Crisis in Crisis in DarfurDarfurAn Introduction…. An Introduction….

Where??Where??9 neighbors includingChad and Libya

Scattered mountainranges

Nile river

Capital is Khartoum

Population= 41 mil.

80 % are involved in 80 % are involved in AgricultureAgriculture

Only 7 % of land is arableOnly 7 % of land is arable 70% = Sunni Muslim 70% = Sunni Muslim

(mostly northern region)(mostly northern region) 25% = Indigenous beliefs 25% = Indigenous beliefs

(mostly Southern region)(mostly Southern region) 5% = Christian5% = Christian 43 %= 14 or younger43 %= 14 or younger

Who??Who??

Basic HistoryBasic History

1882- British Imperialistic rule1882- British Imperialistic rule Much turmoilMuch turmoil 1950’s- Sudan gains independence1950’s- Sudan gains independence Unstable democracyUnstable democracy Repeated military coupsRepeated military coups Only 11 years of elected govt. ( most Only 11 years of elected govt. ( most

were Islamic- led parties)were Islamic- led parties)

Civil War (1955- present…)Civil War (1955- present…)North VS. South

Arab- Muslim Christian/ Animist

Govt. taxes spent onKhartoum And North

National Islam frontDominates govt.

2 leaders: Hassan Al- Turabi & Omar Al-Bashir

Alienated in econ.,Religion, and Culture

SPLA formed- Sudan’s People’s Liberation Army

Sudanese Liberation Army

Janjaweed Militia

VS

DarfurDarfur 3 provinces in 3 provinces in

Western SudanWestern Sudan Entirely Muslim Entirely Muslim

population:population: 40% non- Arab40% non- Arab

African population: African population: Sedentary FarmersSedentary Farmers

Arab population: Arab population: nomadic farmersnomadic farmers

Darfur Local tensionsDarfur Local tensions Geography & Geography &

EnvironmentEnvironment: Little arable : Little arable land and spreading desert land and spreading desert leads to fighting between leads to fighting between Nomadic and Sedentary Nomadic and Sedentary farmersfarmers

Political & Economic:Political & Economic: all all taxes collected are spent on taxes collected are spent on northern Arab regions… not northern Arab regions… not African regionsAfrican regions

Outside InfluencesOutside Influences

Chad:

Chadian rebels use Darfur as staging ground for overthrowing Chad govt.

Libya:Libyan troops stationed in Darfur as Libya tries to overthrow Sudan Govt.

Darfur is in constant violence!!

Back to KhartoumBack to Khartoum

Turabi vs. Al Turabi vs. Al BashirBashir

Al-Bashir WinsAl-Bashir Wins Turabi looks for Turabi looks for

alternative power alternative power base outside of base outside of Khartoum…Khartoum…

Bashir

Al- Turabi

New Divide (Darfur crisis New Divide (Darfur crisis begins)begins)

Khartoum govt(Al-Bashir)-

Rebels(Turabi)

Sudan Govt. Army& Northern Militias (janjiwid)

Sudan Liberation Army & Justice and Equality movement

Both groups largely Muslim… no longer Muslim vs. Infidels… Arab vs. African

VS

Civilians AttackedCivilians Attacked•Sudanese govt. wants to deny rebels any support from Darfur villages

•Airforce, army, and Arab militias (janjawid) bomb and destroy villages

•Men, Women, & Children Killed

•Girl & women raped•Population driven from villages

Survivors??Survivors??

Flee to neighboring villages and await Flee to neighboring villages and await another attackanother attack

End up in refugee campsEnd up in refugee camps Can not return to villagesCan not return to villages Up to half of women have been rapedUp to half of women have been raped Most have lost family membersMost have lost family members 3000 to 10000 die every month3000 to 10000 die every month Janjawid raid camps and steal food aidJanjawid raid camps and steal food aid

Genocide or Civil war?Genocide or Civil war? Attacks are from Attacks are from

Arab only Sudanese Arab only Sudanese government military government military or Arab militias or Arab militias (Janjiwid)(Janjiwid)

3 tribes are primarily 3 tribes are primarily targeted (though targeted (though other African groups other African groups are also assaulted): are also assaulted): Masalit, Fur, Masalit, Fur, ZaghawaZaghawa

Pictures Pictures of Darfurof Darfur

Refugees Refugees

Camp life in ChadCamp life in Chad

resourcesresources

Sudan and the Darfur Genocide: notes Sudan and the Darfur Genocide: notes for teachers by Daniel Schafer (Belmont for teachers by Daniel Schafer (Belmont University)University)

Google earth- crisis in DarfurGoogle earth- crisis in Darfur Corbis photographyCorbis photography