8/22/2019 COPD anat...

1/13

VI. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved

in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does two very

important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need

for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid

of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a

system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into our

lungs. There, in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is

brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is pushed from

the blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with part

of the respiratory system, such as an infection like pneumonia,

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, it makes it harder for us

to get the oxygen we need and to get rid of the waste product

carbon dioxide. Common respiratory symptoms include

breathlessness, cough, and chest pain.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

2/13

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

3/13

The Lungs Structure

The lungs are paired (left and right), cone-shaped elastic organs

take up most of the space in our chestsalong with the heart.

role is to take oxygen into the body and tohelp us get rid of carbon dioxide

Responsible for ventilation, which requiresmovement of the walls of the thoracic wallsand its floor.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

4/13

PLEURAE

Serous membrane lining the wall of the

thorax and the lungs. Visceral pleura covers the lungs

Parietal Pleura covers the wall of thethorax

Both pleurae secrete pleural fluid in orderto prevent friction rub between the thoraxand the lungs.

Allows smooth motion of the lungs in thethorax.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

5/13

LOBES

The right lung has three lobes

Upper

Middle

Lower

The left lung has only two

Upper

Lower

-Each lobe is further subdivided into 2 5

segments.-Separated by fissures and are extensions of the

plurae

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

6/13

COPD VERSUS HEALTHY LUNG

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

7/13

BRONCHI

-Several divisions in the lung

Lobar Bronchi Divided into segmental bronchi (10 on theright and 8 in the left.) Chosen for the best positions inpostural drainage position for the patient.

Segmental Bronchi divide into subsegmental bronchi.

Surrounded by connective tissue that contain arterieslymphatics and nerves.

Sub Segmental Bronchi Divide into bronchioles whichcontain no cartilage.

Bronchioles contain submucosal glands which producemucus .

Covers the inside of the airways to trap dust and debris. Bronchi and Bronchioles are lined with cilia.

Cilia functions as a whip, to get rid of foreign substances upto the larynx and out of the lungs.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

8/13

ALVEOLI

Lungs contain 30 million alveoli.

Arranged in clusters of 15 20.

3 Types

1) Type 1 Epithelial cells that form the

alveoli walls

2) Type 2 Produce Surfactant

3) Type 3 Macrophages.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

9/13

Blood Supply of The Lungs Blood Supply The lungs are very vascular organs, meaning they receive a very

large blood supply. This is because the pulmonary arteries, whichsupply the lungs, come directly from the right side of your heart.They carry blood which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxideinto your lungs so that the carbon dioxide can be blown out of yourlungs.

2 Types of circulations involving the lungs: Pulmonary Circulation Deoxygenated blood coming from the

different systems of the body enters the right side of your heart, it isthen pumped into the left and right lungs by the pulmonary arteriesto be filled with oxygen. The oxygenated blood then travels to theleft side of the heart by the pulmonary veins and gests ready for thesystemic circulation.

Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood from the left side of theheart is then pumped into the aorta to supply nutrients and oxygento the systems, which then makes the oxygenated blooddeoxygenated. It is then drained back to the right side of the heartby the superior and inferior vena cava to once again start its circuit.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

10/13

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

11/13

Function Of the Lungs Air enters your lungs through a system of pipes called the bronchi.

start from the bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and later onthroughout the lungs turn into bronchioles.,

eventually form the little thin-walled air sacs or bubbles, known as the alveoli.

The alveoli are where the important work of gas exchange takes place betweenthe air and your blood. Covering each alveolus is a whole network of little blood

vessel called capillaries:-small branches of the pulmonary arteries.

It is important that the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries are veryclose together, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can move (or diffuse)between them. So, when you breathe in, air comes down the trachea andthrough the bronchi into the alveoli.

The oxygen, other gasses will travel across the walls of the alveoli into your

bloodstream.Traveling in the opposite direction is carbon dioxide, which crosses from the bloodin the capillaries into the air in the alveoli and is then breathed out. In this way,you bring in to your body the oxygen that you need to live, and get rid of thewaste product carbon dioxide.

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

12/13

8/22/2019 COPD anat...

13/13

The Diaphragm and Intercostal

Muscles When you breathe in (inspiration), the diaphragm, a

large, sheet-like muscle which stretches across yourchest under the ribcage, does much of this work. Atrest, it is shaped like a dome curving up into yourchest. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts

and flattens out, expanding the space in your chest anddrawing air into your lungs. Other muscles, includingthe muscles between your ribs (the intercostalmuscles) also help by moving your ribcage in and out.Breathing out (expiration) does not normally require

your muscles to work. This is because your lungs arevery elastic, and when your muscles relax at the end ofinspiration your lungs simply recoil back into theirresting position, pushing the air out as they go