courses of study b.sc. (botany)

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COURSES OF STUDY

B.Sc. (Botany)

SEMESTER SYSTEM

(Effective from the Session 2014-2015)

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY

CUTTACK

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SUMMARY OF THE COURSES

Botany (Elective)

Paper No. Course title Maximum Marks Credits

1st Semester

I (SE-1.1.1) Diversity of plant kingdom 50 03

II( SE-1.1.2) Practical related to theory paper 50 03

2nd

semester

III (SE-1.2.3) Cytogenetics and Plant Development 50 03

IV (SE-1.2.4) Practical related to theory paper 50 03

3rd

Semester

V (SE-2.3.5) Taxonomy, plant utility and ecology 50 03

VI (SE-2.3.6) Practical related to theory paper 50 03

4th

Semester

VII (SE-2.4.7) Plant physiology, metabolism, genetic

engineering & biotechnology

50 03

VIII (SE-2.4.8) Practical related to theory paper 50 03

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SUMMARY OF THE COURSES

Botany (Honours)

Paper No. Course title Maximum

Marks

Credits

1st Semester

I (SH-1.1.1) Biology of Cryptograms 50 03

II (SH-1.1.2) Plant Utilization & Plant pathology 50 03

III( SH-1.1.3) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

2nd

semester

IV (SH-1.2.4) Plant Breeding & Evolution 50 03

V (SH-1.2.5) Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Fossils 50 03

VI (SH-1.2.6) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

3rd

Semester

VII (SH-2.3.7) Anatomy 50 03

VIII (SH-2.3.8) Developmental Botany 50 03

IX (SH-2.3.9) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

4th

Semester

X (SH-2.4.10) Systematic Botany 50 03

XI (SH-2.4.11) Plant Physiology 50 03

XII (SH-2.4.12) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

5th

Semester

XIII (SH-3.5.13) Biochemistry-I 50 03

XIV (SH-3.5.14) Microbiology 50 03

XV (SH-3.5.15) Genetics 50 03

XVI (SH-3.5.16) Ecology & Biostatistics 50 03

XVII (SH-3.5.17) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

XVIII (SH-3.5.18) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

6th

Semester

XIX (SH-3.6.19) Biochemistry-II 50 03

XX (SH-3.6.20) Cell Biology 50 03

XXI (SH-3.6.21) Molecular Biology 50 03

XXII (SH-3.6.22) Genetic Engineering & Plant Biotechnology 50 03

XXIII (SH-3.6.23) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

XXIV (SH-3.6.24) Practical related to theory papers 50 03

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BOTANY (ELECTIVE)

SEMESTER-I

PAPER-I (SE-1.1.1)

DIVERSITY OF PLANT KINGDOM

FM-10+40 (3 Credits) TIME-2HRS

UNIT-I

1. General account and reproduction of viruses and Mycoplasma.

2. Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance of Bacteria.

3. General character, classification and economic importance of: Penicillium, Puccinia

UNIT-II

1. General character, classification and economic importance of algae.

2. Life History of:

(a) Chlorophyceae - Oedogonium

(b) Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria

(c) Phaeophyceae – Ectocarpus

(d) Rhodophyceae – Batrachospermum

3. General characters, structure, reproduction and affinities of:

(a) Hepaticopsida – Riccia

(b) Anthoceropsida – Anthoceros

(c) Bryopsida – Funaria

UNIT-III

1. Pteridophytes: General characters, structure, reproduction and affinities of:

(a) Psilophytopsida – Rhynia

(b) Lycopsida – Lycopodium and Selaginella

(c) Sphenopsida – Equisetum

(d) Pteropsida – Marsilea

2. Gymnosperms

General characters, anatomy, life history and affinities of :

(a) Cycadaceae – Cycas

(b) Pinaceae – Pinus

3. Fossil and fossilization process

Morphology, anatomy and reproductive structure of form genera belonging to Lyginopteris

PAPER-II (SE -1.1.2)

PRACTICAL

FM-10+40 (3 Credits) TIME - 6 HRS

1. Symptomatic study of viral and Mycoplasma diseases.

2. Symptomatic study of bacterial diseases.

3. Identification of bacteria by using Gram stain.

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4. Preparation of temporary slides of different form of algae including in the syllabus for

examination and identification.

5. Preparation of temporary slides of different form of fungi including in the syllabus for

examination and identification.

6. Symptomatic study of fungal diseases.

7. Identification of bryophytes including in the syllabus through their morphological and

anatomical studies

8. Preparation of temporary slides of vegetative and reproductive parts of pteridophytes

including in the syllabus and their microscopic study for identification.

9. Preparation of temporary slides of vegetative and reproductive parts of gymnosperm

including in the syllabus and their microscopic study for identification.

10. Study of materials and slides of fossil members including in the syllabus.

SEMESTER-II

PAPER-III (SE-1.2.3)

CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT DEVLOPMENT


UNIT-I

Structure and function of nucleus, morphology of chromosome. Chromosomal aberration and

variation in chromosome number. Laws of Mendel, Interaction of genes (complementary and

supplementary factors), Linkage and Crossing over.

UNIT-II

Histological organization of root and shoot apical meristems. Cambium and its function.

