decentralized rural development planning : a case study of khok charoen district, lopburi province,...

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CHAPTER VI SOCIAL SECTOR

Khok Charoen district was created on March 19th, 1987 by splitting off four tambon from Khok Samrong district. It was upgraded to a full district on November 4th, 1993. Khok Charoen district is located in the north of Lop Buri province, has the north border with Nakhon Sawan province, Phetchabun province and the South border with three districts of Lop Buri province are Chai Badan, Sa Bot and Nong Muang provinces. The district is subdivided into 5 subdistricts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 53 villages (muban). There are no municipal areas, and 5 Tambon administrative organizations (TAO). The total area is 317.14 km2 (198,221 rai) and total population is 24,354 (2007). There are 16 primary schools, two secondary schools (Tambon Khok Charoen and tambon Yang Rak). In this district, there are 39 temples, one hospital, four health stations, 16 primary schools, two secondary schools and one research station. 6.1 Population 6.1.1 Population change Table 6.1: Households size change by Tambon, 2004-2007

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 Average growth from 2004-2007

Number of households 6,722 6,916 7,023 7,139 70

Total population 24,173 24,321 24,447 24,354 48 Average of HHs size 3.60 3.52 3.48 3.43 -0.09

Source: District administration office, 2008 The average number of households of Khok Charoen district increases from 2004-2007 is 70 households per year. The average growth of population is not high only 48 people per year with the household size of district declines over the time. 6.1.2 Population Structure Table 6.2: Population Density by Tambon

Tambon Area (km2)

Total Population

Density (persons/km2)

Number of households

HHs size

Khok Charoen 72.91 7,458 104 2,060 3.6 Yang Rak 65.72 7,661 117 2,111 3.6

Nong Makha 110.83 3,194 29 1,085 2.9 Wang Thong 25.33 2,549 104 846 3.0

Khok Samesan 42.35 3,492 83 728 4.8 Total 317.14 24,354 78 6,830 3.6

Source: Kok Charoen District Office, 2008

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In terms of population, tambon Yang Rak and Khok Charoen have the highest population of 7,661 and 7,458 persons respectively. Among tambons, again Yang Rak has the highest density, 117 people per km2, followed respectively by Khok Charoen and Wang Thong 104 people per km2, Khok Samesan has 83 persons per km2. The lowest density is Tambon Nong Makha has 29 persons per km2.

Population Structure Figure 6.1: Population Distributions by Tambon

Source: Khok Charoen District Office, 2007 Population is mostly concentrated in two tambons. Yank Rak and Khok Charoen tambons are most densily populated tambon having 31.4% and 30.7% respectively followed by khok Samae San and Nong Makha tambons with 14.3% and 13.0%. Wang Thong has the least value with 10.6% in the district. 6.1.3 Composition of the population by age and gender The distribution of population in terms of age and gender varies among different groups of age and the highest population fall in the group of 26 to 40 years old. It has been cleared from the figure 6.2 that in 35 age group, female are more as compare to the males.

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Figure 6.2: Population by age and gender

Population by age and sex, Khok Charoen District 2006

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0-5 6-10 11-15

16-20

21-25

26-30

31-35

36-40

41-45

46-50

51-55

56-60

61-65

66-70

71-75

76-80

>80

Age grouping

Peop

le MaleFemale

Source: Khok Charoen district website Table 6.3: Population by gender, 2007 Figure 6.3: Gender balance

Tambon Male Female Total Khok Charoen 3,823 3,696 7,519

Yang Rak 3,823 3,847 7,670

Nong Makha 1,599 1,577 3,176 Wang Thong 1,289 1,301 2,590

Khok Samesan 1,747 1,757 3,504

Total 12,218 12,178 24,459 Source: District administration office, 2008 The population ratio between male (49%) and females (51%) is very balance in each tambons in the Khok Charoen district. 6.1.4 Population Pyramid In 2006, the population pyramid of Khok Charoen district, generally, both male and female population is equal, but number of women is higher than men after 79 years old up. However, it has no significant affect and the ratio of sixty year populations sharply decreased, so there is no tendency to aging of population. Moreover, the number of working age from 15 to 44 is very high which is a potential in term of labor force. Whereas the population group of 0-14 years is low, this shows that birth rate is very low.

Population distribution by gender, Khok Charoen district, 2007

49.8 50.2

Male Female

%%50.2

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Figure 6.4: Population pyramid

Source: Khok Charoen district website, 2008 6.1.5 Sex ratio and dependency ratio In 2007, in Khok Charoen district, the total number of male is 12,281 and female is 12,178 giving the total number of female per 100 male is 101:100 as compare to 12163 male to 12010 female in 2004 with ratio 99:100 that mean the number of female population has been increased in last three years. Table 6.4: Comparison of Male and Female Sex Ratio

Population 2004 Population 2007 Total

Female Male Number of female per 100 male Female Male Number of female per

100 male

Khok Charoen 3,565 3,697 96:100 3,696 3,823 103: 100 Yang Rak 3,839 3,839 100:100 3,847 3,823 99: 100

Khok Same San 1,750 1,698 103:100 1,757 1,747 99: 100 Nong Makha 1,592 1,649 97:100 1,577 1,599 101: 100 Wang Thong 1,264 1,280 99:100 1,301 1,289 99: 100

Total 12,010 12,163 99:100 12,178 12,281 101: 100

Source: District administration office, 2008 Table 6.5 shows the division of population in four broader groupers i.e. infant with age group less than five , school going with age 6 – 15 year and working population with age 16-60 and old age having more than 60year of age. Population of infant and schooling groups are 8.1% and 15.5 % respectively; the working group has the highest portion 67.5%; and the group

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over 60 year old is 8.9%. The total dependency ratio is calculated as 32.5%. It indicates that there is nearly 33 people are depended on others. Therefore, there should be development plans and programs to assure their good life living standard. Table 6.5: The dependency and dependency ratio Age grouping Description Male Female Total population %

Less than 5 Infant population 985 965 1,950 8.1

6-15 Schooling population 1,895 1,807 3,702 15.5

16-60 Working population 8,154 7,981 16,135 67.5

More than 60 Dependent population 988 1,135 2,123 8.9

Total 12,022 11,888 23,910 100 Source: District administration office, 2008 6.1.6 Population Projection When there is a slightly increase in population; Gibbs is the most suitable method for applying population projection in Thailand, particularly in Khok Charoen district. Based on the district population data 2002 to 2007 (5 years period), the district and Tambon population have been projected using Gibbs Technique for 2015 and 2020 as followed: Formulation used: Pt = P1 + (P1 * R/100 * t) R R = * 100 Where as, Pt = Projected population (2015 and 2020) P1 = Current year population (2007= 24,354) P0 = Base year population (recent past census 2002= 23,716) t = Time interval 2015 – 2007 = 8; 2020 – 2007 = 13; R = Population Growth Rate, calculated base on the data available for Khok Charoen District. (P1 - Po) / t (24,354 – 23,716)/5 R = *100 = *100 = 0.338 (P1 + Po) / 2 (24,354+ 23,716) / 2 The population projected Khok Charoen District: P2010 = 24,354 + 24,354 * (0.338/100)*3 = 24,601 P2015 = 24,354 + 24,354 * (0.338/100)*8 = 25,012

(P1 – P0) / t (P1 + P0)/2

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P2020 = 24,354 + 24,354 * (0.338/100)*13 = 25,424 Table 6.6: Population projected by Tambon 2015 and 2020

Population projection 2010 2015 2020 No Tambon

Population distribution in 2007 (%) Population Density Population Density Population Density

1 Khok Charoen 30.6 7,534 103 7,660 105 7,786 107

2 Yang Rak 31.5 7,739 118 7,868 120 7,998 122

3 Nong Makha 13.1 3,226 29 3,280 30 3,334 30

4 Wang Thong 10.5 2,575 102 2,618 103 2,661 105

5 Khok Samesan 14.3 3,527 83 3,586 85 3,645 86

Total 100 24,601 87 25,012 88 25,424 90 Source: Collection and calculation, 2008 6.1.7 Population Growth Rate Population data has shown decline in the growth rate over the time from 2003 to 2007 from 0.95% to 0.05%.Among the average growth rate of five Tambons, only the total population growth of Tambon Nong Kha has decreased 0.1% since this area has low production of farming and the villagers also do not earn too much from non-agriculture occupations (NRD-2C, 2007). Tambon Khok Charoen has the growth rate increased gradually from 2003 to 2006 and grew sharply in 2006-2007 at 3.18%; on the contrary, growth rate has also been decreased in other three Tambons Yang Rak, Nong Makha and Wang Thong in 2007. Moreover, the population rate has been downed very quickly because of the policy of government for controlling the number of children in each family. In addition, in the context of economic development, both men and women want to work more, and they want to have the best condition of education and health for their children, therefore the less number of children they have, better condition they can give to their children. Table 6.7: The population growth rate Khok Charoen district, 2003-2007

Population growth rate (%) Average

population GR

Tambon

Year 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2003-2007 Khok Charoen 0.14 0.18 0.16 3.18 0.92

Yang Rak 1.16 0.52 0.87 -1.48 0.27 Nong Makha 1.60 1.08 -0.34 -2.73 -0.10 Wang Thong 1.60 1.85 0.77 -0.80 0.86

Khok Samea San 1.11 0.38 1.10 0.14 0.68 Average 0.95 0.61 0.52 0.05 0.53

Source: Khok Charoen District Office, Jan 2008

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Figure 6.5: Population Growth Rate Population Growth Rate,

Khok Charoen district, 2003-2007

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok SameaSan

Tambon

Growth ra

te

Source: Khok Charoen District Office, Jan 2008 6.1.8 Birth and Death Rates Table 6.8: Birth and Death Rates Khok Charoen district, 2007 Tambon Population Birth Death Number of birth

rate per death rate

Khok Charoen 7,519 78 39 2 Yang Rak 7,670 1 20 0.05 Nong Makha 3,176 0 17 0 Wang Thong 2,590 0 10 0 Khok Samea San 3,504 1 8 0.125 Total (People) 24,459 80 94 0.851 Rate (%) 0.33 0.38 Source: Khok Charoen district office, 2008

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The death rate is higher in the district as compare to birthrate, the birth rate is 0.33% and the death rate is 0.38%. all the Tambon has lower birth rates except the tambon Khok Charoen where birth is higher then the death rate. Moreover, the high death rate could be supposed of old age and health problems, so it needs to get attention about health services and take care of old age people. 6.1.9 Household income and saving households There are two indicators of measuring the living standards of the district in BMN i.e. household incomes and savings. The results of these two indicators have been satisfactory and all the tambon achieved the set targets in BMN as shown in table 6.9. Table 6.9: Household income

Average income is not less than 23,000 baht/person/year Tambon

Target (%) Achievement (%) Result Khok Charoen 70 90.4 Achieved

Yang Rak 70 99.3 Achieved Nong Makha 70 97.8 Achieved Wang Thong 70 90.9 Achieved

Khok Samesan 70 93.5 Achieved Average 94.4 Achieved

Source: BMN, 2007 First, in terms of average income of households or poverty line, the target is 70 %, all the tambons achieved the target means that there is no household having income below poverty line. Tambon Khok Charoen and Wang Thong have the lower of achievement percentage than others 90.4% and 90.9% respectively. Moreover, the poverty rate in these two tambons is also higher than other districts 7.6% and 7.0% illustrated from the below table 6.10 of poverty rate in 2004-2007. Table 6.10: Poverty rate by Tambon in 2004-2007

Tambon Population

distribution in 2007 (%)

2007 2005 2004 Average of

poverty rate 2004-2007 (%)

Khok Charoen 30.6 7.4 6.8 8.6 7.6 Yang Rak 31.5 1.3 2.8 7.8 4.0

Nong Makha 13.1 1.1 5.1 8.97 5.1 Wang Thong 10.5 4.2 4.9 11.9 7.0

Khok Samesan 14.3 1.5 1.9 3.0 2.1 Average 3.1 4.3 8.1 5.2 Source: Khok Charoen district 2007

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Second, indicator of household savings, the expected target is 80%. There are four Tambons achieved the target at the rate of 89% to 93%. There is one Tambon Nong Makha did not achieve the target and only achieve nearly 56% of house have savings. Figure 6.6: Achievement of households have saving by tambon

Achivement of households have saving by Tambon, 2006

0102030405060708090

100

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok SameaSan

Source: BMN 2007 6.1.10 Characteristics of poor households There are four types of poverty in Khok Charoen district, included land problem (land less, lack of land, no land certificate); indebtedness; no house and other reasons (unpaid job, exploited job and homeless) Table 6.11: Type of poverty problems

No Type of problems No. of people register Percentage 1 Land 4266 37.56 • Landless 1029 9.06 • Lack of land 925 8.14 • No land certificate 2312 20.36 2 Indebtedness 3937 34.67 • Internal 2465 21.70 • External 1472 12.96 3 No house 1307 11.51

4 Others (unpaid job/exploited job) 1841 16.26

Total 11357 100.00 Source: Khok Charoen Dsitrict office, 2008

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The two highest reasons of poverty in Khok Charoen district are about land and debt problems 37.6% and 34.7% respectively. In terms of land problem, no land certificate is the most important problem appropriated 20.4%. Moreover, the rate of indebtedness is also very high appropriately 34.7% with most of them are internal indebt 21.7%. In addition, the situation of job exploitation and unpaid job is also the problem of the poor, especially the sugarcane workers. 6.1.11 Migration

• Out- migration Out migration of each Tambon in this district shows that the high out migration occurred in three tambon: Yang Rak, Khok Charoen and Nong Makha at 30.7%, 29.1% and 21.9% respectively. Followed by Khok Samesan has the lower rate of out migration 10.4%. The lowest number of out migration is Tambon Wang Thong 7.9%. The main reasons or the push factors for out migration are; the people moved out in order to find a supplementary source of income, higher education or family settlement. According to NRD-2C the main income source of this district from agriculture, therefore which areas with low production of agriculture like Tambon Khok Charoen, Yang Rak, Nong Makha has higher immigration. During the dry season for seasonal work since lack of jobs, especially in those areas, where there is scarcity of water for agricultural practices during dry season. Table 6.12: Tambon wise out - migration

Out migration Tambon Population 2007

Male Female Total Percentage Khok Charoen 7,519 92 89 181 29.1

Yang Rak 7,670 83 108 191 30.7 Nong Makha 3,176 66 70 136 21.9 Wang Thong 2,590 26 23 49 7.9

Khok Samesan 3,504 37 28 65 10.4 Total 24,459 304 318 622 100

Source: Khok Charoen District Statistic, 2008

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• In-migration

Table 6.13: Tambon wise in - migration In migration

Tambon Population 2007 Male Female Total

Khok Charoen 7,519 122 120 242 Yang Rak 7,670 94 106 200

Nong Makha 3,176 55 63 118 Wang Thong 2,590 51 39 90

Khok Samesan 3,504 45 32 77 Total 24,459 367 360 727

Migration rate 2.97 Source: Khok Charoen District Statistic, 2008 Pull factors In all tambons: upland crop, paddy production and other occupations like cattle rearing have high potential and many land area available for farming (500 baht/rai/year); and harvesting sugarcane season is the mostly time for labors need 6.1.12 Migration impact Social aspects • Increase burden on elderly people and they are not cared properly • The social interaction decreases such as Economic aspects • Household income increases • Farming activities decrease • Affect the efficiency of various social groups. 6.1.13 Policies and Programs on Poverty Alleviation District programs There are three main projects to solve poverty alleviation being implemented in Thailand and being adopted by the district as well. • Homeless people will be distributed the living land to settle with signature the contract with

local government. • The conversion debts for poor people will be decreased the amount of pay back money with

expanding the limit of time. • The poor will be distributed land for agriculture.

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National programs of poverty reduction strategy1 According to the Government policy and the Ninth Development Plan, a poverty reduction strategy plan was formulated in 2002 in order to gain a comprehensive, multifaceted, and properly integrated plan. The strategy states the view of poverty as encompassing not only low income and consumption but also structural problems that prevent the poor to escape form poverty. The strategy consists of five main aspects: Macro Economic Strategy, Strategy for Capability Building, Strategy for Social Safety Net Improvement, Natural Resources Management Strategy, and Public Sector Restructuring Strategy. These strategies will lead to three fundamental targets: (1) to reduce the incidence of the poverty to be less than 12 percent of the population in 2006; (2) to redistribute and extend the provision of economic and social services, so that both urban and rural poor will have a more equitable access to basic services; and (3) to reduce inequality among the poor and others by readjusting structural mechanisms that have been obstructive to the poverty reduction. Macro-Economic Strategy: This strategy is drawn up to construct fair and equitable economic growth contributing to more employment in agricultural sector, which is the main source of income of the poor. This strategy also emphasizes on the necessity of an enactment of policies as the following to advocate just and equitable economy. These policies aim to (1) Set up suitable inflation rate to support economic expansion; (2) Urge progressive tax especially land tax (to distribute land holding), general property tax and inheritance tax; (3) Advance legislative system to cover the protection for micro-enterprises; (4) Provide equitable access for the poor to information and technical assistance that the poor can effectively utilize to cope with the risks. Strategy for capability building: As widely known, providing education and career-relating knowledge is the fundamental requirement for refining the poor’s capabilities and analytical skills. The training activities should be held with the purpose to prepare the poor to deal with the adverse risks and shocks. Furthermore, as the majority of the poor are those who work in micro-enterprises with less and unequal access to basic services and legal lending institutions, the establishment of legal lending institutions that provide low interest rates for the urban poor is necessary to soothe the poverty. Moreover, community empowerment towards self-reliance is another essential practice. The first step is to enhance collective process to solve poverty and vulnerability through empowering local communities, which can function as a means to demand for public services and organize their voices in designing policies and national development plans. Strategy for Social Safety Net Improvement: A critical condition for accomplishing capability building strategy is an equitable access to education and professional training which should be diversified and adjusted in accordance with the needs and skills of the poor and the 1 Knowledge Management and Poverty Reduction Policy Unit Community Economic Development and Income Distribution Office Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board

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underprivileged. There is also a need for improving regulations on loan programs for education to be more open for the poor and the underprivileged. Another means to enable the poor and the underprivileged to income-generating assets is micro- credit from lending institutions run by the Government. Also, an establishment of community managed social fund programs with the support from public sector is required so that people in the community can manage the money to cope with adverse shocks. Natural Resources Management Strategy: The most effective natural resources management with the main focus on land and water management for the poor farmers should grant the community to dramatically participate in every level of planning and implementation. There should, consequently, be an establishment of local organization whose responsibility embraces running community managed fund for natural resources restoration. The local organization can also operate as a community stage for expressing local residents’ opinion. To make natural resources management successful, an Act of legislation relating to this issue such as forestry, fishery and also land and water need to be drawn up and brought into practice soon. Public Sector Restructuring Strategy: The role of central government has been changed from designing policies and controlling implementation process to facilitating and supporting the local institution/organization to work and participate in analyzing and solving the problems along side with other actors. The local institution and organization previously were objects. They adopted policies from the central government and implemented by themselves. Nowadays, they turn to be subjects as they motivate changes in policy designing and implementation process and work as coordinators between the central government and local people. The local people are presently required to aware of their power to bring positive changes to their communities through their active participation with the application of local wisdom in the process of designing and implementation of plans. 6.1.14 Summary of population Problems • Unequal distribution of population leads to imbalance of general development within the

district. • There is a fluctuation in the growth rate in various Tambon • Migrating to other areas during the dry season Potentials • High proportion of population at working group age • Average income of household members is not less than 20,000 Bath/person/year. • There is a good gender balance in the district. • There are good supporting policies not only national programs but also district programs on

poverty alleviation. 6.2 Public Health and Sanitation – Introduction

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6.2 Khok Charoen district has well established network of health facilities and health infrastructure, the only concern in this district is shortage of doctors and nurses especially in public health stations. The figure depits the ratio of public health institutes with respect to population and the results are quite satisfactory

6.2.1 Health policies and strategies The MOPH is authorized and responsible for the strengthening of the public health and hygiene, preventing and controlling diseases and recovering the energy level of the population. The followings are the target of MOPH’s policies: • To improve the organization structure, culture and the operation procedure in order to have

good administrative system and to become a learning organization of public health • To develop and provide mechanism in facilitating the involvement of all concerned parties in

monitoring the public health system as a whole. • To increase the capability of the medicines, public health and biology of health, in order to be

on the front line of world competition • The middle-term goals of the MOPH’s services are following: • The important public health problems in different age groups of the population are to be

lowered. • The people have health security with standard and quality health services, and to encourage

people to take part in taking care of health and the public health environment. • The healthcare products and services are to be of the quality and up to the standard of

international requirement. • To have good governance in the public health administration

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6.2.2 National Health Development Plan 2002-2006

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6.2.3 Distribution of basic health institutes The figure 6.7 showed the distribution of health instruction in Khok Charoen District. Figure 6.7: Location of public health station The average distance to avail health facilities are 09 kilometers in Khok Charoen district (figure 6.7) and it is not convenient to most of the population to avail these facilities on foot and they have to use some transportation to access the health facilities. According to table 6.14, people of Nong Makha Tambon have to travel the most to avail the health facilities in term of distance cover Table 6.14: Accessibility of public health stations/hospital

Source: Infrastructure Group, RRDP, 2008

B y fo o t (4 k m / h r )

B y B ik e (5 0 k m / h r )

K h o k C h a r o e n 6 9 0 7 . 2Y a n g R a k 1 0 1 5 0 1 2

N o n g M a k h a 1 1 1 6 5 1 3 .2W a n g T h o n g 1 2 1 8 0 1 4 .4

K h o k S a m a e S a n 6 9 0 7 . 2

N a m e o f T a m bo n P u bl i c h e a l th s ta t i o n (m i n u te s )

D i s ta n c e (k m )

Facilities and Services

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6.2.4 Existing Health facilities To achieve the healthy family goal , the good infrastructure are available in Khok Charoen district mentioned in table 6.15 and cleared in figured 6.8, one health station is serving 3505 number of population and the district hospital serving the whole district. The only concern in has been shown by the public regarding the distribution of these health institutes with respect to pupation density as Yang Rak Tambon having the largest population but it has a only one health station and limited medical staff i.e. one nurse Table 6.15: Distribution of health facilities with respect population Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 Figure 6.8: Distribution of health facilities

Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 6.2.5 Health personnel Stength of health personnel staff directly affect the overall health setup and health condition of the area. Khok Charoen district is located in remote locality and the administration had faced problem to hiring qualified staff for the district and primary health stations. From table 6.16 it is

1:3505

1:3835

1:2590

1:3137

1:3505

1:24459

Population per unit

55 11 2244445599

2 0 7670 Yang Rak

1 0 2590 Wang Tong 1 0 3176 Nong Makha 1 0 3504 Khok Samae San

0 1 7519 Khok Charoen

Health Station

Hospital Population Tambon

Ditribution of Health Institues

24459

3504 3176 25907670

05000

1000015000200002500030000

Kho

kC

haro

en

Kho

kS

amae

San

Non

gM

akha

Wan

gTo

ng

Yan

gR

ak

Tambon

Popu

latio

n

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cleared that the patient to doctor ration is quite high and at least there is an urgent need of one doctor in Khok Charoen district . Table 6.16: Detail of health personnel Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 The figure 6.9 depicts that number of nurses are also less as compare to the standard ratio set by the government. Only Khok Charoen district hospital and sufficient poll of nurses but the only one nurse is taking care of one public health station as cleared from the figure 6.9. It is worthy to note that only one nurse is serving the whole Tambon having population of 7670 people. Figure 6.9: Distribution of nurses in the district

Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 +according to the standard of the 9th National Development Plan of Economy and Society) *According to the standard of the United Nation

1

1

1

1

1***

Hospital/Health Station

2

0

0

0

0

3**

Doctor

28

1

1

1

1

24

Nurse

1:873 1:12230 24459 Total

1:7670 - 7670 Yang Rak

1:2590 - 2590 Wang Tong

1:3176 - 3176 Nong Makha

1:3504 - 3504 Khok Samae San

1:358 1:3760 7519 Khok Charoen

Nurses 1:1000

*

Doctor 1:6000+

Population Tambon

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1019

35043176

2590

7670

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Khok Charoen Khok Samae San Nong Makha Wang Tong Yang Rak

Pop

ulat

ion

Tambon

Nurse to population ratioActual Ratio Standard Ratio

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** Doctor(02) & Dentist(01) working in District Hospital only ***District Hospital, Khok Charoen 6.2.6 Existing Health Services Here is the list of main types of health facilities/treatments provided by public health station and Khok Charoen district hospital to the pollution. The level of treat is just preventive and the health institutes lack equipment and human recourse facilities to treat serious illness/disease. Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 6.2.7 Major Diseases The population of district is enjoying good health and no serious disease is among the top five diseases in the district as shown in table 6.17. It is evident from the table 6.17 that Obstructive Pulmonary disease (23%) and Digestive (29%) are the two major in-patent and out-patient diseases in the district The HIV situation in the district is satisfactory and only 21 patients have been tested positively out of 24459 having HIV Ratio: 1 to 1165 people

P Operation facilities

P Hypertension (High blood pressure)

P Breathing system

Family Planning

Diabetes

Breathing Affection

Common diseases like fever

Childcare

Dentist

Pregnancy

General Illness treatment

Treatment

P P

P P

P

P P

P P

P

P P

P P

District Hospital Health Station

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Table 6.17: Details of major disease in the district Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 Unhygienic food, Alcohol / Tobacco, Tensions/stress ,High cholesterol level , Irregular eating habits of the community are reported as the main causes of the above mentioned major diseases in the district. 6.2.8 Household Sanitation The Overall situation of household environment is good and there exists proper solid waste management system and both community and the local administration worked together to keep the area clean from the figure 6.10 that all the five tambons have achieved there targets set in BMN except the nuisance which is one common problem in the district

Figure 6.10: Resident environment

5946 Endocrine 65 Pregnancy complication 5 6658 Skin infection 117 Diarrhoea 4 7214 Blood pressure 117 Hyper tension 3

11585 Respiratory 123 Awte respiratory Infection 2

12333 Digestive 123 Obstructive Pulmonary disease

1

Occurrence Disease type Occurrence

Disease type

No.

Out-patient In-patient

95

99.9 99.9 10099.4 99.1

95

99.499.9 99.7 99.6 99.8

95

99.9 100 100 99.8 99.810099

99.9 10099.4 99.8

9293949596979899

100101

Target Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nang MakhaWang ThongKhok Samae San

Status(Pass or Fail)

Tambon

Residence Environment

indic.15 indic.16 indic.17 indic.18

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6.2.9 Health and Hygiene Condition The overall situation of Public Health and Sanitation at work, Contagious Disease Control and Drug Addicted is 78.3% Progressive, 13.0% Moderate and 8.7% Backward and all the household have flush toilets in the houses.

Figure 6.11:health and Hygiene conditions Source: BMN 2007 Source: NRD 2C , 2007

6.2.10 Health Volunteer The Thailand government started the idea of introducing health volunteers in rural area in 1970. In every village, there has at least one Health Volunteer; one Health Volunteer is responsible for 5 to 10 households in each village. These Health Volunteers are not only worked with rural health stations but also work with local organization like Tao about diseases prevention. Presently, there 342 health volunteers are working in Khok Charoen district and their Tambon wise distribution has been elaborated below; Figure 6.12: Distribution of health volunteers in four tambons

Source: District Health Officer, Khok Charoen, 2008

4935 32

79

50 50 50 50

0

50

100

150

020406080

100

Khok Samae San

Nong Makha Wang Tong Yang Rak

No. of HV

Tambon

Tambon Health Volunteers(HV)

Actual Population per HV Average Popluation per HV

223

It is cleared from the figure 6.12 that the Health Volunteers are equally distributed in each Tambon with respect to population Responsibilities of Health Volunteer Following are the main responsibilities associated with Health Volunteers; • To inform new/information for villagers such as demonstrate a good role model in self-care

and distribute documents and suggestion to the villagers • Health Leadership in community • Health service in the village • Common diseases like fever, headache etc prevention and control in the community • To Survey and collect data for example BMN survey, Survey and collect sanitation and

environment data and send it to the health worker Selection Criteria There is no hard and fast rule to select a health volunteers, following are the key factors while appointing an individual as a health volunteer. • He/She must have strong passion to serve the community voluntarily • He/She must have comparatively knowledgeable and concern about the health matter. • He/She should not be less than 20 year of age Training and Incentives The Health Volunteers are provided three day training every year by district Health office and health station staff and they usually met after three months to discuss the problems they are facing. The Health Volunteers work on voluntarily bases but firstly, they get free medical facilities for their family and secondly, they gain knowledge through trainings Some of the strength and weakness are hereby highlight that were observed during the filed survey and interview with health volunteers and health staff and general public regarding the health volunteers and there working.

