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Current Status of the Economy, Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Business: Tea Industry Chatura Rodrigo Research Economist Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka

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Page 1: Current Status of the Economy, Challenges and ... · Current Status of the Economy, Challenges and Opportunities for ... maintained its first place as world's largest tea exporter

Current Status of the Economy, Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Business: Tea Industry

Chatura RodrigoResearch Economist

Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka

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Presentation flowCurrent Status of the Economy

Major economic indicatorsStatus of Sri Lanka tradeStatus of tea Industry

Challenges to the tea industryOpportunities and way forward to the tea industry

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ECONOMY

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: GDP growth: global comparison

Despite the volatility over the years, in a global comparison, Sri Lanka’s GDP growth performance on average during 2008‐12 has been creditable, even pulling ahead of its historically better‐performing competitors in Southeast Asia 

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: GDP growth, sectoral comparison

Table 2.1Sectoral Growth and Composition of GDP

Annual Average Growth (%) Share (%)

2006-08 2010-11 2012 2012

GDP 6.8 8.1 6.4Agriculture 5.7 4.2 5.8 11.1

Tea 0.1 6.3 -1.2 0.9Rubber 6.4 7.4 -6.8 0.2Coconut 5.6 -5.7 6.0 1.0Paddy 6.6 4.6 1.3 1.5

Industry 7.2 9.4 10.3 30.4

Manufacturing 5.6 7.6 5.2 17.1Construction 8.7 11.8 21.6 8.1Mining & quarrying 18.7 17.0 18.9 2.8Electricity, gas & water 7.4 8.6 4.4 2.4

Services 6.8 8.3 4.6 58.5Wholesale & retail trade 6.0 8.9 3.7 23.0

Transport & communication 10.4 11.6 6.2 14.3

Banking, insurance & real estate etc. 7.9 7.7 6.7 8.9

Government services 5.6 3.3 1.4 6.8

Industrial sector growth appears to have done exceedingly well. Much is from construction sector not manufacturing. However, service sector is more diversified. 

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: Consumption and 

Investments

Table 2.5Consumption, Savings, and Investment

2009 2010 2011 2012 Consumption (% change) 4.4 14.0 22.4 13.7GDCF (% change) -2.8 30.8 26.8 18.5

Domestic savings (% of GDP) 17.9 19.3 15.4 17.0 Investment (% of GDP) 24.4 27.6 30.0 30.6 Private 17.9 21.4 23.7 23.7 Government 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.9 FDI (% of GDP) 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.4  

In line with lower GDP growth, consumption and investment growth declined quite sharply in 2012 . Sri Lanka’s economic growth is led by consumption, accounting on average for 80‐85 per cent of GDP. Sri Lanka needs more savings and appropriate levels of investment to support such consumption growth.

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: Exchange rates

The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) – measured against a basket of 24 currencies – saw a steady appreciation, weakening the competitiveness of Sri Lanka’s exports in international markets. 

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: external sector 

developments

Sri Lanka continued to run a significantly high trade deficit at nearly 16 per cent of GDP in 2012 for a second consecutive year. Sri Lanka was able to bring its external current account deficit down to 6.6 per cent of GDP in 2012, from 7.8 per cent of GDP recorded in the previous year, because of continued favourable growth in earnings from worker remittances and tourism receipts. 

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Current status of the economy: Major economic indicators: credit growth, interest rates and 

inflations

Inflationary pressures in the economy have been largely moderate, with annual average inflation contained to 7.6 per cent by end 2012. Tighter monetary conditions and the general slow‐down in economic activity ensured that price stability was not an overriding concern for monetary authorities.