Normal secondary growth in stems and roots. Anomalous secondary growth in stems:

Bignonia, Aristolochia, Boerhaavia.

UNIT-III

Micro and mega-sporogenesis, male and female gametophytes. Fertilization. Formation of

endosperm and embryo.

PAPER-IV (SE-1.2.4.)

PRACTICAL


1. Study of mitosis by cytological techniques.

2. Study of meiosis by cytological techniques.

3. Study of chromosome structure of mitotically dividing cells by drawing diagrams

through camera lucida.

4. Preparation of L.S. of shoot tip to study different zones.

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5. Study of secondary growth, growth ring, and tissue pattern of wood in dicot stems.

6. Study of anomalous secondary growth in stems included in the syllabus.

7. Study of structure of anther.

8. Study of structure of ovules in angiosperms.

SEMESTER-III

PAPER-V (SE-2.3.5)

TAXONOMY, PLANT UTILITY AND ECOLOGY


UNIT-I

Angiosperm: Origin and evolution of angiosperm, Botanical nomenclature – Principles and

rules, Taxonomic ranks, Type concept, principle of priority, System of classification

(Bentham & Hookers and Engler & Prantl system of classification).

UNIT-II

Range of Floral structure of the Families: Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae, Asclepiadaceae,

Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae. Botany and utilization of rice, wheat, jute, groundnut.

Importance of plants as medicine: Amla (Gooseberry), Aswagandha (Wintercherry),

Rauwolfia.

UNIT-III

Concepts of air, water and soil as ecological factors, ecological adaptation of hydrophytes,

xerophytes. Ecosystem: structure, abiotic and biotic components, food chain, food web,

ecological pyramids, energy flow, Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen.

Population ecology: Growth patterns, factors affecting population growth.

Community ecology: Community characteristics, structure and dynamics: Ecological

succession – hydrosere, xerosere.

PAPER-VI (SE-2.3.6)

PRACTICAL


1. Description and identification of representative plant from among the families

included in the syllabus up to the species using dichotomous keys.

2. Economic importance of the plants included in the syllabus.

3. Study of ecological adaptation (morphological & anatomical) of xerophytes and

hydrophytes.

4. Determination of moisture content and porosity of different types of soil.

5. Determination of minimum size of the quadrants for the study of community by

species area curve.

6. Determination of frequency and density of plant species present in a community by

quadrant method.

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SEMESTER-IV

PAPER-VII (SE-2.4.7)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM, GENETIC ENGINEERING &

BIOTECHNOLOGY


UNIT-I

Diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD),

concept of water potential, components of water potential.

Absorption of water, Ascent of sap, Transpiration, Mechanism of phloem transport, Phases of

growth development, General role and mechanism of action of Auxin & Gibberellin.

UNIT-II

Enzymes: Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, chemical nature of enzymes, concept

of holoenzymes (apoenzyme and co factors), mechanism of enzyme action, properties of

enzymes.

Photosynthesis, concept of two photosystems, photosynthetic electron transport, non cyclic

and cyclic photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, C4 pathway. Aerobic and anaerobic

respiration, glycolysis, kerb cycle, Terminal oxidation, Biological nitrogen fixation,

ammonium assimilation

UNIT-III

Tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology. Cloning vectors, genomic and c-

DNA library. Basic aspect of tissue culture, differentiation and morphogenesis. Role of

Biotechnology in crop improvement.

PAPER-VIII (SE-2.4.8)

PRACTICAL


1. To study the effect of temperature on permeability of plasma membrane.

2. Determination of osmotic potential of cell sap by plasmolytic method.

3. Determination of water potential of any tuber.

4. To study the role of transpiration in different environmental conditions.

5. Comparison of rate of transpiration with that of water absorption.

6. Separation of chlorophyll pigments by solvent method.

7. To study the rate of photosynthesis in different wavelength of light.

8. Demonstration of techniques of anther culture.

9. To study the enzyme activity of catalase in varying temperature.

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BOTANY (HONOURS)

SEMESTER-I PAPER-I (SH-1.1.1)

BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOGRAMS


UNIT-I

General characters, classification of algae. Important features and life history of:

a) Cyanophyceae: Nostoc, Spirulina

b) Chlorophyceae – Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara

c) Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria

d) Phaeophyceae – Ectocarpus

e) Rhodophyceae – Batrachospermum, Polysiphonia

Evolution of thallus organization in algae, origin and evolution of sex in algae, algae in

human welfare.

UNIT-II

General characters of fungi: classification of fungi, important features and life history of:

a) Mastigomycotina: Pythium

b) Zygomycotina: Rhizopus, Mucor

c) Ascomycotina: Saccharomyces, Penicillium

d) Basidiomycotina: Puccinia, Agaricus

e) Deuteromycotina: Fusarium

Nutrition in fungi, reproduction in fungi, types of fungal spore and mode of their liberation,

role of fungi in human welfare.

UNIT-III

General characters, origin & classification of bryophytes. Comparative study of morphology,

life history and affinities of

(a) Hepaticopsida – Riccia, Marchantia

(b) Anthocerotopsida – Anthoceros

(c) Bryopsida – Sphagnum, Funaria

Ecological aspects and economic importance of bryophytes, evolution of sporophytes in

Bryophytes.