Strengths Weakness • Good to follow up the patients in the

community • Health Volunteer knows the community

better than the health officers • People have easy access to them • Trained • Involvement in planning, implementation

and monitoring of various health schemes

• No incentive that may lead to lack of motivation

• No fix criteria for selection • They usually work as part time. • Low educational background • De-motivation • Lack of team work

224

6.2.11 Conclusions/Recommendations Health Volunteers have played a very vital role in the provision of basic health facilities to the community especially in remote rural areas in the past. But now, many rural health volunteers say they don’t have the time, resources or training to carry out their duties and the complaints are increasing. Despite this government continues to assign them more work on disease inspection without any reward that is de-motivating them as if government uses any other source to carry out these task, it will pay to concern service provision organization. Therefore, it is suggested that for motivating and to enhance Health Volunteers capacities government should introduce some incentive for them along with more planned comprehensive training courses 6.2.12 Case studies Public Health Station - Tambon Yang Rak Health Station is located in village number 12 Majority of this community receive health service or treatment from health station. the health station providing health facilities free of cost as per new health policy of the government. In this health station there are twelve village health volunteer works with them. These Health Volunteers would coordinate the villagers in each village to promote health facilities in the area. Roles and Responsibilities Brief descriptions of major responsibilities of Yang Rak health station are; • Provide basic health care services and provide technical support for diagnosis • Follow-up with, and give suggestions to patients, • Give Vaccine-preventable disease for student in school. • Cooperate with community leaders and Health volunteers for promoting health activities • Provide information or health knowledge for people such as suggestion on physical and

mental health for elderly person, • Provide knowledge on family planning and childcare Health Personnel There are five personnel worker at Yang Rak Public health station consisting of the head of the office, one professional nurse, health academic staff, dental officer and health officer. Working schedule of health personnel at Yang Rak Public Health Station is as follow,

225

Day Service Special service Monday General Illnesses, Dental service Hypertension Check Tuesday General Illnesses Dental service Diabetes clinic, pregnancy Wednesday General Illnesses Dental service Give Vaccine for children Thursday General Illnesses Dental service Friday General Illnesses Dental service Saturday - Sunday General Illnesses Source: Public Health station, Yang Rak Working procedure The health station staff has maintained separate file for every habitant of the yang Rak Tambon containing information about one’s medical treatment history. The staff updates the file as soon as the concern individual avail medical treatment by showing his/her health card. According to the health officer, Yang Rak health station, they usually provide treatment to 40 to 50 patients and they are mostly the sugarcane farmers or belong to cattle farming groups who usually got small injuries while working. Budget and support In general, the ministry of public health controls and supports all public health station through province and district governments. The district health officer looks after the functionalities of the health stations and Tambon Administrative Organization also provide financial support to health stations to purchase medical equipment and to launch health promotion activities in the village like spraying against mosquitoes. Problem and constraint According to health station officer, the health station is facing following problems • Lack of medical staff to take care patients as health is free to all, so not only residents of

Yang Rak Tambon avail the medical treatment from the health station but the residents of other nearby villager also get medical service from here due to easy accessibility

• Lack of equipment like X-rays and and sometimes delay in receiving the medicines from district authorities.

• Lack of health facilities and staff that is why people have to wait for long time and some time they become irritate and don’t behave well with the staff

Note: There are having activities to visit patient in the villages but depend on their time and situation Monday-Friday open 8.00-17.00 Saturday-Sunday open 8.30-12.3

226

6.2.12 District hospital, Khok Charoen – A case study Khok Charoen hospital is the only hospital exits in the district that is providing health facilities the public. The hospital has 10 beds and 2 doctors, one dentist and 25 professional nurses and 34 other staff. The hospital is equipped with one ambulance and has two pickups for emergency use. Vision To promote health facilities for all to “To have healthy families across the district” Health Strategies The hospital has set following strategies to achieve the goal, • To develop public health management system • To develop health IT system • To develop administrative setup for good governance • To improve quality of service Figure 6.13: Organization Structure Khok Charoen Hospital

DHO Budget

Strategies

Service Quality

Hospital PCU-Hospital

PCU-Samae San

PCU-Wang

PCU – Yang Rak

PCU-Nong Makha

227

Type of treatment The hospital provide following types of medical treatment • General Illness treatment • Pregnancy • Dentist • Childcare • Common diseases like fever • Breathing Affection • Diabetes Family Planning • Breathing system • Hypertension (High blood pressure) • Operation facilities Details of Health personnel Doctors Dentist Pharmacist Nurses X-Ray

officer Paramedical staff

Technician Administrative Staff

2 1 1 25 1 18 4 16 Source: district health officer, 2008 Treatment profile (2006-07) Following is the progressive profile of Khok Charoen district hospital for the year 2009-6-07 and it showed quite satisfactory results

• No. of out-patient treated 9,918 person • Patients total frequency 46,750 times • No. of Beds 10 • No. of in-Patient treated 1,201 person • No. of days, the patient remained in hospital 3,077 days

Budgets and expenditures The hospital is funded by two main sources • by Ministry of health and hospital received 8 million Bhat per year from the ministry for its

operation • by Tambon Administration Organizations and it received six million Bhat per year against

the services the hospital provide to there residents. Major portion of the hospital budget 64% is consumed on IPD and OPD departments and 25% goes to salaries and remaining on development works. The hospital also invests 2% of its budget amount in bank as an endowment.

228

Health Schemes The District Health Office in collaboration with district hospital imitated time to time health scheme to promoter health awareness among the public and health schemes for disease prevention in the district shown in the figure 6.14 below. Figure 6.14: Details of health awareness schemes

Source: District health office, Khok Charoen district,2008 Problems Following are the few problems identified during the survey and interview with different stakeholders

• Shortage of number of Beds as ten beds are not sufficient for whole population • Shortage of doctors • Monitoring system need improvement • Lack of sufficient budget for various health schemes • Health card scheme

6.2.13 People’s Feedback Following the peoples’ feedback regarding the overall health facilities in the district • Show satisfaction on the role of health volunteers. • Health facilities were not easily accessibility especially for elderly people • Due to lack of staff people have to wait for long time to get treatment in district hospital and

health stations. • Lack of medical equipment at health station level • People showed their concerns over the monitoring and checking of eatables

Health Awarance Scheme

8 10

04

913

612 12

20

05

10152025

KhokCharoen

Khok SamaeSan

Nong Makha Wang Tong Yang Rak

Tambon

Num

ber o

f pr

ogra

m/s

chem

e

Disease Prevention Health Promotion Scheme

229

6.2.14 Problems Following are the list of problems identified after the overall analysis of the primary and secondary data analysis. • Shortage of health staffs especially a doctor. • Lack of medical equipment at health station level • Residence are suffering from nuisance pollution in all the five Tambon • Digestive diseases are major disease in the district 6.2.15 Potential Following the list of the potentials exists in the area with respect to health and sanitation; • District is drug addict free • Very low percentage of HIV infected persons • Overall situation of Health & Sanitation is satisfactory • Presence of basic Health infrastructure in the district • Free health facilities for all

6.3. Education Education System in Thailand There are three types of education in Thailand: formal, non-formal and informal education. Formal education can be divided into two patterns: basic education and higher education. The figure 6.15 presents the current formal school system in Thailand. Non-formal education is much more flexibility in response with its aims, duration, assessment and management procedures according to learners’ needs. Informal education aims at enable people’s self-learning from persons, society, environment, media, and other sources of knowledge, for example, museums and public libraries.

6.3.1 Current Education Policies

Current educational policies concentrate on raising the quality of education in both primary and higher education, and in both formal and informal education systems. There are two main strategic goals with policy instruments (Education in Thailand 2005/2006) below: 1. Human development with a focus on knowledge, happiness, health, a loving family, a pleasant environment, and a peaceful and caring society; and 2. Movement toward a knowledge-based society by placing people at the centre of learning and focusing on human worth, potential, competitiveness, morality and ethics.

230

• Policies on the Pre-primary Education; There are three areas will be supported by government policy: - providing learning that stimulates various aspects of development; - formulating principles and standards for educational provision and necessary mechanisms for

close monitoring and effective support; - strengthening the role of the family, and providing relevant knowledge to parents and child

guardians.

• Policies on the reform of the Basic Education Curriculum and the Teaching-Learning Process

For the purpose of learner development, the education reform focus on the basic education curriculum and teaching-learning process including: - greater effectiveness and efficiency in the development of curriculum, textbooks, educational

media, assessment, and evaluation of educational achievement; - improvement of language teaching and learning, with an emphasis on Thai, English, and

Chinese languages, and stressing communication skills in real life situations, careers, and further education;

- improvement in the teaching and learning of mathematics and science, as well as computer science, to ensure a sound basis in science and technology and systematic support for talented learners;

- improvement in the quality of teaching and learning in small schools;

• Policies on the Reform of Vocational Education Reform of vocational education aims at ensuring the development of manpower with the necessary skills required for employment and/or entrepreneurship, as well to meet the demands for higher competencies increasingly required by industry. - Organization of a support system to improve the capacity of all vocational education institutions to provide a good education, and creation of a desirable image and concrete contribution to the society; - Clarification of the roles and responsibilities of different categories of vocational education institutions; introduction and expansion of courses in areas consistent with the needs of the labor market and national development; improvement of the curriculum, along with teaching and learning methodology; and development of assessment and evaluation methods to measure learner achievements; - Improvement of professional standards and the professional qualification system, as well as development of vocational education standards and competency-based courses in collaboration with various enterprises;

• Policies on the Reform of Non-Formal and Informal Education to Support Lifelong Learning

231

Non-formal and informal education systems will promote and support lifelong learning activities to develop a culture of lifelong learning and the creation of a learning society based on active participation from all segments of society, through: - awareness campaigns to stress the importance of lifelong learning, and surveys to identify

interests and needs; - curriculum improvement and development; - organization of different courses through a variety of methods, with emphasis on networking

and cooperation; - collaboration with public and private sector agencies to establish a system for the transfer of

learning outcomes and experiences; - establishment of a free television channel for education and improvement of programming

throughout the media.

232

Figure 6.15: Organization of the Present School System in Thailand

Sources: Office of Education Council, Education in Thailand 2005/2006, Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, 2006.

233

6.3.2 Formal Education Formal education consists of basic education and higher education. Within basic education, it covers 12 years before higher education including 9 years’ compulsory education. The nine years of compulsory education requires children aged seven to enroll in basic education institutions until the age of 16. The focus of formal education in this report is on the basic education.

Organizational Structure As can be seen from Figure 6.16, the Ministry of Education consists of National Council of Education, Commission of Basic Education, Commission of Higher Education and Commission of Vocational Education. Its main responsibility is to promote and oversee all levels and types of education.

Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2 is a main organization for arranging, promoting, and supporting the foundational education and distributing authority to all educational establishments to administrate the studying ages thoroughly. It is also to bring the moral principle knowledge according to the loyal sufficient economy philosophy and to meet the quality standard.

There are four objectives in Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2:

- All studying ages included disability and less opportunity people receive opportunities to study basic education for 12 years as equivalent and entire right.

- All learners receive education that meet the quality standard of foundation education. - Lop Buri educational service area office 2 and other subordinate educational

establishments have strong points in education administration. - Coordinate promotion to encourage spirit to personnel and learner in particular

extraordinary development area in the southern border provinces.

234

Figure 6.16: Education Administration and Management Structure

Sources: Adaptation from Office of Education Council, Education in Thailand 2005/2006, Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, 2006.

6.3.3 Infrastructures In Khok Charoen district, there are 14 pre-primary care centers/schools are adjunctive to 14 primary schools. Of six lower secondary schools, four schools cover primary schools(Ban Nong Maka, Ban Wang Ta In, Ban Sa Paeng and Ban Khok Same San), in terms of grade 1 to grade 9. Two schools belong to upper secondary schools (Khok Charoen wittaya school and Yang Rak wittaya school) with cover of grade 7 to grade 12. The total 191 classrooms are available for 607 pre-primary school children, 1864 primary students, 941 students in lower secondary school and 326 students in upper secondary schools. There are 16 school libraries in Khok Charoen district.

Educational service areas

Institutions providing basic and early childhood education like kindergartens

Ministry of Education

Responsibilities: - Formulation of

policies, plans, standards;

- Support of resources; - Monitoring and

evaluation

Ministry of Interior

Ministry providing

specialized education

Local administration organization

Public units providing education

Agencies, and institutions

/schools providing

specialized education

Education institutions/ schools

Agencies organizations/ individuals responsible for education provision

Responsibilities: - Supervision, support, and promotion in response to policies and standards

Responsibilities: - Implementation /

administration and management

235

All schools in Khok Charoen district are public schools, there lack of private school and vocational school. Table 6.18: Distribution of Education Institutions by Tambons

Tambon Pre-school / child care-center

Primary school

Lower secondary school

Upper secondary school

Total %

Khok Charoen 3

3 (2 schools combined

with Lower secondary school )

1 (combined with lower secondary school)

10 27%

Yang Rak 4 4 1

(combined with lower secondary school)

11 30%

Nong Makha 4

4 (1 school combined with Lower secondary school )

- 9 24%

Whang Thong 2 2 - - 4 11%

Khok Samae San 1

1 (combined with Lower secondary school )

- 3 8%

Total 14 14 6 2 37 100% Source: Adopted from Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008

6.3.4 School Facilities Of total 177 classrooms in Khok Chareon district, 34 classrooms in pre-primary schools or care-centers, 98 classrooms in primary schools, 33 classroom in lower secondary schools and 12 classrooms in upper secondary schools. Each school owns a library, in terms of 16 libraries in this education service area. The students-classroom ratios are 1:18, 1:19, 1:29 and 1:27 relevant with pre-primary schools, primary schools, lower secondary schools and upper secondary schools respectively. The highest ratio is 1:29 at lower secondary school level. Table 6.19: Ratio of Student-classroom Khok Chareon District

Types of school Classrooms Students Ratio % of Classrooms

% of Students

National Standard Ratio students per classroom

Pre-primary School 34 607 1:18 19% 16% 1:25

236

Primary School 98 1864 1:19 55% 50% Lower Secondary School 33 941 1:29 19% 25% Upper Secondary School 12 326 1:27 7% 9%

Total 177 3,738 1:21 100% 100%

Source: Adopted from Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 The Figure 6.17 and Figure 6.18 present that 16% of children in pre-primary schools own 19% of classrooms. At primary school level, 50% of students share 55% of classrooms. At lower secondary school level, 25% of students own 19% of classrooms and at upper secondary school, 9% of students share 7% of classrooms. Figure 6.17: Percentage of Classrooms by Education Level

% of cl assr ooms by school l evel

19%

55%

19%7%

Pr e- pr i mar y SchoolPr i mar y SchoolLower Secondar y SchoolUpper Secondar y School

Figure 6.18: Percentage of Students by Education Level

As can been seen from table 6.20,6.21 and 6.22 that the ratios of students-classroom distribute by school are imbalance. The lowest ratio is 1:7 in the primary school Ban Din Daeng and the highest ratio is 1:30 in the upper secondary school, Khok Charoen wittaya. However, the total ratio of students-classroom (1:21) is lower than government standard 1: 25.

% of st udent s by school l evel

16%

50%

25%

9%Pr e- pr i mar y SchoolPr i mar y SchoolLower Secondar y SchoolUpper Secondar y School

237

Table 6.20: Ratio of Students-classroom in Pre-primary Education Khok Chareon District

Pre-primary School

No. Name of School Boys Girls Total No. of classroom Ratio

National Standard ratio students per classroom

1 Ban Yang Rak school 37 38 75 4 1:19

2 Ban Nong Maka 25 21 46 2 1:23

3 Ban Wang Ta In 34 26 60 2 1:30

4 Ban Sa Paeng 28 19 47 2 1:24

5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 13 10 23 2 1:12

6 Ban Khao Rab 9 20 29 2 1:15

7 Anu bann Khok Charoen 55 45 100 4 1:25

8 Ban Ta Le Tong 13 13 26 2 1:13

9 Ban Haey Saram 22 18 40 2 1:20

10 Ban Din Daeng 12 3 15 2 1:8

11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 11 10 21 2 1:11

12 Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong 8 2 10 2 1:5

13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 18 15 33 2 1:17

14 Ban Khok Same San 39 43 82 4 1:21

Total 324 283 607 34 1:18

1:25

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 Table 6.21: Ratio of Student-classroom in Primary School, Khok Chareon District

Primary School


National Standard ratio students per classroom


2 Ban Nong Maka 84 74 158 6 1:26

3 Ban Wang Ta In 93 84 177 6 1:30

1:25

238

4 Ban Sa Paeng 94 67 161 6 1:27

5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 31 33 64 6 1:11

6 Ban Khao Rab 49 53 102 6 1:17


8 Ban Ta Le Tong 36 44 80 6 1:13

9 Ban Haey Saram 51 64 115 6 1:19

10 Ban Din Daeng 24 20 44 6 1:7

11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 23 22 45 6 1:8


13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 48 49 97 6 1:16

14 Ban Khok Same San 132 118 250 11 1:23

Total 972 892 1864 98 1:19 Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 The table 6.22 has been suggested that the total ratio of students-classroom (1:29) in lower secondary education is higher than national standard (1:25). Table 6.22: Ratio of Students-classroom in Lower Secondary Education, Khok Chareon District

Lower Secondary School


National Standard

2 Ban Nong Maka 41 39 80 3 1:27

3 Ban Wang Ta In 36 30 66 3 1:22

4 Ban Sa Paeng 34 40 74 3 1:25

14 Ban Khok Same San 47 55 102 5 1:20

15 Khok Charoen wittaya school 217 228 445 13 1:34

16 Yang Rak wittaya school 85 89 174 6 1:29

Total 460 481 941 33 1:29

1:25

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008

239

The table 6.23 also present that the ratio of students-classroom (1: 27) in upper secondary schools is higher than government standard (1:25). Table 6.23: Ratio of Students-classroom in Upper Secondary Education, Khok Chareon District

Upper Secondary

No. Name of School Boys

Girls

Total

No. of classroom Ratio

National Standard

15

Khok Charoen wittaya school

73

134

207

6 1:35

16 Yang Rak wittaya school

60

59

119

6 1:20

Total 133

193

326 12 1:27

1:25


6.3.5 Education Personnel There are 192 teachers distribute in 16 schools including 16 pre-primary care centers in Khok Chareon district in academic year 2008. As can be seen from table 6.24, there are 17 teachers attained at master’s degree or higher, and most of teachers are qualified at bachelor’s degree; only two teachers’ degree is lower than required diploma.

Table 6.24: Number of Teachers by Qualification in Khok Chorean District, Academic Year 2006

Level of Qualification Male % Female % Total %

Master's Degree or Higher 8 4% 9 5% 17 9%

Bachelor's Degree 44 24% 120 66% 164 90%

Diploma in Education or Equivalent - 0% - 0% - 0%

Low than Diploma 1 1% 1 1% 2 1%

Total 53 29% 130 71% 183 100%

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2006 As table 6.24 presented, of total 183 teachers in academic year 2006, 79% of teachers were female and most of female teachers were working in pre-primary schools and primary schools

240

Number of Students and Teachers The table 6.25 show that 2793 pupils study in both pre-primary and primary schools. Of 2793 students, 1454 boys are larger than 1339 girls in primary education. Comparing with the national standard of ratio of students-teacher (1:25), the average ratio of students-teacher is 1:18 in both pre-primary and primary schools. The lowest ratio of students-teacher is 1:6 in Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong primary school and the highest ratio of students-teacher is 1:31 in Ban Haey Saram primary school. Table 6.25: Students-teacher Ratio by School

Pre-primary and primary school

No. Name of School Boys Girls Total No. of teachers Ratio

National Standard


2 Ban Nong Maka 150 134 284 15 1:19 3 Ban Wang Ta In 163 140 303 17 1:18 4 Ban Sa Paeng 156 126 282 15 1:19 5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 44 43 87 4 1:22 6 Ban Khao Rab 58 73 131 7 1:19


8 Ban Ta Le Tong 49 57 106 8 1:13 9 Ban Haey Saram 73 82 155 5 1:31 10 Ban Din Daeng 36 23 59 5 1:12 11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 34 32 66 4 1:17


13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 66 64 130 8 1:16 14 Ban Khok Same San 218 216 434 19 1:23 Total 1454 1339 2793 151 1:18

1:25

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 The table 6.26 indicates that, of total 945 students in secondary schools, there are 435 boys and 510 girls studying in khok Charoen wittaya and Yang Rak Vittya secondary schools respectively. The ratio of students-teacher is 1:23 that is less than the ratio 1:25 of national standard.

241

Table 6.26: Students-teacher Ratio by Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary School Lower secondary and upper secondary school

No. Name of School Boys Girls Total No. of teachers Ratio

National Standard

15 Khok Charoen wittaya 290 362 652

28 1:23

16 Yang Rak Vittya 145 148 293 13 1:23 Total 435 510 945 41 1:23

1:25

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 The rate of dropout as table 6.27 presented that 16 students who dropped out accounting for 0.43%. The dropout rate (0.95%) at level of secondary school is bit of larger than level of primary school (0.25%). The school with the highest dropout rate is Ban Nong Maka at 1.76%. The main reason of dropout is that households migrate out to make lives because parents don’t have a stable occupation. Table 6.27: Percentage of Dropout by Schools

Serial No. Name of school

No. of boys

No. of girls Total

No. of dropout

% of dropout

1 Ban Yang Rak school 157 141 298 0 0.00%

2 Ban Nong Maka 150 134 284 5 0.13%

3 Ban Wang Ta In 163 140 303 0 0.00%

4 Ban Sa Paeng 156 126 282 1 0.03%

5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 44 43 87 0 0.00%

6 Ban Khao Rab 58 73 131 0 0.00%

7 Anu bann Khok Charoen 220 183 403 0 0.00%

8 Ban Ta Le Tong 49 57 106 0 0.00% 9 Ban Haey Saram 73 82 155 0 0.00%

10 Ban Din Daeng 36 23 59 1 0.03%

11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 34 32 66 0 0.00%

12 Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong 30 25 55 0 0.00%

13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 66 64 130 0 0.00%

14 Ban Khok Same San 218 216 434 0 0.00%

Sub-total 1454 1339 2793 7 0.19%

242

15 Khok Charoen wittaya school 290 362 652 9 0.24%

16 Yang Rak wittaya school 145 148 293 0 0.00%

Sub-total 435 510 945 9 0.24% Total 1889 1849 3738 16 0.43%


Schools’ Distribution Mapping As map 6.1 presented, all the 16 schools locate by the roads. The most of time of distance to a particular school by foot is 45 minutes in Nong Makha. The most school distance by average is 2.25 km in tambon Nong Makha and the least school distance by average is 1.2 km in tambon Yang Rak. On the scale of spatial level, children can go to schools conveniently according school schools’ distribution mapping.

243

Map 61: School Distribution in Khok Charoen District

244

Table 6.28: Time of Distance to a Particular School Service by Foot and by Bike

School distance by minutes School distance

by km

Name of Tambon By foot (4km/hr) By Bike (50 km/hr) By average km

Khok Charoen 37.5 3 1.5 Yang Rak 30 2.4 1.2 Nong Makha 45 3.6 2.25 Wang Thong 30 2.4 2 Khok Samae San 37.5 3 1.5

Source: Infrastructure sector report, 2008 According NRD-2C, as the Figure 6.19 presented that most of Tambons achieved progressive education level in 2007. This indicator denotes that 100% of 6-15 years old children are in compulsory schools, 100% of 3-5 years old children are in pre-primary school, and greater than 50% of villagers who missed compulsory school or standard education and received non-formal education training. Figure 6.19: Percentage of Villages Achieved Progressive Education Level by Tambons

% of vi l l ages achi eve pr ogr essi ve educat i on l evel

100%83% 92%

78%88%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

KhokChar oen

Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok SamaeSan

Tambon

Perc

enta

ge

系列 1

Sources: NRD-2C, 2007

6.3.6 Curriculum In 1999, the Department of Curriculum and Instruction Development (DCID) conducted a national quality assessment of education at the upper secondary level (Grade 12). Afterward, the quality assessment has showed that many schools still needed to improve teaching and learning in accordance with the 70% of core curriculum and the needs of learners and 30% of localities or institutions. About half of the teachers needed to improve their abilities to facilitate aspects of student-centered learning, and to search for knowledge, think analytically, conduct research, and create a body of knowledge. (ONEC, 2001b, pp.55-57). According to MOE report that there about 90% of students showed satisfactory results in Thai writing, many of them needed to improve their skills in chemistry, mathematics and English writing at 64%, 65% and 86%, respectively. (Ministry of Education, 1999, p.23). We interviewed an English teacher who teaches English for three schools every week; because these schools lack of enough English teacher. He has to teach English at Anu Bann

245

Khok Charoen school for 3 days, at Ban Ta Le Tong school for 1 day, and at Ban Din Daeng school for 1 day. Table 6.29: Schedule of English Teacher of Anu Bann Khok Charoen School

Source: Social group interview As interview presented, it’s difficult for students to study English because of limitation of teaching hours. Bangon Khanket is teaching English in three schools with grade 1 to grade 6. With regard to grade 1 to grade 3, there is one hour English class per week respectively; for grade 4 to grade 6, there are two hours per week per school. Therefore, lack of teaching and learning hours limited children interest in English learning. He believe that the quality of English learning could be improved if the number of learning hours increased from 1 hours to 3 hours; however, English teacher cannot stand such intensive workload.

Activities of the Schools Most schools try to do institutional developed curriculum in the proportion of 30% according to the Committee on Academic Quality Development. As table 29 presented that the Yang Rak Wittaya school make effort to connect indigenous knowledge with school curriculum. They encourage students to join community activities and to learn from life.

Overall Assessment of School Quality According to the National Education Act of B.E. 2542 (1999), there is a system of educational quality assurance including both internal and external quality assurance. All educational institutions have to receive external quality evaluation at least once every five years. Educational standards for external quality assessment of basic education institutions (Council of Ministers, January 2000) composed of 14 standards and 53 indicators that can be classified into 3 groups as follows: 1) Standards of Learners, consisting of 7 standards with 22 indicators, aim at physical, spiritual, intellectual and social development; 2) Standards of Process, consisting of 3 standards with 21 indicators, focus on administrative and teaching-learning processes; and 3) Standards of Inputs specify the characteristics or readiness of administrators, teachers and

Name of schools Working days per week

Anu bann Khok Charoen 3

Ban Ta Le Tong 1

Ban Din Daeng 1

246

the curriculum. They are composed of 4 standards, with 10 indicators. As we can see from the table 6.30, there are gaps in comparing academic achievements by schools, inequality existed in all subjects. The highest average score is 2.79 that achieved by the school Anu bann Khok Charoen. The lowest score is in school Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong at1.79. The lowest scores distributed in subjects of English, Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics. There are 25% of schools reached at progressive level, 75% of schools still need to be improved. Of six schools with lower secondary and upper secondary grades, only school Ban Khok Same San achieved level of good standard. Therefore, we can find that the quality of 83% of lower and upper secondary schools need to be improved which affect on the rate of continuation education to higher education. Table 6.30 : School Assessment by External Education in Khok Charoen District

No. Name of School Average Score Evaluation

1 Ban Yang Rak school 2.71 Progressive 2 Ban Nong Maka 2.43 Need to be improved 3 Ban Wang Ta In 2.29 Need to be improved 4 Ban Sa Paeng 2.36 Need to be improved 5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 2.57 Need to be improved 6 Ban Khao Rab 2.5 Need to be improved 7 Anu bann Khok Charoen 2.79 Progressive 8 Ban Ta Le Tong 2.43 Need to be improved 9 Ban Haey Saram 2.43 Need to be improved 10 Ban Din Daeng 2.14 Need to be improved 11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 2.36 Need to be improved 12 Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong 1.79 Need to be improved 13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 2.57 Progressive 14 Ban Khok Same San 2.71 Progressive 15 Khok Charoen wittaya school 2.29 Need to be improved 16 Yang Rak wittaya school 2.79 Need to be improved


Students Completion and Continuation to Higher Education As can be seen from table 6.31 (NRD-2C), the numbers of children who complete compulsory education and enroll into high school are lower. 4 of 12 villages achieved at progressive level in Khok Chaaroen, the data from other villages are not available (NA). In Yang Rak, 2 of 12 villages reach at progressive level. Only one village arrived at progressive level within 12 villages in Nong Makha. Data are not available at this indictor in 9 villages, Wang Thong. It’s better in Khok Samae San than other tambons that 6 of 8 villages reach at progressive level and 1 village is at backward level.

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One interview with three parents took place in Khok Samae San that there are two main reasons affecting lower rate of study of continuation. First, children cannot pass the entrance examination for high education because of quality of teaching and learning. The second reason is that poor households cannot afford the cost of high education at average of 4000 Baht per month per child. Table 6.31 Number of Villages Reached at Progressive Level of Studying Continuation Tambon Number of

villages Backward level Moderate level Progressive

level Khok Charoen 12 N/A N/A 4 Yang Rak 12 N/A N/A 2 Nong Makha 12 N/A N/A 1 Wang Thong 9 N/A N/A N/A Khok Samae San

8 1 N/A 6

Sources: Village Basic Information (NRD-2C), November 2007, Thailand

6.3.7 Case Study on Yang Rak Vittaya School

Background of Yang Rak Wittaya School Yang Rak Wittaya school is located in village Number 12 in Tambon Yang Rak. It was opened in 1989 and linked with its mother school, Khok Charoen Wittaya school. Initially, lack of classrooms led students had to study in the area of Wat Yang Rak under supported by Phakru Suwat Chan Ta Chote. The school was built and set out by the ministry of Education in January 13, 1993. It is a public school with supported by Ministry of Education, covers 6 grades from grade 7 to grade 12 and consist of lower and upper secondary schools. The total area is 40.75 Rai. Infrastructure There are 3 permanent building, 1 temporary building, 1 training building, 1 cafeteria, 4 houses for teachers and 1 house for janitor. All these buildings include 12 classrooms, 3 latrines, 2 computer rooms with 38 computers, 1 library, 1 science lab and 1 sound lab. The drinkable water cannot satisfy students and teachers needs during March, April, May and June. According modestly set targets in the National ICT for Education Master Plan for 2004-2006, as can be seen from table 6.32, the students-computer ratio is 8:1. Table 6.32: The Students-to-computer Ratio, Yang Rak Wittaya School

Number of students per PC

Levels and types of education

Number of students

Number of PCs

Targeted Actual use Yang Rak Wittaya School

271 27 1:54 1:10

Source: Yang Rak Wittaya School

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Service Areas The radius of Yang Rak Wittaya school service covers all villages from village 1 to village 12. Number of Students and Teachers There are 273 students register in school and 16 teachers in the academic year 2008. Table 6.33: Number of Students in Yang Rak Wittaya School by Gender and Grade Serial No.