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TRADE

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Trade performances: Export growth

Table 3.2Growth in Goods and Services Exports, 2012

Annual Average Growth (%) Share (%)a

Agriculture -7.8 23.9 Tea -5.3 14.4Industrial -7.8 75.4 Gems, diamonds and jewellery 5.2 5.7 Textiles and garments -4.8 40.8Services 31.0 Transportation 21.1 37.0 IT 42.1 34.9

 

Industrial exports, which account for 75 per cent of total exports, recorded a contraction of 7.8 per cent, led by a 5 per cent contraction in its key export category, garments. The contraction in export earnings of tea by 5.3 per cent, contributed towards the overall decline in agricultural exports. Adverse weather conditions affected production volumes leading to lower prices. Tea exports accounted for 14.12% of total export in 2011 and 14.4% in 2012.

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Trade performances: Export growth

Sri Lanka’s share of goods exports which rose marginally from 0.05 per cent in 1980 to 0.08 per cent in 2000, has fallen again in the post 2000 period, and has reverted back to 0.05 per cent in 2012. 

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Trade performances: Outlook • Sri Lanka’s poor external sector performance in recent years 

does not bode well for a small economy aspiring to raise its per capita income, and sustain a high growth momentum

• While the slowdown in world trade growth has had an inevitable impact on Sri Lanka’s export performance, the sizeable decline of absolute export earnings in 2012 and the first quarter of 2013 suggest that there are several domestic issues impeding export growth that require urgent attention.

• An analysis of Sri Lanka’s export competitiveness reveals that the country lags significantly behind neighboring countries in the Asian region in terms of many competitiveness indicators. The incentive framework in place to promote export and investment growth is far from satisfactory.

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Trade performances: Outlook • Sri Lanka’s trade policy, which has been showing trends of 

increased protectionism over this decade – particularly in the form of proliferating para‐tarrifs – is a significant concern. 

• The country’s limited involvement in regional and bilateral FTAs, especially in comparison with other Asian countries, has also restricted export competitiveness and market penetration. Moreover, the highly overvalued currency continues to adversely impact the competitiveness of Sri Lankan exports in the world market.

• While Sri Lanka has made some progress in reducing transport and logistics costs over the years, there is scope for further improvement in comparison to many Southeast Asian economies

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TEA

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Status of Tea IndustryCountry 2013 2012 Change %Russia 11.4 11.12 2.56Iran 9.24 10.08 8.38Syria 5.59 6.81 17.9Turkey 5.48 4.26 28.54Iraq 4.03 5.3 23.89UAE 4 2.43 64.57Kuwait 2086 1.17 144.79Azerbaijan 2.3 2.66 13.42Ukraine 2.16 1.93 12.2Japan 1.99 2.46 19.05Total 69.01 71.81 3.9

Top 10 destinations of Pure Ceylon tea MKg 

Largest importer is Russia. Iran and Syria hold the second and third place. This trading pattern is attributed to sanctions imposed by USA and EU on Syria and Iran 

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Status of Tea Industry

Tea production in most countries increased steadily towards the end of the first quarter of 2913. African Black tea production recorded its highest. Kenya maintained its first place as world's largest tea exporter. 

Country 2013 2012 2011 change 2012/2013Kenya 118882 118153 107458 729China 76156 74036 74359 2120Sri Lanka 70973 75892 73648 ‐4919Taiwan 970 687 650 283Bangladesh 78 403 150 ‐325Uganda 8844 11539 9059 ‐2695Total  257903 280710 265324 ‐4807

Global tea export comparision MTProduction 2013 2012 changeN India 32700 37520 ‐4820S India 46540 44774 1776Bangladesh 692 731 ‐39Sri Lanka 81059 74933 6126Kenya 117261 72436 44825Malawi 21316 17723 3593Tanzania 10276 11572 ‐1296Uganda 9884 8098 1786Total 319728 267787 51941

Global tea production in the first quarter MT

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Status of Tea Industry

2013 2012 2011 2010 2009January 22.7 23.19 27.26 21.04 18.4February 21.82 23.68 25.34 25.12 21.4March 27.18 29.02 27.03 24.05 30.12Total 70.97 75.89 79.63 70.21 69.93

Tea export statistics for the first quarter Million KGs

Earnings from tea exports dropped to USD 336.6 million from 335.7 by first quarter of 2013. there is a cumulative decline of 6.5%. Major contributors are tea packets which dropped by 6.2% and r‐exports dropped by 52%. Tea bags and instant tea recorded a substantial decrease, however green tea registered a marginal increase.