PAPER-II (SH-1.1.2.)

PLANT UTILIZATION & PLANT PATHOLOGY

FM-10+40 (3 Credits) TIME - 2HRS

UNIT I

Domestication of plants: origin of cultivated plants: Vavilov’s centres of origin, primary and

secondary centres. Modern agro-techniques of crop cultivation, Botany, cultivation and

utilization of following Cereals: Rice and Wheat; Pulses - Black gram, Green gram, Pigeon

pea.

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UNIT-II

Cultivation and utilization of following plants: Fruits & Vegetables - Banana, Potato; Sugar

yielding plants - Sugarcane; Fibre yielding plants - Cotton; Oil yielding - mustard oil. Uses

and cultivation of beverages - Tea. Use of spices and condiments - Cinnamon, Clove,

Cardamom, Ginger. Medicinal use of Aswagandha, Sarpagandha, Amla, Tulsi and Neem.

UNIT-III

Classification of plant diseases: fungal, bacterial, viral, pathogenesis, disease development,

disease symptoms, defence mechanism and control of disease. Study of symptoms, causal

agents, etiology and control of the following plant diseases:

a) Downy mildew of Cucurbita

b) Late blight of Potato

c) Smut of Sugarcane

d) Blight of Rice

e) Leaf mosaic of Bean

PAPER-III (SH -1.1.3)

PRACTICAL


1. Collection and study of locally available specimen of algae, fungi, bryophytes

included in the syllabus.

2. Preparation of permanent slides and comparative study of vegetative and reproductive

parts (whole mount of algae, fungi and bryophytes included in the syllabus).

3. Separation of algal members included in the course from the mixture collected earlier.

4. Section cutting and slide preparation of fungi infected specimen by lacto phenol

mounting.

5. Study of permanent slides on algae, fungi and bryophytes included in the syllabus.

6. Local field visits to and study the vegetation and flora to acquire knowledge to

identify them on the spot.

7. Morphological study of medicinally important part(s) of locally available plants-

minimum ten plants used in traditional medicine.

8. Field visit to collect and identify ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes.

9. Study of plant diseases (infected host with pathogen) by preparation and permanent

slides.

10. Study of plant diseases (infected host available locally) by preparation and permanent

slides.

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SEMESTER-II

PAPER IV (SH 1.2.4)

PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION


UNIT-I

Introduction to plant breeding, tools in plant breeding, selection: pureline, pedigree method,

bulk and backcross method, hybridization techniques and consequences, clonal variation and

selection, heterosis & hybrid vigour and inbreed depression, breeding for insect, diseases and

stress resistance.

UNIT-II

Origin of life, period of chemical evolution, the first form of life, origin of cell (protocell),

Origin and evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Evolution of DNA, fidelity of first form

of life. Theories of evolution: Elan’s vital theory, Lamark’s theory, Darwin’s theory;

Comparative behaviour, divergence of characters, over production, population control,

struggle for existence.

UNIT III

Neo-Darwin concepts of evolution: isolation, hybridism. The synthetic theory and

evolutionary progress: mutation-adaptation-selection-concept, concept of species, origin of

species, gene flow, micro and macro evolution. Evolutionary progress, increased

effectiveness of adaptation, passive and active Darwinism, modification of Neo-darwinsim:

(The new synthesis theory), The Neutral theory.

PAPER -V (SH 1.2.5)

PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERM AND FOSSILS


UNIT-I

General characters and classification of pteridophytes, comparative studies of morphology,

anatomy, reproduction, and affinities of

(a) Psilophytopsida – Psilotum

(b) Lycopsida – Lycopodium and Selaginella

(c) Sphenopsida – Equisetum

(d) Pteropsida – Marsilea, Ophioglossum

Telome theory, stellar evolution in pteridophytes, heterospory and seed habit in

pteridophytes.

UNIT-II

General characters and classification of gymnosperms, comparative studies of morphology,

and life history of

(a) Cycadopsida : Cycas

(b) Coniferopsida: Pinus, Ginkgo

(c) Gnetopsida: Gnetum

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UNIT-III

Geological time scale. Fossils and fossilization processes. Salient features and affinities of

following orders with special reference to morphology of reproductive structure (Form

Genera) of

(a) Psilophytales: Rhynia

(b) Lepidodendrales : Lepidodendron

(c) Cycadofilicales : Lyginopteris,Cycadeoidea

PAPER- VI (SH 1.2.6)

PRACTICAL


1. Collection and study of locally available specimen of pteridophytes and gymnosperms

included in the syllabus.

2. Study of permanent slides on pteridophytes included in the syllabus

3. Study of permanent slides on gymnosperms included in the syllabus.


anatomy of pteridophytes


anatomy of gymnosperms included in the syllabus

6. Study of fossil materials and slides of from genera included in the syllabus.

7. Students are required to submit locally available specimens collected by them and

also permanent slides prepared by them in class during the examination.

