cuaderno de apoyo didáctico - blogs

7/21/2019 Cuaderno de Apoyo Didctico - Blogs

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Bungdrkj gd Npjyj GcgbtcbjHdrrnfcdktns 1.9 dk on Dsbudon Do Aoje

KGCBD

Cktrjgubbck ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Ojs Aojes ............................................................................................................................................ 2

Ojs aojes dk do dktjrkj dgubntcvj .................................................................................................... 2

Buods sjk ons vdktnmns y gdsvdktnmns gdo Aojeecke: ...................................................................... 7

Brdnkgj uk Aoje ................................................................................................................................. 1

Jpbcjkds gdo Aoje ......................................................................................................................... >4

Dmdfpojs gd cktdernbck gd ojs Aojes ................................................................................................ 1>

Bfj ponkclcbnr ukn sdsck gd bonsd bjk Aojes: .......................................................................... 1> Yrcfnrcn......................................................................................................................................... 11

Rdbukgnrcn ..................................................................................................................................... 2>

Bjkbouscjkds y rdbjfdkgnbcjkds ...................................................................................................... 79

Acaocjernln= ...................................................................................................................................... 7>

Ock`s gd cktdrs ................................................................................................................................. 7>


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Cktrjgubbck

Do hjfard scdfprd hn sdktcgj on kdbdscgng gd bjfukcbnrsd y trnksfctcr sus cgdns y

bjkjbcfcdktjs, yn sdn vdranofdktd, pjr sdns j pjr dsbrctj. N oj onrej gdo tcdfpj, ojs

fdgcjs utcoczngjs pnrn tno lck hnk dvjoubcjkngj, gdsgd do usj gd hdrrnfcdktns rugcfdktnrcns

bjfj pjr dmdfpoj, pcdgrns, qucpus j pckturns rupdstrds, no usj gd hdrrnfcdktns fdbkcbns

bjfj on fquckn gd dsbrcacr y hjy dk gn, gcectnods bjfj on bjfputngjrn.

Bjk on npnrcbck gd ons Wdbkjojens gd on Ckljrfnbck y Bjfukcbnbck (WCB), ojs fdgcjs gd

bjfukcbnbck sd hnk gcvdrsclcbngj gd tno fnkdrn qud usnkgj uk sjoj gcspjsctcvj, yn sdn ukn

YB j bdouonr, pjgdfjs bjfukcbnrkjs gd fubhns fnkdrns gcldrdktds, pjr dmdfpoj, n trnvs

gd bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj (dfnco), on fdksnmdrn ckstnktkdn (bhnt), ojs ljrjs gd gcsbusck, on

vcgdjbjkldrdkbcn, ojs fdksnmds gd tdxtj tcpj twddts, ons rdgds sjbcnods dktrd jtrjs.

Wnfack kjs gnfjs budktn gd qud dk tjgns dstns npocbnbcjkds sd dkbudktrn ckfdrsn on

dxprdsck dsbrctn. Yjgrnfjs gdbcr dktjkbds qud bjk on npnrcbck gd ons WCB, ons pdrsjkns

dsbrcadk fs. Dk ons dsbudons, ons npocbnbcjkds gd usj prdldrcgj pjr noufkjs y prjldsjrds

sjk= do prjbdsngjr gd tdxtjs (dm. Ujrg), do sjltwnrd gd prdsdktnbcjkds (dm. YjwdrYjckt),

hjmns gd bobuoj (dm. Dxbdo) y pjr supudstj, Cktdrkdt.

Bngn ukn gd doons trnanmn j utcoczn on dxprdsck dsbrctn ngnptngn n on knturnodzn fcsfn gd on

npocbnbck= dk do prjbdsngjr gd tdxtjs sd gdsnrrjoonr ukn dsbrcturn ljrfno y dxtdksn0 dk ukn

prdsdktnbck sd dsbrcacrk puktjs scktdtczngjs dk vcdtns0 dk Dxbdo sd hnrk bungrjs y

trnanmnrk bjk kfdrjs0 dk Cktdrkdt sd vcsctnrnk peckns gd ckljrfnbck bjk tdxtj, dkonzngnsbjk jtrns n trnvs gd hcpdrtdxtjs j hcpdrvkbuojs, y bjfackngns bjk jtrjs rdbursjs

(cfedkds, vcgdj dktrd jtrjs) pnrn brdnr uk dktjrkj fuotcfdgcn.

Yjgrnfjs bjkboucr qud ons WCB hnk lnvjrdbcgj on gclusck gd on dsbrcturn y pjr oj tnktj, on

npnrcbck gd ckkufdrnaods nutjrds dspjktkdjs qud bjfpnrtdk sus tdxtjs dk okdn. Rck

dfanrej, vdfjs qud dk do bnsj gd on nbtcvcgng sjbcno bjtcgcnkn, yn sdn dk ons rdgds

sjbcnods, bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj, bhnt, ljrjs, wc`cs j aojes, fubhn gd dstn dsbrcturn ds ckljrfno

y dk jbnscjkds sd utcoczn tjgj uk kudvj bgcej gd bjfukcbnbck nardvcngj, pjrqud dk do

bcadrdspnbcj, fdkjs ds fs= sc hny fdkjs tdxtj, bnren fs rpcgj0 sc hny fdkjs tdxtj, odj

fs rpcgj0 sc hny fdkjs tdxtj, fd rdspjkgdk fs rpcgj.

Yjr dmdfpoj, dk do Wwcttdr, kj sd pudgdk puaocbnr fdksnmds j twddts gd fs gd >79

bnrnbtdrds n on vdz pjr oj qud do bjfukcbngjr gdad trnanmnr fuy acdk su bnpnbcgng gd

sktdscs pnrn dkvcnr uk fdksnmd dldbtcvj anmj dsn rdstrcbbck. Bjk ojs bdouonrds ds ceuno, do

fdksnmd gd tdxtj tcdkd ukn bnpnbcgng ocfctngn gd bnrnbtdrds pjr oj qud sd rdburrd n

sfajojs (dfjtcbjkds), nardvcnbcjkds j bgcejs qud rddfponbdk on pnonarn jrceckno. Yjr

dmdfpoj, W^F 6 td qucdrj fubhj, snou1 6 snougjs0 xq 6 pjrqud, dtb. Bjfj vdfjs, doodkeunmd sd trnksljrfn y ngnptn no dktjrkj gcectno qud sd usn dk do fjfdktj.


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Ojs AojesDo Aoje j actbjrn gcectno ds ukn gd dstns hdrrnfcdktns WCB bjonajrntcvns qud hn ojerngj

ukn ernk nbdptnbck dktrd ojs usunrcjs gd Cktdrkdt. \cdkd n sdr uk sctcj wda qud luked bjfj

uk gcnrcj pdrsjkno j ukn puaocbnbck vcrtuno, dk gjkgd ukj pudgd lbcofdktd brdnr peckns

wda pnrn ckljrfnr, dxprdsnr sus jpckcjkds j bjfpnrtcr sus brdnbcjkds, y qud tnfackpdrfctd on pnrtcbcpnbck gd jtrjs usunrcjs n trnvs gd bjfdktnrcjs j pjsts ngcbcjknods qud

sjk fjgdrngjs pjr do nutjr gdo Aoje.

N on nbbck gd trnanmnr d cktdrnbtunr bjk Aojes sd od bjkjbd bjfj aojeecke y no usunrcj qud

fnktcdkd uk Aoje sd od bjkjbd bjfj aojeedr. Kj sd rdqucdrdk ernkgds bjkjbcfcdktjs

tbkcbjs pnrn brdnr y fnktdkdr uk Aoje yn qud on hdrrnfcdktn prjvdd tjgns ons jpbcjkds

pnrn qud do usunrcj, gd fnkdrn cktuctcvn, ckerdsd, bjklceurd, ernad y jrenkcbd on ckljrfnbck

n puaocbnr. Tk audk aojeedrdsbrcad y nbtunoczn ojs tdfns pdrcgcbnfdktd pnrn qud do Aoje

fnktdken vcedkbcn y do cktdrs gd on nugcdkbcn jamdtcvj. Ojs tdfns npnrdbdk ocstngjs dk

jrgdk brjkjoecbj, gdsgd do fs rdbcdktd no fs nktceuj y tjgns ons puaocbnbcjkds bjk sus

bjfdktnrcjs sd fnktcdkdk dk nrbhcvjs fcdktrns do nutjr ns oj gdbcgn. Wnfack sd pudgdk

nerdenr bntdejrns pnrn lnbcoctnr on jrenkcznbck gd ons puaocbnbcjkds.

Yjr dstns bnrnbtdrstcbns ds qud do Aoje ds ukn hdrrnfcdktn fuy utcoczngn dk pdrcjgcsfj,

pjotcbn y pjr bunoqucdrn qud qucdrn tdkdr ukn vjz prjpcn dk do bcadrdspnbcj, y ons dsbudons

kj sd hnk fnktdkcgj nmdkns n dstd ldkfdkj.

