157. "Coffee Talk"in northernNigeria

people drop in unannounced; stay aroundand chat; meals are NOT for talking; sex

segregated

155. 2 sides ofeconomics

production and consumption

123. 4 sections ofEconomics

production, distribution, consumption,systems of exchange

89. Acculturation exchange of cultural features that resultswhen groups have continuous firsthandcontact

98. adaptation process by which organisms cope withenvironmental stresses and forces

112. adaptivestrategies

master category for studying economics;basic need for subsistence

70. Agency actions that individuals take, both alone andin groups, in forming and transformingcultural identities

119. Agriculture

intensive cultivation of permanentlyoccupied land; elaborate investment in

equipment; terracing; requires more laborthan horticulture;

137. Alienation inIndustrialEconomies

work is separate from personal life; I haveno idea who physically made the sweater Iam wearing

1. Anthropology Studies origins and social relationships ofhuman beings.Comparative science that examines allsocieties, ancient and modern, simple andcomplex. Human species and ancestors.Compares customs of societies.

2. Anthropology v.Sociology

Anthropology focuses on nonindustrialsocieties, uses ethnographies (them).Sociology focuses on industrial west,uses statistics and questionnaires (us).

23. appliedanthropology

uses four fields to define and solveproblems

18. Archaeological Material remains;prehistory;cultural transformation;patterns of adoption;excavation

142. BalancedReciprocity

immediate expectation of something inreturn; short-duration transactions;reciprocity completed

5. Bias Never completely get rid of them. We need to minimize them as much aspossible.Phrenology - used to support biasesagainst dark skinned immigrants.

103. Bicultural refers to the inclusion and combinationof both biological and culturalperspectives and approaches to commenton or solve a problem

16. BiologicalAnthropology

Physiological, genetic dimensions;Human evolution;Human genetics;Growth and development;Biological plasticity;Biology, evolution, behavior, and sociallife of monkeys, apes and othernonhuman primates;Charles Darwin

11. Biopsychologicalequality

Idea that everyone has equivalentcapacities to culture and intelligence. Donot deny differences among populations.

188. Black EnglishVernacular(BEV)

William labov, the way that AfricanAmericans speak; ebonics

Cultural AnthropologyStudy online at quizlet.com/_c8d7p

107. BronislawMalinowski

Intensive field work and participantobservation in Melanesia;

Get into head of the natives - Grasp their POV;Challenged the universality of Freud's

Oeduipus complex

165. CallSystems

natural communication systems of otherprimates; limited number of calls, can beproduced under particular environmentalstimuli; vocal tract of apes is not suitable forspeech

154. CarlaFreeman

"High Tech and High Heels"; discussing theidea that moving up in society means leavingyour social circle; Barbados and desk jobs

152. Carol Stack "The Flatts"; swapping

132. Ceremonialfund

ceremonies and rituals

73. CivicCulture

citizen's compliance with legal systems,participation in formal elections, membershipin voluntary and faith based organizations

109. CliffordGeertz

Culture is abstract, searching for meaning;Humanities → literary theory;

Man is the symbol using animal;Culture is learned;

Historically transmitted → changed, evolved;Analysis of culture is not experimental (as in

law) but interpretive (as in meaning);Concrete elements of culture but culture doesnot mean things, culture means meanings;

113. closedsystems

system operates inside of boundaries. not trueanymore because of governmental systems

9. CognitiveMap

Our culture gives us a map as to how we shouldact.

162. Commerce;Policies thataffect privatelife

construction of public roads, homeowner'stax breaks

163. Commerce;Serve thepublic andcorporateinterests

real estate developers, corporate retailers; carmanufacturers; oil companies

126. Consumption buy, use, eat, etc; social status

28. Conversation method of ethnographyask questions; interviews

58. Core values key, basic, central values

193. CreoleLanguage

more syntax. A developed Pidgin language.

15. CulturalAnthropology

Human culture/societyEthnographies/EthnologiesSimilarities/differences between groupsLarge/small groups; far/close

48. CulturalArtifacts

what people use/make

44. CulturalBehavior

what people do

111. Culturalecology

process by which a society adapts with itsenvironment

66. CulturalInheritance

reason why particularities are becoming lesscommonsharing beliefs and customs throughinheritance

45. CulturalKnowledge

What people KnowTacit, Explicit

13. culturalrelativism

the perspective that a foreign culture shouldnot be judged by the standards of a homeculture and that a behavior or way ofthinking must be examined in its culturalcontext

84. CulturalRights

groups. Ability to preserve its culture, raisekids, language, not be deprived of economicbase by its home nation