8. Hybridization technique in rice.

9. Crossing technique in rice.

SEMESTER-III

PAPER-VII (SH-2.3.7)

ANATOMY


UNIT-I

Tissues and tissue system: Tissue and their classification. Theories of structural development

of root and shoot apical meristems. Meristems and meristematic tissue system, mechanical

tissue system, dermal and conducting tissue systems.

UNIT II

Ontogeny and phylogeny of xylem & phloem. Structure and development of cambium & cork

cambium. Wood anatomy in relation to phylogeny, ecological anatomy – hydrophytes,

xerophytes, epiphytes and halophytes.

UNIT III

Secondary growth of stems and roots, root-stem transition, origin of lateral roots and lateral

shoots, secondary growth in stems and roots, anomalous secondary growth, adaptive and non

adaptive. Secondary growth in monocot stem.

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PAPER-VIII (SH-2.3.8)

DEVELOPMENTAL BOTANY


UNIT-I

Brief account of plant growth: vegetative growth, reproductive growth. Principal events of

reproductive growth. ageing, senescence and death. The power of movement in plants - nastic

movement- nyctinastic and seismonastic movement, tropism – directional differential growth-

phototropism and gravitropism.

UNIT II

Microsporogenesis, male gametophytes, megasporogenesis, development of embryo sac,

double fertilization, structure and development of endosperm. Development of embryo in

monocotyledon and dicotyledon.

UNIT-III

Physiological role and mechanism of action of phytohormones: Auxins, Gibberellins,

Cytokinins, Physiological effects of phytochrome - Photoperiodism, Short day plant (SDP),

long day plant (LDP) mechanism, concept of florigen, Biological clock. Morphological,

physiological and biochemical changes accompanying seed germination.

PAPER-IX (SH-2.3.9)

PRACTICAL


1. Preparation and examination of slides showing different types of tissues and tissue

system.

2. Preparation of permanent slides and study of sections of leaves belonging to C3 and

C4 plants.

3. Preparation of permanent slides and study of anatomy of dicot stems showing

anomalous features. (Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Chenopodium, Amaranthus,

Achyranthes, Bougainvillea).

4. Preparation of permanent slides and study of anatomy of monocot stems showing

anomalous features (Dracaena).

5. Study of tetrasporangiate anther – T.S. of young and mature anther.

6. Study of pollen grains by acetolysis method.

7. Study of types of ovules.

8. Study of structure of angiospermic embryo (monocot & dicot)

9. Study of micro and mega sporogenesis (permanent slides)

10. Bioassay of Auxin

11. Bioassay of Gibberellin.

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SEMESTER-IV

PAPER - X (SH-2.4.10)

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY


UNIT-I

Taxonomic category: Taxonomic group, concept of species, genus and family, Botanical

Nomenclature: ICBN-principle of priority and its limitations, origin and evolution of

angiosperms (Bennettitalean, Gnetalean, Caytoniean and herbaceae).

UNIT-II

Systems of classification: Bentham & Hooker’s system, Engler & Prantl system, Hutchinson

system. General account and floral structure of the following families (monocot):

Orchidales: Orchidaceae

Zingiberrales:Zingiberaceae

Liliales:Liliaceae

Graminales:Poaceae

UNIT-III

General account and floral structure of the following families (Dicot) :

Ranales: Magnoliaceae

Passiflorales: Cucurbitaceae

Rubiales: Asteraceae

Gentianales: Apocyanceae

Polemoniales: Solanaceae

Personales: Scropholariaceae, Acanthaceae

Lamiales:Lamiaceae

PAPER - XI (SH-2.4.11)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY


UNIT-I

Water transport processes: Diffusion and osmosis. Water potential and chemical potential,

water transport through xylem, theories of water transport, transpiration and its significance.

Mechanism of stomatal movement, factors affecting transpiration.

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UNIT-II

Structure of photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigments, reaction centre complexes,

photochemical reactions, electron transport pathway, photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, C4

carbon cycle, CAM pathway, photorespiration and its significance.

UNIT-III

Macro- and micro-nutrients, role of essential elements, mineral deficiency symptoms and

plant diseases, nutrient uptake and transport mechanism, transport of photosynthates, source-

sink relation. Mechanism of phloem transport.

Biological nitrogen fixation, Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, Assimilation of ammonia and

nitrate.

PAPER-XII (SH-2.4.12)

PRACTICAL


1. Determination of osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method.

2. Determination of water potential of storage tissue (root tuber/ stem tuber).

3. Measurement of size of stomata and stomatal opening by micrometer.

4. Determination of stomatal index and stomatal frequency in given leaf surface.

5. Measurement of transpiration by Ganong’s potometer.

6. Absorption and transpiration relationship by T/A apparatus.

7. Determination of relation between transpiration and transpiring surface.

8. Comparison of chlorophyll content in leaves of different ages.

9. To determine the CO2 concentration in different wave length of light on photosynthesis

by Wilmott’s bubbler.

10. Quantitative estimation of nitrogen from leaf sample.

11. Phytogeography and identification of the family, genus and species with the help of

keys. Name of the species should be with correct nomenclature and author citation.