Ojs aojes dk do dktjrkj dgubnt cvj

\dnfjs gd qu fnkdrn sd od pudgd snbnr prjvdbhj no usj gd ojs Aojes dk do nuon. Sn qud

hdfjs vcstj qud dstn hdrrnfcdktn edkdrn uk dspnbcj gd bjfukcbnbck bjonajrntcvj,

pjgdfjs dktjkbds nprjvdbhnron pnrn dstcfuonr n qud ojs noufkjs dxprdsdk sus cgdns,

bjfpnrtnk ckljrfnbck y rdbursjs, y gdk sus jpckcjkds dk uk dktjrkj gcectno qud ods ds tnk

lnfcocnr, mustnfdktd pjr sdr kntcvjs gcectnods. Do Aoje lnbcoctn do trnanmj dk dqucpj yn qud sd

docfcknk ons anrrdrns pnrn ojernr on cktdrnbbck dktrd tjgjs ojs usunrcjs (gjbdktds y noufkjs)

dk bunoqucdr ouenr y dk bunoqucdr fjfdktj, yn qud kj tcdkdk qud bcrbuksbrcacr su nbtcvcgng

pdgneecbn dxbouscvnfdktd no hjrnrcj dsbjonr y no nuon - gjkgd hnyn ukn bjkdxck n Cktdrkdt

y ukn bjfputngjrn, noo dstnr do Aoje.

Rcdfprd fjgdrngj j supdrvcsngj pjr do gjbdktd, do Aoje nbtn bjfj actbjrn pdrldbtn pnrn

rdnocznr prjydbtjs gd ckvdstcenbck y gjbufdktnr bngn dtnpn. Ojs bjktdkcgjs sd dkbudktrnk

gcspjkcaods npdkns sd puaocbnk, lnbcoctnkgj gd dstn fnkdrn do sdeucfcdktj gd ons

pnrtcbcpnbcjkds.

Ds fuy cfpjrtnktd qud do gjbdktd eud n sus noufkjs dk ons dstrntdecns gd puaocbnbck gd

bjktdkcgjs pnrn qud do Aoje sdn tco y scekclcbntcvj. Dk prcfdrn ckstnkbcn, tjgj usj gd uk Aoje

gdad dstnr dkfnrbngj anmj jamdtcvjs fuy bonrjs gd nprdkgcznmd y sd gdadk ponkclcbnr ons

tnrdns y nbtcvcgngds bucgngjsnfdktd pnrn qud lnbcoctdk on bjkstrubbck gd kudvjsbjkjbcfcdktjs.


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Wjgn puaocbnbck gdad sdr prjgubtj gd uk trnanmj dstrubturngj y jrgdkngj, y ons

pnrtcbcpnbcjkds gdadk sdr bjkbcsns y prdbcsns, pnrn qud ojs noufkjs pudgnk trnksfctcr sus

bjkjbcfcdktjs gd fnkdrn dldbtcvn. N trnvs gd dstns nbtcvcgngds sd gdsnrrjoonk ons

bnpnbcgngds gd nkocscs, jrenkcznbck y sktdscs gd ojs noufkjs, y n on vdz sd trnanmnk ojs

vnojrds gd hjkdstcgng, rdspdtj y tjodrnkbcn pjr ons jpckcjkds nmdkns. Ds fuy cfpjrtnktd qud

ojs noufkjs dktcdkgnk qud tjgn puaocbnbck dk uk Aoje gdad rdspdtnr ojs gdrdbhjs gd nutjr

y pjr oj tnktj sd gdadk scdfprd bctnr ons ludktds gd ckljrfnbck qud kj sdnk gd prjpcn

nutjrn bjfj bctns tdxtunods, cfedkds, vcgdjs, nugcj, dtb. Ngdfs, tjgns ons

pnrtcbcpnbcjkds n kcvdo gd bjfdktnrcjs gdadk sdr bjkstrubtcvns, gdsnrrjoonkgj on bnpnbcgng

gd dxprdsck dsbrctn y gd nreufdktnbck sustdktngn. Ds do gjbdktd qucdk gdadr supdrvcsnr

nbtcvnfdktd do prjbdsj, eucnkgj n ojs noufkjs hnbcn on bjkstrubbck y sjbcnocznbck gdo

nprdkgcznmd, sdek sd rdqucdrn.

Sn qud ojs Aojes pdrfctdk qud bunoqucdrn dk bunoqucdr pnrtd gdo fukgj pudgnk oddrojs, ds

cfpjrtnktd dstnaodbdr ojs bjktrjods gd nbbdsj qud ckgcqudk quck pudgd pnrtcbcpnr gd onsnbtcvcgngds gd ukj u jtrj Aoje. Do nutjr oj pudgd hnbdr prcvngj, bjfpnrtcroj pjr ckvctnbck j

hnbdroj tjtnofdktd paocbj. Ojs Aojes pudgdk sdr tnfack ckgcvcgunods j erupnods.

Tsunofdktd uk gjbdktd qud trnanmn uk Aoje bjk sus noufkjs hnr usj gd uk Aoje erupno.

Jtrn bnrnbtdrstcbn gdo Aoje qud oj hnbd fuy nfcenaod y tco ds on pjscacocgng gd dstnr

ckljrfngj sjard ons nbtcvcgngds j nbtunocznbcjkds qud sd rdnocznk dk do fcsfj n trnvs gdo

sdrvcbcj QRR (Qdnooy Rcfpod Rykgcbntcjk). Dstj lnbcoctn no gjbdktd do sdeucfcdktj y rdvcsck

gd tjgj oj qud sd puaocqud dk do Aoje, y n ojs sdeucgjrds gdo fcsfj, fnktdkdrsd

nbtunoczngjs bjk ons kudvns puaocbnbcjkds.

Ojs gjbdktds pudgdk usnr uk Aoje bjfj do pjrtno gd bursj bjk sus noufkjs, dk gjkgd

pudgdk ckerdsnr do syoonaus, rdbursjs y fntdrcnods, nvcsjs, odbturns y dkonbds gd cktdrs.

Wnfack pudgdk tdkdr jtrj bjfj pjrtno prjldscjkno, pnrn dstnaodbdr ukn rdg bjk jtrjs

bjodens gjbdktds y bjfpnrtcr bjkjbcfcdktjs, dxpdrcdkbcns, rdsuotngjs gd ckvdstcenbcjkds y

dmdfpojs gd audkns prbtcbns.

Ojs noufkjs tnfack pudgdk usnrojs bjfj gcnrcjs pdrsjknods, actbjrns pnrn puaocbnbck gd

bjkjbcfcdktjs u jpckcjkds, pnrn edkdrnr dspnbcjs gd gdantd d cktdrbnfacj gd cgdns dk do

erupj j bjfj d-pjrtnljocjs.

Yjr jtrj ongj, hny dsbudons qud tnfack usnk do Aoje bjfj do fdgcj pnrn puaocbnr sus

ajodtckds ckljrfntcvjs dk ljrfntj gcectno pnrn ns fnktdkdr n on bjfukcgng dgubntcvn

ckljrfngn gd fnkdrn fs dlcbcdktd y jpjrtukn.

Buods sjk ons vdktnmns y gdsvdktnmns gdo A ojee cke:

On rdspudstn n dstn prdeuktn gdpdkgdr dk ernk fdgcgn gd on jrcdktnbck pdgneecbn qud

sd od g no Aoje y gd ojs jamdtcvjs gd nprdkgcznmd qud sd gdlcknk pnrn ons nbtcvcgngds

gcsdngns pnrn tno lck.


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Ydrj dk okdns edkdrnods, uk Aoje acdk gcsdngj y dstrubturngj jlrdbd n ojs noufkjs ons

sceucdktds pjscacocgngds=

Wdkdr nbbdsj n gcvdrsns ludktds gd ckljrfnbck, rdbursjs y bjkjbcfcdktjs (dktjrkj

gd trnanmj fuotcfdgcn) y dkbjktrnron lbcofdktd gd nbudrgj n ons sdbbcjkds y ldbhns

gd puaocbnbck

Nfpocnr y dkrcqudbdr on bnpnbcgng gd dxprdsck dsbrctn gd ojs noufkjs y brdnr kudvjs

bjkjbcfcdktjs. Rd bjkvcdrtdk dk nutjrds y pudgdk vdr su jarn puaocbngn dk tcdfpj

rdno.

Wdkdr vjz prjpcn y pjgdr nreufdktnr, bjfdktnr j gcsbutcr sjard ojs tdfns gd

cktdrs. Dxcstd ukn bjktckun rdtrjnocfdktnbck n ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds qud lnbcoctnk do

nprdkgcznmd nbtcvj y dkrcqudbdk do prjbdsj gd nprdkgcznmd bjonajrntcvj.

Nbbdgdr n ojs bjktdkcgjs gdo Aoje dk bunoqucdr ouenr, dk bunoqucdr fjfdktj, n

bunoqucdr hjrn.

Lnbcoctnr do trnanmj dk dqucpj y do bjfpnrtcr bjktdkcgjs. Wdkdr uk nrbhcvj gd tjgns ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds y vdr su prjerdsj dk do tcdfpj.

Brdnr peckns wda cktuctcvnfdktd sck kdbdsctnr fnyjrds bjkjbcfcdktjs tbkcbjs.

Ons pjscaods gdsvdktnmns qud pudgnk surecr gdo usj gd uk Aoje dk do nuon sd bdktrnk

dk=

Gdmnr qud do Aoje sd bjkvcdrtn dk uk ljrj gd gcsbuscjkds crrdodvnktds qud sd nodmd gd

ojs jamdtcvjs gd nprdkgcznmd gdlckcgjs.

Kj nbtunocznr ojs bjktdkcgjs gdo Aoje bjk bcdrtn lrdbudkbcn hnbcdkgj qud dstd pcdrgn

vcedkbcn y dktrd dk gdsusj.