166. Culturaltransmission

cultural transmission of a communicationsystem through learning is a fundamentalattribute of language

51. Culture Traditions and customs, through learning,that form and guide the beliefs and behaviorof the people exposed to them;we all have a capacity for culture, we canlearn any culture regardless of genes orphysical apperance

55. Culture andNature

we need to eat by nature but culture tells uswhen and what

60. Culture isadaptive

if it helps individuals cope withenvironmental stresses

56. Culture is all-encompassing

culture encompasses features that aresometimes regarded as trivial or unworthyof serious study

69. Culture iscontested

different groups in a society struggle withanother over whose ideas, values, goals andbeliefs will prevail

59. Culture isInstrumental

used to fulfill biological needs for food,drink, shelter, comfort and reproduction;used to fulfill psychological and emotionalneeds: friendship, companionship,approval, desired sexually

57. Culture isintegrated

when one part changes, others change;what would happen if religion disappearedovernight

52. Culture isLearned

Geertz

61. Culture ismaladaptive

if they threaten a group's continuedexistence

54. Culture isShared

attributes of groups;shared beliefs, values, memories andexpectations link people who grow up in thesame culture

53. Culture isSymbolic

Geertz, Leslie White

95. Culture v.Biology

culture is not biological, but the two areinteractive

189. Daughterlanguages

language that descend from the same parentlanguage and that have been changingseparately for many years

169. DeborahTannen

looked at communication similaritiesbetween men and women

171. Descriptivelinguistics

scientific study of spoken language

36. dialogicethnography

how anthropologists/ readers connect withthe cultures

65. Diffusion reason why particularities are becomingless commoncultural borrowingDirect, Indirect, Forced

186. Diglossia high and low variants of the same language

86. DirectDiffusion

borrowing of traits between cultures

125. Distribution how things get around

67. Domination(colonial rule)

reason why particularities are becomingless common;customs/procedures are imposed on one'sculture by another that is more powerful

108. EB Tylor Culture is concrete and measurable; Anthropology → Science;Acquired as a member of society;Scientific data collection: scientificmethods can describe culture; Measurements, experiments, systematicHumanistic, concrete, holistic

19. ecology interrelations between living things andthe environment

121. EconomicAnthropology

economics in a comparative aspect

128. Economicdecisionmaking factors

environmental; technological; social;cultural;

20. ecosystem organisms and environment together inpatterned arrangement of energy flows andexchanges

31. Emic PhonemicMeaningSubjectiveInsiderNative's perspective

110. EmilieDurkheim

Among the founders of sociology andanthropologyStudied Native Australians

92. Enculturation process by which children learn traditions;school is an enculturation machine

82. Ethnocentrism tendency to view one's own culture assuperior and to apply one ones owncultural values in judging the behavior andbeliefs of people raised in other cultures

38. ethnographicpresent

period before westernization

34. ethnographicrealism

present an accurate, objective, scientificaccount of a different way of life; written bysomeone who knew it first hand

24. Ethnography process of discovering and describing aparticular culture; good for societies withless social differentiation and greatercultural uniformity; refers to the methodand product; ask people what they reallythink

25. Ethnology examines, interprets, analyzes andcompares results of ethnographies; makesgeneralizations;

32. Etic PhoneticNoiseObjectiveOutsiderScientist's observations

47. ExplicitKnowledge

culture we can talk about

182. Focalvocabulary

lexicon influences perception; specializedsets of terms and distinctions that areparticularly important to certain groups

114. Foraging Hunting and Gathering; marginallocations; land is threatened by nation-states; ex. San of Southern Africa (SaraBaartman's tribe); low accumulation; highreward; egalitarian; rely on nature to makea living; modern foragers depend ongovernment assistance;

88. ForcedDiffusion

when one culture subjugates another andimposes its customs on the dominatedgroup

106. Franz Boas Late 19th century anthropologist;Father of anthropology → First USAdepartment of anthropology at ColumbiaUniversity; German Jew/ immigrant; Proponent of the 4 fields;Didn't racially classify

93. Functionalism culture helps individual meet their needsrather than society as a whole

63. Generality common to several but not all humangroupsex. nuclear family (parents and family)

141. GeneralizedReciprocity

reciprocity over time; always incomplete;people we're really close to; no immediateexpectation of something in return

100. GeneticAdaptation

Biological Adaptation over generationsex. larger barrel chests of nativehighlanders

96. genotype genes

91. Globalization processes that work transnationally topromote change in a world in whichnations and people are increasinglyinterlinked and mutually dependent

158. History ofCoffeehouses

first was in the middle easy in 16th century;many more in Europe in 17th century;typically for men to discuss important

issues; many companies started as two menin coffeehouses

3. Holism All-encompassing.Study of human condition in the past,present and future focusing on biology,society, language and culture.