SEMESTER-V

PAPER-XIII (SH-3.5.13)

BIOCHEMISTRY-I


UNIT-I

Thermodynamic principles: First law and second law of thermodynamics, concept of free

energy, exergonic & endergonic reactions. Water as the solvent of life (importance of water

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in biological kingdom); structure & physical properties of water, ionization of water, polarity

of water. Concept of pH, pH scale and buffer; biological buffer system.

UNIT-II

Classification, Structure and properties (physical and electrochemical) of amino acids.

Classification: compositional classification (simple protein & conjugate protein). Biological

classification.

Protein configuration: Primary structure, secondary structure (α-helix & β-pleated structure).

Properties: physical properties, chemical properties (reaction involving-COOH group, -NH2

group, -R group, -SH group).

UNIT-III

Classification of carbohydrate, structure of some representative-examples of

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, isomers in carbohydrate, some

important properties of monosaccharides. Classification & properties of fatty acids.

PAPER-XIV (SH-3.5.14)

MICROBIOLOGY


UNIT-I

Systematic position of microbes in biological world, classification of microorganisms and

characteristics of different groups.

Sterilization methods, culture media, pure culture methods. Methods for population

estimation & growth determination.

Bacteria: structure, nutrition and reproduction. Genetic recombination in bacteria:

transformation, conjugation & transduction. Economic importance of bacteria.

UNIT-II

General characteristics, properties, structure, chemistry and types of viruses. Life cycle of

bacteriophage. Plant viruses -TMV, CMV. Diseases caused by Viruses (animal): HIV,

Hepatitis. Oncogenic viruses. General characteristics, properties of protozoa. Diseases caused

by Protozoans: Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium species, Trypanosoma.

UNIT-III Industrial microorganisms and product formation: Industrial microorganisms and their

products, primary and secondary metabolism, characteristics of large-scale fermentation.

Major industrial products for health industry: industrial production of Penicillin, industrial

production of vitamins and amino acids.

Major industrial production for food and beverages: alcohol and alcoholic beverages, vinegar

production, mushroom cultivation.

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PAPER-XV (SH-3.5.15)

GENETICS


UNIT-I

Mendel’s experiments and principles of inheritance, test and back cross, gene interaction,

modified dihybrid ratios: complementary, supplementary, duplicate and masking gene action,

multiple alleles in man (ABO blood group), plants (self incompatibility).

UNIT-II

Linkage, crossing over: chromosome theory of linkage, coupling and repulsion phases,

recombination, two and three point test crosses, chromosome mapping, quantitative traits and

quantitative genetics. Significance of crossing over. Sex linked inheritance.

UNIT-III

Mutation: types of mutation, types of mutagen-physical & chemical. Molecular basis of

mutation (transition, transversion, base pair substitution, & frame shift mutation).

Numerical & structural changes in chromosomes (origin, types & effect of deletion,

duplication, inversion, translocation & polyploidy).

Mutation & polyploidy as a method of crop improvement.

PAPER-XVI (SH-3.5.16)

ECOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS


UNIT-I Ecosystem - structure and function, producers, consumers and decomposers, food chain, food

web, ecological pyramids, energy flow. Hierarchy of ecosystem organization. Types of

ecosystem-forest, grassland, desert and aquatic ecosystem, detritus based ecosystem. Abiotic

components - water, air, soil, light and temperature. Ecosystem and thermodynamics.

Biogeochemical cycle.

UNIT-II

Population ecology: Basic concept, characteristics of population, biotic potential, kinetics of

population growth, r & k selection, regulation of population density, population interaction.

Community ecology: characteristics, composition, classification, structure, development of

community. Species diversity and its measurement: concept of α-diversity and β-diversity.

Synthetic characters of community, unit of vegetation, continum concept, Ecotone, Ecad,

Ecotype, Edge effect. Succession in community, climax vegetation.

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UNIT-III

Study of population through samples, collection of data and representation of data,

Measurement of central tendency: Mode, Median and Arithmetic Mean, Measures of

dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation.

Statistical interference: Hypothesis testing-Null Hypothesis, test of significance: t, Chi-square

test, analysis of variance (one factor).

PAPER-XVII (SH-3.5.17)

PRACTICAL

FM-10+40 (3 Credits) TIME-6 HRS

1. Preparation of phosphate buffer (pH- 6.8)

2. Measurement of pH of different plant juices.

3. Estimation of amino acid by ninhydrin method.

4. Estimation of protein by Biuret method.

5. Estimation of protein by Lowry method.

6. Estimation of glucose by DNS method.

7. Estimation of glucose by Benedict’s titration method.

8. Preparation of culture media (Nutrient Agar) for culturing microorganisms.

9. Culture and study of microbial colony on agar plates sampling from air and water.

10. Isolation of microbe in pure culture.

11. Students are required to submit pure culture & culture plates prepared in class.

PAPER - XVIII (SH-3.5.18)

PRACTICAL


1. Study of mean and measure of dispersion of quantitative variables of biological

characters.

2. Application of t-test to study significance of difference of means of variables of

characters by setting null hypothesis taking plant sample.

3. Application of chi-square test to test the goodness of fit of different ratio of

interaction of factors by giving plant samples (colour / shape of seeds).