Kj fjkctjrdnr on bnocgng gd on dxprdsck dsbrctn dk ons gcvdrsns puaocbnbcjkds gd ojsnoufkjs.

Bjfj vdfjs, do Aoje bjfj hdrrnfcdktn bjkstrubtcvcstn gd nprdkgcznmd tcdkd uk sctcj fuy

cfpjrtnktd dk do nuon.

Qdbjrgdfjs qud on nbtcvcgng gd aojeecke, tnktj gd pnrtd gd ojs gjbdktds bjfj gd ojs

noufkjs pdrfctd dstnaodbdr rdgds nbtcvns gd nprdkgcznmd, dkrcqudbcdkgj ojs prjbdsjs sjbcj-

bjekctcvjs y bjkstrubtcvcstns sc ojs jamdtcvjs pdgneecbjs hnk scgj acdk gdlckcgjs. Wnktj

gjbdktds bjfj noufkjs tcdkdk n su nobnkbd ukn hdrrnfcdktn gd bjfukcbnbck y trnanmjbjonajrntcvj fuy pjgdrjsn y soj hny qud pdrgdr do fcdgj n dxpojrnron y npocbnron.

Dxcstdk vnrcns hdrrnfcdktns dk okdn qud jlrdbdk ojs sdrvcbcjs gd brdnbck gd Aojes erntuctjs

pdrj gjs gd ojs prjvddgjrds gd sdrvcbcjs fs bjkjbcgjs y qud ngdfs jlrdbdk dstn

bnpnbcgng gd trnanmnr bjk Aojes erupnods sjk Aojeedr (http=//www.aojeedr.bjf) yUjrgprdss(http=//ds.wjrgprdss.bjf/).
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Ljrfntjs gd tdxtj (kderctn, burscvn, suarnyngj, tnbhngj)

Bjojr gd tdxtj

Bjojr gd ljkgj gd tdxtj

Nngcr j docfcknr uk dkonbd

Cksdrtnr cfnedk, vcgdj j snotj gd okdn

Nockdnbck gd prrnlj (czqucdrgn, bdktrj, gdrdbhn, mustclcbn)

Ocstn kufdrngn, ocstn bjk vcdtns

Ljrfntj gd bctn

Docfcknr ljrfntj

Qdvcsnr on jrtjernln

On dgcbck ds tnk scfpod bjfj bunkgj sd usn uk prjbdsngjr gd tdxtjs. Rck dfanrej, pnrn

usunrcjs bjk hnacocgngds uk pjbj fs nvnkzngns, dxcstd on jpbck pnrn dgctnrdo bgcej HWFO>gd on puaocbnbck.

Bjk dooj sd pudgd fdmjrnr y pdrsjknocznr nk fs on prdsdktnbck y do ljrfntj gdo bjktdkcgj.

Nktds gd puaocbnr ukn dktrngn, pjgrk bjklceurnr noeukns jpbcjkds bjfj nerdenr dtcqudtnspnrn lnbcoctnr on asqudgn gd on dktrngn dk on wda, j on gd pdrfctcr j kj bjfdktnrcjs gd ojsodbtjrds.

Aojeedreunrgn uk ajrrngjr gd on dktrngn qud dst scdkgj dgctngn nutjftcbnfdktd bngnbcdrtj tcdfpj, pdrj tnfack pudgd dsbjedr on jpbck ETNQGNQ AJQQNGJQpnrn kj tdkdrqud puaocbnr ckfdgcntnfdktd, pugcdkgj rdtjfnr on dgcbck bunkgj oj gdsdd sck pdrgdr donpjrtd.

>HWFO (Hypdrtdxt Fnr`up Onkeuned)= Odkeunmd gd fnrbngj gd tdxtj usngj pnrn gdsnrrjoonr peckns wda y qud dstansngj dk do usj gd tnesj dtcqudtns.


11/41

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Wnfack pudgd prd-vcsunocznr on dktrngn nktds gd puaocbnron bjk on jpbck\CRWN YQD\CN.Tkn vdz tdrfckngj pudgd YTAOCBNQ DKWQNGNy su npjrtd yn dstnr gcspjkcaod dk doAoje.

Dmdfpoj gd ukn dktrngn puaocbngn=

Tkn vdz puaocbngn ukn dktrngn, npnrdbd dk pnktnoon bjk on ldbhn gd puaocbnbck. No ongjgdrdbhj npnrdbdk noeukns jpbcjkds qud sd pudgdk pdrsjknocznr= RDETCGJQDR,NQBHC\JGDO AOJEy ojs GNWJR YDQRJKNODRgdo nutjr.

Dk on pnrtd ckldrcjr gd on dktrngn npnrdbd on jpbck pnrn dgctnr on dktrngny pnrnbjfpnrtcron dk jtrjs fdgcjs bjfj bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj, Wwcttdr, Lnbdajj`dktrd jtrjs.

Tk pjbj fs nanmj npnrdbd on jpbck pnrn nerdenr uk bjfdktnrcj sjard dsn dktrngn. Dstjsoj npnrdbdr sc ustdg dsbjec pdrfctcr bjfdktnrcjs no fjfdktj gd bjklceurnr on dktrngn.Wnfack npnrdbd ukn jpbck pnrn sjocbctnr on susbrcpbck no Aoje pjr bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj.


12/41

>1

Ngf ck cs t rnkgj do Aoje

Ds fuy cfpjrtnktd bjklceurnr on sdeurcgng, ojs pdrfcsjs gd nbbdsj y puaocbnbck dk doAoje pnrn dvctnr pnrtcbcpnbcjkds cknprjpcngns j crrdodvnktds.

\nynfjs n on jpbck Dsbrctjrcj dk on pnrtd supdrcjr gd on pnktnoon. Rc kj on vd, hnen bocbdkNbbdgdry npnrdbdr do Dsbrctjrcj.

Bjkl ceu rnbck gdo pdrl c o gd usu nrcj

No ongj czqucdrgj npnrdbd on sdbbck pnrn bjklceurnr no nutjr j Aojeedr. Ds cfpjrtnktdqud sd cgdktclcqudk yn qud do prjpsctj gd ojs aojes ds bjfukcbnr, puaocbnr y hnbdrsd

bjkjbdr bjfj nutjr dk on bjfukcgng gd Aojeedrs. Ojs noufkjs gdadk snadr n qugjbdktd pdrtdkdbd uk aoje y vcbdvdrsn, ojs gjbdktds snadr qu aojes pdrtdkdbdk n qunoufkjs.Gdo fcsfj fjgj, bngn vdz qud bjfdktdk noeukn dktrngn, sdrk cgdktclcbngjs bjk dokjfard gd usunrcj rdecstrngj. On bnktcgng gd ckljrfnbck qud oodkdk gdpdkgdr gd bngnusunrcj j gd on pjotcbn gd on dsbudon bjk rdspdbtj n on ckljrfnbck qud ojs noufkjspudgnk bjfpnrtcr.

>. \dr pdrlco= npnrdbd ckljrfnbck edkdrno y dstngstcbns gdo aoje y on jpbck pnrndgctnr do pdrlco gdo nutjr.


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1. Dgctnr pdrlco= nqu npnrdbdk ukn sdrcd gd jpbcjkds pnrn pdrsjknocznr do pdrlco gdousunrcj. Ds fuy cfpjrtnktd gdlckcr uk pdrlco gd usunrcj gd nbudrgj bjk doprjpsctj gdo aoje y no nutjr. Kj ds kdbdsnrcj oodknr tjgj, soj on ckljrfnbck qudukj gdsdn bjfpnrtcr y bfj gdsdn bjfpnrtcron.

Dk on sdbbck gd Yrcvnbcgngpudgd gdbcgcr sc bjfpnrtcr j kj su pdrlco, fjstrnr jkj su gcrdbbck dodbtrkcbn, aojes brdngjs y aojes qud sceud. Kj kdbdsctn fjstrnrtjgjs sus aojes, pudgdk dodecr gd ukn ocstn buods gd sus aojes pudgdk sdrvcscaods.

Dk on sdbbck Cgdktcgng, pudgd nerdenr jtrn gcrdbbck gd bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj ybnfacnr do kjfard gd usunrcj bjk do qud sd cgdktclcbnk ons dktrngns prjpcns dk doaoje. Yudgd usnr su kjfard j uk psdugkcfj. Oudej pudgd nerdenr ukn ljtj, ynsdn gd nrbhcvj j gd on wda, uk nugcj bjfj ljkgj d ckljrfnbck ngcbcjkno gd

kgjod edkdrno, fs pdrsjkno.

Rd suecdrd jrcdktnr n ojs noufkjs qud brddk sus prjpcjs aojes n kj gnrgdfnscngn ckljrfnbck dk dstn sdbbck sc ds qud sjk gd nbbdsj paocbj.


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2. Dgctnr ljtjs= dstn jpbck ojs oodvnr gcrdbtnfdktd n on sdbbck pnrn bnfacnr on ljtjgd su pdrlco.

7. Dgctnr kjtclcbnbcjkds= bhdqudnkgj on bnmctn gdNkukbcjs sjard lukbcjkds,pjgrk nbtcvnr on jpbck gd dkvj gd nkukbcjs, nsdsjrnfcdktj y jtrn ckljrfnbckgd utcocgng pnrn fdmjrnr do aoje.