Grade level

Male % Female % Total %

1 Grade 7

35 27% 31 22% 66 24%

2 Grade 8

23 18% 35 25% 58 21%

3 Grade 9

31 24% 16 11% 47 17%

Sub-total 89 68% 82 59% 171 63% 5 Grade

10 15 11% 29 21% 44

16% 6 Grade

11 15 11% 15 11% 30

11% 7 Grade

12 12 9% 14 10% 26

10% Sub-total 42 32% 58 41% 100 37% Total 131 100% 140 100% 271 100%

As Figure 6.20 presented, both boys and girls decreased from grade 7 to grade 12 in Yang Rak Wittaya school. Figure 6.20: The Changing of Numbers of Students by Gender and Grades

Tr end of number s of st udent s

35

2331

15 15 12

3135

16 29

15 14

010203040506070

Gr ade 7 Gr ade 8 Gr ade 9 Gr ade 10 Gr ade 11 Gr ade 12Gr ades

Numb

ers

of s

tude

nts

Femal eMal e

17 teachers are working in the fields of Thai, Math, Science, Social Religion and Culture, Health Education and Physical Education, Arts, Careers and Technology, Foreign Language, Learner Activities and other subjects. The ratio of students-teacher is 1: 16. However, this school is still not enough of teachers in physical subject and computer subject.

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Activities Yang Rak Wittaya school engage in three projects, Whit School Project, To be Number 1 Project and Buddlist School Project. Three factors limit Yang Rak Wittaya school’s development, one is lack of enough financial support to improve school’s infrastructure and necessary teaching and learning aids such as buildings’ maintenance, provision of computers, academic books and text books; another factor is the poor quality of teaching and learning. According to the external assessment, this school still needs to be improved in their quality. The last factor is the inefficient school management that weaken both teachers’ and students’ performance.

School Committee and Parent Association The roles and responsibilities of the school committee are important to support students’ school education. Some villages have weaving project, the project become part of localized curriculum that students drawing picture as design of weaving pattern. The village No. 8 in Wang Thong Tambon provides fund and lunch not only for poor students regularly, but also for vulnerable people in village. 6.3.8 Case Study of Village Development Fund Project in Supporting Students’ Study

The project Village Development Fund (VDF) is located in small village number 8 in

Wang Thong Tambon of Khok Charoen District of Lop Puri Province. It was

separated from a big village in 1990. The total population of village is 343 and it is

comprised of 83 households (HHs). Most of the people in the village are farmers in

terms of agriculture (upland crop production e.g. Sugarcane), wage labor and

livestock production.

The project initially in 1993, Saving Group was formed with the capital fund of

15,000 baht. Now they have total fund of 32,000 baht from 1993 to 2007. The

specific Objective is:

- To promote saving among the members

- To develop spirit of the members

• To be honest

• Not to be selfish

• Not to be involved in gambling

• Cooperative in group

The village fund is not only aims at financial interests, but also aims at the social

interests. The village committee is very pride that the return from The Village

Development Fund has been used for pension of old people, temple maintenance,

scholarship, lunch for poor students. They have supported 30 students with 400 Baht

for each student per year.

250

Education Loan and Scholarship The government provides larger subsidies for disadvantaged students in welfare education schools, students from low-income families, disabled students in schools for the disabled, and students in sports schools since “2003 Ministerial Regulations on the Educational Fund for the Disabled” (Education in Thailand 2005/2006, p 142).

Although Thai government offer free education twelve years for Thai citizen, it does not mean that there are no expenditure for their children. In particular, the students in secondary schools must afford food, books, learning materials, transportation, uniform and other equipment. As interview with the principal of Yang Rak Wittaya school, shown that most of villagers engage in agriculture with the average income around 25,000 – 30,000 Baht. Therefore, the less scholarship cannot meet students’ needs whose family’s income is lower. As table 6.34 shown, the proportion of scholarship in Yang Rak Wittaya school is at moderate level; it’s about 3% of students get scholarship, although the principal complain the less scholarship in the academic year 2008. Table 6.34: The Distribution of Scholarship in Khok Charoen District, 2008

Number of students

No. Name of School

No. of student obtained scholarship Boys Girls Total

1 Ban Yang Rak school 6 157 141 298 2 Ban Nong Maka 9 150 134 284 3 Ban Wang Ta In 11 163 140 303 4 Ban Sa Paeng 4 156 126 282 5 Ban Lam Chon Dan 1 44 43 87 6 Ban Khao Rab 2 58 73 131 7 Anu bann Khok Charoen 10 220 183 403 8 Ban Ta Le Tong 5 49 57 106 9 Ban Haey Saram 1 73 82 155 10 Ban Din Daeng 1 36 23 59 11 Ban Ram Pong Paed 3 34 32 66 12 Ban Bor Ta Kaen Tong 1 30 25 55 13 Ban Pu Ka Chad 2 66 64 130 14 Ban Khok Same San 17 218 216 434 Sub-total 73 1454 1339 2793

15 Khok Charoen wittaya school 5 290 362 652

16 Yang Rak wittaya school 10 145 148 293 Sub-total 15 435 510 945 Total 88 1889 1849 3738


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6.3.9 Problems ,Potentials and conclusion (Formal Education) The main problems and potentials are following in Khok Chorean district:

Problems - Short of classrooms (students-classroom ratio 1: 35) in Khok Charoen wittaya

upper secondary school - Although students-teacher ratio is lower than standard 1: 25, schools are still

inadequate English teachers, computer teachers and science teachers - 75% of schools quality is not attain at progressive level - Current scholarship cannot meet students’ needs - Low number of pupils to continue higher education Potentials - Both parents and teachers have high expectation on education reform - School leaders are willing to improve schools’ efficiency. - Parents’ high expectation on their children lead them to participate school

management and education reform - Qualified teacher team - Government loan program growing

Conclusion In general, almost children access to the basic education, in particular to the 9-year compulsory education in Khok Charoen district. Children under 6-year can access to pre-primary school care or education. School facilities and staffs are able to satisfy student’s basic needs. Government education policies and institutions provide stronger support for children’s development. There still have larger space to reform school curriculum, quality and efficiency within all 16 schools.

6.3.10 Non-Formal Education Non-formal education services’ targets include the early childhood population, school-age population who have missed formal schooling, and over-school-age population in Thailand. Its services scope cross children from birth to 6 years through early childhood development center (community-based for aged 3-6 years children), family-based early childhood and youth development organization (YDO). It also provides and service for illiterate adults. At national level, the illiterate rate is at 4% (Office of Education Council, Education in Thailand 2005/2006, P194). However, as the table 6.35 presented, the rate of illiteracy is lower at 0.03%.in Khok Chorean district.

252

Table 6.35: The Rate of Illiteracy by Tambons in 2007

Tambon Population at age 15-60 Number of people illiteracy

Rate of illiteracy

Khok Charooen 3763 1 0.01% Yang Rak 2509 0 0.00% Nong Makha 1421 0 0.00% Wang Thong 1300 0 0.00% Khok Samesan 1568 2 0.02% Total 10561 3 0.03%

Source: Lop Buri Educational Service Area Office 2, 2008 Its service covers the continuing education programs for those who have not competed formal education. They are qualified or certificated as same as those in the formal school system. Non-formal education includes technical, vocational education and training under the supervision of the Office of Vocational Education Commission, as well as the Office of the Non-formal Education Commission. Non-formal education office is located at Khok Charoen, that is an organization with vision that brings wisdom to society by providing and supporting with life-long learning knowledge to people worthily and thoroughly.

6.3.11 Organizational Structure As can be seen from below chart, there are three parts under director’s supervision at district level, the section of general administration, section of policy and planning and section of technology for teaching and learning. The mission of NFE, Khok Charoen district is that people have the opportunities to study in non-formal education thoroughly and worthily.

Director

General Administration

Policy and Planning

Technology for Teaching and Learning

-General Administration - Academic Affairs - Finance - Parcel - Venue - Personnel Administration - Public Relation - Special Education

- Educational Standards - Monitoring and Evaluation - Project Plan - Technology and Mass Media

- Basic Education - Occupational Development Education - Skill Development Education - Community and Social Development - E-learning - Standard and Evaluation - Innovative Development in Education - Cooperation and Promotion

253

Personnel in Non-formal Education Office There are seven staffs in non-formal education office, they are: one director, three teachers, two other staffs, one librarian. One librarian is not one of permanent staffs who make the contract only for one year. All staffs have to plan, implement, monitoring and evaluate programs and activities in the field of basic education, vocational and skill training, as well as information services in five Tambons.

The main responsibilities of non-formal education office in Khok Charoen are described as below:

- Support life-long knowledge to people those can learn from media and other learning sources;

- To provide learning opportunities to distributing learning sources, media, and IT technology to meet people’s needs;

- Provide knowledge and opportunities to those need to improved working skills and quality of life;

- To strength network in coordinating non-formal education activities for life-long learning.

- To promote community adapting indigenous knowledge and global knowledge. - To improve quality of non-formal education and management and ensure target

people to have moral knowledge and skills according to the loyal sufficient economy philosophy.

6.3.12 Program, Activities and Participation of People As for vocational and skill training program, NFE office has the service in the scope of Interest Group Training, Short-term Vocational Course, Vocational Certificate Curriculum, Occupational Certificate Curriculum, Public Library, Village Reading Centre and Community Learning Center. In the field of information service, NFE provide service with Education Radio and Television Program, National Science Centre for Education. There are seven staffs have to provide three major projects cover all Tambons with total budget 602,900 Baht, and 2,113 community people benefited from non-formal education service. Table 6.36: Non-formal Education Projects’ Plan and Budget, Khok Chaoren District, 2007

Output(persons)

No. Project Budget (Baht)

Target beneficiaries

Actual beneficiaries

Service receivers of non-formal education system Vocational development education 251,000 370 601 Short courses on the community education 47,200 70 70 The life skills development education 27,200 240 360 Public library and management 20,250 N/A N/A Books, activities and media 60,000 N/A N/A Public utilities 5,000 N/A N/A

1

Activities

254

Exhibition 30 30

Promotion of reading activities in the library 30 15

Mobile library N/A 10

Sub-total 410,650 740 1,086

Poverty Eradication project The sufficiency economy learning process management project 80,000 100

125 2

Sub-total 80,000 100 125

General grant Non-formal education 112,250

At primary level 80 88

At secondary level 400 335

At upper level 450 479

3

Total 602,900 1,770 2,113

Source: Non-formal education office, Khok Chorean, 2008

Community Learning Center and Public Library Each Tambon owns one community learning center(CLC). Khok charoen CLc locate on the village No. 5 with 111 learners registered, Yang Rak CLC located on village No. 3 with 93 learners registered, Nong Maka CLC located on village No. 1 with 83 learners registered, Whang Thang CLC located on village No. 4 with 62 learners registered, Samae San CLC located on village No. 4 with 83 learners registered respectively. As table 6.37 presented, there are total 14 working days each week with 5 teachers. Each teacher takes training courses at three level, i.e. primary, lower secondary and upper secondary level. The regular timetable of non-formal education training must conflict with farmer’s seasonal farming calendar.

255

Table 6.37: Community Learning Centers in Khok Charoen District Timetable Location of CLC Level of Education No. of

students Day Time

Primary education 0

Lower secondary education 42 Tuesday 09:00-12:00

Khok Charoen CLC located on village No. 5 with 111 learners registered

Upper secondary education 69 Wednesday 09:00-12:00

Primary education 13 Thursday 09:00-12:00

Lower secondary education 29 Thursday 13:00-16:00

Yang Rak CLC located on village No. 3 with 93 learners registered Upper secondary

education 51 Friday 09:00-12:00

Primary education 8 Tuesday 13:00-16:00


Nong Maka CLC located on village No. 1 with 83 learners registered Upper secondary

education 42 Wednesday 09:00-12:00



Whang Thang CLC located on village No. 4 with 62 learners registered

Upper secondary education 35 Wednesday 09:00-12:00


Lower secondary education 27 Sunday 13:00-16:00

Samae San CLC located on village No. 4 with 83 learners registered Upper secondary

education 46 Sunday 09:00-12:00

Total 432 14 working days per week 42 hours

Source: Non-formal education office, Khok Chorean, 2008 There is a library located in Khok Charoen district. Its open time is: 09:00-17:00 from Mon. to Friday. One librarian takes responsibility for library activities such as exhibition, promotion of reading activities and mobile library.

6.3.13 Vocational Training Vocational and skill training is one of three components in non-formal education system. Non-formal education office delivered 15 training courses with total 609 beneficiaries. The most popular course is ‘Herb Processing into Chemical Products’ that total 126 people benefited from it.

256

Table 6.38: Report Fiscal Year 2007: Education and Training to Improve Vocational Skills

Target trainees Actual Trainees

Serial No.

Fields of training

Curriculum Hours

Implemented Areas/time Male Female Total Male Female Total

Actual total %

Wang Tong 15

6

21

15

6

21 3% 1

Art and craft: recycled weaving

70

Nong Maka 1

19

20

1

19

20 3%

Khok Charoen

-

20

20

-

16

16 3% 2

Handicraft: funeral flowers making

30 Khok Same San

-

23

23

-

15

15 2%

Khok Same Sam 1

-

20

20

-

12

12 2%

Khok Same Sam 2

-

20

20

-

20

20 3% 3

Flowers making from lotus clothes

100

Khok Same Sam 3

-

20

20

-

20

20 3%

Khok Charoen

3

17

20

-

14

14

2% 4 Art and

craft 100

Wang Tang 1

19

20

1

19

20 3%

Khok Same Sam

5

16

21

1

5

6 1%

Wang Tong 1

3

17

20

3

17

20 3%

Wang Tong 2

-

20

20

-

20

20 3%

5 Art and craft 100

Khok Charoen

-

20

20

-

20

20 3%

6

Agriculture: Sufficiency economy practice for farmers

66

Wang Tong 6

10

16

6

10

16 3%

7

Art and craft: modern production

100

Nong Maka -

20

20

-

20

20 3%

Yang Rak 8

12

20

8

12

20 3% 8

Photo frames making

10 Khok Charoen

-

20

20

-

17

17 3%

257

Nong Maka 7

13

20

7

13

20 3%

9 Photo frames making

25

Wang Tong 2

22

24

2

22

24 4%

10 Chemical solution production

25 Nong Maka

1

19

20

1

19

20 3%

10 Nong Maka 16

16

32

16

16

32 5%

Yang Rak 1 23

9

32

23

9

32 5% 5

Yang Rak 2 1

24

25

1

24

25 4%

Yang Rak 1 -

21

21

-

20

20 3%

11

Herbs processing into chemical products

30

Yang Rak 2 -

17

17

-

17

17 3%

Yang Rak 1 21

15

36

21

15

36 6% 12

Bio-fertilizer production

12

Yang Rak 2 23

9

32

23

9

32 5%

13 Food cookies 10 Yang Rak

-

15

15

-

15

15 2%

14 Food caking 10 Yang Rak 1

24

25

1

24

25 4%

15 Clothes production 100 Khok

Charoen -

20

20

-

14

14 2%

Total 803 137

523

660

130

479

609

100%

Source: Non-formal education office, Khok Chorean, 2008 Of total 609 beneficiaries, 79% of trainees were women and 21% of them were men. Most of men selected two courses, Herbs Processing into Chemical Products and Bio-fertilizer Production. Therefore, women are positive participants in vocational training. We did not evaluate effectiveness and outcomes on courses delivered by non-formal education office because of limitation of time. However, according to registered number of the trainees, female and male trainees have significant difference on training needs. The information gathered from Provincial Skill Labor Development Center (interview) present that the most popular course in vocational training is Internet Technology. However, non-formal education office lack of facilitates and trainers to deliver IT course at district level.

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6.3.14 Problems, Potentials and Conclusion (non-formal education) Having triangulate information from focus groups, non-formal education office at district level and Skill Labor Development Center at provincial level, the main problems and potentials can be presented as following: Problems:

- Inadequate staff and budget to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate projects and activities

- The fixed training schedule conflict with farming calendar - Trainers play a role of teacher without well understanding of adult learning styles

rather than development facilitator. - Dropout is higher

Potentials: - Women actively participate in vocational training project - Ambitious team of non-formal education - Farmers interest in media program and information communication technology (ICT) for learning - Labor force office at provincial level provide adequate budget and facilities in vocational training

Conclusion Non-formal education office makes a great effort to attain their objectives of non-formal education. They developed a lot of curses to meet local farmer needs in line with community resources, yet we are not found out the evaluation report as to these courses. The staffs are ambitious to provide much more non-formal education service to communities; however, limited resources including insufficient budget, staff and trainer restrict non-formal education development in Khok Chorean district. Network building that can help non-formal education office to avoid scarce resources such as across sectors network and integrating with the Provincial Skill Labor Development Center for vocational training.

259

6.4. Institution 6.4.1 Thailand’s Administrative Structure According to Thai Administration Act 1991, It can divided the Thai government administration into three levels consists of central, regional, and local.

• Central Administration At this present, the executive branch of the central government is composed of 36 ministries, including the Office of the Prime Minister. On the regional level, the heads of provincial and district offices are officials that have been appointed by different ministries of the central government. The Ministry of Interior appoints staff members from its Department of Local Administration to act as provincial governors and as the heads of districts in 75 regional provinces.

• Regional Administration The administration of a province is comprised of an appointed governor and a number of provincial departments, which are field units of the central government. The district administration, a sub-level of the province, is administered by the “District Head, (or Thai people called nai amphor)” who is appointed by the Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior. A district administration roots down to the sub-district (Tambon) and village (Mooban) levels.

• Local Administration Local administration in Thailand its can classified into five forms: (i) Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs), (ii) Municipalities (MAs), (iii) Tambon Administrative Organization (TAOs) (iv) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), and (v) Pattaya City. Different forms of Local governments not only have different political and administrative structures, but also different sizes such as population, area sizes and etc..

Figure 6.21 the National and Local Government Structure in

260

Source: Project Management Office Public Sector Reform Project October 8, 2001 6.4.2 Local Government in Khok Charoen District Profile of Tambon Administration Organization (TAO) The structure of Tambon Administration Organization (TAO) governance is divided into two branches: The first one is the Tambon Council included two elected representatives from each village responsible for policy and development direction, and the second is Tambon Executive Committee, which consists of a chairperson and two TAO members selected by the TAO Council and appointed by the District Officer. The TAO Executive Committee is responsible for developing a tambon development plan and an annual budget, and to manage all tambon affairs. Both elected committees are in position for four years. The TAO staff members are classified as permanent local civil servants, and their salary is paid from the TAO’s budget expenditures. A TAO permanent secretary is a secretary of the TAO Executive Committee. The Organizational Structure of TAO

Tambon Administrative

Organization (TAO)

TAO Council

TAO MembersTAO Administrative Committee

Mayor

Administrative Office

Administrative sector Finance sector Mechanic sector

In each Tambon, It has TAO President or Nayok OrBorTor, which is chairs the executive council and members include the two of his vice-presidents. TAO council (TAC) meets regularly twice a year but not more than four times a year for regular meetings. It can ask for NaiamPhoe’s permission for irregular meetings if something beneficial or harmful abruptly comes up. The TAC task is primarily to deliberate and approve draft Tambon development plans regulations and budgets prepared by TEC. TEC is responsible or administering TAO activities and planning. TEC meets weekly. TEC works closely with TAO staffs that are in charge of day-to-day operations. TAO staff members are permanent local civil servants performing routine tasks whose salaries are paid from the TAO’s own budget. However, it is important to note that matters concerning human resources management such as a transferring post, promotion, or pay raised is oversaw by the Nai Amphore and his superior Provincial Governor. The internal division of the TAO civil servant’s office includes at least two sections. The office of the TAO secretary (“Palat OrBorTor”), others section, depending

261

on the size of the TAO, always includes financial and construction divisions but may also have divisions dealing with education, health care, tourism and so on. Figure 6.22: TAO Administrative Chart

Role and Responsibilities of TAO The TAOs’ legitimacy is in the local administration, but it has a small budget, lacks in personnel and capacities to develop themselves. According to the TAO working manual, there are two lines of one is as an initiator, the other as an implementer. The latter is donate and to carry out plans and projects designed by higher ties and government agencies. The former is to carry out functions and four optional items of work. The role and responsibility of TAO such as • The construction and maintenance of water and land transport infrastructure. • The management of public cleansing (roads, walkways, and public spaces) and the

disposal of waste. • The prevention and eradication of epidemic diseases The surveillance of public safety

The promotion of education, religion and culture • The promotion of the development of women, children, youth, elderly people and

people with disabilities • The protection and preservation of the environment and natural resources

Assignments from government agencies • The provision of water for consumption, utilities and agriculture

262

Human Resource of TAO Table 6.39: Human Resource of the Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO)

Tambom Groups Khok

Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha

Wang Tong

Khok Same San

Administrative Officers 4 4 4 4 4 TAOs member 24 24 23 16 16

Public Works Officers 3 2 2 2 2 Financial Officers 3 4 4 3 3

Permanent Officers NA 6 NA NA NA Temporary Officers NA NA NA NA 1

Total 34 40 33 25 26 Source: Tambon Administrative Organizations in Khok Charoen District Table 6.39 shows that the Human Resources of five Tambon Administrative Organization. Tambon Yang Rak has the most members of Tambon Administrative Organization. Whereas, Tambon Wang Tong has the lewest human resources than other TAOs. Revenues and Expenditure of TAO Head of financial officers in TAOs said that the revenues or income of five local governments can classified into 3 categories:

i. Taxes collected by local governments. Theses included two types consist of taxes and non-taxes collected by TAOs. For example, housing tax, land tax, signboard tax and slaughtering tax. Non –taxes compose of Fees, licenses, fines and Revenues from properties, public utilities and local government enterprises ii. Additions on central government taxes. By legislation local governments are entitled to collect an additional percentage on top of those tax categories collected by the central government. Two main categories of these taxes include: Value added tax (VAT), Specific business taxes, liquor tax, excise and gambling taxes. iii. Special Revenues consist of grants, loans and subsidies from the central government.

Table 6.40: Income and Expenditure by Tambon in Khok Charoen District, 2007 TAOs Income expenditure

Khok Charoen 15,273,023 13,075,661

Yang Rak N/A N/A

Nong Makha 7,693,120 8,945,545

Wang Tong 10,248,348 9,177,662

Khok Same San 14,812,005 7,033,691

Source: TAO 2007

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Table 6.41 : Local Revenues by Source of income in TAO, 2007

Source of income Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Tong Khok Same San

Taxes 9,451,405 N/A 120,648. 5,219,846 6,521,583 Fees,fines,and licenses

permits 324,759 N/A 35,728. 5,516 196

Income from its own Properties 119,518 N/A 71,410. 34,003 217,999

Income from services and facilities 0.00 N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00

State support budget- General grants- Special grants

5,348,521

0.00

N/A

4,051,235 3,305,199

3,437,115 1,539,555

3,799,768 4,258,423

Other 28,820 N/A 108,900 12,312 14,035 Total15,273,023 7,693,120.00 10,248,347 14,812,004

Source: TAO, 2007 Table 6.42 : Expenditure of TAO Expenditure assignment Khok

Charoen Yang Rak Nong

Makha Wang Tong Khok Same

San Routine expenditure 8,045,430 N/A 6,331,231 5,498,144 3,867,501 Salary and wage 885,466 N/A 913,724 751,336 1,059,190 Temporary wage 483,660 N/A 492,450 193,989 330,480 cost of materials 5,801,290 N/A 4,047,529 3,940,088 1,872,209 Infrastructure facilities 141,533 N/A 124,561 87,951 112,425. Support budget 257,900 N/A 452,766 423,594 182,500 General expenditure 450,580. N/A 0.0 101,185 305,697 Investment 5,030,231 N/A 2,614,314 3,679,518 3,166,189. Other 25,000 N/A 0.0 0.0 5,000 Total 13,075,661 N/A 14,976,575 14,675,805 10,901,191 Note: - Revenue collected by TAOs including the share taxes that collected by central government and Missing data from Tambon Yang Rak From table 6.42, we can see that TAO of Nong Makha has more expenditure than Income. Although these TAO have high income but mostly from the Government subsidy. All TAOs have limited and unstable revenue due to the nature of taxes that they collected. For example lack of investment from outsider investors, landless, community shops etc.

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6.4.3 Community Planning Process of Tambon The community planning of the five Tambon in Khok Charoen district had similar process, such as surveying and collecting the community information, analyzing and developing the community plans for village and Tambon level planning, and organizing. There are some differences in the process of the selection of core-leader participants, community planning at the community/village level, and data collection which have been done through meeting and barnstorming. The community planning in the five Tambons associated with key factors such as concept, skills, knowledge and understanding of process-based facilitator, the community leaders, and the participants, the existing management. These key factors lead to development of the project for community in each aspect such as focused on infrastructure project. Development Projects Table 6.43: List of Development Projects in Khok Charoen District

Development Projects Activity 1.Infrastructure Transportation Projects

The TAOs are responsible for this project in term of construct road, repair road such as construct concrete roads and narrow gravel roads

2. Public Service Projects The activity for the TAOs members is to coordinate with the village head in each village in order to bring the better delivery service and the better satisfaction in Public Service for people.

3. Occupation Support Projects

The main duty under this project is to support the community based group to achieve their activities of groups especially increases their income and standard of living. The TAO support and help the local group in term of the budget support, technical support and etc. For example, promoted the weaving groups and support rotation fund project for agricultural groups to investment and improve their income.

4. Education Development Projects

According to decentralization Act in Thailand led to transfer the responsibilities in the basic education for TAO. The activities for this projects is to support book, material, uniform ,milk and scholarship for student

5. Traditional, Culture and Sport Activities Project

The majority activity of five TAO under this project is promoting sport activities within Tambon and they have to procurement and maintenance of culture and traditional and promote sports, leisure and entertainment facilities

6. Quality of Life and Social development Project

For improvement the quality of life for their people the TAO set out the role and budget to help the elderly people and people with disabilities in community such as support money.

7.Natural resources and Environmental Project

The working of TAO in this project is to prevent the local natural resources and environment. And the TAO has to manage the public cleansing.

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Figure 6.23 : Development Project of TAOs

5%7%51%30%

0%7%

5%17%

8%

19%

48%

3%

3%

52%

6%14%

22%3%

Development Project of TAO in 2007D e ve l o p m e n t P ro je c t

e c o n o m ic

In fr a s t u rc t u re

e d u c a t i o n

C u lt u r e / S p o rt

S o c ia d e ve lo p m e n t l /p o l i t ic a lN a t u ra l a n d E n vir o n m e n t

5%7%51%30%

0%7%

5%17%

8%

19%

48%

3%

3%

52%

6%14%

22%3%

Development Project of TAO in 2007D e ve l o p m e n t P ro je c t

e c o n o m ic

In fr a s t u rc t u re

e d u c a t i o n

C u lt u r e / S p o rt

S o c ia d e ve lo p m e n t l /p o l i t ic a lN a t u ra l a n d E n vir o n m e n t

Source : Tambon Administrative Organizations Base on interviewed and secondary data shown the same TAO’s problem such as TAO has limited revenue collected by themselves. And the most development project of TAOs emphasised on constructed infrastructures in the community. It can state that almost TAO in Khok Charoen District less focused on the social development and improve the quality of life of their local citizens. The empirical evident from Community Planning in some Tambon shown the gap of organizational capacity how to created the economic and social project to solve the problems and needed of people. This is because most responsible TAO Member and Officer do not have sufficient knowledge and information on how to design such projects.

Nong Makha

Khok Charoen

Khok Same San

Wang Thong Yang Rak

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6.4.4 People Participation Table 6.44: Percentage of Local People’s Participation in Khok Charoen District

Source Basic Minimum Needs

No.of HHs Participation in each Tambon (%) Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Tong Khok Same San

Items

Target(%

Achievement (%)

Result

Achievement (%)

Result

Achievement (%)

Result

Achievement (%)

Result

Achievement (%)

Result

Household members participate in local groups/ institutions 95 96.3 Acheived 99.8 Acheived 69.8 Failed 100 Acheived 99.8 Acheived

Household members participate in term of share opinion 95 97.9 Acheived 100 Acheived 99.8 Acheived 100 Acheived 100 Acheived

Household members are participating in conservation nature resources and environment of community

90 99.3 Acheived 100 Acheived 100 Acheived 100 Acheived 100 Acheived

Household members participate in public activities 100 95.2 Acheived 95.3 Acheived 87.3 Acheived 94.1 Acheived 95.3 Acheived

267

99.8

95

100

95

100

90

95.3

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Indicator

Yang Rak

AchivementTarget

96.395

97.995

99.3

90

95.2

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

K ho k C ha ro e n

69.8

95

99 .8

95

100

9087 .3

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Non g M a k ha

100

95

100

95

100

9094.1

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Wang T ong

9 9 . 8

9 5

1 0 0

9 5

1 0 0

9 0

9 8 . 61 0 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

1 2 3 4

K h o k S a m e S a n

99.8

95

100

95

100

90

95.3

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Indicator

Yang Rak

AchivementTarget

96.395

97.995

99.3

90

95.2

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

K ho k C ha ro e n

69.8

95

99 .8

95

100

9087 .3

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Non g M a k ha

100

95

100

95

100

9094.1

100

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

Wang T ong

9 9 . 8

9 5

1 0 0

9 5

1 0 0

9 0

9 8 . 61 0 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

1 2 3 4

K h o k S a m e S a n

Indicators of BMN No.

household members are group members setting in the village Tamboon

1

household members involved the community particiaption

2

Household members participate in community benefits

3

Household Members participate in Public activities

4

Source: Basic Minimum Needs, 2007

Figure 6.24: People’s Participation in Social Activities by Five Tambon

§ From this map show that all Tambon are able to pass the target of the indicator No.2 and 3 (household members involved the community participation and Household members participate in community benefits)

§ For household members are group

members setting in the village Tambon, only Nong Maka can not pass the target. It is far to reach the target § It can state that all Tambon is not reach

to Household Member participate in Public activities

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6.4.5 Institutional support from line Ministry Table 6.45: Institutional support from Line Ministries in Khok Charoen District

Institutional support from Line Ministriy Institution Objective and strategies Activity Budgeting Achievements

Community Development Department (CDD)

- to gain effective results from project implementations, benefit target groups and ensure that target group is satisfied with the work of the CDD.

