crowdsourcing, croudfunding, and crowdledge
DESCRIPTION
Currently, all the time we leave digital footprints, data tracks in digital services, be it actively as when we deliver the personal information deliberately, in order to share information about ourselves on social networks, for example, or passively, when our data is collected without any action on our part, such as by the use of cell phones. Following the crowdsourcing and crowdfunding concepts, we crowdledge as the knowledge that emerges from Big Data analysis of spontaneous digital footprints of individuals, such as from Google searches, postings on Facebook, Twitter, etc., a concept that should not be confused with collective intelligence or wisdom of crowds. Not only we do believe that crowdledge expresses more accurately the idea of Big Data than the 3 V's famous, but also that it has interesting applications to the teaching of science, as we have already argued before.TRANSCRIPT
CROWDSOURCING, CROUDFUNDING, AND CROWDLEDGE
Renato P. dos Santos ULBRA – Lutheran University of Brazil [email protected] www.crowdledge.com PPGECIM – 14/08/2014
It all started with a penguin! Seriously.
That one from Linux, of course.
Crowdsourcing
Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson (2005).
An individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task.
The results should be made available publicly and free of charge.
Source: Estellés-Arolas, E. E González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition.
Crowdsourcing
Possible rewards:
New product,
Social recognition,
Self-esteem,
Development of individual skills.
Source: Estellés-Arolas, E. E González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition.
Crowdsourcing
Examples:
Linux
Wikipedia
Yahoo Answers
Mechanical Turk
Image Labeler
etc.
Source: http://www.boardofinnovation.com/list-open-innovation-crowdsourcing-examples/
Crowdfunding
Michael Sullivan (2006).
A kind of crowdsourcing in which entrepreneurial individuals and groups – cultural, social, and for-profit –draw on relatively small contributions from a relatively large number of individuals using the Internet, without standard financial intermediaries, to fund their ventures.
Source: Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study.
Crowdfunding
Examples:
Form1: affordable, hi-res 3D printer
The bed song album from Amanda Palmer
Nikola Tesla Museum
Stompy: giant, rideable walking spider robot
Porthole: infusion vessel for cocktails, oils, etc
Ouya: video game console
Source: http://www.onlinemba.com/blog/the-top-25-crowdfunding-success-stories/
Crowdfunding
GoFundMe: people can raise money for personal matters, such as healthcare costs, or social causes
Lending Club: investors lend money at lower interest rates than banks
Collective wisdom
Collective, traditional, or popular wisdom is knowledge arrived at by individuals and groups and shared in The Torah, The Bible, the works of Plato, Confucius and Buddha, traditional medicine, and the many adages, myths, and legends from all cultures.
Collective wisdom
It is now valued as collective intelligence, for conflict resolution, community decisions, participatory democracy, etc.
Source: Kothari, A. (2007). Traditional Knowledge and Sustainable Development.
Collective wisdom
Perils:
accepted as true by the weight of its tradition, without proof
Vox populi, vox Dei
Argumentum ad populum fallacy
Ex.: flat Earth, heavy objects fall faster, fingernails continue to lengthen, lightning don't strike the same place twice, ...
Collective consciousness
Émile Durkheim (1912): the society transcends the individual, thereby constituting a higher intelligence and achieving collective wisdom.
Teilhard de Chardin’s ‘noosphere’ and H.G. Wells’ ‘world brain‘ notions were precursors to the term ‘collective intelligence’.
Durkheim, E. (1912). Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse.
Collective intelligence
For Lévy, it is the enhanced collective pool of social knowledge by expanding the extent of human interactions through ICT.
Basically, it is a shared consensus-driven decision making process.
Source: Pierre Lévy. (1997). Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace.
Wisdom of crowds
A large heterogeneous group's aggregated answers has generally been found to be better than the best individual answer within the group.
Works best for questions involving quantity estimation, general world knowledge, and spatial reasoning.
Source: Yi, S. K. M., et al. (2012). The Wisdom of the Crowd in Combinatorial Problems.
Wisdom of crowds
4 key qualities that make a crowd smart:
Diverse,
Independent individuals,
Decentralized,
A way of summarizing opinions into one collective verdict.
Source: Surowiecki, J. (2004, June 3). The wisdom of crowds: Q & A with James Surowiecki.
Wisdom of crowds
A aggregation will go some way toward canceling the effect of the idiosyncratic noise associated with each individual judgment.
The social pressure can undermine the result.
Stock-market bubbles are a classic example of group stupidity.
Source: Surowiecki, J. (2004, June 3). The wisdom of crowds: Q & A with James Surowiecki.
Prediction markets
Similar to the stock markets.
Prices can then be interpreted as predictions of the probability of the event.
People who hit the trend are rewarded for improving the market prediction.
Were created to make predictions about Elections results, games
outcomes, etc. Movie box office success, best
actors nominations, etc., Business issues, financial topics,
etc., Scientific achievements, Future...
Source: http://www.intrade.com
Prediction markets
Source: http://www.longbets.org
Crowdledge
Knowledge that emerges from Big Data analysis of individuals' spontaneous digital footprints from Google searches, posts on Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Source: dos Santos, R. P.; Dalla Vecchia, R. (2014). On the Philosophy of Big Data: Reality, Emergence, Crowdledge and Modeling.
Digital footprints
Big Data includes two kinds of data: Digital footprints: data
created by users themselves in form of pictures taken, phone calls made, emails sent, etc.
Digital ‘shadow’: data generated about users by third parties in form of surveillance photos, Web search histories, financial transaction journals, mailing lists, etc.
Source: Gant, J. F.et al. (2008). The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe: An Updated Forecast of Worldwide Information Growth Through 2011.
Emergence
Lewes (1875). Complex patterns and
systems are formed out of a large number of relatively simple interacting elements.
This concept has been applied in Philosophy, Systems Theory, Science, and Arts.
Source: Goldstein, J. (1999). Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues.
Example
Source: Bengtsson, L., Lu, X., Thorson, A., Garfield, R., & von Schreeb, J. (2011). Improved response to disasters and outbreaks by tracking population movements with mobile phone network data.
Example
Source: Eagle, N., Macy, M., & Claxton, R. (2010). Network diversity and economic development.
Applications to Teaching
Search Google Correlate for correlations between search terms related to Physics Teaching.
Research for possible scientific explanations (causations) for those correlations in other sources.
Presentation and discussion of the results in epistemological terms (Law, Theory, Phenomenon, etc.).
Source: Lemes, I. L., & dos Santos, R. P. (2014). Learning-with-Big-Data in Science Teaching.
Conclusions
Nothing in Life is Free.
“If an app is free, then you are not the customer, you are the product ." (Timotheus Höttges, CEO of Deutsche Telekom, 2014)
If we have to leave a digital footprint to use those tools, we would like it to be used to create new knowledge, not to violate our privacy.
Source: Barak, J. (2014) . Live from MWC: The industry’s moral responsibility.