4. Determination of texture & porosity moisture content of different soil samples.

5. Determination of moisture content of different soil samples.

6. Determination of BOD of different water samples.

7. Determination of minimum size of quadrat for the study plant community.

8. Find out the frequency of plant species present in a community by quadrat method.

9. Find out the density of plant species present in a community by quadrat method.

10. Study of number of phytoplankton in different water samples.

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SEMESTER- VI

PAPER-XIX (SH-3.6.19)

BIOCHEMISTRY-II


UNIT-I Biosynthesis of fatty acids (saturated & unsaturated). Biosynthesis of triglycerols, membrane

phospholipid, cholesterols, steroid hormones. Oxidation of saturated fatty acids, β-oxidation,

oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, α-oxidation.

UNIT-II

Concept of enzyme and mechanism of enzyme action.

Synthesis of amino acid of α-keto glutarate family, 3- phosphoglycerate precursor family,

oxalo-acetate and pyruvate precursor family, PEP-erythose-4-phosphate precursor family,

Ribose-5 phosphate precursor family. Feedback control of amino acid biosynthesis:

(sequential, concerted and cumulative feedback control).

UNIT-III

Respiration: Types - Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, respiratory substrates,

respiratory quotient, mechanism of respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, terminal

oxidation(Oxidative phosphorylation, Electron transport chain). Energy calculation (output)

in prokaryotes / eukaryotes. Pentose phosphate pathway.

PAPER-XX (SH-3.6.20)

CELL BIOLOGY


UNIT-I

The cell: cell theory, prokaryotic cell vs eukaryotic cell and plant vs animal cell.

Techniques in cell biology: principles of light and electron microscopy, principles of phase

contrast and florescence microscopy. Cell fractionation procedure. Principles of

chromatographic technique (Paper, Thin-layer and Gas chromatography), Spectrophotometry,

staining.

UNIT-II

Cell wall: origin, structure, composition, growth and function. Cell membrane: origin,

structure, composition, models and function. Structure and function of cytoskeleton.

Cell organelles: Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, golgi apparatus,

plastids, lysosome, vacuoles.

Mitochondria: Origin, structure, composition, genome organization and function.

Chloroplast: Origin, structure, composition, genome organization and function.

19

UNIT-III

Ultrastructure of nucleus, nucleus matrix and nucleoplasm. Chromatin structure and

nucleosome. Cell cycle, cell division- mitotis and meiosis, regulation of cell cycle.

Programmed cell death (Apoptosis).

PAPER-XXI (SH-3.6.21)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


UNIT-I Composition of nucleic acids, DNA structure: A, B, Z forms of DNA.

DNA replication: Experimental evidences of semi conservative replication, replication in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mechanism of DNA Repair, Homologous Recombination

Different forms of RNA and their role.

UNIT-II

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes (inducible and repressible system, positive

regulation and negative regulation); Operon concept – lac operon.

Regulation in eukaryotes.

UNIT-III

Mechanism of protein biosynthesis: translation; peptide chain initiation, elongation,

termination, post translational modifications. Factors required for protein synthesis. Inhibition

of protein synthesis. Basic concepts on protein targeting.

PAPER-XXII (SH-3.6.22)

GENETIC ENGINEERING & PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY


UNIT-I

Restriction endonucleases used in recombinant DNA technology, cloning vectors (plasmids,

lambda etc.), isolation of DNA, RNA and Protein, construction of cDNA and genomic

libraries, selection of recombinant clones, Application of plant genetic engineering.

UNIT-II

Basic techniques: Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Western blotting, PCR, Agarose &

SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP), DNA

sequencing.

20

UNIT-III

Organogenesis (callus-mediated and direct adventitious), somatic embryogenesis, protoplast

isolation and culture, somatic hybridization, Agrobacterium-the natural genetic engineer,

salient achievements in crop biotechnology (with suitable examples) & prospects.

PAPER-XXIII (SH-3.5.23)

PRACTICAL


1. To study the permeability of plasma membrane using different concentrations of

organic solvents.

2. Comparative study of cell structure of onion scale leaf, Hydrilla and Spirogyra by wet

mount.

3. Determination of rate of respiration of plant parts by Petten Koffer’s tube.

4. Determination of R.Q. by Ganong’s respirometer in different seeds.

5. Determination of chromosome number from diving pollen mother cells, root tips and

pollen grains

6. Preparation of karyotypes from photographs of cells showing mitotic chromosome

distribution.

7. Study of ideograms using suitable plant materials.

8. Study of mitosis by cytological techniques.

9. Study of meiosis by cytological techniques.

PAPER-XVII (SH-3.5.24)

PRACTICAL


1. Separation of amino acid mixture by paper chromatography.

2. Extraction of peroxidase and acid phosphatase from plant samples and study of their

varying substrate concentration.

3. Study of the effect of temperature on the activity of catalase.

4. Study of the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase.

5. Demonstration of isolation of plant genomic DNA and Spooling.

6. Separation of DNA by Gel Electrophoresis methods.

7. Quantification of DNA by different methods.

8. Study of organization of plant tissue culture laboratory and equipments required.

9. Identification of cloning vectors using photographs.

10. Study of composition and preparation of Murashige & Skoog medium.

11. Demonstration of techniques of tissue culture (surface sterilization of explants,

inoculation of explants, growth conditions & maintenance in the culture room.