115. Horticulture slash and burn; crops for subsistence notmarkets; permanent settlements; depletessoil quickly; shifting cultivation;

21. humanecology

ecosystems with people

83. Humanrights

individual. Right to speak freely, holdreligions beliefs, etc.

104. Humans andPrimates

See Study Guide

78. Ideal Culture what people say they should do/what they do

181. Idioms things that do not translate literally

49. Importantpoints of AAA Code ofEthics

Openness and Disclosure;Do not harm;Anonymity of people;Keep qualities and relations the same, namesare not important;Voluntary informed consent;Right to refuse participation;Think about the future of the discipline forother researchers;Open dissemination of findings

90. IndependentInnovation

innovation, solutions to cultural problems

87. IndirectDiffusion

items/traits move from A to C through Bwithout contact between A and C

85. IntellectualPropertyRights (IPR)

attempt to conserve each society's culturalbase → core beliefs, knowledge, practices

76. InternationalCulture

extends beyond and across nationalboundaries

35. interpretiveethnography

describing/interpreting what is meaningfulto the natives

29. InterviewSchedules

method of ethnographya form an ethnographer completes as he orshe visits a series of households;same questions for everyone=collectquantitative information

192. K. DavidHarrison

studied what happens when languagesdisappear; cultural diversity reduced; colonial

languages are expanded at the expense ofindigenous ones

144. Karl Polany comparative study of exchange; marketprinciple, redistribution, reciprocity

30. keyconsultants

informants who by accident, experience, talentor training who can provide the most usefulinformation on parts of life

170. Kinesics study of communication through bodymovement, stances, gestures, and expressions;culture teaches us that certain manners andstyles should accompany certain kinds ofspeech

150. Kula Ring trobrian islands; trade cycle that circulatedshowcase items; these goods needed to bereturned to original owner; not good to keepthese things; giver > receiver

164. Language arbitrary connections between words and whatthey stand for

159. Largercontext of"coffeetalk"

class structures and time constraints; genderexpectations; commercialization of public

space; consumption and identity

147. Law ofsupply anddemand

things cost more if they are more scarce andpeople want them

105. Lewis HenryMorgan

h3 stages of civilization = Savage, barbaric,

civilized

174. Lexicon dictionary of morphemes and its meanings;essentially all the words in our vocabulary

17. Linguistic Language change over time;Social context/pressures;Linguistic variations and uses of language

168. LinguisticDisplacement

humans can talk about things that are notpresent

101. Long TermPhysiologicalAdaptation

occurs during growth and development ofindividual organisms;more efficient respiratory system

39. LongitudinalStudy

research in which the same people arerestudied and retested over a long period

145. Marcel Mauss "The Gift" talked about the obligation toreciprocate, to give and receive and thesignificance of gifts

146. The MarketPrinciple

dominates in capitalistic societies; governsthe distribution of the means of production

135. Maximizationstrategies

classic economies assume profit motive;quantify cost-benefit models; assume actorsare rational

151. Mbuti SilentTrade

left things to be traded in a certain area; ifthe goods were insufficient, they would beleft as a symbol to leave more (specificreciprocity)

122. Mode ofproduction

ways of organizing production

173. Morphology sound combinations; morphemes (wordsand their meaningful parts)

42. multisited through multiple places

41. multitimed through time

12. NaiveRealism

the belief that people everywhere see theworld in the same way as we do

14. Name the 4fields ofanthropology

Cultural, Biological, Linguistic,Archaeological

179. NaomChomsky

Universal grammar; all languages have aset of underlying conditions and rules thatremain constant through all languages ofthe world

75. NationalCulture

embodies those beliefs, learned behaviorpatterns, values and institutions that areshared by citizens of the same nation

143. NegativeReciprocity

dealing with people outside or on the fringeof their social system; purely economic, norelationship over time; hostile relationship;theft

22. paleoecology ecosystems of the past

26. participantobservation

method of ethnographytaking part in the event that one isobserving, describing and analyzing

64. Particularities unique to certain cultures;becoming less and less prominent

117. PastoralNomadism

entire group moves with herd during theyear

116. Pastoralism

herding of domesticated animals forfood/leather etc; transhumance and

nomadism

120. PeasantSystems

in agriculture societies; Economy: system of production,distribution, and consumption of resources