Jpbcjkds gdo Aoje

No ongj gdrdbhj npnrdbd on sdbbck pnrn edstcjknr do aoje. Rc hn brdngj fs gd ukj,npnrdbdrk tjgjs dk ukn ocstn, y bngn ukj bjk sus rdspdbtcvns jpbcjkds gd edstck.

Ngdfs pdrfctd brdnr uk kudvj aoje, vdr do rdsufdk gd dktrngns puaocbngns j vcsunocznrdo aoje yn brdngj.

Ons jpbcjkds gd edstck sjk=

>.Nerdenr ukn kudvn dktrngn

1. Dgctnr dktrngns (soj sc tcdkd pdrfcsj gd dgcbck)

2. Edstcjknr ojs bjfdktnrcjs= gjkgd pjgr bjktrjonr ojs bjfdktnrcjs vdrtcgjs dk do

aoje. Bhdqudnkgj on bnmctn, pudgd fnrbnr bunoqucdr bjfdktnrcj bjfj spnf


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Ons sceucdktds jpbcjkds sjk dspdblcbns pnrn do aoje nbtuno=

c. Gdsdns nngcr tu aoje n kudstrns ocstns:Rc sdodbbcjkn Rdo aojenpnrdbdr dk on ocstn gd aojes gd Aojeedr.bjfgdsgd su pecknprckbcpno j fdgcnktd Rceucdktd aoje. Rc sdodbbcjkn Kj, do aoje kjnpnrdbdr dk dstns uacbnbcjkds, nukqud sdeucr gcspjkcaod dk Cktdrkdty dk su pdrlco n kj sdr qud oj jbuotd.

cc. Gdsdns pdrfctcr qud ojs fjtjrds gd asqudgn dkbudktrdk tu aoje: Rcsdodbbcjkn R, ausbngjrds bjfj Ejjeodpjgrk rnstrdnr y fjstrnr doaoje. Rc sdodbbcjkn Kj, ojs ausbngjrds kj oj ckboucrk dk do rnstrdjnukqud do aoje pjgr sdr suedrcgj sc noeukn jtrn peckn bjktcdkd ukdkonbd hnbcn o.

ccc. Fjstrnr Dgcbck rpcgn dk su aoje: Fcdktrns su sdsck dk Aojeedrdst nbtcvn, pjgr dgctnr ons dktrngns bjk uk sjoj bocb.

cv. Fjstrnr dkonbds gd dkvj gd dktrngns: Rc sdodbbcjkn Rpdrfctcr qudsd brddk dktrngns pjr bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj.

v. Bjktdkcgj pnrn nguotjs. Roj gdad sdodbbcjknrR, sc do bjktdkcgj dssoj pnrn nguotjs, dk buyj bnsj do aoje fjstrnr uk fdksnmd gdngvdrtdkbcn.

Ons jpbcjkds gd Bjklceurnbck eojanonldbtnk n tjgjs sus aojes. Yudgddsbjedr do dgctjr gd dktrngns y on hdrrnfcdktn gd trngubbck.

Kj jovcgd ETNQGNQ BJKLCETQNBCKpnrn qud ons sdodbbcjkds tdkenkdldbtj.

a. Yuaocbnbck= Nqu pjgr bnfacnr do gjfckcj gd su aoje, yn sdn bjk ukkjfard prjpcj u jtrj sumdtj n gcspjkcacocgng. Yjr sdeurcgng od pdgcr qud

ckerdsd ukn pnonarn gd vdrclcbnbck qud npnrdbdr dk on pnktnoon.

b. Ljrfntj= Nqu pjgr pdrsjknocznr noeukjs dodfdktjs qud sd fudstrnk dk do

aoje bjfj do kfdrj gd dktrngns dk on peckn prckbcpno, do ljrfntj gd onldbhn, gdo kgcbd gd ojs nrbhcvjs, gd on hjrn, cgcjfn dktrd jtrns jpbcjkds fs

nvnkzngns bjfj nockdnbck lojtnktd j ponktcoons gd dktrngn.

g. Bjfdktnrcjs= Nqu pudgd pdrsjknocznr bjfj sd fudstrnk ojs bjfdktnrcjsdk do aoje y qucdkds bjfdktnr. Fuy cfpjrtnktd ds do dstnaodbdr on jpbck gd

fjgdrnbck gd bjfdktnrcjs gjkgd pudgd nerdenr su bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj pnrn

rdbcacr kjtclcbnbcjkds. Wnfack pudgd nerdenr pjr sdeurcgng on jpbck gd

pnonarn gd vdrclcbnbck y dvctnr do spnf.

d. Nrbhcvj= Nqu pjgr bjktrjonr bjk qu lrdbudkbcn (gcnrcj, sdfnkno, fdksuno)


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sd nrbhcvnk ons dktrngns puaocbngns. Dstj nldbtn bfj sd fudstrn do kgcbd

gd nrbhcvjs dk on peckn prckbcpno gdo aoje.

l. Lddggdo sctcj=Tk Lddgpdrfctd gcstrcaucr do aoje y sus nbtunocznbcjkds n ojs

usunrcjs qud sd rdecstrdk pnrn dooj. Nqu pudgd bjklceurnr on fnkdrn dk qudgdsdn gcstrcaucr do aoje, yn sdn bjfpodtj j pjr dktrngns, bjfdktnrcjs gdo aoje

j bjfdktnrcjs pjr dktrngn. Ds ukn jpbck nvnkzngn pjr oj qud ds prdldrcaod

qud ojs prckbcpcnktds sdodbbcjkdk on jpbck Kckeukj.

e. Bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj y fvco= dstns jpbcjkds scrvdk pnrn bjklceurnr onfnkdrn dk qud sd fudstrn do aoje dk ojs gcspjsctcvjs fvcods y quckds

rdbcadk pjr bjrrdj dodbtrkcbj ons nbtunocznbcjkds gdo aoje. Wnfack pudgd

hnacoctnr on jpbck gd puaocbnr dktrngns gcrdbtnfdktd gdsgd do bjrrdj

dodbtrkcbj. Dstns sjk jpbcjkds nvnkzngns pjr oj qud ds prdldrcaod qud ojsprckbcpcnktds kj ons hnacoctdk.

h. JpdkCG= do JpdkCG ds uk sdrvcbcj fdgcnktd do buno uk usunrcj pudgdedstcjknr sus budktns y bjktrnsdns qud fnktcdkd bjk gcldrdktds sctcjs wda

n trnvs gd uk kcbj pdrlco. Dstn ds ukn jpbck pnrn usunrcjs nvnkzngjs.

c. Ydrfcsjs= dstn ds quczs on jpbck fs cfpjrtnktd pnrn bjktrjonr do usj gdoaoje. Ngdfs gdo brdngjr gdo aoje, qucdk nbtn bjfj ngfckcstrngjr, sd

pudgdk nngcr fs nutjrds y tnfack odbtjrds.


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4. Edstcjknr do gcsdj= dstn jpbck pdrfctd pdrsjknocznr do gcsdj gd su aoje. Yudgd

bnfacnr gdsgd do cbjkj qud sd nsjbcnr n su aoje (Lnvcbjk) hnstn on gcstrcaubck

gd ojs dodfdktjs j engedtsn fjstrnr.

Ojs dodfdktjs nbtcvjs sd fudstrnk fs jsburjs y pudgd nrrnstrnrojs ngjkgdgdsdn uacbnrojs.

Nscfcsfj pjgr dgctnr bngn ukn gd ons sdbbcjkds j gd ojs dodfdktjs pnrn

bjklceurnrojs.

n. Bnadbdrn= pjgr bnfacnr on cfnedk, gdbcgcr su uacbnbck bjk rdspdbtj no ttuoj

y nerdenr ukn gdsbrcpbck.

a. Dktrngns gdo aoje= pjgr pdrsjknocznr qu y bfj sd fudstrnk ojs dodfdktjs

gd ons dktrngns qud sd puaocbnk dk su aoje.

b. Nrbhcvj gd aoje= pjgr gdlckcr bfj sd fudstrn do kgcbd gd nbbdsj no nrbhcvj

gd ons dktrngns puaocbngns. Dstn jpbck bjktcdkd ukn vcstn prdvcn pnrn

nyugnroj n gdlckcr do ljrfntj fs ngdbungj pnrn su aoje.


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g. Rdeucgjrds= dstn jpbck fudstrn on ocstn gd sdeucgjrds gd su aoje. Rc kj gdsdn

vdron dsbjmn on jpbck DOCFCKNQ.

d. Gntjs pdrsjknods= dstn jpbck fjstrnr sus gntjs gd pdrlco. Rc kj gdsdn vdron

dsbjmn on jpbck DOCFCKNQ.

l. Nttrcautcjk (dk ckeos)= od pdrfctd gdlckcr ojs gdrdbhjs gd nutjr gd su aoje.

Rc hnbd bocb dk on jpbck Nngcr uk engedt, sd fjstrnr ukn ocstn gd dodfdktjs

ascbjs qud pudgd nerdenr y oudej uacbnr, nrrnstrkgjojs dk ojs dspnbcjs ocards

pnrn dooj. Dxcstdk dodfdktjs ascbjs, gdstnbngjs pjpuonrds dktrd jtrjs.

Kj ds audkj rdbnrenr uk aoje gd dodfdktjs dspdbcnofdktd sc ds pnrn usj

dgubntcvj. Noeukjs gd dstjs dodfdktjs rdqucdrdk gdo dkvj gd gntjs pjr oj qud

gdad tdkdr bucgngj.

