day 3
DESCRIPTION
Day 3 Presentation for Bio2TRANSCRIPT
DAY 3Muscular System / Skeletal System
Presented by : Franz Christian D. Irorita, 2012
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions Types Formation Names of Bones
What is the Skeletal System for?
Blood Production Mobility Structure Support
What are the types of Skeletons? Hydrostatic, Exoskeletons,
Endoskeletons
Hydrostatic Skeletons
Something like a balloon filled with water.
Fluid is held under pressure.
Contracting muscles push against the tube of the fluid, causing change in shape and movement of body.
Delicate movements are almost impossible because the force exerted by the contracting muscles is transmitted equally in all directions.
Exoskeleton
A lifeless deposit atop the animal. Inhibits growth. Made of chitin. Requires the animal to molt, which
leaves the animal vulnerable to predators
Endoskeletons
Promotes growth Living Axial and Appendicular Easy Mobility Continually grows
The Axial Skeleton
Located at the central axis of the body
Skull, Rib cage, Vertebrae, Sternum SUPPORT PROTECTION
The Axial Skeleton
Skull
Rib Cage
Vertebrae
Sternum
The Appendicular Skeleton
Located at the limbs Long Bones, Digits, Girdles MOBILITY
The Appendicular Skeleton
Clavicle&Scapula Humerus Radius&Ulna Pelvic Girdle Carpals,Metacarpals Femur Tibia&Fibula Phalanges Tarsals,Metatarsals
Long Bones
Radius, Ulna, Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula
Compact & Spongy
Formation of Bones : Ossification Osteoblasts secrete collagen,
forming fibers for the bone. Osteoclasts secrete enzymes that
digests bone, so that Osteoblasts can remodel the bone as needed.
Intramembranous development The next time you see a newborn, try
touching her forehead.
It is such because the flat of the skull is developed from a noncartilage, connective scaffold, “cartilage islands”.
Joints
Functional Immovable Slightly-movable Freely-movable
Structural: Fibrous Cartilaginous Sinovial
Muscular System
Actin Myosin
Muscle cells
Functions of the Muscular System:
•Movement•Support•Thermogenesis
Three Types of MusclesSkeletal Smooth Cardiac
Location Attached to Skeleton
Walls of stomach, intestines, etc.
Walls of the heart
Type of Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Shape of Fibers Elongated, Cylindrical, Blunt ends
Elongated, Spindle shaped, Pointed ends
Elongated, Cylindrical fibers that branch and fuse
Striations Present Absent Present
Number of Nuclei per fiber
Many One One or Two
Position of Nuclei
Peripheral Central Central
Speed of Contraction
Most Rapid Slowest Intermediate, varies
Ability to remain contracted
Least Greatest Intermediate
Muscles may contain thousands of muscle fibers Muscle fibers are elongated cells that
are organized in bundles called fascicles.
Ex. The biceps in your arms consists of thousands of individual muscle fibers.
Muscle Fiber Structure
Cytoplasm of Muscle Fiber = Sarcoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum = Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum Myofibrils = threadlike structures
running lengthwise through the muscle fiber, composed of even smaller structures called myofilaments.
Sarcomeres = basic unit of muscle contraction, consisting of overlapping myosin and actin filaments.
Muscle Contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other The sliding filament Theory.
The Sliding Filament Theory
Skeletal Muscles work antagonistically Example : Biceps and Triceps Agonist & Antagonist
Muscles respond in specific ways Smooth muscle contracts in response
to simple stretching, its contraction can be sustained.
Cardiac muscle alternately contracts and relaxes in rhythm, propelling blood with each contraction.
Skeletal muscle is stimulated by a brief electrical stimulus, responding with a simple twitch.
Tetanus
A single, smooth, sustained contraction of the muscle.
White and Red Fibers
White = fast response Red = slow, enduring activities
Example : Chicken’s legs have red fibers while its breast have white fibers.
Fast-twitch vs. Slow-twitch Fast-twitch = moderate, enduring
activities Slow-twitch = long, slow response
Questions?