 628 497 507 342 543 555 558 513 487 586 440 455 549 670

Y 23 23 23 24 26 22 26 24 21 25 27 28 27 22 21

Zr 100 97 84 88 168 78 92 92 92 107 138 170 176 81 61

Nb 444 426 394 409 790 376 460 443 425 570 622 813 796 390 354

Cs 128 077 121 124 288 099 062 123 065 086 160 284 239 056 059

Ba 554 438 433 446 484 365 368 403 365 378 507 614 659 339 381

La 153 154 124 127 194 136 160 163 144 157 195 206 198 126 122

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1162

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183

Ce 311 299 260 268 399 280 338 327 305 325 400 418 397 264 252

Pr 419 432 365 370 520 384 475 441 415 443 545 550 518 369 339

Nd 180 188 165 166 212 169 208 191 178 191 230 227 215 164 153

Sm 412 406 399 412 457 394 473 433 395 447 515 497 457 386 360

Eu 130 128 122 129 114 127 137 133 121 137 151 129 124 125 126

Gd 419 417 435 447 444 404 476 437 398 469 516 502 463 400 386

Tb 065 063 067 070 070 063 071 068 062 072 077 076 074 063 059

Dy 377 367 392 405 412 366 414 385 353 419 442 451 426 368 346

Ho 077 077 080 083 086 075 085 080 072 087 090 095 089 074 072

Er 212 209 216 226 242 200 232 214 198 234 244 261 249 203 196

Tm 034 036 035 037 042 034 038 036 032 039 041 046 043 034 031

Yb 212 215 208 218 255 202 224 214 196 234 244 273 260 208 192

Lu 036 036 034 036 042 034 037 036 033 039 041 047 045 034 032

Hf 264 252 226 242 441 211 244 247 243 279 361 444 456 218 171

Ta 037 037 040 043 077 034 032 038 037 044 051 065 069 038 039

Pb 75 73 55 63 104 67 59 69 67 72 90 98 108 55 50

Th 377 247 317 342 733 290 296 365 308 390 485 744 722 301 239

U 093 064 089 091 178 065 069 083 073 090 112 179 180 071 055

87Sr86Sr 0704286 9 0704316 12 0704361 10 0704366 8 0704382 8

143Nd144Nd 0512847 5 0512839 7 0512855 6 0512821 4 0512808 5 0512824 10 0512825 13 0512825 10

176Hf177Hf 0283108 8 0283104 5 0283101 6 0283097 8 0283101 7 0283092 6 0283094 10 0283118 7

Post-caldera




Sc 20 23 18 16 21 15 21 20 22 22 22 22 21 21

Ti 5844 5796 4424 4094 6258 4274 5496 5934 6174 6485 6474 6294 6054 6114

V 187 287 182 171 197 127 201 192 204 210 162 207 197 199

Cr 02 37 70 66 23 43 34 22 11 18 02 20 17 18

Co 43 79 29 30 34 33 61 48 41 37 54 49 40 33

Ni 41 119 80 80 72 53 140 75 63 80 25 82 84 68

Cu 63 105 53 45 75 25 64 70 74 79 33 71 66 75

Zn 93 81 63 62 87 60 76 82 86 90 109 88 87 85

Ga 21 19 16 16 20 18 18 18 19 20 19 19 19 19

Rb 330 220 638 607 757 1036 599 621 667 665 426 663 695 699

Sr 649 562 346 346 474 391 473 466 499 504 469 506 490 492

(continued)

HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1163

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183

Table 1 Continued

Post-caldera




Y 25 23 25 23 32 27 29 30 31 31 34 31 32 32

Zr 97 74 167 158 177 223 144 149 159 157 123 157 166 167

Nb 474 423 775 739 834 975 701 713 759 739 700 753 782 789

Cs 107 070 275 271 312 444 226 256 270 266 175 269 286 287

Ba 436 382 578 498 639 727 449 585 621 594 673 618 622 635

La 173 154 188 175 222 235 199 202 213 204 192 212 214 218

Ce 360 331 378 364 455 463 412 416 438 424 388 438 440 447

Pr 498 452 492 454 610 581 560 559 585 578 520 589 588 599

Nd 219 197 199 184 261 230 239 240 250 249 231 254 252 255

Sm 489 441 432 400 581 479 535 549 573 558 553 569 561 574

Eu 151 137 109 101 150 111 140 144 151 153 173 152 148 149

Gd 486 452 424 395 595 464 537 550 572 580 596 584 572 580

Tb 073 068 068 062 091 072 083 084 088 088 094 089 087 088

Dy 419 393 402 371 524 422 483 488 514 508 560 520 509 514

Ho 086 080 084 076 107 088 099 101 106 105 117 108 106 107

Er 229 210 235 215 296 246 270 280 292 287 322 297 291 294

Tm 039 035 040 037 051 043 045 045 047 049 055 049 049 049

Yb 229 202 246 231 305 274 270 273 292 288 328 296 293 299

Lu 039 033 041 038 050 045 044 046 048 048 055 048 048 050

Hf 264 206 431 415 461 587 371 386 412 409 341 405 429 431

Ta 055 039 070 068 071 091 073 071 069 063 077 081 075 064

Pb 76 57 107 103 112 171 93 96 98 98 102 102 105 106

Th 350 273 698 654 781 1147 618 657 702 668 459 693 731 741

U 078 066 177 169 201 279 163 172 183 177 114 183 190 191

87Sr86Sr 0704310 9 0704304 9 0704257 10 0704317 9 0704227 10 0704231 9 0704221 8

143Nd144Nd 0512803 4 0512857 6 0512837 8 0512835 10 0512843 6 0512879 9 0512854 6

176Hf177Hf 0283104 8 0283097 4 0283078 5 0283095 5 0283101 6 0283099 7 0283105 5


JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME48

NUM

BER

6JU

NE2007

1164





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183





1165









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183









1166





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183





1167




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183




Pr2







Pr2








volcanic rocks





d18O ol thorn502

d18O plag thorn608



1168








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183








4 KI 63 CR KI 18 CR 262 010 114 43 72 14 24 34 6 1 4

5 KI 63 CR KI 26B CR 263 009 101 37 75 15 23 33 7 1 5

6 KI 52 CR KI 57 CR 147 016 ndash 64 27 11 10 37 4 1 3


8 KI 145 CR KI 108 CR 116 007 218 62 25 52 36 23 6 1 4

9 KI 11 CR KI 108 CR 116 002 204 59 25 55 34 23 6 1 4



12 KI 31D BLAU KI 28 BLAU 082 023 506 51 72 41 67 25 10 1 4


14 KI 190 K IJEN KI 57 CR 085 005 156 59 23 21 26 37 4 1 3


16 KI 92 IC KI 18 CR 085 007 367 120 48 49 58 34 6 1 4

17 KI 92 IC KI 136 CR 181 146 278 48 59 39 42 39 9 ndash 4


HANDLEYetal

MAGMATISM

ININ

DONESIA

1169







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183







modelling

ol cpx plag mag

Rb 0021 0033 0113 0150

Ba 0044 0038 0440 0183

Th 026 0035 0059 0235

U 0083 0016 0112 011

Nb 0027 0168 0275 0837

Ta 0059 0123 0057 1113

Sr 0048 0139 2512 011

Zr 003 0197 0098 0727

Hf 037 0297 0031 0353



1170
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183
















Model no 3 6 7 8 10 11





Pr2 007 016 010 007 002 004

PLAG 1241 ndash 3732 2181 103 3961

CPX 782 635 899 616 153 694

OL 332 27 514 246 2 484

FendashTi 575 105 779 518 132 443

Total 2930 101 5924 3561 1515 5582

F 071 090 041 064 085 044

Calculated

Rb 437 366 571 474 772 563

Ba 564 417 677 587 663 584

Th 432 428 654 473 775 634

U 122 099 145 132 205 148

Nb 497 621 698 531 832 700

Ta 051 048 070 056 072 076

Sr 476 536 311 385 447 283

Zr 110 117 161 120 181 162

Hf 298 300 455 330 472 448

Measured

Rb 433 433 628 577 757 674

Ba 507 507 484 545 639 614

Th 485 485 733 564 781 744

U 112 112 178 152 201 179

Nb 622 622 790 637 834 813

Ta 051 051 077 085 071 065

Sr 586 586 342 487 474 440

Zr 138 138 168 136 177 170

Hf 361 361 441 353 461 444



1171







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183







1172







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183







TaNb 007 006 008 007ndash013

ZrNb 26 32 13 14ndash23









1173










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183










1174








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183








1175






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183






Fig 14

I-MORB source 135 097 025 0702915 0513042 0283211

Sed A 857 1879 573 0709117 0512236 0282828

Sed B 126 519 ndash 071643 0512228 ndash

Sed C 218 3395 ndash 071682 051216 ndash

Sed D 398 1536 ndash 0708875 0512411 ndash

Fig 15

FMM 2242 0697 ndash 0704584 051307 ndash

Fig 16

IM1 139 102 025 0702911 0513044 0283159

IM2 139 102 025 0702819 0513085 0283124

IM3 139 102 025 070269 0512991 0283124






1176






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183






1177









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183









1178
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183
















1179











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183











































1180














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183














































Letters 147 93^106


1181












































1182







79 46^54








1183












































1182







79 46^54








1183







79 46^54








1183

constraining fluid and sediment contributions to ...searg.rhul.ac.uk/pubs/handley_etal_2007 ijen...

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