- To lead the community to the management system of IT system - To lead villagers in the community to better quality of life and happiness - To lead the community to maintain its economic stability and - To lead the community to risk management

Central government - provincial levels - district levels

- the community base group have been training, knowledge and technical support - Development in term of information systems for improved planning and management to the area and community in particular community base group

Social Development and Human Security Department

- Enhancing the efficiency of social development - process Developing security in life - Promoting the development of social capital

promote social development and create public equity and social justice. Its operation aim to encourage and develop quality of life, social security, family and communication institutes as well as other concerned functions as prescribed by the laws to be the duties and authority of MSDHS or agencies under the Ministry

Central government

Provincial Office of Labour Protection and welfare of Lopburi

• Promote and expand greater employment opportunities • Coordinate and promote capacity building and potentials development for labour with an aim to increase efficiency and productivity in preparation for free competition in the world at large. • Enhance the quality of life and social security for labour. • Develop labour management capability.

Focus on labour protection, occupational health and safety and working environment, labour relations, state enterprise labour relations, and labour welfare through the development of effective operation systems and procedures so as to expand greater opportunities for trade and business competition, and a better quality of life for workers.

Central government

Provide skill trainings that are relevant to labour market needs, and develop skilled labour.

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6.4.6 The Community Development Department (CDD) The CDD organization is very important institutional support for community-base group’s activities in this area. The whole process that they try to do it can seen in the figure 6.25 Figure 6.25: Community Development Department working

Team of development workers in Tambon level

Development workers

Projects/ community development activities1.Saving for productions2.Increases of the poverty problems solving project3.Community economic development group 4.OTOP

Project /activities

Goals


Development workers


Project /activities

Goals


Development workers


Project /activities

Goals

Source: Community Development Department and Interviewed from the CD workers Figure 6.26: Number of villages becoming sufficiency economy village Figure 6.27: Number of villages having Public Information Centre in Khok Charoen District Community Development Department (CDD) has established the Public Information Centre and the sufficiency economy village project in the village in each Tabmon. From the figure

6 67

4 4

01234567

KhokCharoen

Yang Rak NongMakha

WangThong

KhokSame San

suffeciency economy village implementation

No.of Village

87 7

5 5

0

1

23

45

67

8

KhokCharoen

Yang Rak NongMakha

WangThong

Khok SameSan

No.of village

270

6.27 depicts that Wang Thong and Khok Samae San receive the less number of sufficiency economy project and Public information Centre as compare to other tambons.. 6.4.7 Community-base Groups We classified into eight groups and exhibited in table 6.46 Table 6.46: List of Community Groups in Khok Charoen District by Tambon

Tambom Groups Khok

Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Tong Khok Same

San Total

1.Agricultural groups 4 4 5 3 3 19 2.Housewife agricultural

groups 11 11 12 8 8 50

3.Occupation groups 9 5 6 2 4 26 4.Village Development Fund

(VDF) 12 12 12 9 8 53

5.Funeral group 12 11 12 9 8 52 6.Youth groups 3 8 2 1 1 15

7.Saving Groups 12 12 12 9 8 53 8.Others(Community Shops) - - - - 1 1

Total 63 63 61 41 41 269 Source: Community Development Department, Agricultural office at Khok Charoen district and field survey Distribution of Type of Group • Agricultural groups are concluded: Fertilizer Composing groups, Cattle groups, Farmer

groups, Organic rice groups, Vegetable Organic groups • Housewife agricultural groups Occupation group such as handicraft Groups, Weaving groups, Thong Munan group • Village Development Fund (VDF) • Youth group – such as Youth agricultural groups • Saving Group- saving group for production • Other social groups consist of funeral group, elderly groups, Table 6.47: Finance group and the budget in five Tampons, 2007

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Finance group / Budget (Baht) Tambon

Total no. of village VDF Saving

group The Poverty

Solution Project

Total (Baht)

1.Khok Charoen 12 21,695,000 1,765,450 2,800,000 26,260,450

2.Yang Rak 12 22,400,000 1,369,170 2,520,000 26,289,170 3.Nong Makha 12 19,600,000 897,450 2,240,000 22,737,450 4.Wang Tong 9 16,598,000 890,106 1,960,000 19,448,106 5.Khok Same

San 8 14,574,000 1,054,055 2,240,000 17,868,055

Total 53 94,867,000 5,976,231 11,760,000 112,603,231 Source: Community Development Department at Khok Charoen District From this table show that the total budget in all Finace group is Tambon Khok Charoen and follow by Yang Rak, Nong Makha, Wang Tong and Khok Same San…Base on interview from some villagers and the key informants such as the village headman, the president of the Finance group; we found that the villagers in particular poor households less access to finance. At household level, microfinance already plays an important role in enabling villagers to invest in productive activity. The poor people find it particularly difficult to access such finance and loan from various resources. It can say that a number of innovative financial mechanisms that not only provide capital funds for medium and long-term development investment such as establishment strong community-base group. 6.4.8 Case studies A Case study on Weaving Group

Weaving Group Description Objective 1. To increase supplement income for the local people. Location/address This group located in village no. 5 Tambon Khok Same San, Khok Charoen

District Year of establishment/ Background

In 1994 set up group. The group was established because people can hardly make their ends meet. Therefore, they need another vocation to increase their supplement income. The first person started this idea is Ms. Saithong Klunchoy. During the pioneer period of time, there were only 10 members and this chairperson realized that local women have indigenous knowledge on how to weave that carried on from the migrants who migrated form the northeastern part of the country. After Ms. Saithong abandoned the responsibility, Kamnun Somsin came into active actions. She tried eagerly to promote the weaving products to the outside markets. Wherever she travels for seminars or official trips, she carried the products with her for promotion. Not only in the tambon Khok Same San. that Ms. Somsin plays an active role, but also she supports other weaving groups in terms of creations of new patterns as well as purchasing these products from the locals. During Ms. Somsin time, there are 30 members in the Khok Same San.

Number of members There are 10 members. After Ms. Somsin passed away, it is likely that the number of members will be decreased.

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Budget and Technical support

Grants are supported by TAO. Six weaving equipments are supported by House of representative member Chaowat Sudlapa. The CDD supported the training, new patterns and colors, and group management.

Group Activity There are meeting group one time per month and in the past they have saving activity in their group. Now, they are drop out because they said that it lack of leader who is stimulate the members to do this activity

Share and loan granted

Incomes are shared within the group members. Before Ms. Somsin passed away, each member receives 4000 – 4500 baht per month, but after that the amount was decreased to approximately 2000 baht.

Problems The major problems are lack of markets and middlemen. Middlemen purchased the products and sometimes brought the raw materials for them to produce. These members turned to be labors rather than entrepreneur as before.

Needs Markets are the most significant needs and also to guarantee minimum price for 400 baht per piece. They also need to participate in more trainings and study trips.

Saving group case study in Tambon Khok Charoen

Saving Group Description Objective - To enhance the saving capacity of the villagers.

- To enhance the willingness to help one another among the villagers. Location/ area It located in village no 4 inTambon Khok Charoen, district, Lop buri province Year of establishment The group was established in 2001. Number of members There are 64 members in the group. Financial status There are 352,600 baht in the savings account. Group Activity - To receive the savings money from the members 20 baht per month. The money

will be collected during the first to the third day of the month. - To lend the members money for vocational purposes. - To invest the money in various group activities regarding the market demonstration center and the community gasoline station. - To organize a meeting to monitor the work processes each month. - To collect the shares from interested members, 50 baht per share.

Networking - To connect the networks in the areas of investments within the community such as weaving group, mushrooms culture group or blankets sewing group. - Committee members will be trained in the Province and District which is supported by development workers in the community.

Shares and loans Every January, shares will be split among group members. The amount of shares depends on the amount of money members invested. However, the groups have already set up agreements on how to divide the shares. Twenty percent is divided to the committee members. Twenty percent is presented to those who invested more. Another twenty percent is shared to the group members. Ten percent is given to the group activities. Ten is provided for marginalized groups namely elders, AIDS infected patients and disabled people. Another ten percent is offered for scholarships. The rest goes to the groups savings.

Problems - The committee members of VDF and saving group are the same persons. The workload is too burdensome for them.

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- There are no banks in Khok Charoen District. The representatives have to travel to Muang Sri District to save the money in the Government Savings Bank.

Future Plan - To establish the community bank. - To invest the money in other groups in the community such as the occupational groups.

Village Development Funds Case Study on Village Development Funds village no.of 8 Tambon Wang Tong

Village Development Fund (VDF)

Description

Objective To help the members for capital investment and expand their business or occupation To serve as a rotation fund for the agricultural purposes.

Year of establishment In 2001, meeting and set out group working Number of members 56 members Criteria Before the local people enroll to become a member of the VDF, they have to

enroll to become a member of savings group first and have to pay for the 20 baht enter fee. They also have to support regular payment for the group every month. The members have to only reside in the village no less than 6 months. Only one member from one household can become a member.

Structure of VDF Now, they have nine committee members and they are divided into chairperson, vice chairperson, secretary, treasurer and other committee members. These members are elected by the group members. At present, there are 56 members in the group.

Process to get fund The first process is that the member has to fill out the VDF form and this form must contain clear objectives. Each member can borrow in the maximum rate of 20000 baht and have to pay interest 6% per year. They have to return their debt within November and can borrow again in November of next year. This is because the members can gain profits from the activities that they borrowed the money for agriculture. However, the result of borrow money It depends on the nine committee members to approve the loan after all members submitted the forms by considering from the members’ profiles such as returning debts on time and using the borrowed money in productive ways.

Financial status The VDF of this village has money around 1,200,000 Problems The president of this group said that the main problem is when the members are

borrow money is not enough In this part, we chose some community base groups as the case study to analyzed the main characteristics in group activities and operation of groups. The case study that we analyzed consists of Weaving Group (Tambon Khok Same San), Saving Group (Tabmbon Khok Charoen) and Village Development Fund (Tambon Wang Tong).

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6.4.9 Key analytical Issue (Case study on Weaving Group, Saving Group and Village Development Fund) Key Issue Weaving Group Saving Group Villge Development Fund Leadership The leader is one of the group members

who were selected by other members. The Chairperson in this group is also a leader in the village (village head)

The leader is effective in his roles and performance.

Members The number of the members is like to decrease because they see the lower benefits. Each household conduct the weaving activity at their own house, so it is no longer a form of group.

The people who are member in this group can be the member in the Village Development Fund.

There some member of household in village did not register in this group. In particular, the poor people in their village.

Participation . Meetings are not regularly held since Ms. Somsin has passed away. The participation and brain storming can rarely be seen.

All members have to participate in the meeting. The group members are not only involved in discussion but also help and participate in group activity

The participation level is high in ideas sharing and actively involve in the activities. Number of members has been increased. From the empirical data, it shows that in the monthly meeting, more than 80% of the members participate in the meeting

Decisions making

The group member has shared the idea and decision making. But sometime is depended on the Chairperson of group

The members have decided and thinking together. Moreover, the committee is respecting their member when they give the suggestion.

The group’s decision making is done by democratic system, through voting. In some issues that the committee members have to decide, they involve the group members’ decision.

6.4.10 Key Analytical (Case study on Weaving Group, Saving Group and Village Development Fund) Key Issue Weaving Group Saving Group Village Development Fund Benefits sharing

Profits depend on the production volumes. The middlemen give 200 baht per piece. When Ms. Somsin was there, they gained 400 baht per piece.

The amount of shares depends on the amount of money members invested. The groups have already set up agreements on how to divide the shares.

The profit is distributed among the members and some percentage goes to the group community as well.

Networking The network connections died and debts are There are the networks in the areas of The group is well connected with the other.

275

increasing. investments within the community such as weaving group, or blankets sewing group.

Especially, Saving group in their community.

Weaknesses Since competitions are getting stronger, the patterns and designs have to be more competitive. Local people still lack of training and creations to answer the market needs. Incapable of leadership in this group. - At present, the competitions are increasing. It is more difficult for them to sell their products in the market, so they have to depend on the middlemen. The group has not saved their own money in order to support themselves.

- The committee members of VDF and saving group are the same persons. The workload is too burdensome for them. But is not the major problem. - Insufficient of knowledge and skill to increase the profit and share the budget to investment. - The group committee members are the same

- The president of this group said that the main problem is when the members are borrow money is not enough to investment.

Strength - The existing local knowledge guides them to fast learning process and creates the clothes patterns to be unique. - They integrated new knowledge and local knowledge to create new patterns and designs to serve the market demands and the group got five star from OTOP which is confirm that they product have a good quality - Supports from other organizations in their area, budgeting, material supports from local organizations such as TAO, and technical supports from government and CDD - The national level established the policy related to OTOP product

- Committee members have been trained in the Province and District which is supported by development workers in the community development department. - organizing in term of meeting and monitoring for the work processes in each month. - the members high participate in the group activities - The leader has high experience to lunch the group activities although he has several roles and activities but it is linkage to organizing and it led to high experience to mange the groups. - Good networking with other community base group in their community

- Monthly meetings are held. The roles and functions are clearly defined. The monitoring processes are set up and the committee members discuss on various issues regularly. There are institutional supports from internal and external sides - Sharing with all its members, everybody knows about the income, expenditure and benefit. Moreover, benefit of group generates to social welfare activities in their community. - The group has strong leader and group committees

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6.4.12 Social Welfare and Issues Under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Office Welfare Promotion. And subsistence allowance from TAO to help the disadvantaged people group in community. Theses office has its function relating to protecting rights and promoting potential of various target groups. There are policy and strategy mechanism for developing security and quality of life of the target groups as well as supporting coordinating among Provincial government and local government. Table 6.48:detail of assitance provided to needy people

Order Person Disabilities HIV patient TAOs No. Received No. Received No. Received

Khok Charoen 562 550 - 72 1 1 Yang Rak 533 108 8 8 5 5 Nong Makha - - - - - - Wang Tong 286 222 42 26 1 1 Khok Same San 258 92 48 33 3 2 Total 1,6391,639 972972 170170 139139 1010 99999 6.4.13 Key Problems in Local Institutions in Khok Charoen District • TAOs have limited revenue collected by themselves and most of them depend on grants

and subsidies from the central government • Development project in TAOs have less emphasis on economic, social and environment

projects • Insufficient support from the local government in term of training such as management

skill, marketing skill, information skill and basic technical skill for the community base groups especially weaving groups

• Ineffective and insufficient coordination network between weaving groups • Incapable leaders in particular occupation groups such as the leaders of weaving groups • The middle-mans have more role and main purchaser production from community base

groups

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6.4.15 Summary of problems and potentials for the Social sector Problems of the sector Here are some of the problems identified after the analysis of data

• Inadequacy of teaching staff especially English, Computer and Science teacher

• 75% of schools quality is not attain at progressive level

• Inadequacy of health staff especially a doctor • Residence are suffering from nuisance in the district

• Digestive diseases are major disease in the district

• Limited revenue collection from taxes by TAO

• Lack of proper market channels for OTOP groups

• Lack of managerial and marketing skills

• low income generation by OTOP weaving group

• Incapable leadership in particular occupational groups like weaving • Limited subsistence allowance for elderly, disabled and disadvantaged groups

• Shortage of health staff especially a doctor • Unequal distribution of population leads to imbalance of general development within the

district. Potentials Some of the potential areas are hereby mentioned • Women actively participate in vocational training project • Farmers interest in media program and information communication technology (ICT) for

learning • Labor force office at provincial level provide adequate budget and facilities in vocational

training • High proportion of population at working group age • Average income of household members is not less than 20,000 Bath/person/year. • There is a good gender balance in the district. • There are good supporting policies not only national programs but also district programs

on poverty alleviation. • District is drug free and had few HIV cases • Population enjoy healthy life and life expectancy is 68 years • Good health infrastructure available • Free health for all

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CHAPTER VII PROJECT PROPOSALS

Project proposal 1 Title: Awareness Raising Project on Natural Resources and Environmental Problems 1.1. Objectives: • To increase awareness on natural resources and environmental problems among local

people • To educate local people regarding precaution measures to address natural resources and

environmental problems 1.2. Justification Khok Charoen district have limited availability of natural resources ranging from less fertile land, inadequate water for agriculture, and limited availability and variety of mines and mineral. The only abundant resource is the forest which is also degraded to highest degree. The situation is further worsened by the unsustainable interaction of people with these resources. Main reason for this unsustainable interaction is the lack of awareness among local people on environmental problems. It leads to many problems, the most important among all is the air pollution due to sugarcane burning which is planted on 18.54% of the total agricultural area of the district. Major impacts from sugarcane burning practice are air pollution, skin allergies (15.2% of the total visits in hospitals in the district are due to skin allergies), respiratory problems (26.5% of the total visits in hospitals in the district are due to respiratory diseases), irritation, drinking water contamination by fly ash, disturbance of domestic and business operations and often leads conflicts among the villagers. In similar manner, the lack of awareness on soil conservation measures is causing soil erosion (19 out of 53 villages and their vicinities areas have soil erosion problem) and loss of topsoil which furthers the problem of poor soil quality. The poor soil quality is forcing farmers to rely on the extensive use of chemical fertilizer which causes environmental degradation. Given the above situation, an Awareness Raising Project on Natural Resources and Environmental Problems is proposed. The project will attempt to address the above problems through its various interventions; like public awareness campaigns through promotional materials distribution, mass gatherings in all villages and near by school areas, awareness messages on local radios, street dramas. The awareness campaigns will focus on replacement techniques of sugarcane burning, impacts of sugarcane burning, and prevention measures. Similarly, soil problem will also be addressed for creating awareness among the local people and enhancing their capacity through various trainings to cope with this problem. In this way, the project activities, on one hand will create awareness among them which will sensitize them about the problems associated with natural resources and environment and on other hand will provide them the knowledge to deal with these problems and issues. 1.3 Target Groups and Area The lack of awareness on environmental problems is the major problem of the district so all five TAOs and 53 village councils will be covered by the project. But in order to emphasize the project activities on problematic areas and among the severely affected groups, the major targets group of the project will be 5189 agricultural households in the district. The tambon wise breakup is given in table 1.In order to ensure the sustainability of the project, the project will develop ownership among the local people on the project so the project will mobilize 57 farmer groups with 2673 members for the implementation of the project. Similarly, all the

279

secondary level schools in the project area will also be the target for project intervention for environmental awareness. The students of the scholls will be sensitized about environment problems in their fast learning capacity which will have positive implications in long-term. Table 1.1: Tambon wise distribution of agricultural households

Tambon Number of Agricultural Households

Khok Charoen 1,394

Yang Rak 1,634

Nong Makha 925

Khok Samae San 649

Wang Tong 578

Total 5189 Source: Agriculture Land District Office, 2007 The soil conservation awareness will be implemented in 4 tambons of the district except Tambon Khok Charoen. In total there are 19 villages in the district which have soil erosion problem. These village number which are in bold have relatively severe problem. These villages are

1. Tambon Yang Rak 7 out of 12 villages (1,4,6,7,8,10,11) 2. Nong Makha 5 out of 12 villages (3,4,5,6,9) 3. Wang Thong 3 out of 9 villages (7,8,9) and 4. Khok Samae San 4 out of 8 villages (1,5,7,8)

The target groups for soil related interventions will be the agricultural households and farmer groups. 1.4 Project Description/Formulation 1.4.1 Activities

a. Preparatory meetings with concerned organizations b. Farmers groups identification and consultations c. Promotional materials (like posters, pamphlets, leaflets) publications, reprinting and

distribution d. Mass meetings in all villages e. Street Dramas in villages and schools

1.4.2 Awareness Raising on Soil Awareness Raising

a. Village gatherings especially in specific villages b. Promotional materials publications, reprinting and distribution c. Need assessment for trainings d. Trainings

• Trainings on Vetiver grass plantation and maintenance • Training on terrace development

e. Tree plantation on Kings and Queens birth day f. Exposure trips

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g. Monitoring and Evaluation Table 1.2: Activities Implementation Schedule

Year 1 Year 2 Activities Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Awareness Raising Activities on Environmental Problems

a. Preparatory meetings with concerned organizations b. Farmers groups identification and consultations c. Promotional materials publications, reprinting and

distribution e. Mass meetings in all villages f. Street Dramas a in villages and schools

Awareness Raising on Soil Conservation Measures a. Village gatherings especially in specific villages b. Promotional materials publications, reprinting and

distribution c. Need assessment for trainings d. Trainings

1. Trainings on Vetiver grass plantation and maintenance

2. Training on terrace development e. Tree plantation on Kings and Queens birth day f. Exposure trips

Monitoring and Evaluation

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1.5. Stakeholders 1.5.1. Primary Stakeholders All the local people from all five tambons and all five tambon Administrative organizations will be the primary stakeholders since they will be directly involved in the implementation of the project. 1.5.2 Secondary Stakeholders

1. Provincial Natural Resources and Environment Office 2. Provincial Land Development Office 3. District Agricultural Office

1.5.3 Project Duration: The project will be implemented over the period of 2 years starting from January 2009 and ending in December 2010. 1.5.4 Project Responsibilities The project will work through 57 farmers groups with 2673 members. The 5189 households will be the major targets. In case of soil conservation activities, soil doctors available in all tambons and all villages will be used to train the villagers. The TAO will be responsible for monitoring & evaluation of the project activities and impacts thereafter. The TAO will also be responsible for facilitation of project implementation while farmer groups members will be responsible for actual implementation of the project. \ 1.5.5. Implementation Procedures

• Preparatory meetings with concerned organizations • Group identification • Need assessment for trainings • Recruitment of trainers • Implementation of the activities • Monitoring and evaluation

1.6. Expected Benefits The implementation of the project is going to deliver following benefits:

1. Increased environmental awareness among the local people 2. Increased awareness on soil conservation measures especially among the farmers engaged in agricultural farming 3. Attitudinal change among the local people with special focus on school children and local farmers

1.7. Feasibility/Appraisal 1.7.1. Social: The project is socially acceptable since the existing farmers groups will be mobilized for the implementation of the project by this the project. It is assumed that these farmers will own the project because as per BMN 2007, significant sense of public participation exists in the community in all Tambon and people have tendency to involve and strive for the sake of mutual benefits so all attempts for collective benefits within the village are likely to get full response from the community. 1.7.2. Economical: Economically the project seems feasible. Since it is in line with the long-term strategies and objectives of different provincial and local government authorities, it will be mostly using

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resources available with these governmental organizations. Therefore, the project will not need huge financial contribution for its implementation. In addition, major focus of the project is to create awareness among the people it does not require huge fund for its implementation. Furthermore, in line with provincial level strategies, tambon level plans have also adequately addressed the importance of natural resources and environmental awareness programs, so the project will complement governments programs. 1.7.3. Environmental: The project is environmentally sound. It is going to contribute significantly in reducing the severity of problems associated with natural resources and environment by increased awareness raising among the local people. Therefore the project will not create any environmental problems rather it will improve the environmental condition of the project area. 1.8. Institutional Mechanisms Institutions existing at four tiers will be involved in the project implementation. TAO is the primary stakeholder of the project and will be responsible for administration, arranging and providing human resources and monitoring & evaluation of the project. Local people in general and farmers groups in particular, with the help from TAO will be implementing the project. At district, level District Agricultural Office will provide technical support needed in the project. At the provincial level, two institutions namely; (i) Natural Resources and Environmental Office and (ii) Land Development Office will be providing financial and technical support for smooth implementation of the project. Table 3: Distribution of responsibilities among the stakeholders

Institutions Responsibilities Provincial Level Natural Resources and Environment Office Financial and technical Land Development Office Financial, technical District Level District Agricultural Office Technical Tambon Level TAOs administrative, implementation, human

resource and technical support Village Level Farmers Groups Implementation of the project

Project Proposal 2 2.1. Title: Promoting Community Forestry in Tambon Wangthong 2.2. Objectives: • To plant trees as alternative sources of livelihoods for local communities in providing

additional income and food. • To strengthen community participation and to create a sense ownership in managing and

conserving forest resources 2.3. Justification Almost all local communities in Tambon Wangthong were settled in Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-Palamnarai National Reserved Forest. Currently the forest resources have become degraded due to extensive utilization by local communities mainly for settlements and household construction purposes. Forest resources turn to be scarce while local demand is increasing. Also, limited diversifications of sources of income are also perceived. In

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addition, environmental conditions in the communities somewhat vary due to lack of trees to keep balanced of temperature and humidity resulting in unlivable local rural communities. Community forestry in Tambon Yangrak has proved quite successful in terms of providing additional sources of food and livelihoods; it is therefore reasonable to extend to other Tambons in Khok Charoen District. In this regard, Tambon Wang Thong is fit for being the next community forestry site so that it could address threats on forest resources degradation. To revive tree cover in the communities, it is thus necessary to strengthen both forest management and reforestation activities. This is also coincided with national forest policy in expanding more community forestry both in public land and in communities’ nation-wide so that local people can have alternative sources of food and livelihoods. 2.4. Target Group/Area The project will be implemented in Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-Palamnarai National Reserved Forest where Tambon Wangthong is situated. It covers 75.3 square Kilometers or 47,062 Rais consisting of 9 Villages with 862 households. 2.5. Project Description/Formulation The project involves planting trees in the communities. This is to be coordinated by either Kamnan or Chairman of Tambon Wangthong Tambon Administration Organization. A committee on community forestry will be set up employ existing mechanism of Tambon Council. The project is to be supported financial assistance by Office of Natural Resources and Environment, Lopburi Province. The project will cover key activities as follows:

Step 1: Group formation There will be a forum to discuss on possible initiative in promoting community forestry in Tambon Wang Thong. The participants will be representatives of respective villages in Tambon Council. Step 2: Division of Responsibilities Selection of Chair of Tambon Wang Thong community forestry, committee members and secretary will be undertaken. Kamnan of Tambon Yangrak will be nominated ass adviser to Tambon Wangthong community forestry committee. Step 3: Conduct needs assessment on required necessary trainings to support the implementation of Tambon Wang Thong community forestry. There will a discussion forum among committee members and stakeholders in identifying the needs for necessary trainings in order to provide some useful knowledge on managing community forestry. Trainings will be arranged into 2 target groups. These are (1) for a committee of community forestry and (2) for general stakeholders/local villagers. The key training topics could be drawn as follows:

1) For a Committee of Community Forestry

Topic of Training Place Duration Trainer 1.Roles and advantages of community forestry

Tambon Wang Thong Administration Oranization Office

2 Hours A guest speaker from Natural Resources and Environment Office, Lopburi Province

2. Forest ecosystem and forest species management

Tambon Wang Thong Administration Organization Office


3.Public participation in community forestry management



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4.Monitoring and evaluation of community forestry



2) For General Stakeholders/Local Villagers

Topic of Training Place Duration Trainer 1.Roles and advantages of community forestry



2. Forest ecosystem and forest species management



3. Monitoring and evaluation of community forestry



4. Mutual agreements, voluntary rules and regulations for managing community forestry.



Exposure trips will be arranged to both groups to visit best practices of Khao Rao Tien Thong Community Forestry in King Amphor Nengkham, Chainart Province and in Tambon Yangrak. Potential markets of community forestry products e.g. Eucalyptus, bamboo and other products will be explored. Step 4: Setting up of mutual agreements, voluntary rules and regulations for managing community forestry. This also includes timing for opening and closing of community forestry according to the ecological growth of bamboo, methods and instruments to harvest bamboo. Specific regulations on harvesting bamboo shoot, forest vegetables and spices will be agreed upon. Step 5: Implementation Schedule The project will last for 5 years. The implementation schedules are as follows:

Time frame Activities 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1.Group formation 2.Division of Responsibilities 3. Conduct needs assessment on required necessary trainings to support the implementation of Tambon Wang Thong community forestry. 4.Setting up of mutual agreements, voluntary rules and regulations for managing community forestry

July

July

August

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5.Providing quality seedlings e.g. Eucalyptus and bamboo at certain amount of seedlings per household. 6. Planting trees

• Plant Eucalyptus trees in the field.

• Plant bamboo at every household including promoting bamboo as cash crop.

• Plant edible trees along canals and reservoirs and in degraded reserved forest. And plants trees along road side.

• Plant trees at schools, temples and government offices in order to increase greenery.

• Jointly plant trees during special occasions of King and Queen’s Birthdays.

February

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

7.Annually replant the dead trees during rainy season

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

May-October

8 Jointly create forest fire protection alignment

January- April

January- April

January- April

January- April

January- April

9. Harvesting of Eucalyptus

The number of trees to be planted will be calculated based on quantity per square kilometer. The appropriate time for planting trees is early of May or beginning of rainy season as it will help sustain high survival rate of the trees. This can be done on a 5 years continuous basis so that the grown trees can be cut and sold. Then local villagers must return the cost of seedling at a set level to community forestry fund. Step 6: Monitoring and evaluation of community forestry This can be done on an annual basis in order to strengthen participatory community forestry management. This will also be a forum to get feed backs on community experiences on managing community forestry from local villagers. In addition, it can help to adjust some agreed measures to better improve community forestry management as well as providing statistics of yield harvested and economic benefits gained, if any.