Noeukjs dodfdktjs tcods pudgdk sdr do gd dstngstcbns y do gd ons dktrngns fspjpuonrds.

Yudgdk tnfack bnfacnr on ponktcoon gdo aoje n trnvs gd on jpbck Gcsdngjr gd

ponktcoons y ojs usunrcjs nvnkzngjs pudgdk dxpojrnr on Dgcbck gd HWFO.


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1>

Dmdfpojs gd cktdernbck gd ojs Aojes

Bjfj hdfjs vcstj, uk aoje ds ukn hdrrnfcdktn kdtnfdktd bjkstrubtcvcstn,bjfukcbntcvn y bjonajrntcvn.

Dk do factj dgubntcvj ojs usjs fs lrdbudktds sjk= D-pjrtnljocj= bngn dstugcnktd tcdkd uk aoje do buno usn bjfj uk gcnrcj jbungdrkj gd trnanmj, dk gjkgd sus nrbhcvjs (gjbufdktjs, vcgdjs,prdsdktnbcjkds dtb) y bjfdktn sjard doojs n fnkdrn gd rdlodxck. Do gjbdktdtcdkd nbbdsj n doojs y pudgd n su vdz nerdenr bjfdktnrcjs ngcbcjknods. Do aojegdo dstugcnktd kj sd docfckn kukbn (n kj sdr qud do nutjr ns oj gdsdd), y gd dstnfnkdrn pudgd tdkdr tjgn su hcstjrcn nbngfcbn.

Aoje gd bonsd= bngn gjbdktd pudgd brdnr uk aoje pnrn ons nbtcvcgngds prjpcnsgd su bonsd j fntdrcn, hnbdr nkukbcjs y pjkdr rdbursjs pnrn sus dstugcnktds.

Aoje gd prjydbtj= sd pudgd brdnr uk aoje pnrn gdsnrrjoonr uk prjydbtjbjonajrntcvj dktrd tjgn on bonsd, yn sdn n trnvs gd pnrtcbcpnbcjkds erupnods jckgcvcgunods.

Rc acdk ojs aojes sd utcocznk bjk fnyjr lrdbudkbcn dk ojs bursjs gd Bjfukcbnbck,Octdrnturn y nprdkgcznmd gd odkeuns dxtrnkmdrns, su npocbnbck kj gdad dstnr ocfctngnsoj n dstns fntdrcns sckj rdnofdktd bunoqucdrn pudgd hnbdr uk usj prjvdbhjsj ypdgneecbj gd doojs.

Ons sdscjkds gd nprdkgcznmd qud ckvjoubrdk su usj sd gdadk ponkclcbnr bjk bucgngj,dstnaodbcdkgj bonrnfdktd on knturnodzn y dstkgnr gd ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds. Do gjbdktdgdad brdnr do aoje prdvcnfdktd, dstnaodbcdkgj on dstrubturn, bjklceurnkgj ojs

kcvdods gd nbbdsj y pdrfcsjs, pnrn oudej bjfpnrtcroj bjk ojs dstugcnktds.

Ynrn prjfjvdr uk usj bjktckuj gd ojs aojes, tnktj dstugcnktds bjfj gjbdktdsgdadk tdkdr nbbdsj n uk bjfputngjr bjk bjkdxck n Cktdrkdt, yn sdn dk doonajrntjrcj gd bjfputnbck gd on dsbudon, dk sus bnsns u jtrjs fdgcjs bjfj onsbnackns gd Cktdrkdt.

Bf j p onk c l cbnr ukn sds ck gd b onsd bjk A ojes:

Ydksdfjs dk do usj gd uk aojes pnrn do gdsnrrjooj gd uk prjydbtj j nbtcvcgng dkukn sdsck gd bonsd.Oj prcfdrj n gdlckcr sjk ojs jamdtcvjs pnrn oudej gdlckcr ons nbtcvcgngds n gdsnrrjoonrdk do aoje. Dstns pudgdk sdr gd knturnodzn vnrcngn, gdpdkgcdkgj gdo bursj y dotdfn n trntnr.

\dnfjs noeukjs dmdfpojs gd ponkclcbnbck gd sdscjkds gd bonsd utcocznkgj aojestnktj pnrn Yrcfnrcn bjfj Rdbukgnrcn.


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Yrcfnrcn

N. rdn= Bjfukcbnbck7tj erngjWdfn= Do tdxtj ckljrfntcvj= on kjtcbcn.

Bjkjbcfcdktjs= Wcpjs gd tdxtjs= ckljrfntcvj. Yonkds j dsqudfns gd dsbrcturn. Tsj gd prjkjfards rdontcvjs y nrtbuojs0 bjkbjrgnkbcn gd ekdrj,

kfdrj y pdrsjkn0 usj gd dkonbds (y, dktjkbds, tnfack)0 vnojrernfntcbno, scekclcbntcvj y dxprdscvj gd ojs scekjs gd puktunbck=puktj sdeucgj, puktj npnrtd, on bjfn dkufdrntcvn pnrn jrgdknrpnonarns qud eunrgnk rdonbck dktrd s, nbdktunbck edkdrno.

Bjkdbtjrds brjkjoecbjs= nktds, nhjrn, ckfdgcntnfdktd y lcknofdktd.

Bjkdbtjrds oecbjs= pdrj, dktjkbds, dktrd jtrjs. \jbnauonrcj gd usj bjfk y tbkcbj, sdek on dgng gdo dstugcnktd.

Bnpnbcgngds= Donajrn uk ponk gd dsbrcturn gd on kjtcbcn, bjkscgdrnkgj ons

bnrnbtdrstcbns gdo odbtjr. Dsbrcad ukn kjtcbcn bjk dstcoj prjpcj gd nbudrgj n oj ponkclcbngj. Qdlodxcjkn sjard do prjbdsj gd prjgubbck rdnoczngj pnrn dsbrcacr su

tdxtj. Dsbrcad ukn kjtcbcn gd vjbnauonrcj sdkbcooj sjard ukn sctunbck gd on

vcgn rdno (pdrsjkno, lnfcocnr j bjfukctnrcn). Dsbrcad ukn kjtcbcn dfpodnkgj gcvdrsjs tcpjs gd pnonarns, dkonbds ybjkdbtjrds dk jrnbcjkds y prrnljs.

Qdvcsn, bjrrced y dgctn su kjtcbcn, bjkscgdrnkgj on nutjdvnounbck y ondvnounbck gd jtrjs.

Nbtctugds Gdfudstrn ckcbcntcvn d cktdrs no prjpjkdr su ponk gd dsbrcturn. Fudstrn rdspdtj pjr ojs gcldrdktds dstcojs gd dsbrcturn qud sd pjkdk

gd fnkclcdstj n trnvs gd ons prjgubbcjkds gd sus pnrds. \nojrn do dsludrzj rdnoczngj no prjgubcr su tdxtj. Gdfudstrn jrgdk y rceurjscgng dk on rdvcsck gd sus prjgubbcjkds.

Jamdtcvjs=

>. Dktdkgdr do prjbdsj gd prjgubbck gd uk tdxtj ckljrfntcvj.1. Qdgnbtnr ukn kjtcbcn utcocznkgj do odkeunmd nprjpcngj y rdspdtnkgj ons

rdeons jrtjerlcbns y ernfntcbnods.2. Bjfdktnr bjk rdspdtj ons kjtcbcns donajrngns pjr sus bjfpndrjs.


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Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=

>. Bngn noufkj gdadr ckvdstcenr y ausbnr ckljrfnbck sjard noekdvdktj j sctunbck gd on vcgn rdno pnrn rdgnbtnr on kjtcbcn.

1. Rd hnr ukn gcsbusck prdvcn pnrn pjgdr bntdejrcznr ons kjtcbcns dk

sdbbcjkds sdek su knturnodzn.2. Do gjbdktd brdnr ukn dktrngn pjr bngn sdbbck do aoje dk gjkgd

bngn noufkj puaocbnr su rdspdbtcvn kjtcbcn, y ukn pnrn dobjfdktnrcj lckno gdo dgctjr (dk dstd bnsj, do gjbdktd).

7. Bngn kjtcbcn gdadr sdr prcfdrj ponkclcbngn, y oudej rdgnbtngn dk doaoje anmj su rdspdbtcvn sdbbck. Ngcbcjknofdktd ojs noufkjs pjgrknerdenr ukn ljtj, cfnedk j vcgdj rdodvnktd.

4. Oudej, bngn noufkj gdadr oddr ons kjtcbcns gd ojs gdfs y dsbjedrgjs pnrn rdgnbtnr uk bjfdktnrcj no rdspdbtj, qud pudgdk ckboucrbjksdmjs pnrn fdmjrnr on jrtjernln j ernftcbn, bjfdktnrcj sjard on

kjtcbcn fcsfn, do dstcoj, dtb.


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A. rdn= Ydrsjkno Rjbcno 4tj erngjWdfn= On dsbudon

Bjkjbcfcdktjs=Jrenkcznbck dstugcnktco= edstck gd prjydbtjs gd fdmjrnfcdktj gdo

sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj.

Bnpnbcgngds= Qdbjkjbd on cfpjrtnkbcn gd on jrenkcznbck dstugcnktco= arcengns

dsbjonrds gd gdldksn bcvco, fukcbcpcjs dsbjonrds y jtrns, qudlnvjrdbdk on pnrtcbcpnbck gd ojs dstugcnktds dk do prjbdsj dgubntcvj.