134. Peasants small scale agriculturists who live innonindustrial states and have rent fundobligations

97. phenotype body, not passed down

176. Phoneme sound contrast that makes a difference;comparing minimal parts

178. Phonemics study of the significant phonemes of eachlanguage

177. Phonetics study of speech sounds in general

172. Phonology study of speech sounds; which sounds aremeaningful and present in a given language

194. PidginLanguage

Terms from both languages, not fullygrammatical sentences, used for trade

187. PierreBourdieu

linguistic practices are symbolic capital thatproperly trained people may convert into

economic and social capitol; my fair lady;better language = higher society

72. PopularCulture

images, info, narratives, products, events,celebrations that have meaning for manypeople within some national culture

149. Potlach

Native Americans threw a party and gavegifts; used this mechanism to enhance

social status

71. PracticeTheory

individuals within a society have diversemotives and intentions and different degreesof power and influence

138. Prestige impression of wealth, social status

10. Principles ofMapmaking

Culture gives us an idea of what our maplooks like, but we do not have to follow themaps.

81. PrivateCulture

not observable, must be asked about it →beliefs, values, expectations

124. Production food, clothing, etc

136. Production innonindustrialsocieties

intimate; land as a means of production;specialization

167. Productivity using rules of language to produce entirelynew expressions that are comprehensibleto other native speakers

190. Protolanguage original language from which daughterlanguages diverge

74. Public Culture generally accepted social behaviors, dresscode, speech , etc.

80. Public Culture can be observed → rituals, clothing,behavior, pledge of allegiance, speechforms

27. rapport method of ethnographygood friendly working relationship that isbased on personal contact with hosts

79. Real Culture actual behavior

139. Reciprocity exchange between social equals; centraldivision of economic and social systems;generalized, balanced, negative

140. Reciprocitycontinuum

range of reciprocity

148. Redistribution when goods, services, or equivalents morefrom the local level to a center; flow ofproducts should reverse direction

37. reflexiveethnography

ethnographer puts his/her ownfeelings/reactions to the field situationsright in the text

6. Reflexivity Consciousness of researcher of who he isand his biases. Stating this explicitly in your work.

133. Rent fund resources that people must render to anindividual or agency that is superiorpolitically or economically

130. Replacementfund

maintain technology

156. Rudolf Gaudio "coffee talk"; analysis of going out for coffee

33. SalvageEthnography

study and record the cultural diversitythreatened by westernization

180. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

different languages produce different typesof thinking; our mother tongue restrainsour minds and prevents us from being ableto think certain thoughts (Edward Sapir,Benjamin Lee Whorf) Hopi v. English

160. Scheduling status message; making people think we >them because we are busier

183. Semantics a language's meaning system

102. Short TermPhysiologicalAdaptation

occurs spontaneously when an individualorganism enters a new environmentex. increased heart rate, hyperventilation

50. SocialDesirability

Answers that make you sound better;With time, these answers will fade becauseyou will become close with these people

131. Social fund help relatives, friends, and neighbors

43. socialpredictors

variables that affect social identities,experiences and activities

4. Society Organized life in groups.

184. Sociolinguistics investigates relationships between socialand linguistic variation

94. Structuralism culture helps society meet their needs

185. Style shifts when we vary our speech in differentcontexts

77. Subculture different symbol based patterns andtraditions associated with a particulargroup in the same complex society

191. Subgroups languages within a taxonomy of relatedlanguages that are most closely related

129. Subsistencefund

work to eat, to replace the calories burnedtrying to work

153. Swapping low income black single moms wouldswap things around (children included) inorder to make survival possible undergreat scarcity (general reciprocity)

8. SymbolicInteractionism

Humans act toward things on the basis ofmeaning that those things have for them.Ex. Boulder -> obstacle?Meanings are handled and dealt withtrough an interpretive process.

7. Symbols Leslie WhiteSigns that have no neceessary or naturalconnection to the things they stand for;meanings are arbitrary.

175. Syntax arrangement/order of words in phrasesand sentences

68. System culture, society, social relationshuman beings make up the systemconstrained by roles and others

127. Systems ofexchange

who gives what to whom

46. TacitKnowledge

culture we don't even see

40. team research coordinated research by multipleethnographers

99. TechnologyAdaptation

Cultural adaptationex. pressurized airplane cabin withoxygen masks

118. Transhumance

parts of the group go with the herds while the others stay in the village

62. Universality found in every cultureex. long period of infant dependencyex. year long sexuality

161. Why coffeeshops?

Less social inequality - Contrast with home, where social inequality is a key factor; we need to be "free" andunencumbered to have casual conversation