Cotton breedingCotton breedingin Frenchin French--speaking Africa:speaking Africa:Milestones and prospectsMilestones and prospects

Dominique Dominique DessauwDessauw & Bernard & Bernard HauHau

22

IntroductionIntroduction

Cotton in FrenchCotton in French--speaking Africa:speaking Africa:

Is cultivated by 2 million smallholders Is cultivated by 2 million smallholders

Provides a lifeline for 12 million peopleProvides a lifeline for 12 million people

Represents 50 Represents 50 -- 90% of the total 90% of the total

export income for Mali, Burkina Faso,export income for Mali, Burkina Faso,

Benin and Chad.Benin and Chad.

33

HistoryHistory

1946: beginning of breeding programs1946: beginning of breeding programs

different populations were being grown:different populations were being grown:

�� G. G. barbadensebarbadense ((IshanIshan and Mono) along and Mono) along forest edges.forest edges.

�� G. G. hirsutumhirsutum resistant to resistant to bacteriosisbacteriosis(Allen, (Allen, NN’’kouralakourala) or with high GOT ) or with high GOT (Triumph) in (Triumph) in savannasavanna areas.areas.

1950s: chemicals pesticides (DDT)1950s: chemicals pesticides (DDT)

1960s: 1960s: LLLLLLLL G. G. hirsutumhirsutum cultivars prevailedcultivars prevailed

44

BreedingBreeding objectivesobjectives

Geneticists favoured a Geneticists favoured a

particular type of plant:particular type of plant:

�� High vegetative growthHigh vegetative growth

�� Very floriferousVery floriferous

�� Indeterminate typeIndeterminate type

�� High GOT & Fibre qualityHigh GOT & Fibre quality

55

AfricanAfrican cv typecv type

66

InterestInterest of of AfricanAfrican cv typecv type

This type of plant:This type of plant:

�� Facilitates the staggered manual Facilitates the staggered manual

harvesting (long opening boll period)harvesting (long opening boll period)

�� Tolerates the stress (high shedding Tolerates the stress (high shedding

compensation ability)compensation ability)

77

Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal

90904646--0606

330101--0606

31319191--0000

20208181--9090

14147171--8080

556161--7070

Cultivars Cultivars

releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod

88

Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal

8890904646--0606

--330101--0606

7731319191--0000

8820208181--9090

8814147171--8080

1111556161--7070

Mean cropping Mean cropping

span span (years)(years)

Cultivars Cultivars

releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod

99

Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal

5.55.58890904646--0606

5.95.9--330101--0606

4.74.77731319191--0000

5.95.98820208181--9090

5.85.88814147171--8080

5.05.01111556161--7070

Mean age Mean age (years)(years)

Mean cropping Mean cropping

span span (years)(years)

Cultivars Cultivars

releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod

1010

Main cultivarsMain cultivars

21 21 cvcv with a cropping period > 10 yearswith a cropping period > 10 years

The most important The most important cvcv::

1010

1414

1111

2222

1717

1313

1515

YearsYears

Mali, BFMali, BF2.22.2STAM 59ASTAM 59A

CamCam, CAR, Chad, Senegal, Benin, CAR, Chad, Senegal, Benin2.22.2IRMA 96+97IRMA 96+97

Benin, Benin, MaliMali2.32.3STAM 18ASTAM 18A

MaliMali, BF, CAR, , BF, CAR, CameroonCameroon2.32.3BJA 592BJA 592

Benin, Togo, Mali, Benin, Togo, Mali, SenegalSenegal, , ChadChad2.82.8STAM FSTAM F

MaliMali, CI, CI2.92.9NN’’TA 88TA 88--66

CI, BF, CAR, CI, BF, CAR, MaliMali, Madagascar, Madagascar4.34.3ISA 205ISA 205

CountriesCountries10106 6 hahaCultivarCultivar

CI=Côte d’Ivoire, BF=Burkina Faso, CAR=Central African Republic, Cam=Cameroon

1111

CroppingCropping areaarea(1000 ha)(1000 ha)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

1212

Area SC production

SeedSeed cottoncotton productionproduction(1000 t)(1000 t)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

1313

Area SC production F production

Fibre productionFibre production(1000 t)(1000 t)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

1414

YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

Seed cotton

1515

Seed cotton Fibre

YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

1616

EarlinessEarliness

6464

4747

3030

4040

1919

2929

1414

R1/RT R1/RT

%%

5.35.31111116161IRCO 5028IRCO 5028

4.04.095955151IRMA D 742IRMA D 742

4.04.01011015252IRMA A 1239IRMA A 1239

6.06.01091095959L 142L 142--99

5.95.91141146161BJA 592BJA 592

6.46.41111115959Allen 333Allen 333

5.65.61141146161Allen communAllen commun

N1FB N1FB

nodesnodes11stst boll boll

daysdays11stst flower flower

daysdaysCultivarCultivar

1717

GinningGinning outturnoutturn(%)(%)

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

1951-

1960

1961-

1970

1971-

1980

1981-

1990

1991-

2000

2001-

2006

1818

Fibre Fibre lengthlength

27

28

29

30

31

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

STAM

279

AFK

290

SL2.5 (mm)SL2.5 (mm)

44

45

46

47

48

49

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

FK 290

STAM

279

A

UR (%)UR (%)

1919

StelometerStelometer

17

19

21

23

25

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

STAM

279

AFK

290

T1 (g/tex)T1 (g/tex)

5

6

7

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

FK 290

STAM

279

A

E1 (%)E1 (%)

2020

MaturityMaturity and and finenessfineness

160

180

200

220

240

260

HsHs ((mtexmtex))

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.1

4.3

4.5

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

FK 290

STAM

279

A

IMIM

75

77

79

81

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

STAM

279

AFK

290

PM (%)PM (%)

2121

ColorimetryColorimetry

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

STAM

279

AFK

290

Rd (%)Rd (%)

9

10

11

Allen 33

3Reb

a B50

BJA 592

IRCO

502

8

IRMA 96

+97

ISA 20

5ST

AM F

STAM

42

STAM

18A

FK 290

STAM

279

A

+b+b

2222

ProspectsProspects

Improvement in yieldImprovement in yield

GMOGMO

Improvement in fibre qualityImprovement in fibre quality

2323

ConclusionConclusion

Breeding programs have contributed Breeding programs have contributed

to the success of cotton development to the success of cotton development

in Africain Africa

2 million ha cultivated with CIRAD 2 million ha cultivated with CIRAD cvcv

FrenchFrench--speak. Africa is the 2speak. Africa is the 2ndnd--ranking ranking

cotton exporter in the Worldcotton exporter in the World

The use of biotechnologies The use of biotechnologies should lead should lead

to further improvementsto further improvements

2424

Thanks to the National Agricultural Research Thanks to the National Agricultural Research Institutes which collaborate with CIRAD Institutes which collaborate with CIRAD and CIRAD breeders and technologistsand CIRAD breeders and technologists

2525

ThankThank youyouforfor

youryour attentionattention