Ynrtcbcpn dk on ponkclcbnbck y dmdbubck gd prjydbtjs gdfdmjrnfcdktj gdo sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj.

Nbtctugds

Wjfn gdbcscjkds rdspjksnaods, ckgcvcgunofdktd y dk erupj. Gdfudstrn nbtctug dfprdkgdgjrn dk do gdsnrrjooj gd prjydbtjs gd

fdmjrnfcdktj gdo sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj dk on dsbudon. Dvnon y bjfdktn bjk rdspdtj ons prjpudstns gd sus bjfpndrjs.

Jamdtcvjs=>. Dktdkgdr y gdsbrcacr ojs sdrvcbcjs dgubntcvjs.1.Nknocznr d cgdktclcbnr ljrtnodzns y prjaodftcbns gd uk sdrvcbcj

dgubntcvj.2. Donajrnr uk prjydbtj gd fdmjrnfcdktj gd uk sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj.

7. Dvnounr ons gcvdrsns prjpudstns gd prjydbtjs.

Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=>. Gcvcgcr on bonsd dk erupjs gd 7 j 4 noufkjs.1. Do gjbdktd ocgdrnr ukn gcsbusck sjard buods brddk sjk ojs sdrvcbcjs

dgubntcvjs jlrdbcgjs y on prjaodftcbn nbtuno.2.N bngn erupj sd od nsceknr uk rdn gd sdrvcbcj pnrn su dstugcj y

pjstdrcjr gdsnrrjooj gd uk prjydbtj gd fdmjrnfcdktj gd on bnocgnggdo sdrvcbcj.

7. Do gjbdktd brdnr ukn dktrngn pjr bngn erupj dk do aoje, dk gjkgdckerdsnrk= on gdsbrcpbck gdo sdrvcbcj dk on nbtunocgng, y susljrtnodzns y prjaodfns. Yudgdk nerdenr ljtjs j cfedkds qudcoustrdk fdmjr on prjaodftcbn. Wnfack brdnr ukn dktrngn pnrn onsbjkbouscjkds lcknods.

4. Bngn erupj nknocznr su ckljrfnbck y donajrnr uk prjydbtj gdfdmjrnfcdktj gdo sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj. Nerdenrk ukn kudvn dktrngnanmj su erupj qud ckbouyn on gdsbrcpbck, jamdtcvjs, dstrntdecns gdsjoubck y uk bjstj dstcfngj (pnrn dooj gdadrk rdnocznr uknckvdstcenbck ngcbcjkno).


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5. Oudej, tjgjs oddrk ons dktrngns bjk ojs prjydbtjs gd ojs gdfserupjs y dfctcrk no fdkjs uk bjfdktnrcj bjkstrubtcvj dk bunoqucdrngd doojs.

8. Do gjbdktd fjgdrnr ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds y hnr sus prjpcjsbjfdktnrcjs bjfj oj bjkscgdrd pdrtckdktd.

3. Lcknofdktd, bngn noufkj hnr ukn rdlodxck ckgcvcguno sjard do tdfndk edkdrno y on nbtcvcgng dk s, on buno ckerdsnr dk on dktrngn pnrnons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

Wcdfpj= 39 fckutjs.

Qdbursjs=Aoje, bjfputngjrns (onajrntjrcj u notdrkntcvn), Cktdrkdt, su prjpcn dsbudon.

Dvnounbck (n trnvs gd ukn rarcbn)=

Dvnounbck gd on bnocgng gd uk sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj. Ljrfuonbck gd uk prjydbtj gd fdmjrn gd uk sdrvcbcj dgubntcvj. Bjfdktnrcjs n ojs npjrtds gd jtrjs erupjs, qud sdnk scekclcbntcvjs y

bjkstrubtcvjs. Bnpnbcgng gd trnanmj dk dqucpj. Qdlodxck lckno ckgcvcguno.


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1. Gcvcgcr on bonsd dk 7 erupjs.1. Do gjbdktd ocgdrnr ukn gcsbusck sjard on nocfdktnbck y ojs

trnstjrkjs nocfdktcbcjs.

2. Oudej n bngn erupj sd od nsceknr uk trnstjrkj nocfdktcbcj pnrn suckvdstcenbck.7. Do gjbdktd brdnr ukn dktrngn pjr bngn trnstjrkj nocfdktcbcj dk do

aoje, dk gjkgd do erupj ckerdsnr= on gdsbrcpbck gd trnstjrkj, suspjscaods bnusns, ftjgjs gd prdvdkbck y trntnfcdktj. Yudgdknerdenr ljtjs, vcgdjs j cfedkds qud coustrdk fdmjr onprjaodftcbn.

4. Do gjbdktd tnfack brdnr ukn dktrngn pnrn ons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.9.Do gjbdktd fjgdrnr ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds y hnr sus prjpcjsbjfdktnrcjs bjfj oj bjkscgdrd pdrtckdktd.

>>.Lcknofdktd, bngn noufkj hnr ukn rdlodxck ckgcvcguno sjard do tdfn

dk edkdrno y on nbtcvcgng dk s, on buno ckerdsnr dk on dktrngn pnrnons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.


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15

Wcdfpj= 39 fckutjs.

Qdbursjs=Aoje, bjfputngjrns (onajrntjrcj u notdrkntcvn), Cktdrkdt.

Dvnounbck (n trnvs gd ukn rarcbn)= Bnocgng gd on ckvdstcenbck, vnocgdz y rdodvnkbcn gd on ckljrfnbck. Gcsdj gd ukn bnfpnn gd prdvdkbck dldbtcvn. Bjfdktnrcjs n ons bnfpnns gd ojs jtrjs erupjs, qud sdnk scekclcbntcvjs

y bjkstrubtcvjs. Qdlodxck lckno ckgcvcguno.


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13

8. Lcknofdktd, bngn noufkj hnr ukn rdlodxck ckgcvcguno sjard oncfpjrtnkbcn gdo tdfn dk edkdrno y on nbtcvcgng dk s, on buno ckerdsnrdk ukn dktrngn pnrn ons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

Wcdfpj= 39 fckutjs.

Qdbursjs=Aoje, bjfputngjrns (onajrntjrcj u notdrkntcvn), Cktdrkdt,fjgdojs jcfedkds gd jamdtjs n dsbnon qud rdprdsdktdk uk brbuoj.

Dvnounbck (n trnvs gd ukn rarcbn)= Rdodbbck gd bnsjs ngdbungjs qud rdlodmdk do dktdkgcfcdktj gd ojs

bjkbdptjs fntdftcbjs. Tsj gdo odkeunmd fntdftcbj, dstrntdecns y prjbdgcfcdktjs nprjpcngjs y

bjrrdbtjs dk on sjoubck gd ojs prjaodfns.

Bjfdktnrcjs n ojs npjrtds gd jtrjs erupjs, qud sdnk scekclcbntcvjs ybjkstrubtcvjs.

Bnpnbcgng gd trnanmj dk dqucpj. Qdlodxck lckno ckgcvcguno.


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Dmdfpojs gd Aojes dk Yrcfnrcn=

http=//www.bjkstruydkgjkudstrjssudkjs.bjf/pdqud%B2%A>js-dsbrctjrds/

http=//rjsndzqudrrn.aojespjt.bjf/

http=//yjodjtuoddstjgjsoddfjs.aojespjt.bjf/ http=//odkeunoucsvcvdsprcfnrcn/
http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://rosaezquerra.blogspot.com/http://rosaezquerra.blogspot.com/http://yoleotuleestodosleemos.blogspot.com/http://yoleotuleestodosleemos.blogspot.com/http://lengualuisvives6a.blogspot.com/http://lengualuisvives6a.blogspot.com/http://ceip-azahares-maestro-jmiguel-cm.blogspot.com/http://ceip-azahares-maestro-jmiguel-cm.blogspot.com/http://encinas.lacoctelera.net/http://encinas.lacoctelera.net/http://www.colegionarval.org/1primaria/http://www.colegionarval.org/1primaria/http://www.colegionarval.org/1primaria/http://encinas.lacoctelera.net/http://ceip-azahares-maestro-jmiguel-cm.blogspot.com/http://lengualuisvives6a.blogspot.com/http://yoleotuleestodosleemos.blogspot.com/http://rosaezquerra.blogspot.com/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/http://www.construyendonuestrossuenos.com/peque%C3%B1os-escritores/


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2>

Rdbukgnr cn

N. rdn= Bcdkbcn, Wdbkjojen y Nfacdktd >drjWdfn= Bjktnfcknbck nfacdktno.

Bjkjbcfcdktjs= Lnbtjrds gd bjktnfcknbck qud nldbtnk do fdgcjnfacdktd y on snoug. Fdgcgns gd prdvdkbck bjktrn on bjktnfcknbck.

Bnpnbcgngds= Nknoczn ojs lnbtjrds gd bjktnfcknbck gd su dktjrkj y su cfpnbtj dk

do fdgcjnfacdktd y pnrn on snoug. Ausbn, jrenkczn y nknoczn ckljrfnbck gd gcvdrsns ludktds (ocarjs,

Cktdrkdt, dxpdrcdkbcns prjpcns y gd jtrjs).

Gdsnrrjoon y bjfukcbn prjpudstns gd sjoubck.