Re‐exports shows an increasing trend

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Status of Tea Industry

India, China and Kenya are the main exporters of tea to Sri Lanka 

Quantity of imports to Sri Lanka shows an increasing trend since 2009

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Status of Tea Industry2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Bulk 197.8 179.9 178.0 164.6 176.8 179.9

Packets 79.4 72.7 84.3 75.5 89.8 95.8

Tea Bags 19.1 22.0 20.3 18.7 25.7 24.6

Others 18.6 19.7 18.6 21.2 1.8 2.9Re-Exports 12.5 15.6 18.6 10.6 18.6 20.5

Total 327.4 309.9 319.8 290.6 305.7 323.7ValueBillion USD 0.882 1.01 1.26 1.18 1.37 1.51

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Status of the tea Industry• Favourable weather patterns resulted a 

better harvest in the first quarter of 2013• Average tea price at Colombo tea auction 

recorded a historical land mark to top Rs 400 per Kg in March at all elevations

• Green leaf rate received by small tea holders in low grown region increased to average Rs 60/Kg from Rs 50/Kg. 

• Although high grown teas commanded healthy price levels during last six months, they struggled with highest labour costs incurred per production of 1Kg of tea. 

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CHALLANGES

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Challenges to the Industry• Restricted export competitiveness and market 

penetration• Increased protectionism • High competition (more than 40 countries)• limited involvement in regional and bilateral FTAs, 

especially in comparison with other Asian countries• highly overvalued currency continues to adversely 

impact the competitiveness • high electricity costs and stringent labour regulations 

pose significant barriers on firms’ ability to compete in the global market. 

• Overcoming problems such as information asymmetry• Increased transportation costs, fertilizer costs

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Challenges to the Industry• Low productivity of old lands, but can new lands be 

viable (longer gestation period of new lands)• Increased tariff and Non‐tariff barriers (by importer 

country)• Higher food safety standards• Increased cost of production: Low labour 

productivity including absenteeism, shortage of workers coupled with low levels of social recognition for plantation workers 

• Low yielding varieties• Financial support for Small tea holders• Technology transfers• Climate Change

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WAY FORWARD

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Opportunities and way forward to the tea Industry• Tea is the largest agrarian industry in Sri Lanka. Provide 

direct and indirect employment to more than two million people or nearly 10% of the population

• Research in developing new varieties that can with stand impacts of climate change through Tea Research Institute

• Different types: Organic tea• Use of renewable energy to address higher energy costs• Financial assistance to SMEs: NDB. 

• May be help upgrade factories to become more energy efficient, replace old machinery. 

• SPS and TBT, banks can finance the investments in meeting standards, may be concessional loans to finance (internal compliance)

• Testing facilities for external compliance, may be establishing this at regional level with local financing

• Government support: subsidies the cost of re‐planting • Is it possible to have carbon credits???

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Opportunities and way forward to the tea Industry• The government, the regional plantation companies, trade 

unions and workers have to play a collective role• Provide support against exchange rate fluctuations, tariff and 

non‐tariff barriers• Reduce tax from importer by trade agreements• What about para‐trriffs such as SES (25% value addition)

• Sri Lanka has about 400,000 tea smallholders who support close to two million people. This as well as the second generation needs to be protected.

• A majority of Sri Lanka’s tea smallholdings (approximately 80%) are below one acre. Land expansion might be an issue so we need to improve land productivity

• It is important to increase the productivity of the factories as well, energy savings, carbon and water foot prints are good options

• For any SME, three things are needed, Leadership, innovation, and competitiveness (first local, then regional and then global) 

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Thank You