21

Suggested Readings

+3, 1st Year (Hons)

1st semester

1. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol-I & II, Gilbert, Tata McGraw Hill publishing Company,

New Delhi.

2. Introduction of Bacteria, Cliton, A., Tata McGraw Hill publishing Company, New

Delhi.

3. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Magdigan M.T. Martinako, J.M. Parker, J.-

Prentice Hall.

4. Microbiology, Pelczar M.J, Chan E.C.S., Kreig N.R, -McGraw Hill.

5. Algae, Vashistha B.R., S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

6. Fungi, Vashistha B.R., S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

7. Bryophyta, Vashistha B.R., Sinha AK. and Kumar A, S. Chand and Company, New

Delhi.

8. An Introduction to Fungi, Dube, H.C., Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

9. Bryophyta, Puri, P., Atma Ram & Sons. Delhi.

10. Introduction Phycology, Kumar, H.D., Affililated East-West Ltd. New Delhi

11. Plant Products and New Technology, Fuller, K.W and Gallon, J.R ., Clarendron Press,

Oxford, New York.

12. Economic Botany in Tropics, Kocchar .S.L., Macmillan India. Ltd., New Delhi.

13. A Text Book of Economic Botany, Sambamurthy A.V.S.S. and Subramanyam. N.S.,

Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.

14. Economic Botany, Pandey H.P., Silver Line Publications.

15. Hill’s Economic Botany, Sharma O.P., Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing Co.

16. Diseases of Crop Plants in India, Rangaswamy, G. & Mahadevan, A., Prentice Hall

India. Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.

17. Plant Pathology.Agrios, G.N., Academic Press, London.

18. Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Green House Crops, Albajes, R. Gullino,

M.L. Van Lenteren, J.C. and Elad, Y., Kluwer Academic Publishers.

19. Informational Technology. Plant Pathology and Biodiversity, Bridge, P., Moore,D.R.

and Scott, P.R.,CAB International UK.

20. Biotechnology and Integrated pest management, Parsley. G.J, CAB International UK.

21. New Diagnostics in Crop Sciences, Skerritt, J.H. and Apples, R., CAB International

UK.

22. Fundamental for Analysis in the Health Science, Daniel, W.W.A John wiley & Sons.

2nd

Semester

1. Biology of Plants (5th

ed), Raven, P.H. Evert, R.F. and Eichhon, S.E.,W.H. Freeman &

Co Worth Publication, New York, USA.

2. Introduction to Plant Viruses, Mandahar, C.L.,Chand & Co Ltd. New Delhi.

3. Introduction to Pteridophytes, Rashid, A., Vikash Publishing House, New Delhi.

4. Pteridophyta. Vashistha B.R, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

5. Gymnosperm. Vashistha P.C., S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

6. Gymnosperm, Sharma O.P., Dixit, S., Pragati Prakash, Merut, New Delhi.

7. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, Gifford, E.M. and Foster, A.S., W.H.

Freeman and Company, New York.

22

8. The Morphology of Gymnosperms, Sporne, K.R., Hutchin & Co (Publishers) Ltd.

London.

9. Breeding Field Crops, Poehlmann, J.H., Sleeper, D.R., Panima Publishing House,

New Delhi.

10. Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding, Sharma, J.R., Tata McGraw Hill publishing

company, New Delhi.

11. Paleobotany and Evolution of Plants (2nd

), Wilson. N.S. and Rothwell. G.W.,

Cambidge University Press.

12. Gene and Evolution, Jha, A.P. Macmillan India limited.

13. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants, Foster, A.S. and Fifford, A.E.M

Junior,Vakis Pefferssimons Pvt. Ltd.

+3, 2nd

Year (Hons)

3rd

semester

1. Plant Anatomy, Muaseth, J.D., The Benjamin/Cummings publishing company Co.,

Menlo park, California, USA.

2. Wood Anatomy and Major Uses of Wood, Nair M.N.B., faculty of forestry,

University of Putra, Malaysia.

3. Comparative Wood Anatomy: Systematic, Ecological and Evolutionary aspects of

Dictyledon wood. Carquist, S., Springer –Verlag, Berlin.

4. Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation, part-2, Organs, Cutter . E.G., Edward

Arnold, London .

5. Anatomy of Seed Plants, Esau, k., John wiley and sons. New York.

6. Plant Anatomy, Dayal, M.S., Rastogi Publication.

7. Plant Anatomy, Fahn ,A., Pergamon press, Oxford.

8. Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Ragvan ,V., Springer-verlag, New York

. USA.

9. Biology of plants, Raven P.H, Evert R.F and Eichhorn S.E., W.H. Freeman and Co

publisher, New York .

10. Plant Development : The cellular Basis. Lyndon .R.F.,Unwin Hyman, London .

11. Embryology of Angiosperms. Johri, B.M .,Springer Verlag , Berlin, Germany.

12. Embryology of Angiosperms , Bhojwani ,S.S; Bhatnagar S.P., Vikash publication

house, New Delhi .