Nbtctugds Ynrtcbcpn dk ojs trnanmjs gd ckvdstcenbck gd fnkdrn brdntcvn. Fudstrn ckcbcntcvn d cktdrs dk ojs trnanmjs gd ckvdstcenbck. \nojrn do usj gd odkeunmd gd on bcdkbcn y on tdbkjojen. Bucgn y prjtded do fdgcjnfacdktd y su snoug. Yrjpjkd notdrkntcvns gd sjoubck lrdktd n on bjktnfcknbck gdo fdgcj

nfacdktd.

Jamdtcvjs=>. Dktdkgdr ojs bjkbdptjs gd dbjscstdfn, fdgcjnfacdktd ybjktnfcknbck.

1. Gdtdrfcknr ojs tcpjs gd bjktnfcknbck y su cfpnbtj dk dofdgcjnfacdktd y ons pdrsjkns.

2. Yrjpjkdr fdgcgns gd prdvdkbck pnrn on snoug y prjtdbbck gdofdgcjnfacdktd.

7. Dvnounr ons bnfpnns gd prdvdkbck prjpudstns pjr susbjfpndrjs.

Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=>. Gcvcgcr on bonsd dk erupjs gd 7 j 4 noufkjs.1. Bngn erupj ckvdstcenr sjard ukj gd ojs tcpjs gd bjktnfcknbck y

bfj nldbtn n su ojbnocgng y n sus hnactnktds= bjktnfcknbck gdoneun, sudoj, ncrd, bjktnfcknbck sjkjrn, vcsuno y trfcbn

2. Do gjbdktd brdnr scdtd (5) dktrngns dk do aoje, ukn pjr bngn tcpj gdbjktnfcknbck, dk ons bunods bngn erupj rdspjkgdr prcfdrj bjk ojsrdsuotngjs gd su ckvdstcenbck, y jtrn pnrn ons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

7. Ons dktrngns pjr tcpj gd bjktnfcknbck pudgdk ckboucr tdxtj, vcgdjs,cfedkds, dkonbds n peckns gd rdldrdkbcn dktrd jtrjs.

4. Tkn sdeukgn dktrngn pjr bngn erupj bjkscstcr dk on ponkclcbnbck,gcsdj y donajrnbck gd ukn bnfpnn gd prdvdkbck gd on


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bjktnfcknbck y bucgngj gd on snoug. Bngn erupj tcdkd ocadrtng dk dogcsdj gd on bnfpnn pugcdkgj rdsuotnr dk uk trptcbj, pjstdr, vcgdj,dtb.


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22

A.rdn= Bjfukcbnbck 1gj erngjWdfn= Ydr= pns buocknrcj

Bjkjbcfcdktjs=Dstrubturn gd ukn rdbdtn.

Bnpnbcgngds= Yonkclcbn on prjgubbck gd tdxtjs, cgdktclcbnkgj do tdfn, ojs gdstckntnrcjs

y do rdecstrj ockestcbj qud utcocznr. Qdgnbtn rdbdtns, rdspdtnkgj su dstrubturn y utcocznkgj do odkeunmd

ljrfno j ckljrfno, sdek ojs gdstckntnrcjs n qucdkds sd gcrcmn. Ttcoczn ons rdeons jrtjerlcbns y ernfntcbnods pnrn jtjrenr bjhdrdkbcn y

bjrrdbbck n ojs tdxtjs qud prjgubd.

Nbtctugds

\nojrn do cktdrbnfacj pjsctcvj y brtcbj gd cgdns pnrn ukn bjfukcbnbcknsdrtcvn y gdfjbrtcbn.

Qdspdtn ons bjkvdkbcjkds gd bjfukcbnbck cktdrpdrsjkno y erupno, nsbjfj on gcvdrscgng ockestcbn y buoturno.

\nojrn ons ljrfns dxprdscvns prjpcns gd bngn bjfukcgng y rdeck. Qdspdtn ojs puktjs gd vcstn gcldrdktds n ojs suyjs. Rd cktdrdsn pjr do usj brdntcvj gdo odkeunmd y gd jtrjs bgcejs gd

bjfukcbnbck.

Jamdtcvjs=

>. Dktdkgdr do prjbdsj gd prjgubbck gd uk tdxtj y rdspdtnr su dstrubturn.1. Qdgnbtnr ukn rdbdtn utcocznkgj do odkeunmd nprjpcngj y rdspdtnkgj ons

rdeons jrtjerlcbns y ernfntcbnods.2. Bjfdktnr bjk rdspdtj ons rdbdtns donajrngns pjr sus bjfpndrjs.7. Dfctcr bjkbouscjkds dk ansd n on bjodbbck gd rdbdtns.

Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=

>. Rd gcvcgcr no snok dk trds ernkgds erupjs qud rdprdsdktdk on Bjstn,Rcdrrn y Rdovn rdspdbtcvnfdktd.

1. Bngn noufkj gdadr ckvdstcenr y ausbnr on rdbdtn gd noek pontjtpcbj j bjkjbcgj gd on rdeck. Kj pjgrk hnadr rdbdtns rdpdtcgns gdtno fnkdrn qud no lckno sd tdken uk rdbdtnrcj fuy bjfpodtj.

2. Do gjbdktd brdnr do aoje bjk buntrj (7) dktrngns, ukn pjr bngnrdeck, dk gjkgd bngn noufkj puaocbnr su rdspdbtcvn rdbdtn, y uknpnrn ons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

7. Bngn rdbdtn gdadr tdkdr ukn ljtj j cfnedk rdodvnktd, ojsckerdgcdktds bjk ons rdspdbtcvns bnktcgngds, do ftjgj gdprdpnrnbck y on ludktd gd gjkgd jatuvcdrjk on rdbdtn.

Ngcbcjknofdktd pjgrk nerdenr do tcdfpj gd prdpnrnbck y on

bnktcgng gd pjrbcjkds.


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27

4. Oudej, bngn noufkj gdadr oddr ons gdfs rdbdtns gd ons jtrnsrdecjkds y dsbjedr ukn gd bngn ukn pnrn rdgnbtnr uk bjfdktnrcj nordspdbtj= sc oj hn prjangj, sc od eustn j kj, sc oj qucdrd prjanr, scbjkjbd jtrn rdbdtn pnrn do fcsfj pontj, sc ons ckstrubbcjkds kj odpnrdbdk bonrns j dstk ckbjfpodtns, dtb.


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24

B. rdn= Fntdftcbn 2dr erngjWdfn= Edjfdtrn gdo dspnbcj

Bjkjbcfcdktjs=\joufdk gd pjocdgrjs= prcsfn, bcockgrj, buaj y pcrfcgd.

Bnpnbcgngds=Qdsudovd prjaodfns qud ckvjoubrnk do bobuoj gd vjofdkds gd pjocdgrjs=prcsfn, bcockgrj, buaj y pcrfcgd.

Nbtctugds Fudstrn sdeurcgng y pdrsdvdrnkbcn no rdsjovdr prjaodfns y bjfukcbnr

rdsuotngjs fntdftcbjs. Fudstrn rceurjscgng pnrn rdprdsdktnr rdonbcjkds, ponktdnr nreufdktjs y

bjfukcbnr rdsuotngjs.

Wjfn on ckcbcntcvn pnrn ljrfuonr prdeuktns, ausbnr bjkmdturns yponktdnr prjaodfns.

Nbtn bjk hjkdstcgng dk on dvnounbck gd sus nprdkgcznmds y ojs gd susbjfpndrjs.

Jamdtcvjs=>. Gdsbrcacr y dktdkgdr do bjkbdptj gd pjocdgrjs y do bobuoj gd su

vjoufdk.1. Gnr dmdfpojs gd pjocdgrjs dk on vcgn rdno= prcsfn, bcockgrj, buaj y

pcrfcgd.

2. Dxpocbnr n trnvs gd uk dmdfpoj, do bobuoj gdo vjoufdk gd bngnpjocdgrj.7. Dvnounr do pdksnfcdktj fntdftcbj gd sus bjfpndrjs.

Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=>. Gcvcgcr on bonsd dk erupjs gd 7 j 4 noufkjs.1. Bngn erupj gdadr gdsbrcacr y dxpocbnr, n trnvs gd dmdfpojs

bjkbrdtjs gd on vcgn rdno, do bobuoj gdo vjoufdk gd ojs pjocdgrjs=prcsfn, bcockgrj, buaj y pcrfcgd rdspdbtcvnfdktd.

2. Do gjbdktd brdnr bckbj (4) dktrngns dk do aoje, ukn pjr bngnpjocdgrj n ons bunods rdspjkgdr bngn erupj bjk su rdspdbtcvjdmdfpoj, gdsbrcpbck gdo prjaodfn, y bobuojs pnrn su sjoubck, yukn pnrn ons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

7. Bngn erupj tdrfcknr do nkocscs y sjoubck gd sus bnsjs bjk uknbjkbousck sjard do tdfn y do bnsj dk s.

4. Ons dktrngns gd ojs erupjs pjgrk dstnr nbjfpnngns gd cfedkdsj vcgdjs dxpocbntcvjs qud rdludrbdk on dxprdsck dsbrctn.


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2. Dktdkgdr on bjkljrfnbck gd uk pnrtcgj pjotcbj, jrcdktnbck d

cgdjojen.1. Qdonbcjknr n ojs pnrtcgjs pjotcbjs knbcjknods bjk jtrjs dk Nfrcbn y

dk do fukgj y nknocznr scfcoctugds y gcldrdkbcns.2. Muzenr y dvnounr do gdsdfpdj gd uk pnrtcgj pjotcbj, cgdktclcbnkgjljrtnodzns y gdacocgngds.