2.6. Expected Results By implementing the project, it can bring about expected results as follows:

• Local communities have access to bamboo and forest vegetable and other products for food.

• Generate supplementary occupation by selling bamboo shoot and seedling. • Local communities have access to edible trees • Increase community income by selling Eucalyptus trees sellable every 5 year with

productivity at 10 Ton/Rai (12,000 Baht/Ton) and contribute some income to Tambon Wangthong Community Forestry Fund.

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• Increase forest area along roadside in the community and enhancing greater pleasant surroundings.

• Being a living laboratory for primary and secondary educations in their own local communities.

2.7. Duration The project will be implemented for 6 years starting from 2008-2013. Upon completion, it will be handed over to Tambon Wangthong Community, and funding source for planting tree will be getting from Tambon Wangthong Community Forestry Fund. 2.8. Feasibility/Appraisal Feasibilities are viable in some aspects as follows:

2.8.1 Economic aspect. Seed fund for running the project could be secured from provincial level through Natural Resources and Environment Office. 2.8.2 Social aspect. Tambon Wang thong has strong social cohesion in order to support participatory community forestry management. 2.8.3 Environmental aspect. The project is environmentally friendly which all people in the communities wish to get benefits in terms of alternative source of food, clean air and pleasant environment. 2.8.4 Institutional aspect. Strong local network is existed which can help facilitate smooth implementation of the community forestry project in Tambon Wang Thong.

2.9. Responsible Agencies/ Institutions at Various Levels • The executing agency is Tambon Wang Thong Administration Orgainzation. • Technical and financial assistance is to be requested from Department of Forestry

through Natural Resources and Environment Office, Lopburi Province. • Facilitating assistance is to be requested from Chief of Khok Charoen District

Project Proposal 3 Title: Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre Strengthening Project 3.1 Background

• Agriculture as a major occupation of majority households

• Sugarcane, paddy, cassava and sunflower are the major agricultural crops

• Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre is the one where farmers discuss their problems and solutions

• District Agriculture Development Office operating at district level and it has its

extension offices at Tambon level which is responsible to provide technical services to the farmers of the respective location

• Inadequate number of technical staff causing inefficient service delivery at local level

3.2 Objectives

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The main objective is to increase income of the farmers by providing technical services through strengthening Agricultural Technology Transfer Centre 3.3 Rationale/Justification

• Ineffective service delivery (1 extension worker equally to 1334 farmers) but higher number of farmers involve in agriculture occupation

• Only one place where farmers and extension workers meet each other, farmers can discuss on their problems and solution

• Source of information (District Agriculture Development Office) • Strengthening this centre can assure effective delivery of technical services

3.4 Target Groups/Beneficiary and Coverage Primary target groups: Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre of 5 Tambons Secondary target groups: leader farmers and farmers of the respective Tambons 3.5 Outputs 3.5.1 Output-1: Agriculture and Livestock Community Technician developed Activities

1. Selection of leader farmers 2. Train to lead farmers on improved farming practices 3. Train to lead farmers on general livestock management and veterinary practices 4. Refresher training on agriculture farming and livestock

3.5.2 Output-2: Management capacity of the centre strengthened Activities

1. Organizational assessment 2. Prepare long term capacity building plan 3. Training on Leadership skills development

3.6. Project management and implementation/ Responsible agencies/institutions at various levels Implementing agency: District Agriculture Development Office Coordinating agencies: Village level: Farmers groups Village Development Fund Tambon level: Tambon Administrative Organization District Level: District Administrative Organization Agriculture Cooperative BAAC Agriculture Research and Extension Centre National level: Training Centers Research and Extension Institute

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3.7 Project duration: 1.5 Year Project Proposal 4 Title: Enhancement of Area under Cassava Cultivation 4.1 Objectives The main objective is to increase the income level of farmers through promoting cassava cultivation. Specific objectives are:

• To impart technical skills on managing proper crop rotation • To impart skills on improved cassava cultivation practices • To improve/maintain the soil fertility through proper crop rotation

4.2 Justification

1. In district “Khok Charoen” the area under cassava cultivation was 27221 Rai as on 31st December 2007 and area under sugarcane cultivation was 57257 Rai as on 31st December 2007. There is a great difference between covered areas of both major crops. Both crops are upland crops and annual crops. More interestingly both crops are appropriate to be cultivated under same conditions (climate, soil structure etc).

2. Benefit-cost ratio of cassava (2.06) is higher than sugar cane (1.37). 3. Sugarcane is exhaustive crop but cassava is not exhaustive crop. Sugarcane utilizes

more soil nutrients and water than cassava that is why it becomes necessary to cultivate any leguminous crop (peas, beans etc. for catalyzing nitrogen fixation) in place of sugarcane if sugarcane is being cultivated in the same field for consecutive two years. It shows that after two years, production of sugarcane comes down from the same field. Moreover fertilizer/manure requirement of sugarcane is more than cassava. As per analysis cost of fertilizer for sugarcane is 650 Baht/Rai but for cassava it is just 150 Baht. Similarly irrigation efficiency for sugarcane is from 12 to 14 through its life cycle but for cassava it is 8 to 10.

4. More labour is required for sugarcane cultivation and harvesting as compared to cassava. As per analysis labour cost of sugarcane is 1500 Baht/ Rai and for cassava labour cost is 245 Baht/ Rai. Timely availability of labour is also a problem for sugarcane.

5. Before harvesting sugarcane field is burnt which is adding pollution to the environment. More seriously human and animal health is being joggled by this burning practice. Burning process also demolishes the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the surface of soil.

6. A variety of products can be attained from cassava e.g. cassava power, animal feed, ethanol, bio-fuel etc. but from sugarcane sugar is the only major product.

7. Substitution of cassava with sugar cane would increase overall income of the farmers and it would lessen their risks and costs.

8. The soil fertility may be retained in a sustainable way if cassava replaces sugarcane otherwise cultivation of leguminous crops is inevitable.

4.3 Target Area and Target Group

• All upland sugarcane growers (farmers) who have sufficient land holding and can exhibit trade-off between sugarcane and cassava on some of the feasible area.

• All five tambons are target areas because all tambons are having majestic part of upland area so project can be practiced in all five tambons.

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4.4 Activities:

1. Selection of upland farmers who have sufficient land holding. 2. Formation of farmers’ groups if currently not existing 3. Training and guidance to the farmers regarding cropping pattern (especially crop

rotation from sugarcane to cassava). 4. Refresher training for farmers regarding cultivation, field operations, harvesting, post-

harvesting practices and marketing of cassava. 5. Technical backstopping from the agriculture technician

4.5 Project management and implementation/ Responsible agencies/institutions at various levels

4.5.1 Implementing agency: District Agriculture Development Office 4.5.2Coordinating agencies: 1-Village level:

• Farmers groups

2-Tambon level: • Tambon Administrative Organization

3-District Level: • Agriculture Cooperative • Agriculture Research and Extension Centre

Project Coordination Committee will be formed at district level by involving concerned stakeholders. 4.6 Project duration: 3 Year 4.7 Expected Benefits from the Project

1. A significant increase in agriculture income of farmers 2. Sustainable soil fertility

4.8 Monitoring and evaluation Project Coordination Committee will be responsible to monitor project activities.

Project Proposal 5

Title: Cooperative weaving centre 5.1 Objective § To encourage weaving groups in Khok Chareon district to cooperate, share experience

and facilitate each other in the production and marketing processes of local weaving products.

§ To promote and preserve the indigenous weaving skills in Khok Chareon district. § To encourage local community to effectively utilize weaving activities to increase

their income, either as a primary or secondary form of employment.

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§ To provide framework for people participating in weaving activities to facilitate each other financially as well as forming a bloc for attracting funds from relevant local administration.

§ To provide a marketing channel for weaving and other OTOP products. 5.2 Justification Based on our analysis, the strength of Khok Chareon in the non-agricultural sector lies in its weaving products, whether in terms of quality, the proportion of the population already involved in this activity and the indigenous knowledge and skills that the people of Khok Chareon possess in this area. However, due to a number of problems and constraints exist in the area, this potential has not been most effectively utilized and consequently its benefits have not been distributed among the local population. The aim of this proposal is to attempt to tackle these problems and provide the local people with incentive to continue this activity in order to raise their income as well as preserving the tradition and knowledge of weaving within the area. The first major problem in the area is that there is generally a lack of marketing channel for weaving products and well as other OTOPs and home-made products. In fact, there is low recognition of Khok Chareon brand of weaving products even though the products are of very high quality. From the interviews of key informants, we have found that the majority of weaving groups relies on middlemen purchasing their products (e.g. all villages in Tambon Wang Thong) and many of them are also dependant on the same middlemen providing them with raw materials (e.g. village number 5 in Tambon Khok Samae San). In addition, there is a lack of collaboration among weaving groups, meaning that there is no learning process that can be pass on to different groups performing similar activities. Besides, the segregation between groups has meant that weaving products (which are produced in all Tambons) cannot achieve economy of scale and the lack of market power provides an obstacle for the groups to reduce their operating cost through bulk buying of raw materials. Another major problem is that there is lack of capital for investment. This is due to the unavailability of collateral and that there is limited support from local administrations. In the case where financial supports are provided, the local people also lack organization and management skills of their financial resources. A cooperative weaving centre at district can provide a framework to tackle the various problems as mentioned. 5.3 Target Group/Area This project is to be implemented at district level and it is open to all people Khok Chareon district interested in weaving activities. The rationale for this is that there are at least 400 people in the whole of Khok Chareon district who are involved in weaving activity; thus they should all be given an opportunity to work together. However, the inclusion of various weaving groups should be done in a number of phrases as it is clearly practical for all 400 people to cooperate together in a mutual enterprise for the first time. To tackle this, the cooperative should begin in Tambon Khok Chareon where weaving activity is most prominent and later include contribution from other groups. 5.4 Project description/formulation A cooperative is a user-owned, user-controlled business that distributes benefits on the basis of use. This implies that members are to help finance the cooperative by providing at least some of the cooperative’s capital as this will create joint ownership of the organization. The members are also expected to run the business together; directly by voting on significant and long-term business decisions and indirectly through their representatives on the board of directors. Members should share the benefits, costs and risks of doing business in equal

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proportion to their patronage. This provides a fair and transparent basis from an operational standpoint. Formally, weaving cooperative group should be set up in the form of ‘service cooperative’. Forming a service cooperative can be done by those undertaking the same occupation or by those with the same needs such as provision of electricity and water supply. The roles of a service cooperative are shown as follow: § Operating a business enterprise. § Supply of equipments and other necessities for providing such services § Provision of loan and saving accounts § Sale of various commodities to members § Assist members in legal procedures § Support in social welfare for members and their family § Cooperate with various administrative organizations for promotion of the

cooperative. 5.5 Procedures to forming a cooperative group § Coordination. A group interested in forming a cooperative needs to coordinate with

an official from Provincial Cooperative Promotion Department (CPD), whereby a training on cooperative will be given for at least 6 hours.

§ Meeting among those interested in becoming members of the cooperative. This involves an election of representatives for forming the cooperative of at least 10 persons who will be responsible in registering the cooperative. It also includes nomination of at least 3 names to be given to the cooperative in order of preference.

§ Reserving name for the cooperative. The representatives need to reserve the name for their cooperative via the CPD website and wait for the name verification process.

§ Meeting among cooperative’s representatives. Here the representatives need to choose the type of the cooperative and identify the objectives in its establishment. They also need to formulate business and activity plan of the cooperative and create an annex of the people who are interested in becoming members. In addition, they need to formulate by-regulations for the cooperative.

§ Meeting among those who will become cooperative’s members. The members need to acknowledge and agree to the cooperative’s name and its objectives. The members will also have to assist in the modification of the business and activity plan as well as the by-regulation which were formulated by the group’s representatives.

§ Registration of the cooperative. This process involves submitting all the relating documents to the Provincial CPD who will then verify the documents and pass them on to the registrar.

5.6 Specific activities § Training centre, members can use the cooperative as a centre for training and skill

development so that the weaving products can be of the standard required by the market. It should be noted that training programs are already provided by the non-formal education office, it may be viable to channel these trainings into a more centralized manner at the cooperative centre. In addition, it may be necessary to provide training to promote a culture of entrepreneurship within the group. Practically, a first enterprise development may fail and so may a second, but a subsequent venture will have more chance to succeed if the entrepreneurial spirit endures. Thus, the belief behind this training manual is that good business people create good businesses. One advantage is that it is already a policy of the CPD to

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provide such training and thus the cooperative’s representatives can applied for such activity on an annual basis.

§ Bulk purchasing of raw materials can be made by the cooperative as to be able to obtain the necessary input materials required in the weaving process at a minimum cost. The raw materials can then be sold to members at cost price in order to maximize their income.

§ Loan can be provided by the cooperative to the members at a low interest rate, solely for the purchase of raw materials and the necessary machines. Since the raw materials are to be purchased by the cooperative, the loaned capital would remain circulated within the group.

§ Marketing channel. In setting up a viable business for the cooperative, identification of markets is a necessary step. One possible solution is to convert existing weaving site such as that in village no. 4 of Tambon Khok Chareon into a demonstration centre where all the buying process of local weaving products will take place. This will reduce the role of middlemen who have previously approached various weaving groups directly. This demonstration centre is also a potential for cultural tourism as vocational trainings can be organized for interested tourists. In addition, it may be viable to approach a retailing house in Bangkok or other provinces by promoting the concept of ‘fair trade’ whereby the retail house would gain public image from the concept of ‘corporate social responsibility’. If successfully implemented, the retailing house can help the weavers from Khok Chareon directly by placing orders with them for their goods and also indirectly, by lending credibility to their work. The training should also be conducted with this goal in mind so that the orders placed by the retailing house to become a mainstay.

§ Family welfare. Apart from purely economic pre-occupation, the cooperative should at some stage provide health check-ups, eye care and such. It should also encourage its members to save some portion of their earnings.

5.7 Expected Benefits

5.7.1 Benefits to members § Ownership and Democratic Control. Cooperatives enable members to own and

control, on a democratic basis, business enterprises for procuring their supplies and services (inputs), and marketing their products (outputs). They voluntarily organize

Fair trade is a market-based approach to alleviating poverty and promoting sustainability. It advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods. The concept of fair trade has originally been developed to challenge the trend of an international trading system. Its principles, however, can be applied in a more local context. This includes: paying fair wages in local context, ensuring environmental sustainability, supporting participatory work places, respecting cultural identity and building direct and long-term relationships between producers and retailers. To promote this, measures such as direct purchasing can be made to cut the roles of middlemen; long term contracts can be made to ensure a continuation of demand for weaving products. By supporting ‘fair trade’ weaving products, the retailers may gain public image in the form of ‘corporate social responsibility’. In turns, consumers may be encouraged to buy weaving products of this particular brand as they know that producers are receiving equitable price for their products. In practice, there are also various organistions such Fair-trade Labeling Organizations who assist fair-trade products in terms of quality assurance, labeling. However, currently there is no extensive support for weaving products,

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to help themselves rather than rely on the Government. They can determine objectives, financing, operating policies, and methods of sharing the benefits.

§ Increased income. The weaving cooperative can increase income to members in a number of ways. These include: (1) Raising the general price level for products marketed or lowering the level for supplies purchased; (2) reducing per-unit handling or processing costs by assembling large volumes, i.e., economies of size or scale; (3) developing new markets for products; and (4) encourage saving among members. By pooling supply purchases, sales, and handling and selling expenses, cooperatives can operate more efficiently-at lower costs per unit-than members/small groups can individually. Members usually judge the benefit of belonging to a cooperative by its net margins or savings-a tangible measure. More specifically, they look at the amount currently paid to them in cash.

§ Improved Service. A basic objective of cooperatives is to serve their members’ needs. They do this by providing services not available or by improving existing services. These services include provision of loans, trainings and some family welfare.

§ Quality of Supplies and Products. In marketing weaving products, cooperative’s pricing practices can be based on differentials for quality. The task of the cooperative is to provide information, train and advice on ways to produce quality products and to maintain that quality in the marketing process. Basically, cooperatives encourage production oriented to market requirements by developing producer payment plans based upon meeting grade, size, time, and other market specifications.

§ Assured Sources of Supplies. Cooperatives provide members with a dependable source of reasonably priced supplies.

§ Expanded Markets. Through pooling products of specified grade or quality, cooperative can meet the needs of larger-scale buyers better than can individual weaving groups.

§ Local leadership development. Successful and growing cooperative can develop leaders among those involved in the management. And members, by participating in business decisions on a democratic basis, become more self-reliant and informed citizens in their communities. The practical business experience acquired as directors or committee members can be supplemented by specialized trainings provided by CPD, CD office and non-formal education office.

5.7.2 Benefits to Rural Communities § Added Community Income. Most of the additional income members get through

cooperative is likely to be spent within Khok Chareon for goods and services. This adds to the economic well-being of the community.

§ Stronger Rural Communities. If the cooperative is to be expanded to include weavers from all Tambons, it is likely that it will consist of several hundred members who use its services frequently. Participation in cooperatives often encourages participation in other community projects and in State and local government. As a result of working together in cooperatives, members better understand how to unite in solving community problems. And leaders developed in cooperatives also become leaders in other community organizations.

5.8 Duration - This project proposal is to be considered on a long-term basis i.e. 5 years or more. 5.9 Feasibility

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A cooperative is not formed spontaneously and is not a quick fix; it needs nurturing and mentoring, especially in the start up phase. They also need on-going leadership and management skills and expertise. It may be possible that during the startup period, the group will struggle to bring down costs, raise weaving standards, and if a contract with a retailing house can be reached, it may fail to meet production deadlines. Weavers have to be school to understand the demand for new products and to accept the market requirements of quality assurance, competitive prices and timely delivery. This may cause some weavers to drop out of the program because the whole concepts clash with the pace of rural life. Another possible problem is that some members may see the cooperative group as a factory owned by the promoters thus it is important that at some stage the weavers have to be brought face-to-face with their customers to realize their role in maintaining and running the cooperative. 5.10 Responsible agencies

Level Responsible agencies Tasks Provincial § Cooperative Promotion

Department § Registration § Cooperative and

entrepreneurship training § District Administration

Office § Public awareness campaign § Funding

§ Community Development Office

§ Promotion of Khok Chareon weaving products

§ Non-formal education office

§ Training of weaving activities

District

§ Bank of Agriculture and Cooperative

§ Loan for cooperative’s operation

Sub-district

§ Tambon Administrative Organisation

§ Public awareness campaign § Funding § Coordination

§ Village Revolving Fund

§ Loan to members to purchase shares in the cooperative

Village

§ Weaving groups § Cooperation Project Proposal 6

Title: Formation of Weaving Training and Demonstration Center as a Culture Tourism 6.1 Objectives

• To develop cultural tourism through weaving training centre • To set up a demonstration centre • To enhance income for local people from training and demonstration centre • To pass the skill of weaving to young generation

6.2 Justification According to the observation and interview, there are no tourist attraction places and activities in Khok Charoen district. However, based on potential, cultural tourism could be promoted as one activity because there are 22 weaving groups in Tambon Khok Charoen and

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these groups have indigenous knowledge in weaving and their weaving products have unique design and pattern of fabric which awards 5 stars. This proposal is needed to promote and maintain local cultural and tradition of doing weaving by training centre. This activity could be developed as one activity for cultural tourism in Khoh Charoen district so the local can get additional income and the skills and culture could be passed to young generation. From problem matrix, the weaving groups in Khoh Charoen district have problem in limited market channel and market opportunity for weaving products and limited collaboration among various weaving groups. These problems are the major for weaving groups that they have faced. Therefore, this proposal could help to solve the identify problems that are mentioned as above. It could help and make changes to weaving groups as they can have more opportunity in networking by dealing with different institutions that will come to their training centre and their products could be increased as they work cooperatively. 6.3 Consequences The expected benefit that Khok Charoen District will get from this proposal are that the cultural tourism in the district would be created as the first activity and this district can maintain the culture of doing weaving. The indigenous knowledge and skill can be passed to local young generation and others who are willing to learn weaving. So, it is positive impact that they will not lose their culture in doing weaving by having training centre. Moreover, Khok Charoen District has low number of local entrepreneurs so it is also a great opportunity to create local entrepreneurs in this district because they can develop the products of weaving after attending training and become entrepreneurs instead of labors. Then, not only District and Tambon office but also local people could generate their income. The young generation does not want to learn weaving and instead of it, they prefer to work in Bangkok. So, there should be some motivation for them to start learning weaving in this centre and participate in this project. Through this project, they could be persuaded to learn this skill so indigenous knowledge could be passed to them and others. Besides, the quantity and varieties design of weaving products could be grown up and developed as they work in groups. For the second step after training centre, the products could be sold if demonstration centre is set up for tourists and there could be more chances that people will know their product brand. 6.4 Target groups/Area The beneficiary group of this project will be weaving groups from Tambon Khok Charoen because there is the highest number of weaving groups in this area compared to other Tambons and mostly these weaving groups are on the villages that are on the main road according to the map. 6.5 Project Description/Formulation Firstly, there will be a meeting with different weaving groups and officers to discuss about set up the training center and explain the purposes and objectives. Then, there will be a one day workshop for them to educate them that culture is important to maintain and pass to young generation and the advantages of working in cooperative. These weaving groups could be cooperated and promoted to work together and training centre will be set up and the main activity is to train people in weaving for both local and visitors who would like to learn weaving. Secondly, this training centre will try to connect and contact with institutions, universities and private companies where could use training centre as their study area. For example, some institutions like AIT provide the generation income activity training so they could come to this training centre for their practical or excursion trip. Then, they also could visit to Ban Mi’s weaving group on the way to Khok Charoen district. Therefore, one guide could be chosen from weaving group to explain the whole process doing weaving and guide the visitors and 3 trainers could be selected for training. For accommodation, if the candidates are

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guests from other areas, they will stay with local and the food cost should be shared. The guide will have to attend tour guide training that is provided by TAT (Thailand Authority Tourist) firstly. The training fee will be collected for tour guide and trainer so the training centre do not need to depend on district office for funding and they could run sustainability after project year. However, the funding will be asked from district office for initial period to buy equipments and materials that are needed for the training. Furthermore, there will be assigned one coordinator from district office to run the project and there will be chosen one representative and one assistant from weaving group who have leadership skill and skills of working with team. They will handle daily activities and cooperate with Tambon and District officers. They will have a chance to attend training and workshop related to leadership, management and conflict resolution. After setting up training centre, there will be a demonstration centre that tourists can come and see the whole process of doing weaving. Therefore, their weaving products could be sold in this center. However, this plan will be run after the success of training centre. To attract tourists, historical tourist place in Sithep district can be linked after demonstration center. For this activity, the leader will provide information to tour agency and advertise by pamphlets, leaflets, magazines and internet. The tour agency can arrange for one day package tour that includes the trip to weaving group in Ban Mi, Khoh Charoen and historical place in Sithep. So, the target group who will visit this area will be the group who are interested in culture, tradition and history. The training centre will accept 20 candidates for one and two trainings will be conducted every year once in March and once in September. It will last for a month. Training center and demonstration centre will be located in Khok Charoen district office or in the campus. The project activities will be monitored and evaluated once a year and the training will be evaluated by TAO and District after conducting trainings. In training and demonstration centre, only 5 members from each group will present and work cooperatively because it will not be enough space. 6.6 Duration The project will be implemented in March 2009 and it will be last for 2 years. After project period, the group will run with their own fund from training and profit from weaving products for sustainability. Training centre could be run sustainability after the project period with the training fees. 6.7 Main actors The main actors for managing and organizing the project would be District Officer, Tambon officers and one representatives and one assistant from 22 weaving groups. After that, one project coordinator will be chosen from district office. This project will use existing weaving groups in Tambon Khok Charoen to be the trainers and they will work together with district and TAO officers for developing the project. 6.7.1 Inputs

• Human resource • Funding • Weaving equipments

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Main Actors and their Responsibilities Main actors Responsibilities

• One coordinator • Plan and manage the project • Monthly Report to district and tambon officers • Handle the problem, take role and responsibility for

weaving groups • Coordinate with district officers, tambon officers and

weaving groups

• District officer • TAO officer

• Give advice to the activity of the project activities • Implement and evaluate the activities

• One representative from weaving groups

• Coordinate among weaving groups • Handle with daily activity • Conduct monthly meeting

• One assistant • Assist project coordinator and weaving group representative.

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Implementation of the Project

6.8 Expected Benefits • Institutions like universities, companies can use the training centre as a study area. • Tourists will be attracted to visit training and demonstration center of the weaving

groups in the district. • Income generated for the weaving groups by selling their products to visitors. • Weaving knowledge and skill could be passed to local people and people from outside

the district. • Weaving groups could maintain their culture and tradition of doing weaving. • 40 people will get the skill of weaving in a year as the training centre accepts 20 people

per training and it will be conducted for twice in one year. After attending the training, trainees can use their weaving skills obtained for their future careers.

• There will be regular salary for three trainers, one coordinator, one assistant and one representative.

6.9 Feasibility/Appraisal

Criteria/Aspect Description

Description

Jan

Feb

Ma

rch

Apr il

Ma y

Jun e

Jul y

Aug ust

Sep t Oct

Nov

Dec

Conduct meeting with 22 weaving groups, TAO and District Office

Assigning staff

Cooperate weaving groups and conduct one day workshop

Buying machines and equipments for training centre

Provide information about training centre to different institutions and tour agency about demonstration centre

Start training

Form and run demonstration center

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Social • Benefit sharing: weaving groups could share the benefit from training and demonstration centre in terms of enhancing their weaving skills, team work, sharing knowledge and experiences.

• Networking: weaving groups will get more networking with universities, companies and private sectors so it can extend their external network.

Economic • Income generation: 22 weaving group members can generate their income through demonstration centre by selling their weaving products to the tourists and visitors.

Administrative • Decision making: all of the decisions will be made from the weaving groups by discussing with TAO and DAO officers and it will be bottom-up approach.

Technical • Training and Capacity building: this project could use the human resource from existing weaving groups to be trainer for weaving and a local guide.

6.9 Constraints and Potentials

Constraints Potentials

ó Lack of other tourist places and activities in Khok Charoen district and also neighboring areas, which could be linked with the project.

ó Lack of awareness of the importance of the participation in the project

ó Lack of budget and support from the concerned governmental agencies and other stakeholders

ó Lack of cooperative among weaving groups

ó Weaving training and demonstration centre could be promoted as an activity for cultural tourism

ó Existing weaving groups with indigenous knowledge and skills in Tambon

ó Various kinds of weaving products and design

ó Opportunities to generate income for weaving groups

6.9.1 Risk of the project

300

• The distance from Bangkok to Khok Charoen District is 150 km and it takes 2 hours to get to project area from Bangkok. So, this is one risk that it takes time to get this area.

• Only tourists who are interested in culture and history will visit the project. • The funding might be inadequate and unsupported by District Office. • Lack of regular enough number of trainees who are interested in learning weaving.

6.10 Responsible Agencies/Institutions at Various Levels

Project proposal 7 Title: Provision of Community Shallow Tub-well 7.1 Introduction: To feed the increasing population; agricultural development is very essential in response to food supplies and the key role of irrigation can not be ignored. However, there is a primary need to increase agricultural products that aims to raise the income for a prosperous society and enough water resources has its won contribution in this regards. Using new technology and new irrigation schemes like tube-well and water reservoirs and canals. One particular dimension of agricultural development is to increase the irrigated land worldwide (by introducing new irrigation schemes) which is directly proportional to increase productivity. Providing plenty of water and proper irrigation system can provide the opportunity for double cropping and can decrease the uncertainty of farmers those who were previously depending on rain water. Not all the irrigation systems in world have been successful; therefore all essential assessment needs to be conducted before constructing this tube-well scheme. Environmental degradation, human health and biodiversity concerning issues have to be considered before introducing the system. 7.2 Project Objective: Enhancement of agriculture production by introducing improved technology (community tub-well) at communities doors step 7.3 Development strategy:

1. A process and demand driven approach to respond the felt needs of communities identified by them

2. Community Tube-well Group (CTWG) comprising at least 10 members having their agricultural land adjacently would be constituted

3. Beneficiaries participation in both implementation and subsequent operation and maintenance(O& M) of the sub project

Responsible Agencies Responsibilities

• Provincial level: Labor office

• Support the project by providing training (trainers)and technical support for weaving training

• District Office • Providing funds, Facilitating and coordinating the weaving groups

• TAO • Conduct monitoring and evaluation

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4. Under the community interaction strategy Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO) shall brief the community about the project details in a join meeting to be arranged in their village.

5. For each sub project (Tub-well) including necessary water course 90% of estimated cost would be financed by the government while 10% of the cost including labors would be contributed by the community.

