dave jones, stan beaubien, sabinibigi, tanya goldberg ... surface...ingo möller, stefan schloemer,...
TRANSCRIPT
NEAR SURFACE MONITORING IN THE ENOS(ENABLING ONSHORE CO2 STORAGE) PROJECT
01.08.2017
Dave Jones, Stan Beaubien, Sabini Bigi, Tanya Goldberg, Ingo Möller, Stefan Schloemer, Michela Vellico and
colleagues
BGS, URS, TNO, BGR and OGS
Near surface monitoring aspects
Continuous monitoring stations Rapid survey systems (wide area coverage)Ground based (ground mapper and mobile laser)Airborne (UAV gas monitoring, thermal imaging)
Leakage associated with faults and abandoned wellsControls on leakage Is low-level diffuse leakage important?
Source attributionQuantification (scanning laser and other methods)
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c. 80 cm
backfill with removed soil
GasProCO2 sensor
Box with antenna and batteries
Pressure sensor
Humidity and temperature sensor
to base station
to server • Sensors buried at 80 cm depth
include:• CO2 and temperature• Optional humidity and pressure
• Sensors connected to surface box that contains batteries and antenna
• Unit communicates wirelessly to a base station, which in turn uploads data to a central university server
• For ENOS a total of 25-50 of these low cost units will deployed above the CO2 injection point at the SulcisFault Lab site in Sardinia
GasPro CO2 monitoring system
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Main aim is to progress the TRL (at least to TRL 6) of custom‐made: Permanent monitoring stations [1] that
record continuously soil gas concentrations and other relevant environmental data (Hontomin)
Permanent vertical profiling devices [2] for measuring CO2 concentrations at near surface atmospheric levels (boundary layer; GTB)
Additionally, Eddy Covariance systems [3] and CO2 accumulation chambers [4] will be used for cross‐evaluations and interpretation of data against environmental parameters
Experience has already been obtained at non‐leaking test sites in Germany, incl. the CCS pilot site Ketzin, in the Ardennes (B) and at naturally leaking sites in the Eger Rift valley (Cz)
BGR’s near surface gas monitoring in ENOS
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3
44
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Integration of systems as principle of approach
vado
se zon
e
1. Permanent gas monitoring stations:Soil gas concentrations
3. Atmospheric concentration and flux computations
2. Mobile and continousnear surface gas flux measurements
near
surface
atmosph
ere
Page 7
Example of a time series obtained by vertical CO2 profiling (atmospheric concentration recording).
Test results as motivation for advancing the vertical CO2 profiling method
Concentration levels where CO2 influences human health and the environment may emerge in surface situations like hollows in combination with calm air. Here, continuous wind speed measurements plus air CO2 concentration show good potential as basic monitoring technique.
Wind speed (green) vs. CO2 concentration (brown)
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Installation of permanent soil CO2monitoring stations at Hontomin
Three soil gas monitoring stations installed at the Hontomin pilot site
Fully operational since March 22, 2017 Besides the CO2 data environmental and
technical parameters are recorded to:‐ check instrument function‐ interpret the CO2 data
Data are stored locally and then transferred via GSM protocol to BGR’s base in Hanover
Initial data show soil CO2 concentrations 10 to 20 times the mean atmospheric value but in the range of values from comparable sites
Oldenburg and Unger, 2004
GasPro CO2 ground mapper• Wind velocity has a log distribution that
approaches zero near the ground surface
• CO2 leaking from the soil may accumulate in this interval (z0)
• This interval, which is only 1-2 cm, is the monitoring target
• Goal is develop a low cost system that can map large areas rapidly
• Requirements are high sensitivity, high signal stability, and very rapid response
• Early development promising. Within ENOS it will be tested at natural leak sites and Sulcis CO2 injection site
UAV activities in Sulcis
Use of a drone to monitor possible leakages escaping from the Sulcis fault after CO2injection
Innovative sensors mounted on board, self developed by OGS (Arduino systems), measuring CO2 concentration, humidity, pressure and temperature
Monitoring campaigns before and after the injection
Data integration and comparison with the other monitoring techniques/tools tested on site
Temperature-humidity sensor
Barometric Pressure Sensor
CO2sensor
• Some horizontal profiles will be acquired, in order to spatially detect possible leakages
• Some vertical profiles will be acquired in correspondence of leakage points, in order to measure CO2 concentration variation with height.
Horizontal and vertical profilesCO2
Hei
ght
Gas migration styles• In ENOS we will use a number of
natural sites where CO2 is leaking at the surface to study migration styles, especially along faults. Sites include:
• Ailano, Latera, San Vittorino Italy• In addition we will inject CO2 at a
depth of about 150 m into a fault in volcanic rocks, located in SW Sardinia (Sulcis)
• Work will include flow modelling and surface monitoring
• Detailed work will be performed to better understand leakage along faults and shallow overburden, to assist in monitoring strategies
CO2 source identification in the vadose zone
local production (oxidation, respiration, dissolution)
Gas sampling at natural leakage site(s)• CO2, δ13C, O2, N2, δ15N• CH4 and higher hydrocarbons (C2‐C5) ratios
and δ13C and δD• D47 “clumped isotopes” = C‐O isotopologues
CO2 sources
seepage of deep natural CO2seepage of deep injected CO2
combined geochemical approach processes behind soil CO2
CO2 source identification in the vadose zone
Shallow CO2 source = low temperature
D47 “clumped isotopes”
Deep CO2 source = high temperature
Preferential “clumping” of heavy isotopes (18O, 13C) at low temperature = high D47
At high temperature movement towards stochastic distribution = low D47
Determination of C‐O isotopologues
Ailano
Fiumicino
San Vittorino
Latera
Natural gas sampling Natural gas escape areas: San Vittorino, Latera, Ailano, Fiumicino~90% CO2, ~0.3 CH4, N2, traces of H2S
Quantification Scanning open path lasers (c.f. Shell Quest
monitoring) New laser development (RAL) Comparison with other approaches (Automated flux
chambers, eddy covariance, soil gas stations)
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Integration
Technical guidelines for integrated onshore monitoring and developed tools to detect and quantify leakage Upscaling from experimental sites to large scale storage sites Leakage simulation alliance (GTB, Sulcis, Field Research Station, Otway shallow injection, S Korea (e.g. K-COSEM sites), Brazil field site, CO2 Field Lab)
01.08.2017 19