7. Brdnr y pnrtcgj pjotcbj prjpcj y ukn prjpudstn gd ejacdrkj scfpodpdrj bjhdrdktd.

Yrjbdsj gcgbtcbj=>. Gcvcgcr on bonsd dk erupjs gd 7 j 4 noufkjs.1. Bngn erupj dsbjedr uk pnrtcgj pjotcbj pdrunkj nbtuno (RXX, RXXC)

y rdprdsdktntcvj, d ckvdstcenr gntjs bjkbrdtjs bjfj= lukgnbck,pdrsjknmds prckbcpnods, jrcdktnbck d cgdjojen, y sus prckbcpnodsprjpudstns gd ejacdrkj.

2. Do gjbdktd brdnr ukn dktrngn pjr bngn erupj dk do aoje, dk gjkgdbngn erupj ckerdsnr on ckljrfnbck rdbjecgn y vnocgngn. Yudgdknerdenr cfedkds u jtrjs fdgcjs rdodvnktds pnrn bjfpodfdktnr onsdktrngns.

7. Oudej, dk jtrn dktrngn, bngn erupj nknocznr dstn ckljrfnbck y hnrbjfpnrnbcjkds bjk erupjs pjotcbjs scfconrds dk jtrjs pnsds gd

Nfrcbn y do fukgj, dstnaodbcdkgj ons prckbcpnods scfcoctugds ygcldrdkbcns.

4. Dk ukn tdrbdrn dktrngn, ojs dstugcnktds hnrk ukn rdlodxck sjard do

xctj j lrnbnsj gd su pnrtcgj pjotcbj n on ldbhn, buods sjk susljrtnodzns y gdacocgngds.


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28

9 puktjsfs cfpjrtnktds pnrn sjoubcjknr ojs prjaodfns gdo pns.

8. Do rdsuotngj gd dstd trnanmj sd ckerdsnr bjfj ukn bunrtn dktrngn dkdo aoje y oudej d dxpjkgr no snok pnrn edkdrnr ukn gcsbusck jgdantd.

3. Do gjbdktd fjgdrnr ons pnrtcbcpnbcjkds y hnr sus prjpcjsbjfdktnrcjs bjfj oj bjkscgdrd pdrtckdktd.

>9.Lcknofdktd, bngn noufkj hnr ukn rdlodxck ckgcvcguno sjard do tdfndk edkdrno y on nbtcvcgng dk s, on buno ckerdsnr dk on dktrngn pnrnons bjkbouscjkds lcknods.

Wcdfpj= 39 fckutjs.

Qdbursjs=Aoje, bjfputngjrns (onajrntjrcj u notdrkntcvn), Cktdrkdt.

Dvnounbck (n trnvs gd ukn rarcbn)= Rdodbbck gd uk pnrtcgj pjotcbj qud sdn rdprdsdktntcvj gdo pdrcjgj dk

dstugcj. Rdodbbck y dvnounbck gd on ckljrfnbck jatdkcgn.

Qdonbck gd ojs pnrtcgjs pjotcbjs pdrunkjs bjk jtrjs scfconrds dkNfrcbn y do fukgj. Dvnounbck gd ons ljrtnodzns y gdacocgngds gd ojs pnrtcgjs pjotcbjs. Brdnbck gd uk kudvj pnrtcgj pjotcbj y prjpudstns gd sjoubck n on

prjaodftcbn knbcjkno. Bjfdktnrcjs n ojs npjrtds gd jtrjs erupjs, qud sdnk scekclcbntcvjs y

bjkstrubtcvjs. Bnpnbcgng gd trnanmj dk dqucpj. Qdlodxck lckno ckgcvcguno.


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23

Dmdfpojs gd Aojes dk Rdbukgnrcn=

http=//www.kudstrjfukgjmunkgdonbcdrvn.aojespjt.bjf/ http=//sdrecjhudock.aojespjt.bjf/ http=//c-fntdfntcbns.bjf/aoje/

http=//prjldaoje.ds/aoje/mjsdoucs/ http=//doaojegdoprjldsjrgdodkeun.aojespjt.bjf/ http=//dgubnbcjklcscbn19.aojespjt.bjf/ http=//snrnkgcbukngdorncg.aojespjt.bjf/
http://www.nuestromundojuandelacierva.blogspot.com/http://www.nuestromundojuandelacierva.blogspot.com/http://sergiohuelin.blogspot.com/http://sergiohuelin.blogspot.com/http://i-matematicas.com/blog/http://i-matematicas.com/blog/http://profeblog.es/blog/joseluis/http://profeblog.es/blog/joseluis/http://elblogdelprofesordelengua.blogspot.com/http://elblogdelprofesordelengua.blogspot.com/http://educacionfisica20.blogspot.com/http://educacionfisica20.blogspot.com/http://sarandicunadelraid.blogspot.com/http://sarandicunadelraid.blogspot.com/http://sarandicunadelraid.blogspot.com/http://educacionfisica20.blogspot.com/http://elblogdelprofesordelengua.blogspot.com/http://profeblog.es/blog/joseluis/http://i-matematicas.com/blog/http://sergiohuelin.blogspot.com/http://sergiohuelin.blogspot.com/http://www.nuestromundojuandelacierva.blogspot.com/


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79

Bjkbouscjkds y rdbjfdkgnbcjkds

Kjs dklrdktnfjs nktd do rdtj gd dgubnr pnrn on vcgn y on sjbcdgng kjsdfpumn hnbcn ukn dgubnbck dk bjfukcgng, bjonajrntcvn, fuotcfdgcn dcktdrnbtcvn. Rd kjs hnbd ckgcspdksnaod do nprdkgdr n trnanmnr dk dqucpj, dobrdnr y bjfpnrtcr kudvjs bjktdkcgjs y rdbursjs.

Do aoje, bjfj hdrrnfcdktn 1.9, ds uk fdgcj cgdno pnrn lnbcoctnr onbjkstrubbck gd kudvjs nprdkgcznmds, scrvcdkgj n su vdz bjfj uk pjtdktdbnkno gd bjfukcbnbck, tnktj ljrfno bjfj ckljrfno, n trnvs gdo bunogjbdktds y noufkjs pudgdk bjkvdrtcrsd dk bjfukcbngjrds gcectnods.

On vnocgdz gdo usj gdo aoje dk do dktjrkj dgubntcvj vn n gdpdkgdr dk ernkfdgcgn gdo sdktcgj qud od g do gjbdktd= bfj oj cktdern n ons sdscjkds gd

nprdkgcznmd, bfj ljfdktn on dxpdrcfdktnbck, edkdrnbck y bjonajrnbckdk on brdnbck gd kudvjs bjktdkcgjs, bfj lnbcoctn on cktdrnbtcvcgng,gcsbuscjkds y gdantds, tjgj dkfnrbngj dk uk bungrj gd rdspjksnacocgngtcbn, fjrno y sjbcno. Ds fuy cfpjrtnktd qud sd dktcdkgnk ojs rcdsejs gd

puaocbnr dk vcvj y sd rdspdtdk vnojrds dsdkbcnods bjfj on hjkdstcgng,rdspdtj y tjodrnkbcn dktrd jtrjs.

N trnvs gd ojs dmdfpojs gd cktdernbck ponktdngjs, dspdrnfjs qudtdkenk nhjrn ukn cgdn fs bonrn gd bfj npocbnr do usj gd ojs aojes dkons gcvdrsns rdns gd nprdkgcznmd.

Ojs gjbdktds tdkdfjs ukn ernk rdspjksnacocgng gd fnktdkdrkjs no gn dkons otcfns tdbkjojens, fdtjgjojens y dstrntdecns gd ckkjvnbckpdgneecbn n trnvs gd uk prjbdsj bjktckuj gd ckvdstcenbck ynprdkgcznmd. Gdadfjs pdksnr dk ons WCB yn kj bjfj hdrrnfcdktnsncsongns sckj cktderngns n ojs prjbdsjs dk on bjkstrubbck gdbjkjbcfcdktjs.


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Acaocjernln=

FbEJ\DQK, Edrry (1997) Aojes nkg aojeecke= ngvnktneds nkg gcsngvnktneds.

Bjksuotngj= 1 gd Muocj gd 19>>.

?http=//www.edrryfbejvdrk.bjf/kt/1997/ktZ1997Z98Z12Zaojeecke.htf;

AOJEEDQ. \csctn eucngn-^u ds uk aoje:Bjksuotngj= 1 gd Muocj gd 19>>.

?http=//www.aojeedr.bjf/tjurZstnrt.e;

DGTWD@N (1998) Tsj dgubntcvj gd ojs Aojes.Bjksuotngj= 2 gd muocj gd 19>>.

?http=//www.dgutd`n.jre/AojesDgubnbcjk.php;

ONQN, Wsbnr (199>.?www.tcsbnr.bjf/1997/on-utcocgng-gd-uk-aoje-nbngdfcbj/;

Ock`s gd cktdrs Aojeedr=http=//www.aojeedr.bjf

Ujrgprdss=http=//ds.wjrgprdss.bjf/

Dguaojes(dk ckeos)=http=//dguaojes.jre/

Fndstrjtdbn - Aojes dgubntcvjshttp=//www.fndstrjtdbn.bjf/aojes-dgubntcvjs/

Dsbudon WCB 1.9=http=//www.dsbudontcb.ds/rdbursjs-y-dkonbds/aoje-dgubntcvjs/
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