7.4 Target Group/Area:

Small and medium farmers having no facility of irrigation in dry season would be the major beneficiaries. Plan area of district Khok Charoen is the target area of the project. Almost all villages face water scarcity during dry season. 7.5 Project Description/Formulation:

Provincial Government, District Government or Local Government (TAO) will finance the project. Project estimated cost would be breakdown in a way that 10% of the cost including labors would bear community and 90% of the cost will be funded by the government. TAO would look after the implementation of the project. Farmers of the area would be directly benefited and indirect several employment opportunities would also be generated. During the implementation, the following activities would be taken in two phases Phase-I would cover; a. Survey: the baseline survey of the area that would be done by TAO/Department of Groundwater Resources on following aspects:

1. Topography 2. Water table depth 3. Socio-economic situation of the area

b. Community Development: TAO will form community tube-well groups (CTWG) of at least 10 farmers having their land adjacent at first. The TAO will brief the community on modalities of the project. TAO also will arrange trainings on Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the sub-projects. Phase-II will be consisted of: a. Feasibility/construction:-TAO will conduct feasibility study with the technical support of DGR and designing of the community tube-well (CTW) according to the size of the land. Proper site selection to install CTW at upstream, construction of the CTW including water course if any would be a package of the project. b. Operational Methodology: - The piece of land involved in project would be provided free of cost by the members and ownership of that land would be transferred in the name of respective CTWG. Agreed schedule for water turn would be made by the CTWG with the consent of TAO. While, sponsoring CTWG would be responsible for operation and maintenance cost. Normal maintenance would be done from the joint monthly savings of the CTWG. The exceeding amount would be equally contributed by beneficiaries if any. Phase III: would be the Monitoring and Evaluation of the project 7.6 Project Duration/Area: The group involved in study has proposed first a Pilot project should be executed in Tambon Nong Makha. Upon satisfactory evaluation report, the project would be replicated in the rest of Tambons in similar manner. Duration for the pilot project is give as under: For phase I: 6 months For phase II: 18 months

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For phase III: 10th month of phase II; because the sub-projects completed in early period would be ready to be evaluated. 7.7 Responsible Agencies/Institutions at various levels Funding : Provincial, district or local government Social and technical feasibility : TAO and DGR Implementation : TAO, CTWG and DAO Monitoring and Evaluation : TAO and DAO Operation and Maintenance : CTWG and TAO Project Proposal 8 Title: Skill improvement program for OTOP groups in Khok Charoen district 8.1 Objectives Primary objective: “To enhance the capacity of OTOP weaving groups in Khok Charoen district” Specific objective:

• To enhance management /leadership skills for group members • To improve financial management skills for group members • To improve communication/networking skills for group members

8.2 Justification: OTOP concept of “One Tambon One Product” has contributed a lot in poverty alleviation rural part of Thailand. The process of developing the products is the expected to build social capital as people work together to improve their economy ,well being to become self-reliant. Based on the problem analysis in primary data from case study of weaving groups in difference tambon, there have been identified specific problems related to the proposed project such as

• Lack of marketing skill, • Lack of market centers and demand, • Incapable leadership, • Weak linkages of another groups to support and help each others.

• Insufficient support for development group from local government (TAO)

The proposed project if carried out will enable the local groups to develop more strongly with adequate management capacity, sufficient skills of communication and fund raising and good leadership. These improvements will definitely contribute to the development of local economy as expected.

8.3 Target group: Members of all the weaving groups within a district including Leaders and Members 8.4 Project Duration: The project has initially been designed for one year and on the bases of its outcome it could be extended in future.

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8.5 Project Activities: Project will be more focused on training activities to the groups and following are the description of steps initiated after the approval of project.

Type of training Participant Activities Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Leadership training Committee

members/local leaders

• Facilitation skills • Resource mobilization skills • Management skills • Monitoring and evaluation skills • Workshops, visits, brain storming • Communication and presentation

skill • Internet and email

Yes Yes

Management Skills Committee members/local leaders

• Inventory management • Record keeping • File work – secretarial skill • Presentation skills • Internet and email

Yes Yes

Networking / communication skills

Committee members/local leaders

• Basic Computer skills • Internet and email • Presentation skills • Liaison with other groups in the

district

Yes

Financial management skills

Committee members/local leaders

• Accounting knowledge • Record keeping skills • Budget reports and preparation • Cash handling

Yes Yes

*The participant will be selected and nominated by the groups based on their role and responsibilities in the group. 8.6 Expected benefits: Following are the expected benefits from the project

• Trained leaders to run the groups effectively • Strengthen group sustainability • Increase level of skill for member in each group such as marketing skill, use of IT,

financial management. • Expansion of business

8.7 Feasibility:

• Strong support from government agencies especially Tambon Administrative Organization and Community Development Department

• Existing traditional or local knowledge and skill to produce weaving product • Existing programs and policy by government organizations such as there are

promoting OTOP product • Non- formal Education support vocational training to local people

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8.8 Input needed for the project implementation 8.8.1 Human resource: • Leaders, group members as trainees; • Trainers from Non- Formal Educational Department, CDD, IT officers and other

resource persons.

8.8.2 Financial expenses • Training materials; • Stationeries; • Food and beverage during training for all trainees and trainers • Others

8.9 Responsibilities Agencies: Department Responsibilities

Community Development Department Provision of Trainers/ instructors Tambon Administrative Organization Funds , project approval , monitoring , coordination Non-formal education Department Training material Kamnan Facilitate the training in Tanbon

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CHAPTER VIII PROBLEMS, POTENTIALS, NEEDS AND ISSUES

Following are the list of major problems and potentials identified after the primary and secondary data analysis by all the sectors. Later on, needs and issues had also been highlighted that is bases for the formulation of project proposals. Problems

1. Lack of land ownership 2. Shortage of water for agriculture 3. Communication deficiency 4. Maintenance of water systems 5. High production cost 6. Low paddy production 7. Low upland crop productivity 8. Lack of market linkage for weaving products 9. Weaving entrepreneurs’ lack of capital to run the business 10. Lack of financial management skills to operative VDF 11. Lack of capital investment for tube well and pond construction 12. Water shortage for paddy farming 13. Low number of children who complete compulsory education and enroll into higher

education 14. Less sports activities organized 15. Low participation in public activities 16. All people are not alcohol addiction free 17. Persistent of smoking habit among people 18. High production cost 19. Non-availability of capital in time 20. Unskilled Human resource not skilled 21. Lack of mechanization

Potentials

1. Sense of ownership 2. Enhance yield 3. Market awareness 4. Raise productivity/income 5. Better water conservation 6. Better participation in health activities 7. Improved education quality 8. Extension of paddy field area 9. Up-land crop diversification 10. Unique design and pattern of fabrics 11. VDF towards Village Bank 12. Good education status 13. Good health and nutrition status

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14. Exploration of local potentials and other varieties of plants 15. Enhance production/agriculture supplies 16. Timely production 17. Good finished products 18. Attractive marketable products

Needs 1. Proper land for activities 2. Reservoirs and ponds 3. All means of communication 4. Contribution of government/community 5. Institutional support in water supply and pond construction 6. Diversification of agricultural products 7. Needs capital to expand and operate the business 8. Sustainable irrigation system 9. Agriculture extension services and irrigation 10. Community motivation 11. IFS awareness 12. Reinvestment of margins 13. Efficiency use of resources with time management 14. Training/Educated 15. Small machine/tools in processing

Issues 1. Forest Department Reservations 2. Funding and political involvement 3. Project viability and accessibility 4. Funding and politics 5. Lack of interest (whose interest?) 6. Lack of land title 7. Lack of land title limiting access to SME bank 8. Lack of bank 9. Village Development Bank 10. Search of appropriate water supply schemes 11. High cost of fertilizers 12. High cost of tube well construction 13. holding participation in learning centre 14. holding IFS meeting 15. Supply of input on low prices 16. Finance/credit by Govt./organization 17. Extension work required 18. Introduction of mechanization by Govt. on participatory basis

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Problem Matrix No Problems 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 S R 1 Lack of Land ownership 1 1

2 Shortage of water for agriculture 2

3 Communication deficiency 3

4 Maintenance of water systems 4

5 High production cost 5

6 Low paddy production 6 4 2

7 Low upland crop productivity 7

8 Lack of market linkage for weaving products 8

9 Weaving entrepreneur’s lack of capital to run business 9 1

10 Lack of financial management skills to operate VDF 10

11 Lack of capital investment for the tube well and pond construction

11

12 Water shortage for paddy farming 12 1

13 Low enrollment rate to higher educations 13

14 Less sports activities organizations 14

15 Low participation in public activity 15

16 Use of drugs and alcohol 16

17 Non- availability of capital on time 17 1

18 Unskilled human resource 18

19 Lack of mechanization 19 1

308

References

Agriculture development office, Agriculture Report 2006-07

Community development department, Khok Charoen district, BMN Report 2007

Community development department, Khok Charoen district, NRD-2C Report 2007

Department of Land development, Annual Report 2007

Environment and Natural resources in Lopburi province 2006-07

Khok Charoen district community development office (2008). District community

development report 2006-07.

Khok Charoen district health office (2008). District health report 2007.

Khok Charoen district non-formal education office (2008). District Education Plan

2006-07

Khok Charoen district Registry office. District Registry Report 2007

Khok Charoen Tambon Administration Organization, Tambon Development Plan

2006-08

Khok Samsan Tambon Administration Organization, Tambon Development Plan

2006-08

Lobburi Educational service area office 1. Provincial Three Year Strategic Plan

2006-08

Lopburi provincial cultural office, Provincial Action Plan 2006

Lobpuri provincial health office, 2008, provincial strategic plan 2006-08

Lobpuri statistics office, Provincial Statistical Report 2006-07

Nong Makha Tambon Administration Organization, Tambon Development Plan

2006-08

National Economic and Social Development Board

National Rural Database – 2C, 2006-07

Natural Resource Management Report 2006

Provincial Statistical Office, Lopburi Statistical Report 2006-07

Wang Thong Tambon Administration Organization, Tambon Development Plan

2006-08

Yang Rak Tambon Administration Organization, Tambon Development Plan 2006-08

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Appendices

310

Annex 1: Relevant Tables

Table 1: Area by Tambons

No Tambon Area (rai) Percentage (%)

1 Khok Chaoren 45573.00 23.00%

2 Yang Rak 41,075.00 20.72%

3 Nang Ma Kha 69,268.00 34.94%

4 Khok Samae

San 26,463.00 13.35%

5 Wang Thong 15,833.00 7.99% Total 198212.00 100.00%

Source: TAO Offices Table 2: Monthly Rain (mm) 1997-2007

Jan Feb March April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Average 1997

0 0 4.8 11.6 58.4 14.4 75.2 114.4 308.5 200.2 64 0 851.5 70.96 number of days 0 0 2 5 10 8 9 13 24 14 3 0 88 176

1998 33.7 6.9 23.8 94.3 172.4 83.5 184.5 230.2 182.6 145 46.6 0 1203.8 100.32 number of days 1 2 1 3 13 7 12 15 19 12 6 0 91 1999 27.3 4.1 16.7 230 288.1 45 107.5 161.6 240.2 168.2 28.8 0.1 1317.3 109.78 number of days 2 2 2 18 18 8 17 16 15 17 5 1 121 2000 3.3 4 27 136 90.5 88.2 128 236.4 130.3 144.8 4.3 0 992.3 82.69 number of days 1 2 3 9 12 13 14 16 11 11 1 0 93 2001 25.1 0 111 50.6 193.5 99.3 47.1 44.2 118.6 170.1 16.6 0.5 877 73.08 number of days 2 0 12 4 17 11 12 10 11 21 3 1 104 2002 11.1 0 10.7 28.8 176.9 121.8 115.6 248.2 183.7 81.1 45.3 67.8 1091 90.92 number of days 1 0 4 7 14 15 12 15 18 10 5 7 108

2003 0 4.6 183 2.1 55.9 109.2 109.6 176.1 328.1 60.7 0 0 1029.6 85.8

number of days 0 1 9 2 8 12 15 15 23 7 0 0 92 2004 37.2 39 12 57.9 69.7 129.6 173.8 133.3 276.4 42.3 0.4 0 971.2 80.93 number of days 2 2 1 3 12 13 14 12 14 3 1 0 77 2005 0 0 20 185 143 135.6 93.5 36.6 327.4 74.2 168.8 7.3 1191.2 99.27 number of days 0 0 4 7 11 13 15 9 13 9 6 1 88

2006 0 8.8 68.5 155 184.4 179.3 86.8 93.2 334.8 116.5 0 0 1226.9 102.4

number of days 0 5 2 7 9 14 15 14 18 12 0 0 96

2007 "T" 0 0.1 102 259.6 151.9 74.3 70.9 133 _ _ _ _ _

number of days 0 0 1 13 18 12 10 15 12 _ _ _ _ _

Source: Loburi Province Office

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Table 3: Average maximum/minimum Temperature for the year 1996-2007

January February March April May June July August September October November December year Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min 1996 33.4 21.1 33.6 22.0 36.6 24.9 35.8 25.8 34.7 25.4 34.4 25.3 33.4 24.9 33.4 25.2 32.5 24.8 33.0 24.8 32.3 23.7 31.2 20.3 1997 32.3 20.2 34.9 23.3 36.4 24.8 36.7 25.2 36.8 26.2 36.6 25.9 34.5 25.3 34.5 25.2 33.4 24.4 33.7 24.7 33.3 23.3 34.0 22.1 1998 34.7 22.4 36.2 24.3 37.9 25.2 37.5 26.1 36.9 26.3 35.3 25.7 34.2 25.1 33.8 25.1 32.9 24.8 33.3 24.4 32.3 22.7 31.7 21.7 1999 32.9 22.2 34.1 23.4 36.7 25.3 34.8 25.0 33.2 25.1 33.4 25.5 33.7 25.3 33.2 25.2 33.0 24.9 32.3 24.5 31.6 23.3 28.8 19.5 2000 33.0 22.2 33.8 22.1 35.6 24.7 34.6 25.6 34.2 25.4 33.5 25.0 33.3 24.5 33.2 24.9 32.6 24.1 32.7 24.4 32.0 21.4 33.1 22.7 2001 33.8 23.3 34.4 23.4 33.3 24.5 37.1 26.4 34.0 25.1 33.9 25.4 34.0 25.6 33.4 25.6 33.7 25.3 33.0 25.0 31.1 21.8 32.1 22.4 2002 32.8 21.6 34.9 24.4 35.5 25.4 37.0 26.1 34.4 25.1 34.0 25.5 33.9 25.6 32.9 25.0 32.4 24.9 32.8 24.5 32.7 23.9 32.7 23.2 2003 32.2 21.1 30.8 23.4 34.8 24.7 36.2 26.2 35.8 25.7 34.1 24.9 33.1 24.7 33.6 24.7 32.7 24.2 33.3 24.2 34.2 23.3 31.9 20.0 2004 33.1 21.1 33.2 21.6 35.9 24.5 37.2 25.9 34.7 25.5 33.8 24.8 33.9 24.7 33.7 24.9 32.4 24.4 33.1 24.5 32.6 23.0 32.3 18.9 2005 32.2 21.2 34.9 24.9 35.2 24.4 35.7 25.4 35.7 25.6 34.2 24.7 33.6 25.2 33.5 25.1 32.7 24.6 33.5 24.5 32.1 23.6 30.4 21.1 2006 33.0 20.7 34.6 23.8 35.5 24.5 35.2 24.5 34.2 24.4 34.1 23.9 33.4 23.5 33.1 24.7 32.8 24.4 33.1 24.3 34.0 23.2 32.3 21.8 2007 32.8 21.9 33.7 22.4 36.0 25.3 36.1 25.2 33.5 24.5 35.0 25.2 33.8 25.1 33.6 25.2 33.5 25.3 33.1 24.5 32.6 23.0 31.9 21.3 33.0 21.6 34.1 23.2 35.8 24.9 36.2 25.6 34.8 25.4 34.4 25.1 33.7 25.0 33.5 25.1 32.9 24.7 33.1 24.5 32.6 23.0 31.9 21.3

Source: Loburi Province Office

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Table 4: Monthly Humidity 1997 to 2007

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Average

1997 61.18 60.1 54.52 62.74 67.3 65.12 71.08 73.96 80.46 78.73 69.82 65.27 810.28 67.52

1998 66.28 66.87 63.24 65.87 70.68 74.04 79.06 74.26 79.87 74.21 67.44 55.47 837.29 69.77

1999 55.28 56.18 60.86 74.86 78.88 76.89 77.65 77.35 79 79.48 70.52 53.68 840.63 70.05

2000 68.52 62.87 63.31 75.21 77.08 79.15 78.64 79.04 79.76 79.86 61.73 57.23 862.4 71.87

2001 66.52 63.38 74.06 70.13 78.85 75.02 74.42 74.91 78.16 80.08 62.92 59.35 857.8 71.48

2002 60.06 65.58 69.23 66.83 77.68 76.52 75.37 77.94 81.35 77.14 70.73 70.83 869.26 72.44

2003 59.06 66.12 71.62 71.13 70.65 76.08 79.47 77.98 82.04 72.27 63.3 52 841.72 70.14

2004 62.31 64.84 66.13 64.89 75.02 75.92 74.75 76.84 79.78 65.81 58.19 55.83 820.31 68.36

2005 64.91 71.37 65.61 71.74 73.78 77.31 76.5 76.67 81.79 73.35 74.27 62 869.3 72.44

2006 65 64.02 69.27 74.59 77.21 79.3 79.09 80.16 82.81 77.25 67.25 56.38 872.33 72.69

2007 57.02 69.38 71.8 72.46 80.2 77.21 76.54 77.52 80.06 - - - - - Source: Lopburi Province Office

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Annex 2a: Coordination Schema: Natural Resources and Environment Management Sector Major aspects Key information needed

( Complex and simple variable) Sources and Methods of data collection

Target Groups and Informants

Level of study (province, district, sub-district and village)

1.Topography & Climate

1.1Location -Locations Coordinates (longitude and latitude) 1.2 Seasonal composition -Summer -Rainy -Winter -Draught 1.3 Area - Total area (Km/Rai ) by Tambon - Distance from provincial centre and or Bangkok. - Boundary 1.4 Physical setting/Composition (mountain, Hilly, plain, upland) 1.5 Flood - Magnitude: low, medium, high - Frequency - Location - Impacts 1.6 Draught

Secondary Data -District Profile -Topographical Map -Location Maps (electronic version) Primary Data -Observation -Interview(flood, draught and storm)

-Province office -District Office -Agriculture Department -TAO

Provincial, District and Tambon levels

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Major aspects Key information needed ( Complex and simple variable)

Sources and Methods of data collection



- Magnitude: low, medium, high - Frequency - Location (Tambon wise) - Impacts 1.7 Storm - magnitude: low, medium, high - Frequency - Location - Impacts

2. Temperature, rainfall and humidity

2.1 Temperature - Max/Min Temperature - Max/Min seasonal Temperature - Trends in Temperature ( 11/decadal Years) 2.2 Humidity - Max/Min Humidity - Max/Min seasonal Temperature - Trends in Humidity ( 5 years Data) - Relative Humidity

Secondary Data

-District Office -Agriculture Department - Land Development Department

Provincial and District level

315





2.3 Rainfall - Amount of rainfall (mm) - Average annual rainfall - Average Monthly/Seasonal rainfall - Trends in Rainfall (11 years data)

3. Water Resources

3.1 Types Natural (rivers/streams, lakes, underground water, waterfall and hot springs) - Number - Quality (suitability for drinking, other domestic uses and agricultural use) 3.3 Problems and Potentials 3.4 Policies and Future Plans 3.5 Needs

Secondary Data - NRD 2 C database - Resource maps - District Profile Primary data - Observation - Interview

- Natural Resources and Environment Office - TAO - District Office


4. Soil

4.1 Soil characteristics - series & Name, type, pH, relief and slope and Drainage 4.2 Soil Erosion

Secondary Data -Soil statistics -Soil maps

- District Office - Land Development

Office(Provincial Level)

- Department of Agriculture


316





- Severity (level of consequences) of Pollution Problem and impacts - Area prone to Soil erosion 4.3 Soil Suitability 4.4 Problems, Potentials 4.5 Needs

- TAO

5. Land

5.1 Total area of the district and Tambon wise distribution (%) 5.2 Land use pattern (2 out of 5 Tambons) -Agriculture -Forest Land -Land/Human Settlement -Water Area/Water Bodies - Mix 5.3 Land Ownership - Type of certificate - per capita land availability - Land Title Processing (method) 5.5 Land Reform - Area under land reforms (by Tambon wise)

Secondary Data - Land use maps

Primary Data - Interview - Group Discussion (farmers)

- District Office - Land development Office - Forest Office under Natural Resource and Environmental Office - Land Development

Department

- TAO

- Provincial Land Reform Office

Provincial, District, Tambon and village levels

317





- Land reform process 5.6 Problems, Potentials - 5.7 Needs

- 5.8 Policies and Future plans

6. Forest

,

6.1 Types and area of forest (Tambon wise)

- case study - Community forestry (Yang Rak)

6.3 People’s Participation in the forest management

6.4 Biodiversity ( number and variety of plant species and plants

6.5 Forest Encroachment

- Existence and severity - Protection strategies and mechanisms (at local level) 6.6 Occurrence of forest Fire - Existence and reasons

Secondary Data - Forest maps - Documents/reports Primary Data - Interview (villagers, concerned forest officials) - Observation

- District Office - TAO - Forest Office - Natural Resource and Environment Office - Local People

Provincial, District and Tambon, Community/household levels

318





6.7 Availability and Utilization of Forest Products ( timber and non- timber products) 6.8 Conservation (forest & Wild Life) activities 6.9 Reforestation (activities) 6.10 Deforestation (existence and severity) 6. 11 Problems and Potentials 6.12 Needs 6.13 Policies and Future Plans

7. Mineral resources

7.1 Name and Types 7.2 Location and Coverage 7.3 Industrial Utilization (economic worth of the mineral resource) 7.4 Availability of Industries and production sites

Secondary Data - District profile

Primary - Interview (district

and Tambon level officials)

- NR and Environment Office - Provincial Industry and Mine Office (at provincial level)


319





7.5 Potential and problems

8. Environment

8. 1 Pollution Types and Impacts - Air pollution (Sources, Situation and Impacts) - Case Study (Air pollution by open Sugarcane burning and air pollution by sugarcane factory) - Noise and Odor Pollution (Sources, Situation and impacts) - Solid Waste (Sources, situation and impacts) Collection System , disposal - SWM practices (incineration, open dumping, RRR) 8.2 Policies and Future Plans 8.3 Problems and Potentials 8.4 Needs

Secondary Data by Literature review - District Profile - Department Reports - Reports (if any) Primary - Technical and empirical observations - Interview (villagers, district, tambon and health officers)

- TAO - District Public Health Office - Community/ village level Organizations (if any) - Natural Resource and Environment Office - Forest Office - Local People

Provincial, District, Tambon and village level

320





9.Peoples' awareness and perception on NR

9.1 Environmental awareness among the local people

Primary Data – Interview

- Local villagers - TAO

Tambon, Village and household levels

321





and environmental issues

9.2 Perception of people on Environment and Natural Resource Issues 9.3 Activities undertaken in the area for the reduction of environmental and Natural Resource problems 9.4 Public Participation in Environmental and Natural Resource Management Campaigns 9.5 Problems and Potentials 9.6 Needs

- Observation

10. Vision, Mission, Policies, Strategic and Future plans (national, province, district and Tambon level )

10.1 Governmental Policies Natural Resources and Environmental Sectoral Indicators - Policies available at different levels (national, provincial, district Tambon)

Secondary Data - Policy documents - Internet surfing

- Province Office - District Office - TAO


322

Annex 2b: Coordination Schema: Agriculture Sector





1. Land for agriculture

1.1 Land types - Upland and lowlands

- Size (differentiate lowland

and upland)

- Location (differentiate

lowland and upland)

- Land title (differentiate

lowland and upland)

- Land use:

- The policies for land use

issue

- Problems for land use

policy

- Land certificate policies

- Problems in Implementing

- land certificate

- land certificate criteria

- Problems for - implementing for land

- Primary data

- Secondary data

- District agricultural data base

- Agriculture development plan

- Land department

- District

- Land development officer

- Province - District - Sub-district

323





reform

- Future plan for land use

policy

- Land use problems

1.2 Land ownership

- Land for agriculture

- Average land holding per

HH and land distribution

- Landlessness

- Heritage /transfer/

exchange/ government

support et

- Land Revenue / tax

- Policy of land ownership

- Secondary data - Mapping - Agriculture

development plan -

- Land department - Agriculture

officers - District

agriculture officer

- Province - District - Sub-district

1.3 Agricultural land use (size, location and distribution)

- Crop - Horticulture - Orchard - Pastureland - Land for aquaculture

- Secondary data

- Mapping



officers - District

agriculture officer

- District - Sub-district - Villages

324





- Barren land

1.4 Land development strategies

- Development strategies - Policies - State or provision or Local

level 1.5 Problems and constrains

- Secondary data

- Mapping



officers - District

agriculture officer


2. Soil for agriculture

2.1 Soil types and fertility - Structure /texture - (Acidic, sand, clay, etc.)

- Fertility (PH, N, P, K)

- Moisture - Salinity - Water logging - Water holding capacity

- Secondary data

- Key informants

- Land development district officer

- Farmers

- Province - District - Sub-district - Villages

2.2 Soil suitability - Compare suitable cropping

and present cropping

- Secondary data - Key informants - Agriculture

development plan

- Land development officer

- Farmers

- Provincial - District - Sub-district - Village level

325





2.3 Soil erosion and conservation measurers - Area under soil erosion - Causes for erosion - Existing conservation

practices 2.4 Problems and constraints and Potential

- Secondary data

- Agriculture Office - Land

development office

- District - Sub-districts

3. Water resource

3.1 Source of water for agriculture

- Irrigated or Rain fed Area - Canal, Pond, Rain,

Turbine, Tube-well , Well

- Secondary Data - Key Informants

- Agriculture Extension Officer

- Irrigation Department

- Farmers

- Province - District - Sub district - Village

3.2 Type of Irrigation - Flood Irrigation, sprinkler

Irrigation, Furrow Irrigation, Drip Irrigation or Exudes etc.




- Farmers


3.3 Area Under Irrigation - Irrigated Area - Rain fed area




- Farmers


326





3.4 Water Distribution System

- Down Stream - Upstream - Time Division/ chart

- Secondary Data

- Key Informants



- Farmers

- Province

- District

- Sub district

- Village

3.5 Water Organizations / water users group and their role

- Organizational structure/ management

- participation - Responsibilities

3.6 problems and constraints

- Secondary Data

- Key Informants



- Farmers


4. Crops

4.1 Types of crops Land suitability area under different crops

- Low land crops/ up land

crops - Major crops and minor

- Secondary data - Key informants

- TAO - Agriculture

officers - Farmers

- District - Sub-districts - Villages

327





crops (Paddy, cassava, mango, vegetables, flowers, beans etc.) (coverage area under each crops)

4.2 Cropping pattern

- Seasonal crop calendar - cropping practices (mono

cropping, inter cropping, multi cropping)

- Crop rotation - Sowing methods (spread,

rows, ridges etc) - Organic farming - Integrated farming - leguminous crops

- Secondary data - Key informants - Case study of

selected cropping pattern

- Agricultural officers

- TAO - Farmers


4.3 Farm mechanization and agricultural inputs - Tractor, plough, cultivators,

threshers, harvesters, planking tools etc.

- Mechanized agriculture area

- Non-mechanized agriculture area

- Scope / trend to commercialization

- Agriculture inputs


- Agricultural extension officers

- Farmers


328





- Seed, fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides, insecticides, manures, etc





4.4 Input and output cost analysis

- Production cost - Input cost - Value of out - Gross income - Net profit - Input out put ratio


- TAO - Agricultural office

officer - farmers


4.5 Diseases, pest and control measurers

- Major pests, smuts, weeds, harmful insects

- 2.Inorganic/ chemical control

- Biological control of pests and insects

- Recommendations - Availability of pesticides - (biological - and chemical)

- Secondary data - Key informants - Case study on

selected crop - (Paddy)


officer - farmers


329





4.6 Post harvest technologies and processing (link between post harvest and crop mechanization)

- Harvesting (methods,

technology) - Handling of commodities - storage - processing - Agro. Processing units - post harvest losses



officer - farmers


4.7 Production and sale for each crop

- production cost of

different crops - yield of crops - value of out put



officer - farmers


330





4.8 Marketing - source market/ prices,

costs/input market channel

- product market/market channel

- pricing ( market prices, price floor, price ceiling)

- Market access/ transportation, distance, conveyance losses from farm gate to market

- impact of middle man

4.9 Problems and constraints



officer - farmers


5. Livestock

5.1 Type, size and location - Cattle - Piggery - Chicken - Duck - Others

- Secondary data - Key informant

- TAO office - Livestock

department / officer

- Farmers

- District

- TAO

5.2 Product and sale - Type of products - Quantity of products - Input cost - Output cost - Returns


- Farmers - TAO office - Livestock

department / officer

- Market

District TAO

331





5.3 Animal health - (Line department service,

hospital. Dis, Dig, Lab,Dr. Pra, Vet, private Clinics)

- Major health - Preventive measure - Treatment measure - Artificial insemination - Services from the line

agencies



department / officer District

- Provincial

District TAO

5.4 Contract farming - Chicken contract farming

- farmer

- Farmers (TAO office, Livestock officer

- TAO

- Village

5.5 Marketing - Sources of information for

inputs and outputs - Marketing channel / flow for

inputs - Marketing channel / flow for

products - Farm-gate markets /

middlemen - Marketing facilities - Price variations

5.6 Problems , constraints and potentials



officer - Farmers

- District

- TAO

- Village

332





6. Fishery

6.1 Type, size (quantity), and location

- Fish - Shrimp - Others


- Fishery department

- TAO - Farmers

- District - TAO

6.2 Diseases - Major diseases - Preventive measure - Treatment measure during

disease - Services from the line

agencies

- Secondary data - Key informants - Case study on

fishery raising


- TAO - Farmers

- District - TAO

6.3 Product and sales - Type of product - Input cost per month - Output cost per month - Returns per month



- TAO - Farmers

- District - TAO

333





6.4 Marketing - Sources of information for

inputs and outputs Marketing channel / flow for inputs)

- Marketing channel / flow for products

- Farm-gate markets / middlemen

- Marketing facilities - Price variations

6.5 Problems, constraints and potentials



- TAO - Farmers

- District - TAO

7. Integrated farming 7.1 Case study - Project title - project period - Areas’ size - Upland or lowland area - Location - Target Area - Climate, topography - Soil condition - Water irrigation system - Number of farmers - Types of supported from

extensions

- Primary data - Interview - Focus Group - Secondary data

- Farmers’ group - Extension

workers - Agriculture

Extension Office

- District - TAO - Village

334





- Types of crops and varieties

- Types of crops - Types of breeds and aqua - Types of technology used - Cost of investment, - Number of beneficiaries - Outputs - Achievements - Problems and constraints

8. Agricultural employment

8.1 Agricultural sector development

- Number of average labor intake / hh for agriculture

( household and hired labor) - Total labor employed in

agricultural sector.