13. Embryogenesis in Angiosperm. A development and Experimental study, Raghvan, V.,

Cambridge University Press, New York, USA

4th

semester

1. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H., Oliver and

Boyd. Long.

2. An Introduction plant Taxonomy, Jeffey, C.,Cambridge, London.

3. Plant Systematics, Jones, S.B. Jr. and Luchsinger, A.E.,Mc Graw-Hill Book Co, New

York.

4. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, Radford, A.E.,Harper and Row, New York.

5. Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice, Singh, G.,Oxford and IBH Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

6. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Naik VN, Tata McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

23

7. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Davis, P.H., Heywood, V.H., Oliver and Boyd.

London.

8. Plant systematic, Jones, S.B., Luchsinger, A.E., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

9. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, Lawrence, G.H.M., McMillan, New York.

10. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Naik, V.N., Tata McGraw Hill publishing company, New

Delhi.

11. Plant Physiology, Salisbury F.B. and Ross C.W.,Words Worth Publishing

Co.California, USA.

12. Plant Physiology, Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E., Sinauer associate. Inc Publishers

Massachusetts,USA.

13. Introductory Plant Physiology, Noogie, C.R and Fritz, G.J, Prentice Hall.

14. Out Line of Biochemistry, Conn E. E., Stumpf P. K., Bruening G and Doi R. H.

Wiley & Sons, India.

15. Life Processes in Plants, Galston, A.C., Scientific American Library.

16. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, Hookass, P.J.J., Hall, M. A.,

Libbenga, K.R., Elsevier Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

17. Introduction of Plant Physiology, Hoopkins, W.G., John Wiley and Sons Inc. New

York.

18. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants Hormones, Moore, T.C., Springer Verlag,

New York.P

+3, 3rd

Year (Hons.)

5th

semester



2. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, Hookass, P.J.J., Hall, M.

A., Libbenga, K.R., Elsevier Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

3. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants Hormones, Moore, T.C., Springer Verlag,

New York.

4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, D.Nelson and M.Cox, Macmillon Worth

Publishers.

5. Biochemistry, Stryer, W.H.Freeman & Co.

6. Basic Experimental microbiology. Ronald M Atlas, Alfred E. Brown, Kenneth W.

Dobra. Lionas Miller- Prentice Hall

7. Fundamentals of Bacteriology. Sake A.J., Mc Graw Hill.

8. Brock Biology of Microorganisms-Magdigan M.T. Martinako, J.M. Parker, J.-

Prentice Hall.

9. Microbiology. Pelczar M. J, Chan E.C.S., Kreig N.R, -McGraw Hill.

10. Modem Microbiology, Bridge F.A - WMC Brown Publisher. Oxford, England

11. General Microbiology, Stainer RY., Ingharam J.I., Wheelis M.I., Printer P.R, Mc

Millan Education Ltd.

12. Experimental Microbiology Laboratory Guide, Robert c., Cros, Kalyani

Publishers Ludhiana.

13. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids. Khush SS. Academic press New York London.

14. Genetic Principles and Analysis. Hartl DL and Jones EW. Jone and Barteet

Publishers Massachusetts USA.

15. Principles of Genetics. Sunsted DP and Sunpens MJ. John Willey and Sons Inc.

USA

16. Fundamentals of Genetics, Singh BD. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi

24

17. Cytogenetics. Gupta PK Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi

18. Genes and molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. Karp G. John Wiley

and Sons, USA

19. Genetics. Russe PJ. The Benarnin Curuning Publishing Company Inc, USA

20. Statistical Proceedings for Agricultural Research. Gomej A.A and. Gomej KA,

Wiley,USA.

21. 8. Introduction to Practical Biostatistics, Misra B.N. & Misra M.K, Naya Prakash,

Cuttack

22. Statistical Analysis, Zar J.H., Pearson Edition, Singapore

6th

semester



2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, D.Nelson and M.Cox, Macmillon Worth

Publishers.

3. Biochemistry, Stryer, W.H.Freeman & Co.

4. Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish H., Berk A, Zipurskt S.L., Matsudaire P.,

Baltimore D and Darnell 1. W.H., Freeman and Co. New York, USA

5. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Albert B, Bary D, Lewis J, RaffM, Roberts K and

Watson JD Garland Science (Toylor & Francis group).

6. Molecular Cell Biology. Damell J, Lodish H and Baltimore D. Scientific

American Books, Inc.

7. Cell and Molecular Biology. Rastogi Sc. New Age international Publisher, New

Delhi.

8. Genes and molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. Karp G. John Wiley

and Sons, USA

9. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Words Worth Publishing Co. California, USA

10. Plant Biotechnology, the Genetic Manipulation of Plants. Adrian Slater, Nigel

Scott and Mark Fowler. Oxford University Press.

11. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Fundamental Methods. Gamborg O.L. and

Phillips G. C. (Editors). Narosa Publishing House.

12. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Chawla. H.S., Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Pvt. Ltd.

13. From Genes to Genomes, Concepts and Applications of DNA technology. Dale

J.W and Yon Schantz M. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

14. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, Bhojwani S.S. and Razdan M.K,

Elsevier.

courses of study b.sc. (botany)

Documents