- TAO - Agriculture officer - Labor officer - Farmers -

- Province - District - Village

8.2 Demand and source of labor - Migrant - Season wise - Place of migration (from)




335





8.3 Wage per labour - Daily wage (baht) 8.4 Problems, constraints and potentials




9. Agricultural extension and technology transfer

9.1 Agriculture extension and promotion

- Organizational Chart - Structure - Roles and Responsibilities - Number of extension

officers / workers - Coverage area - Types of agriculture

promotion - Types of training and

services provided - Frequency of training and

services to farmers - Technology and

knowledge adopted by farmers

- Problems for adoption and adaptation

- Budget and future plan

- Primary data - Interview - Secondary data

- Agriculture Development Plan

- District Agriculture Officer

- Extension officer / workers

- Members of the committee / groups

- Province - District - Sub-district - Villages

336





- Policies and strategies - Recommendations and

suggestions from farmers

9.2 Tambon Agriculture Technology Centre

- Organization Structure and

established - Roles and functions of

extension workers - Local committees and their

effectiveness - Responsibilities and

administration - Budget source - Coverage - Types of activities (training,

visiting, demonstration site) provided

- Technology and knowledge adopted by farmers

- Support services and facilities from extension

- Primary data (key informant)

- Secondary data - Case study

- District Agriculture Extension Office

- Rice Community Promotion members

- TAO - Farmers


337





- office - Outputs - Problems and for adoption - Potential to be adopted - Degree of farmers

participation - Strategies and prospection

9.3 Community Rice Promotion

- Organizational structure,

Responsibilities - Coverage - Types of training and

services provided - Technology adopted by

farmers, - Problems for adoption,





- TAO - Farmers


338





9.4 Problems, constraints & potentials

- Feedback from farmers to

services, facilities and benefits

- Constraints of accessibility to extension, knowledge and technology services

- Difficulties to adopt, adapt and apply new technologies

- Commends and Suggestions

- Operational cost for/ each center

- Future plan





- TAO - Farmers


10. Agricultural credits

10.1 Types of formal credit institutions (BAAC) - Internal aspects of

organization - Products and Services: Types of products and

services Rules and regulation Procedures and provisions

- Secondary data (brochures, records, reports)

- K2I (primary data)

- BAAC office - Farmers - (loan takers)

- District

339





Loan - Number of beneficiaries

- Number of beneficiaries/coverage

- Major problems in terms of reaching to larger number of beneficiaries

- -

10.2 Farmers saving groups - Internal aspects of organization

- Major activities

- Savings mobilization: loan size, interest and repayment rate, loan demand

- Operation and management of Farmers’ Saving Groups

- Detail information on Farmers Saving Groups

- Major problems in mobilizing the savings and credits

- K2I (primary data) with line agencies, other supporting agencies if any like for example NGO

- Secondary source

- Groups - District

Agriculture Office

- District level - Village level

340





10.3 Other financial institutions (VDF, middle men and commercial banks) - available sources of credits

- services/products they are providing

- provisions for getting those services

- Compare between and among service providers in terms of products and services, interest rates, number of beneficiaries etc

- financing system exist

- Major problems


- K2I (primary data) with farmers/loan takers line agencies, concerned agency officers

- Secondary data

- Commercial bank office

- Village Headman

- TAO

- Farmers

- District

- Sub-district

- Village

341





11. Farmers institutions and groups

11.1 Types of institutions and groups

- Inventory of the farmers’ institutions and groups (integrated farming, cow-raising, fish raising etc.)

- Support from government and other line agencies

- Details information about number of Farmers’ Saving Groups, total number of group members (name, objectives, activities)

- K2I (Primary data) - Secondary data

- District Agriculture Office

- Extension office - Farmers’ Group

- Province - District - Sub-district - Village

12. Agricultural policy 12.1 agricultural development programmes and policies

- Land development

- Input policy

- Subsidy policy

- Credit policy

- Marketing policies

- (floor price and ceiling price)

- Secondary data - Agriculture

Development Plan

- District Agriculture Office

- Extension Department

- Livestock Department

- Fishery Department


- BAAC - Cooperatives

- National - Province - District - Sub-district

342





- Irrigation policy

- Export policy

- Capitalization policy for agriculture

- Agricultural development policies for:

Crop Livestock Fishery Integrated farming Organic farming Others


Annex 2c: Coordination Schema: Non-Agriculture Sector

Major Aspects Key Information Needed (Simple Variable) Source and Methods of Data Collection

Target Group(s) Level of Study (Province, District,

Sub-district and Villages

1.1 Overview – GDP (gross, per capita), employment for non-agricultural sector at different levels, current status

Secondary data - National

Statistics Office - Internet

National & Provincial 1. Introduction

1.2 General Information of Khok Chareon Primary data and District and sub-

343




District: structure, land use, income, employment, occupation, working age group and educational level

secondary data

district

2. Industry 2.1 Overview 2.2 Type of Industry

Location (settlement, distance & zoning) - Mapping

2.2.1 Manufacturing, Agro-processing (Cassava, rice mill, sugarcane etc.) 2.2.2 Scale of production (large, medium, small) – based on SML industry criteria 2.2.3 Case Study (covering one industry from each type and scale) - Sugar Industry - Cassava drying field -Rice mill Handicraft (Basketry) Weaving Industry Other OTOP products (Thongmuan, Klongkang production etc.)

Secondary data - Mapping (Industrial

Zones) Primary data

- Observation - Interview - Key informant

interview

- Key informants - OTOP group

members, SMEs - Industry staff

Province, District, Tambon, and specific industry level

2.2.4 Input a. Capital - Financial capital (funding sources, loans etc.) - Assets (land, buildings, equipment/machine, vehicle) - Maintenance

Primary - Observation - Key informant

interview (employer & employee)

- Provincial

Industry Office

- Key informants

Province, District, Tambon & Village, and specific industry level

b. Raw Material - Source of raw material (local / external)

Primary data - Key informant

- Provincial Industry Office

Province, District & Tambon, and specific

344




- Cost, quantity, quality interview (staff) - Private sectors (industries) - OTOP centre and SMEs office

industry level

c. Labour - Source of labour (local, immigrants) - Type of labour (permanent, temporary) - Number of employee - Wage / salary (daily, weekly and monthly) - Education of industrial labours (basic education, informal education, special skills) - Social security (welfare and insurance)

Secondary data - Policy and recruitment procedures and requirements of industry Primary data - Key informant interview (employer and employee)

- Provincial Industry Office - Private sectors (industries) - OTOP centre and SMEs office

Province, District & Tambon, and specific industry level

d. Infrastructure and facilities - electricity, water supply, road network, telecommunication

Secondary data NRD2C, Sub-district documents Primary data - Key informant interview (staff) - Infrastructure group

- District reports and sub-district reports - Infrastructure group - Industry office -Key informants

District & Tambon, and specific industry level

2.2.5 Production Procedure Level of technology (traditional/modern) Production line Capacity of production

Primary data - Key informant interview (employer and employee) - Observation

- Provincial Industry Office - Private sectors (industries) - OTOP centre and SMEs office

Province, District & Tambon, and specific industry level

2.2.6 Output - Product (quality and quantity) - Packaging

Primary data - Key informant interview (employer and

- Provincial Industry Office - Private sectors

District & Tambon, and specific industry level

345




- Pricing - Income

employee) (industries) - OTOP centre

2.2.7 Marketing channel of industrial products a. Market location and linkage b. Customers


interview (employer and employee)

Mapping

- Provincial Industry Office - Private sectors (Industries) - OTOP center

Province, District, Tambon & Village, and specific industry level

2.2.8 Environmental Issues a. Environmental Problems - Noise pollution - Air pollution - Waste water and solid b. Waste Management and Control - Waste water treatment - Recycling of solid wastes - Solid waste disposal c. Pollution Control Measures - Air - Noise - Water

Secondary data Primary data

- Observation - Key informant

interview


- Private sector (Industries)

Province, District, Tambon & Village, specific industry level

2.2.9 Promotion and Support Roles and incentives of institutional support

- Board of Investment (BOI) - TAO - Community Development Department - Royal Project

Secondary data - Government

official document Primary data

- Key Informant interview


- Private sector - Provincial

Administrative office

National, Province, District, Tambon & village.

346




2.2.10. Problems, Constraints, Prospects and Potentials

- Capital - Infrastructure - Raw material - Labor - Production - Marketing - Quality of products - Pollution - Waste management - Logistics - Policies - Institution


interview


- Provincial Administrative office

- Pollution control Department

- Private sector

National, Province, District, Tambon & village, and specific industry level.

2.2.11. Policies, incentives, future plans and recommendations

National, provincial and district level - Large and medium industries - Small industries and OTOP

Secondary data - Government

official document Primary data

- Key informant interview (private sector, government officers)

- SWOT analysis


- Private sector - Provincial

Administrative office

- Social welfare department

- TAO

Province, District, Tambon and village

3. Trade and Commerce

3.1 General

Number of business (registered enterprises), types of business Products (sources, type of goods and services) Taxation for each type of commerce

Secondary Data: - Tax and revenue

office - Directory

Primary Data:

- CD Officer - District tax

and revenue office

347




information - Key informant interview

- Private sector

(individual businessman)

3.2 Marketing (by each product)

Type and number of market (Mobile market, weekly market and neighboring market)

- Location - Distance - Schedule - Type of products - Price trend of products (OTOP products

and clothes) - Marketing channel, Mapping, Market

flow chart for each products (cloth, grocery, electricity ware, house ware)

- Role of middlemen, cooperatives and government (CD Office)

Secondary data: the report from district authorities Primary data: observation interview (OTOPs, grocery stores, different shops) Marketing survey (where they buy and sell each product?)

Interview key informant (officer), market vendors and buyers District offices Market/shop sellers/community shops

Provincial, district and village level

3.3 Banking and Credit

Location Distance Alternative financial service (BAAC, Nong Muang district) Saving groups

• Share of loan for Non-Agriculture • Loan monitoring • Interest rate and loan condition • Repayment rate

Primary data: interview

- Bank manager

- Customer

- Tambon, saving group committee member.

District level, Provincial level and Tambon

Primary data: Interview - TAO officers

348




3.4 Supporting institutions on trade and commerce

Number, types and roles of institutions for promoting trade and commerce, e.g. TAO, VDF, OTOP, CD Offices, BAAC, Provincial Trade and Commerce Office

Secondary data: District office, internet and available documents.

- Private sector (businessmen)

- Convenient shop

- BAAC

Provincial, district, Tambon, village and household

3.5 Trade and commerce policies

Current policies for trade and commerce

Primary: Interview Secondary data: District office, internet and available documents.

- District

Officer

- Provincial

National, Provincial and district level

3.6 Potential and problems/ constraints and recommendations

From the current practices of trade and commerce

Primary data: Key informant interview, group discussion and observation

- Provincial

officers - District officer - Traders - TAO

Provincial, District level and Tambon

3.7 Future plans and perspectives

Government policies on trade and commerce

Primary data: Interview

Provincial District officer, trade and commerce officer, group representative ( OTOP)

Provincial and District level

4. Tourism

Primary: Interview with key informant, Tourism

Provincial officer Provincial and district level

349




4.1 Overview of Tourism sector in Khok Chareon District

Provincial tourist statistics (Trend, number of visitors etc.) Tourist sites

officers.

4.2 Situational Analysis

Current situation Existing tourist attractions (historical and natural sites etc.) Types of tourism (Cultural tourism, eco-tourism) Tourism of neighboring areas Impacts of tourism on social, economic and environment

Primary: Interview with key informant, Tourism officers.

- Tourism officer

at the district (if not, provincial officer)

- Tourism services/products providers and tour operators

- Community surrounding tourist sites

National, Provincial, District, sub-district

4.3 Problems and Potentials

Based on the above information Secondary: from website, provided materials, Tourism reports (if any) Primary: Interview with key informant, Tourism officers.

- Tourism officer at the district (if not, provincial officer)

- Community surrounding tourist site

District, sub-district

4.4 Future plan/prospective and recommendation

Tourism policy/strategy/plan & promotion

Primary: Interview with key informant

- Tourism officer - TAT officer

Provincial, district, sub-district

351

Annex 2d: Coordination Schema: Infrastructure Sector

352

Areas/components (Parameter)

(complex /Simple Variable) Methods of Data Collection

Groups/ Informants (Province, District, Sub-district and Village)

1 Demography and population distribution - Area (Sq.km.) - Population Density (person /Sq.km.) - Number and location, household density

of all settlements - Person average per household by

settlement - Maps of population distribution

- Secondary data/NRD2C

- Use Maps

- TAO officials - DAO officials

- Tambon - District

2 Connection network : Time distance and accessibility - Connection to public services (school,

health o station, market, local banks)

- Connection to national road network - Connection to local office/community

center

- Secondary data/NRD2C

- Use Maps

- TAO officer - DAO officials

- Tambon - District

Settlement ( The DATAD for this parameter is supposed to be collected by social group)

3.Development level analysis of settlements based on NRD-2C data

- Secondary data/NRD2C/ BMN

- TAO officials - DAO officials

- Tambon/Villages - District

1.Type and density of road - Community level (2 lanes)

o Density o Length o Quality of road and speed limit o Volume of transports

- Use Maps - Secondary data/ NRD

2 C

- TAO officer - Rural highway

office

- Tambon - District

Road Network

2. Distribution of public facilities and services - How many health centres, Education

facilities, Post office and TAO. - Main problems

- Use Maps - Interviews

- TAO officers - Provincial officials

- village - Tambon - Province

3. Durability and road types - Maps - Asphalted road - Concrete road - Earth /gravel

o Length

- Secondary data/NRD 2C

- TAO officer - District office

- Tambon - District - Province

353

Major

Areas/components (Parameter)

Detailed Aspects Indicators/ (complex /Simple Variable)

Techniques and Methods of Data

Collection

Target Groups/ Informants

Level of Study (Province, District, Sub-

district and Village) 1.Existing water sources and Maps

- No. of Deep and Shallow Wells - Hand pumps

- Ponds - Reservoirs - Water supply systems - Streams - Others

- Primary data - Secondary data - Use Maps

- TAO officer - Villagers, WUG - Regional Water

Resource - Irrigation

Provincial Office

- Tambon, District and Province

Water Supply System

2. Capacity or water sources - Volume in cubic meter from the

existing sources

- Primary data - Secondary data - Interviews

- TAO officer - Villagers, WUO

Tambon and District

354

3. Water supply installation cost - Installation charges - Deposit money - Others

4. Operation and Maintenance

- Authority in charge of management and maintenance (community/ local leader involvement)

- Water supply fee (Baht/cubic meter) - Private company/TAO/community

- Secondary data - Interviews

- TAO officer and DAO

- Villagers and WUG

Tambon and District

355

Water Supply System

5. Village water supply system – 1 case studies by villages - Source of water supply system - Capacity of water supply - Networking of water supply system - Distribution of water supply household

coverage - Checking water level (Automatic

system) - Financial contribution, sources - Capacity of staff and technicians - Administrative organization - Local level committee for the

management - Cost of Installation per household (Baht) - Role of local committee and people

participation - Operation and Maintenance - Future plan for the water supply system 6. Irrigation system network – case study of 1 Tamboon

- Source of irrigation water ( reservoirs, weir, canals, pone, deep well and shallow well)

- Capacity - Length and density of irrigation

system (Km.) - Area coverage - Investment cost of irrigation system - Operation and maintenance

Future plan

- Primary data - Secondary data and

interview - Primary data - Secondary data /

NRD-2C - Interview

- TAO officer - Local committee

of water supply, DAO

- TAO officer - Department of

irrigation - Department of

Agricultural Extension

- Mineral Resource Department

Water & Natural Resource Department

- Villager - Tambon - District - Tambon - District - Province

356

Annex 2e: Coordination Schema: Social Sector Major Areas/ Components (Parameters)

Detailed Aspects and Indicators


Collection

Target Groups/Informants/

Organization


district and Village) 1.1 Population structure Secondary Data

(District Census) District Registration office

District level

1.1.1 Population size Secondary Data District level 1.1.2 Population density Secondary Data District and tambon level 1.1.3 Population distribution - by area - by age - by gender (population pyramid)

Secondary Data District and tambon level

1.1.4 Type of religion and ethnic groups

Secondary Data District and tambon level

1.1.5 Household size Secondary data and interview

District and tambon level

1.2 Population Projection District Registry Office District and tambon level 1.2.1 Population (5 or 10 years) Secondary Data District and tambon level 1.2.2 Birth rate/growth rate Secondary Data District and tambon level 1.2.3 Mortality rate Secondary Data District and tambon level 1.3 Migration (regarding seasonal migration)

1.3.1 In-migration, Out-migration: number, sex, age and reason

Secondary Data and interview for reason

Registration office at district, TAOs and local people

District and Tambon Level

1.3.2 Impacts of out-migration/in-migration (social and economic aspects)

Interview TAOs staff District and Tambon Level

1. Population

1.3.3 Future plan regarding migration

Secondary Data and interview

District Level

357

Major Areas/ Components (Parameters)



Collection


Organization


district and Village) 1.4 Employment 1.4.1 Type of occupation and distribution by area

Secondary Data District and Tambon Level

1.4.2 Population structure by occupation

Secondary Data District office and TAO District and Tambon Level

1.4.3 Number of unemployed (approximate number) ` - By areas

- By age - By gender - By education background

Secondary Data TAOs Tambon level

1.4.4 Policy regarding unemployment (trainings, labor, market, etc)

Secondary Data District office Provincial and district level

1.5 Poverty Situation 1.5.1 Household incomes Secondary Data and

interview (BMN) District Office, TAOs District and Tambon

level 1.5.2 HHs under National Poverty line

Secondary Data (BMN)

District Office, TAOs District and Tambon level

1.5.3 Poor households by occupation

Secondary Data Registry Office, TAOs District and Tambon level

1.5.4 Poverty alleviation programs

Secondary Data; Interview

Provincial Community Development Office(CDD), TAOS and relevant websites

Provincial, district and Tambon level

1.6 Problem/constraint/potential Secondary Data (BMN), Interview and groups discussion

Leaders village, TAO Provincial and district level

358




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 2.1 Health Organization Structure

- Health policy & future plan - Role and functions of

Health Organizations at each level

Secondary Data Provincial/District Public Health Office

Provincial, district and Tambon levels

2.2 Health Facilities

2.2.1 No. of public/private hospitals/health centers/clinics/drug stores 2.2.2 Capacity of health unit i.e. no. of beds 2.2.3 Case study of one hospital, Tambon health

o Organizational structure

o Working procedure o Problems/issues

Secondary Data Interview

District Public Health Office

District and Tambon levels

2.2.4 Distance from the district/Tambon office 2.2.5 Location of Health units

Secondary Data

District office District and Tambon levels

2.3 Health Personnel set up at each level

2. Public Health and Sanitation

2.3.1 Health personnel set up (medical and paramedical, administrative) 2.3.2 No. of vacant post

Secondary Data Provincial/District Public Health Office, PHSC (Public Health Station Center)

Provincial, District, Tambon levels

359




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 2.3.3 No. of doctors/dentists/nurses/technicians/ Pharmacists and ratio to population 2.3.4 Standard ratio as per rules

Secondary Data Provincial/District Public Health Office

District level

2.3.5 Number of Volunteers and 2.3.6 Jobs they performed and the difficulties they faced 2.3.7 (a case study of Volunteer worker)

Secondary Data Interview Interview

District Public Health Office Volunteers

District level

2.3.8 Criteria of selection of volunteers (education, motivation, and others)

Secondary Data & Interview

Public Health Officials, Health Volunteers

Tambon level

2.3.9 Training for volunteers Secondary Data & Interview

Public Health Officials, Health Volunteers

Tambon level

2.3.10 Roles and responsibility of volunteers

Secondary Data & Interview

Health Volunteers Tambon level

2.3.11 Incentives and benefit Secondary Data & Interview

Health Volunteers Tambon level

2.3.12 Public Health Schemes like (HIV vaccination)

Interview District officers District level

2.4 Health services

2.4.1 Types of treatment: General treatment in Health units (out patients)

- Level of medical facilities in health units

- Procedures of treatment

Secondary Data, Interview

Provincial/District Public Health Office

District level

360




Collection


Organization


district and Village) - Comparison between

private and public health units

2.4.2 Diseases - Major diseases - Causes and morbidity - Prevention measures and

treatment - No. of potential referred to

Bangkok


District Public Health Office Health station (Yang Rak)

District level / Tambon level

2.4.3 HIV , Heart , Cancer etc - Number of infected people - Number of deaths (disease

wise) - Future plans to reduced the

figures



District level

2.4.4 Drug-addicted people by type

- Ages wise and gender wise - Level and type of drugs

Secondary Data Drug Control Database Center, District Public Health Office

District level

2.4.5 Maternity and child care (maternal care, reproductive care, vaccination, nutritious,)

Interview Public Health Officials District level

2.4.6 Health Projects and insurance (30 bahts for all, children’s smile, and others) (A case study of 30 baht for all)

Secondary Data, Interview (Case study on 30 baht for all program, covering benefits, delivery mechanism)

Provincial/District Public Health Office, Hospital Director, Public Health Officials, villagers


361




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 2.4.7 Health education (awareness training, sex education, nutrition, community health campaign)

Interview Public Health Officials District level

2.4.8 Cost of availing health facilities

- General treatment - Drug-addicted - Maternity etc

District office District level

2.5 Sanitation 2.5.1 Safe drinking water (availability, treatment and accessibility)

- Storage methodology and its uses(NRMg)

- Any hazard by the use of water

Secondary Data, Interview Case study from Tambon Yang Rak

Provincial/District Public Health Office, Public Health Officials


2.5.2 Latrines (Number and types) - Current situation - Type of Latrines ( open ,

closed)


Public health Officials District level /Tambon level

2.5.3 Household environmental issue (Solid waste management, drainage system, nuisance pollution)

- System of SWM & cost - Type of drainage system

(open or under ground) - Types of pollution - Situation & problems in

rainy season

Interview Public Health Officials Tambon level

362




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 2.6 Nutrition 2.6.1 Eating habits

- Major foods & its cost - Any health hazard by food

(if any then reasons) -


Public Health Officials District level /Tambon level

2.7 Problems/constraint/ Potentials

- Role of local community - Any change in the policies

by new government - Lack of Funds, training or

staff

Interview District Officers, Saraburi Hospital, Public Health Officials

Provincial/District, Tambon level

2.8 Health Policies - Targets - Programs/Operational

Budget - New government policies

Secondary Data Tenth Five Year Plan (2006 – 2011)

Provincial level

3.1 Formal Education 3.1.1 Number and distribution of schools (primary, secondary, high school and others)

Secondary Data Provincial Education Office District level

District /Provincial level

3.1.2 School Facilities (no of class rooms/library/lab/other facilities)

Secondary data District Education Office and schools


3.1.3 Accessibility Interview School head and local people

Tambon and village level

3. Education

3.1.4 Education Personnel (no of teachers and qualification, ratio of teachers to students)

Secondary Data and Interview

Education Service Area Office (provincial), headmaster

District and school level

363




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 3.1.5 No of students in primary, secondary and high schools

Secondary Data Provincial Education Office


3.1.5 No of children not attending school

Secondary Data Provincial Education Office

District and Tambon level

3.1.6 Enrolment rate Secondary Data Provincial Education Office and school head


3.1.7 Drop-out rate at all levels and reasons

Secondary Data and Interview

District Education Office District level /Tambon level

3.1.8 Literacy rate between 15-60 years old

Secondary Data District Office District level

3.1.9 Activities of the schools - Sports - Cultural - Others (mini-projects, herbal gardens, etc)

Secondary data, Interview

Headmasters, teachers School level

3.1.10 School committee: - Role and responsibilities for education - Fund. - Linking with other organizations

Secondary data, Interview

Headmaster, Teachers School level

3.1.11 Policy and programs for education encouragement (scholarship, loan, etc)

Secondary data and Interview

District Education Office and School head

provincial, and school level

3.1.15 Problems/Constraints and Potentials

Interview and discussion Case study Yang Rak shcool

District Education Office, Headmaster, Teachers, parents

Provincial and school levels

364




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 3.1.11 Policy and programs for education encouragement (scholarship, loan, etc)

Secondary data and Interview

District Education Office and School head

provincial, and school level

3.2 Non-formal Education 3.2.1 Informal education centers (types, number)

Secondary Data Non-Formal Education Office

Provincial and District levels

3.2.2 Location and accessibility Secondary Data and interview

Non-Formal Education Office

District levels

3.2.3 Personnel (Number of staff, teachers, qualification and responsibilities)


District level

3.2.4 Types (public library, classroom learning)


District level

3.2.5 Activities and details (The target beneficiaries, budget, program, objectives, etc):




3.2.6 People’s benefits and their feedback

Interview Non-Formal Education Office, local people

Tambon and shcool level


Interview and discussion


District level and school level

3.2.8 Policies for informal Education

Secondary Data Department; district NFE office

district levels

4.1 Local government organizations (District, TAOs)

District, TAOs District and Tambon level

4. Local Institution and people’s participation 4.1.1 Structure of local

Administration


District office, TAOs Province / District level and tambon level

365




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 4.1.2 Role and responsibilities of district and TAOs in the villages


District office, TAOs District level, Tambon level

4.1.3 Formal and informal groups formed by local government and by people (Production group, VDF group, woman group, youth organization) case study of women weaving group for formal and elderly group for informal group

Secondary Data, interview, Key Informants

District office, TAOs, officials and the committee of each group

District, tambon and village level

4.1.4 Structure, funding, function and services of these groups


District office, TAOs and officials

District, tambon and village level



District office, TAOs District /tambon level

4.2 People’s participation and feedback

Local people and TAOs District ,Tambon and village level

4.2.1 People’s participation in local groups (membership)

- Participation (% of HHs and in terms of gender) - Networking - Benefits

Secondary data, Interview and group discussion

TAOs and local people Tambon and village level

4.2.2 Participation in local planning process - Process (meetings, discussions) - Level of participation (listening, contributing ideas) - Gender participation level

Interview, Group discussion

TAOs local people


366




Collection


Organization


district and Village) 4.2.3 Feedback from local people (Institution performance and cooperation with community)

Interview and group discussion

TAOs and local people Tambon and village level

4.2.4 Effectiveness of local groups in terms of participation and capacity (case study)


TAOs Local Groups


4.3 Institutional support, policies and projects (GOs, NGOs and civil society)

Secondary Data and interview

District office, TAOs, NGOs and private sector

District and Tambon level

4.4 Problems/Constraints and potentials

Interview and discussion SWOT

District office and TAOs District and Tambon level

367

Annex 3a: Checklist for Natural Resources and Environment 1. Topography: 1.1 Location: Longitude and latitude Source: District/Provincial Profile 1.2 Distance

Source: District and Provincial Profile 1.3 Seasonal Composition

Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Summer

Rainy

Winter

Source: Department Of Agriculture 1.4 Physical Settings

Source: Department of Agriculture

District Tambon Distance from District

Distance from Provincial Hall

Distance from Bangkok

DHQ District Khok Charoen Nang Makha Khok Charoen Khok Samae San Wang Thong Yang Rak

District Tambon Hilly (area) Mountain (area) Plain ( area) Upland

(area)

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San Total

368

1.5 Flood and Draught Flood Draught

Magnitude Frequency Magnitude Frequency Tambons

Low Medium High Low Medium High Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Source: TAO meeting, Province/district office, Irrigation Department, agriculture department Note: write the location of flooding in each respective Tambons Supporting Documentation to be Collected: Topographical Map of District Topograhpical Map of Province Geography Location Map

369

2. Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity 2.1 Temperature

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

Average

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

Trend

Source: District / Provincial Office 2.2 Humidity



Yearly Average

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

Trend

Source: District / Provincial Office

370

2.3 Rainfall



Yearly Average

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Trend

Source: District / Provincial Office

371

3. Water Resources

Distribution of water Resources Underground Water

Brook/Canal Swamp Tambons

Stream River Water fall

Deep well Shallow well

others

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nang Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Source: NR and Environment Office (Provincial level), Department of Underground Water Resources, Agriculture department, TAO, PAO Water User groups (if any), district office People’s perception on water resource availability/access, their distribution process, policies and government initiatives/intervention Needs Water Utilization Irrigation Drinking Domestic uses other than drinking Industrial uses Livestock Water situation What is the Quality of water (drinking, domestic use and agricultural point of view) What are the major problems in water management and distribution? Potentials of the area in term of water resources Policy- policies on water resources and distribution Government project Future plan for proper water management

372

4. Soil 4.1 Soil Texture and Characteristics Soil Texture and Characteristics Soil Series No.

Soil Name Relief & Slope Types Characteristics of

Horizon A pH Quality of Nutrition Drainage

Source: Soil Map, Department of Agriculture 4.2 Soil Series

Soil Series Area Covered

Soil Series No Nang Makha Khok Charoen Samae San Wang Thong Yang Rak Source: Soil Map, Land Development Office/ District Office, Department of Soil Condition What are the main problems, constraints and potentials of soil? What are the soil conservation plan/strategies? - District Office - Land Development Office - Department of Agriculture - TAO

373

5. Land 5.1 Land Use Pattern- Tambon wise

Source: Land Development Office, Department of Agriculture 5.2 Land Title

Land Title types and area (Rai) Without Land Certificate

% of title of the total area (rai)

Tambons

Land Deed NS3 SK SPK 401

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Source: Source: Land development Office, District Office/ province office, TAO, Land Office (district level) Notes: • Land ownership or land deed: (Amphoe Trajong) is the right of ownership which Land

Department had inspected and measured it. • NS3 : (Nor Sor 3) is recommended to owner that he/she is using land which will register as

Land Ownership later • SK : (Sor Kor) is the right to use but not ownership. Land Title Situation

- Average household land holding size - Per capita land availability - How is the procedure of issuing of land title? - How long does the land certificate validate? - Who does own the most land?

Land Use Pattern Tambon Agriculture Fallow Grassland

(pasture) Forest land Land/human

Settlement Water bodies

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

374

5.4 Land reform

- area under land reforms - land reform process - land reform certificate - Distribution and purpose

5.5 Land Reform

Source: Land development Office, District Office/ province office, TAO, Land Office (district level) Land Reform Situation What is the process of Land reform?? People’s perception on land reform process, policies and government initiatives/intervention Problem and Policy: - What are problems in land reforms process? - What are the problems in land tenure sytems/process? - What are the problems, constraints and potentials concerning land ownership? - What is government’s policy regarding the land reforms - What are the government’s policies regarding land tenure - What are government’s policies regarding land ownerships - What are potentials associated with land reforms? - What are potentials associated with land tenure ? - What are the roles of government and projects regarding land tenure and land reforms?

Target groups of data collection: -District Office -Land development Office - Forest Office under NR and Env Office -Land Office (district level) - TAO -Provincial Land Reform Office

Tambon Area under land reforms

Purpose of Reform

Number of land reform certificates

How much forest areas has been reformed?

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

375

6. Forest 6.1 Forest Distribution among Tambons Tambon Reserve

Forest (in Rai)

Community Forest (in Rai)

Conservation area/green areas(in Rai)

Others(in Rai)

Khok Choren Khok Samae San Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Total Forest Area Source: -Forest Office (province level), NR and Env Office(provincial level), Forest User Groups, -Department of Royal Forestry, district office, TAO Is there any forest land reformed? if, yes what is your view and its impacts? (Question for TAO officers and villagers) Forest Situation

- How and what are the utilization of forests (Benefits and effectiveness of community and government)?

- What type of forest products are available and what are their commercial valuation? - Are their any non timber product activities and where are their markets? - Are their forest factories or industries (saw mill and furniture) - Role of government policy - Main problems & Constrains in forest management - Future plans for forest conservation

Questions on community forestry for Yang Rak Tamboon officials

- How many community forests are there? - How big is the coverage? - What are the advantages of community forestry? - Current policy in community forest? - Is there local participation? - What is government support for community forestry? - What is the organization and management of community forestry? - What are the problems future plans and constrains and Potentials?

Forest Plantation and reforestation

- Is there any ongoing forest plantation in the area - Is there any motivation for people in forst plantation or forest management activities

376

- Are there and forest reforestation projects in the area (if yes location area) - What species are recommended for plantations - What is the government support for tree plantation - What are future plans for scaling up and management. - What is public participation in forest plantation and forest management?

6.2 Wild animals and plant Species

Tambon Wild life Plants and number

Type No Type NO Khok Choren Khok Samae San Yang Rak Nang Makha Wang Thong Total Forest Area Source: -Forest Office (province level), NR and Env Office(provincial level), Forest User Groups, -Department of Royal Forestry, district office, TAO How many species of wild animal are available in the area? Are there any productive and conservative activities in the area? Are there any zoos in the area? What are Government Policy on wildlife? Wild life conservation and protection? 6.3 Forest Encroachment

-Existence and severity

6.4 Occurrence of forest Fire -Existence and reasons -Protection strategies and mechanisms

7. Mineral Resources

Name of Mineral Name of Mineral Amount Location (Tambon) Production Site Area Industrial Utilization

Source: District Office, Department of Mineral Resources, NR and Environment Office, Industrial Office (at provincial level)

377

Mineral Situation - What is the royalty collection and distribution mechanism for mineral resources? - What are the currents policies about the management of mineral resources? - What are main problems associated with mineral resources in the area? - What are potential that can be developed for better management of mineral resources in the

area - What are ongoing projects in mineral resources mobilization? - What are future plans in management of mineral resources? - Coverage Industrial Utilization (economic worth of the mineral resource) - Availability of Industries and production sites

8. Environmental Issues 8.1 Pollution

- Types of pollution

q Water pollution q Air pollution q Solid/hazardous waste q Noise/odor pollution q Others…………………………….…………

- Impacts of pollution - Pollution control mechanisms if any - Awareness among people on impacts of pollution

• 8.2 Deforestation

- Is there any deforestation taking place? - Is there any government policy and programs to control deforestation ? - What is the control mechanism to avoid deforestation? - What are ongoing projects for dealing deforestation?

Needs Future plans to control deforestation and what are potentials that can be developed to control deforestation

Forest encroachment - Is there forest encroachment taking place? If yes what is the degree of severity? - What are government policy guidelines for controlling forest encroachment? - What is the control mechanism to avoid forest encroachment? - What are ongoing projects for dealing forest encroachment?

378

Needs Future plans to control forest encroachment and what are potentials that can be developed to control forest encroachment? Soil erosion

- Is there any sort of soil erosion taking place? If yes what is the degree of severity? - What are government policy guidelines for controlling soil erosion? - What is the control mechanism to avoid and mitigate soil erosion? - What are ongoing projects for dealing with soil erosion?

Needs Future plans to control and mitigate soil erosion what are potentials that can be developed to control soil erosion? People Perception on environmental issues:

- What environmental issues and problems do people see and feel in their lives? - How do people perceive them? - What is the level of people awareness in environmental issues? - What is the scope and incentives for people’s participation in solving environmental problems. - What are ongoing projects which intend to address environmental problems though peoples’

awareness and participation. - What are the benefits that people enjoy by their participation? - What are the challenges that the area is currently facing or is likely to face in near future? - What are potentials that can be developed to overcome these challenges?

People Perception on Natural resources:

- How do people living in forest area perceive environmental resources as a major determinant of their livelihoods?

- How do people interact with these resources to satisfy their needs? - What is people perception regarding the proper utilization and management of these natural

resources? - What is the degree of awareness regarding different issues (like sustainability and pollution)

associated with natural resources? - What is people perception regarding the owner ship of these resources. - How people participate in the natural resources management decision making process? - What is the prospect of people participation in NRM in the area?

What policy guideline is in place which gives the provisions for people participation in NRM? - What are present obstacles which are hindrance in people participation in NRM? - Is there any on-going project which attempts to ensure people participation in NRM? - What is the prospect for community based Natural resources management in the area?

379

Department/Tambon wise (Policy, vision, mission statement) Sources:

-TAO - Land Development office - district office -District Public Health Office -Community/ village level Organizations (if any) - NR and Env Office -Forest Office - Kasetsart University Research Station (accommodation station)

380

Annex 3b: Checklist for Agriculture sector 1. Agricultural credit Types of formal credit institutions: BAAC

• What is the objective of BAAC? • What is organizational structure of BAAC? • How many BAAC offices operating in the district and sub-

districts? • What are roles, functions and regulations (with activities and support

services?) • Who are their target clients? • What kinds of services they are providing? • What are the provisions for accessing loan and its other

services? • What types of loan and size of loan is BAAC providing? • Eligibility for loan access • Size of loan • Purposes of loan and duration of loan according to purpose • Total number of borrowers/clients (if possible of the previous

five years) • Total amount disbursed (if possible of the previous five years) • Loan demand (see trends whether it is increasing or decreasing and why) • What is interest rate? Is there any change in the interest rate since 5 year? • Repayment rate: in %age and see the trend whether it is decreasing or

increasing and why • %age coverage of the population by its services (credit) • What are the major problems of BAAC in terms of reaching to larger number of beneficiaries? (if needed, verify it

from the farmers side) Responses from the farmers on bank’ services and its performance

381

Table: Number of Beneficiaries

BAAC Units Beneficiaries Total amount disbursed

Total amount repaid Repayment rate

T-1 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-5 Total HH Source: secondary data (brochures, records, reports) and primary data (BAAC executives and its beneficiaries) Agriculture Cooperatives In general: for supporting agencies

• How many cooperative organizations registered, renewed and operational at present?

• Total number of members/households associated with cooperatives?

• What kinds of services they are providing to its members? • %age coverage by the agricultural cooperatives by its

services (credit) • Total capital mobilized/deposited (share, savings and others) • Source of funds • What are the major problems of cooperative development? • Do you see any potentials of cooperative development? What are the government policies for cooperative

development? Tambon wise information Cooperative specific: for cooperative executives

• Objective, structure, staff, voluntary or paid staff, number of members male/female, • Number of board members and its composition • What kinds of services they are providing? • What are the major problems of cooperatives? (management, product development and others)

382

VDF In general: for supporting agencies

• Major objective, organization structure • Major activities of VDF • Major sources of VDF for implementing projects • What are the supports provided by the government bodies to

VDF? • What do you see as the major constraints VDF for its

development? • Total funds provided by the government to VDF • Total funds mobilized by the VDF (share, savings, grants and other incomes • Main purposes of loan disbursed and %age loan utilized by the agriculture sector • %age coverage by the VDF in terms of its services (credit) • What are the government policies for VDF strengthening?

VDC specific: VDF executives

• Number of members (male and female) and households (one member one household?) • Number of board members (male and female) • Total fund managed and mobilized • Sources of funds • Total fund disbursed as credit and in agriculture in particular • Future plan • Major constraints in VDF management and development

Tambon wise information Traders

• What kinds of business activities are? • What are interest rate and its repayment system?

Farmers Saving Groups In general: for supporting agencies

• Total number of farmers’ saving groups • Total number of members (Tambon wise) and households associate • Major activities of farmers saving groups • Total funds managed and mobilized

383

• %age coverage by the farmers saving groups • What is the government supports to capacity building of these farmers saving groups?

Tambon wise information Group specific: for groups members

• Total number of members (female and male) • Activities of the groups • Total capital managed and mobilized • Sources of funds/income • Savings mobilization: loan size, interest and repayment rate, loan demand • Future plan • Major problems of farmers saving groups

2. Farmers Institutions and Groups Types of institutions and groups In general: for supporting organizations

• Total number of farmers/households associated with these groups • Major activities: rearing, marketing etc. • Members Constituency (formation procedure)

Group specific: for groups members

• Objectives of groups • Major activities • Members associated (female and male) • Organization management system • Fund generation! Sources? • Major problems?

Case of this particular group 3.Agricultural policies

• land development • increase access to credit • increase access to market • avail irrigation facility

384

• develop agriculture sector (crop, livestock, fishery, integrated farming, organic farming) • Do they have particular policy to develop agriculture sector of Khock Charoen District?

Check-list for Livestock and Fisheries Production Phase 1- Start up; initial information collection and detailed planning Information gathering using various formal and informal sources to gain an initial picture of the situation and context, Example,

• Collect secondary data • Meeting • Initial institutional analysis • Identify partners • Assemble team • Select survey area • Develop budget • Arrange logistics

Phase 2- Field work: based on semi structural interview techniques, meetings with government official, collection and analysis of information in the field so that a picture of the situation can gradually be build up. Example,

• Collect primary data • Analysis of data • Develop and test key areas and hypothesis

Phase 3_write up presentation and dissemination Final analysis and write up of the actual assessment, presentation to government and dissemination, example

• Analysis • Write up report • Present to the government and circulate

Possible additional tasks:

• Develop road map • Develop project profile

385

Services of Livestock Department in Khok Charoen District

Hospitals Dispensaries Diagnostic lab Research Lab A.I, Centers Farms Teaching Inst:

Veterinary Doctors Para Veterinary Staff Others

Livestock population in Khok Charoen District (verify with secondary data) 2008

No Type of Animals District Population (millions) Remarks

1. Beef Cattle

2. Dairy Cow

3. Buffalo

4. Sheep

5. Pig

6. Duck

7. Local Chicken

8. Meat Chicken

9. Ostrich

386

Product and Sale in Khok Charoen District (Farm level) as case study

Type of products

Live animal* Milk** Egg Manure Yogurt Skin Remarks

Quantity of production

Input Cost

Out put cost

Return

Total

Sale* Product** Expenditure, Benefit and Credit

Description Farm 1 Farm2 Farm3 Remarks Inform income

Expenditure range

Credit source

Benefited

Animal Health Common animal health disease

Disease Symptoms Treatment Prevention/control Services from the line agencies*

Remarks

387

*Government and Private

Artificial Insemination Source Conceive rate (%) Birth rate (%) Mortality rate (%) Remarks

• What type of training provided for the farmers? • What kind subsidy and facilities from government authority to the farmers? • Major problems and constraints in livestock production? • Suggestion/recommendations for developing production?

Same data will collect for livestock and fisheries Marketing

• Sources of information for inputs and outputs (availability and price) • Marketing channel / flow for inputs • Marketing channel / flow for products • Farm-gate markets / middlemen • Marketing facilities • Price variations

388

• Problems, constraints & potentials

Fisheries data collect from provincial department Major aspects Complex and Simple Variables Target Group/s Checklist 1. Agricultural credit

1.1 Types of formal credit institutions: BAAC 1. Internal aspects of

organization 2. Products and Services:

• Types of products and services

• Procedures and provisions 3 Number of beneficiaries

• Number of beneficiaries/coverage

4. Major problems in terms of

reaching to larger number of beneficiaries

5. Farmers responses

• BAAC office Farmers (loan receiver)/Village headman

• What is the objective of BAAC? • What is organizational structure of BAAC? • How many BAAC offices operating in the district and sub-

districts? • What are roles, functions and regulations (with activities

and support services?) • Who are their target clients? • What kinds of services they are providing? • What are the provisions for accessing loan and its other

services? • What types of loan and size of loan is BAAC providing? • Eligibility for loan access • Size of loan • Purposes of loan and duration of loan according to purpose • Total number of borrowers/clients (if possible of the

previous five years) • Total amount disbursed (if possible of the previous five

years) • Loan demand (see trends whether it is increasing or

decreasing and why) • What is interest rate? Is there any change in the interest

rate since 5 year? • Repayment rate: in %age and see the trend whether it is

decreasing or increasing and why • %age coverage of the population by its services (credit) • What are the major problems of BAAC in terms of reaching

to larger number of beneficiaries? (if needed, verify it from the farmers side)

389

Responses from the farmers on bank’ services and its performance Note: 1. Sources of information

• Secondary data (brochures, records, reports) • KII (primary data)

2. Collect reports, brochures and other documents related to organization

Agriculture Cooperatives In general 1. Total number of agricultural

cooperatives 2. Total number of members

associated 3. If available, information about

services like loan and other services

Cooperative specific 1. Internal aspects of

organization 2. Major activities 3. Products and services 4. Provisions of accessing to

D/TAO Agriculture Cooperatives

• How many cooperative organizations registered, renewed

and operational at present? • Total number of members/households associated with

cooperatives? • What kinds of services they are providing to its members? • %age coverage by the agricultural cooperatives by its

services (credit) • Total capital mobilized/deposited (share, savings and

others) • Source of funds • What are the major problems of cooperative development? • Do you see any potentials of cooperative development?

What are the government policies for cooperative development?

Tambon wise information Note: 1. Source of information

• Data • Other reports, records etc

2. Collect information regarding cooperative activities • Objective, structure, staff, voluntary or paid staff, number of

members male/female, • Number of board members and its composition

390

services 5. Major problems

• What kinds of services they are providing? • What are the provisions of accessing to its services? Can

non-share members access to its services? • What are the major problems of cooperatives?

(management, product development and others) Note: 1. sources of information

• cooperative reports, brochures, annual plans etc 2. Collect all relevant reports, records

VDF In general 1 Total number of VDF operating 2 Total number of members 3 Total number of households 4 What are major problems of

VDC VDF specific 1. Internal aspects of

D/TAO VDF secretariat Village headman Beneficiaries

• Does the government have separate provision or strategy

for supporting two different VDF? If yes, what? • Major objective, organization structure • Major activities of VDF • Major sources of VDF for implementing projects • What are the supports provided by the government bodies

to VDF? • What do you see as the major constraints VDF for its

development? • Total funds provided by the government to VDF • Total funds mobilized by the VDF (share, savings, grants

and other incomes • Main purposes of loan disbursed and %age loan utilized by

the agriculture sector • %age coverage by the VDF in terms of its services (credit) • Total members benefited by the VDF activities (agriculture)

especially credit (agricultural purposes) • What are the government policies for VDF strengthening? Note: 1. Sources of Information:

• Secondary data • KII

2. Collect reports, data and any other information materials relevant to VDF and its activities

391

organization 2. Major activities 3. Major products and services 4. Loan: interest rate, target

group 5. Provision of accessing services 6. Future plan 7. Major obstacles at present and

to achieve the future aim

• Number of members (male and female) and households

(one member one household?) • Number of board members (male and female) • Total fund managed and mobilized • Sources of funds • Total fund disbursed as credit and in agriculture in particular • Future plan • Major constraints in VDF management and development Tambon wise information Note: 1. Sources of information:

• KII • Secondary sources

2. Collect plans and progress reports and any other relevant documents available

Traders 1. Type of business/trade 2. Location of business and its

coverage areas 3. Loan financing, provision,

interest and repayment system

4. Contracting system 5. Pre-financing

Traders/Sugarcane processors Farmer/Loan takers

• What kinds of business activities are? • Business location and its coverage area? (geographic

and/or number of farmers if it is contracted) • Do they provide loan to farmers? If yes, do they provide

advance money? If yes, what is the provision? • What are interest rate and its repayment system? • Is there contracting system done with the particular

commodity producer like sugarcane/cassava?

Farmers Saving Groups In general: 1. Inter-organizational aspects 2. Number of farmers’ saving

groups 3. Number of members

associated 4. Major activities 5. Saving and saving mobilization 6. Organization management

D/TAO

• Total number of farmers’ saving groups • Total number of members (Tambon wise) and households

associated (female and male) • Major activities of farmers saving groups • Total funds managed and mobilized • %age coverage by the farmers saving groups • What is the government supports to capacity building of

these farmers saving groups?

392

7. Major problems Group specific 1. Total members 2. Activities 3. Saving and saving mobilization 4. Major problems

Group members

Tambon wise information Note: 1. Sources of information

• Secondary sources • KII with D/TAO officers

2. Collect all relevant and available information • Total number of members (female and male) • Activities of the groups • Total capital managed and mobilized • Sources of funds/income • Savings mobilization: loan size, interest and repayment rate,

loan demand • Future plan • Major problems of farmers saving groups

Any commercial banks operating: if yes, types of services, coverage, number of beneficiaries, interest rates, total amount disbursed, repaid, problems etc.

2. Farmers Institutions and Groups

Types of institutions and groups In general 1. Inventory of the farmers’

institutions and groups (integrated farming, cow-raising, fish raising etc.)

2. Support from government and other line agencies

3. Details information about number of Farmers’ Saving Groups, total number of group members (name, objectives, activities)

• District

Agriculture Office

• Extension office

• What kinds of farmers groups are operating? Like cow

rearing, fish farming, integrated farming etc. (single and multipurpose) and number of groups accordingly

• Total number of farmers/households associated with these groups

• Major activities: rearing, marketing etc. • Members Constituency (formation procedure) • Approval with any line agencies: legal status (are they

registered? Where? Do they need to register or do they need to take approval for group formation?

• Support from government and other line agencies (by whom, what kinds of supports, in cash or kind, what are the provision, if cash: grant or loan)

Tambon wise information Note: 1. Sources of information:

• Secondary data

393

Group specific 1. Objectives 2. Group activities 3. Problems and prospects Case of this particular group

• Farmers’ Group

• KII with Officials 2. Collect data and other relevant information regarding this

farmers’ institutions and groups (Tambon wise information) • Objectives of groups • Major activities • Members associated (female and male) • Organization management system • Fund generation! Sources? • Major problems?

3. Agricultural policies

Agricultural development programmes and policies 1. Land development 2. Input policy 3. Subsidy policy 4. Credit policy 5. Marketing policies (floor price

and ceiling price) 6. Irrigation policy 7. Export policy 8. Capitalization policy for

agriculture 9. Agricultural development

policies for: • Crop • Livestock • Fishery • Integrated farming • Organic farming • Others

Policy constraints

• District

Agriculture Office

• Extension Department

• Livestock Department

• Fishery Department

• Irrigation Department

• BAAC Cooperatives

• Key question to Tambon, District and Provincial officials:

what is the key policy constraint to the issue related to: • land development • increase access to credit • increase access to market • avail irrigation facility • develop agriculture sector (crop, livestock, fishery, integrated farming, organic farming)

• Do they have particular policy to develop agriculture sector of Khock Charoen District?

Note: 1. Source of information

• Secondary data

394

Table: Cooperative and its members’ information

Tambon No. of agricultural coop

Number of members/HHs Loan disbursed Repayment status (%age)

Female Male Total Agriculture sector

Others

Table: VDF VDF/Village Members Households Number of

loan taker Total amount disbursed

Repayment rate (%age)

Female Male Total Table-1: Number of person accessed to credit

Sources of Credits/Credit Providers Number of beneficiaries T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 Total

Table-2: Farmers’ Institutions

Tambon Village Purpose (single/multi)

No. of cooperatives

Number of members Total population

%age of people

involved in cooperatives

395

Female Male Total Verify: is one household one cooperative member! Table-3: Farmers’ saving groups

Tambon Farmers’ Saving Group

Members Loan size Interest Rate Repayment Rate

Total loan Disbursed

Loan Demand

Female Male Total

396

Annex 3c:Checklist for Non-agriculture sector

Aspects Characteristics Remark

1.1.1 GDP - National (gross, per capita) - Province (gross, per capita)

1.1.2 Employment in non-agricultural sector

- National - Province

1.2.1 General information on Khok Chareon district

- Land use - Income - Employment - Occupation - Working age group - Educational level

II. Industry 1. For Provincial, District and Tambon Officers 1.1 General Information about Industry

1. How many industries are there in the District?

2. What are they? What types of industry?

What are problems and potentials of industries in the District? 3. What are policies and strategies of the government (province, district or Tambon),

including incentives, tax, subsidy, facilitation, etc. to promote industry in the district? 4. Do you have any mechanisms in regards to labor protection and social welfares of labor? 5. What is future plan of the government (province, district or Tambon) related to industry?

1.2 For a particular industry - name of Industry

1.2.1 Profile of Industry

Aspects Characteristics Remark 1. Type of Industry q Agro-processing

q Manufacturing q Handicraft q Weaving q Other…………………………………

397

2 Scale of Production q Large q Medium q Small q Cottage

3 OTOP Product (cottage industry)

q Yes q No

4 Location

5 Accessibility (main road, market, TAO, electricity, water supply, etc.)

6 Year of Establishment

7 Initiated By

8 Initiated For

1.2.2 Input a. Capital

Aspects Characteristics Remark 1. Initial investment

2. Source of funding 1. ………………………….……………………… 2. ………………………….……………………… 3. ………………………….………………………

4. ………………………….………………………

3. Ownership of assets (land, building, equipment/machine, vehicle)

1. ………………………….……………………… 2. ………………………….……………………… 3. ………………………….………………………

4. ………………………….………………………

4. Maintenance of assets (frequency, duration)

398

b. Raw material


1. Types and quality of raw materials

1. ………………………….……………………… 2. ………………………….……………………… 3. ………………………….………………………

4. ………………………….………………………

2. Sources of raw materials

(Where and how?)

1. ………………………….……………………… 2. ………………………….……………………… 3. ………………………….………………………

4. ………………………….………………………

3. Cost of raw materials

4. Quantity of raw materials obtained

c. Labour


1. No. of Employee Total: ………………………….………………

Female…………………………….....… q Full-time………………….......………..

Female…………………………….....… q Part-time………………….………........

Female…………………………….....…

2. No. of Laborers Total: ………………………….………………

Female…………………………….....… q Permanent………………….......………

Female……………………………......… q Temporary………………….……….....

Female……………………………......…

3. Salary for Employees Minimum: …...……........… Baht /month Maximum: …...…....…...… Baht /month

4. Patterns of Payment for Laborers

q Salary q Wage

q Hour q Day q Week

Minimum: ………………...… Baht/….... Maximum: ………………….. Baht /……

399

5. Basic Educational Level of Employees and Laborers

Employee: …………………………......… Laborer: …………………………......…..…

6. Sources of Labor Supply q From local areas q In-migrants from outside province

(Specify: …......…......…......…......…......)

1.2.3 For Industry’s Workers

1. How long do you work for the industry?

2. Are you better off after working for the industry? 3. Are you satisfied with the working conditions of the industry? Why or why not?

4. What are social welfare benefits (bonus, allowance, health insurance, etc.) you get from

the industry?

5. What do you spend your salary or wages on? 6. Can you support other members in your family?

1.2.4 Production procedure


1. Level of technology q Traditional q Modern

2. Production line – steps in processing

3. Capacity of production - Per day - Per month - Per year

400

1.2.5 Output


1. Outputs of Production (per day/month)

Product 1: …………………….…………… Product 2: …………………….…………… Product 3: …………………….……………

2. Cost of Product Product 1: ……………………. Baht/unit Product 2: ……………………. Baht/unit Product 3: ……………………. Baht/unit

3. Price of Product

Product 1: ……………………. Baht/unit Product 2: ……………………. Baht/unit Product 3: ……………………. Baht/unit

1.2.6 Marketing Channel of Industry


2.2.7 Market Outlets (Domestic, Export, Retail, Wholesale)

• location of each markets

• Distribution of Goods (How?)

q By Wholesaler q By Retailer q Direct Distribution to Markets q Others: ………….………………………

• Target Customers 1. ………………………….……………………… 2. ………………………….……………………… 3. ………………………….………………………

4. ………………………….………………………

Means of Transportation in Distributing Goods

401

1.2.7 Environmental Issues

2. Questions for government’s officers

What are the main impacts of the industry on the environment?

q Water pollution q Air pollution q Solid/hazardous waste q Noise/odor pollution q Others…………………………….…………

2.1 Air Pollution

1. What is the type of air pollution from the industry? 2. Do you have any equipment to treat them before discharging?

3. Does the emission meet the standard of the government/ISO?

If no, do you get any complains regarding air pollution from the nearby residents?

4. How often do you monitor air emission from your factory? 5. What do you think about the air quality in this area?

If bad, what should the factory and government do to improve it?

6. Is there any policy to address this problem (reduction and control)?

7. Who is concerned with this problem? Is there any government or company responsible?

8. If people get sick from air pollution, who is responsible for this (government or

industry)? 2.2 Solid waste and hazardous waste

1. What are the sources of solid waste (market, industry, tourism, household, others)?

2. Are the District, Tambon or Village facing solid waste disposal problem?

3. Is there any solid waste disposal system or techniques?

If landfill, where?

402

4. Do you have any suitable disposal technique i.e. recycling method, which is to improve the sanitary condition of district?

5. How to minimize and control solid waste, which affects the health and natural

environment?

6. Do you have any hazardous waste produced from the factory? If yes, please specify the types of them

7. How do you dispose them (hazardous waste)?

8. Are there any reported cases that hazardous waste affected the health of the people,

property and polluted the environment?

9. What is the factory’s policy in waste management? 2.3 Waste water / Waste treatment

1. Is there any waste water problem in the area?

2. What are the sources of waste water?

3. Do you have waste water treatment plan in the industry before discharging?

4. Does the volume of waste water that discharge out from the factory per day?

5. Where does the effluent/sludge go? (e.g. river, pond, etc.)

6. Does the effluent meet the environment standard?

7. How often do you monitor effluent/sludge?

8. In the past, did you have any case that the water bodies nearby are polluted by the waste water discharged from your factory?

If yes, how do you solve that problem?

9. How are they treated? What technique or method?

2.4 Noise/Odor Pollution

1. Do you have any noise/odor problem in working place?

If yes, does it affect the workers / people nearby?

Are there any complaints and reported cases about noise/odor pollution?

403

2. What are the measures of factory to reduce the noise/odor pollution?

3. What is the noise/odor level of your factory?

3. For Provincial, District and Tambon Officers 3.1 General Questions about Strategy and Policy Issues

1. What is the policy of the government; measures initiated and law enforcement to mitigate

the pollution problem and its effect to the environment in the identified area? 2. Which organization (by level) is taking care of the waste management? 3. Is there any local groups/committees/NGOs in charge/concerned with pollution control? q Yes, how:

q No, why:

4. Are there any local awareness-building programs, activities and campaign regarding the

above problems? q Yes, how:

q No, why:

5. How is public participation organized for environmental issues and frequency of activity organized at village, Tambon and district level?

6. Are the policies effective in terms of implementation?

7. What are the impacts of the policies?

4. Promotion and support


1. Supporting institutions/organisations

1 ……………………….. 2 ……………………….. 3 ……………………….. 4 ………………………..

2. Supporting programs / activities

1 ……………………….. 2 ……………………….. 3 ……………………….. 4 ………………………..

404

5. Problems, Constraints and Future Plan

Aspects Problems/ Constraints

Potentials Future Plan

1. Production

2. Price

3. Supply of Raw Materials

4. Distribution of Products

5. Employees/Laborers

6. Customers

7. Market Information (price of raw materials

and goods)

8. Machinery/Processing Technology

9. Environmental Issue

10. Policies of the Government

11. Infrastructure • Electricity • Water Supply • Road Network • Telecommunication • Others: ……….…………………

12. Promotion of Industry

13. Management

14. Finance

15. Other……………….…………………

405

6. Suggestions and Recommendations Section 2: Trade and Commerce

I. General Information

1. Number of enterprise in Khokcharoen district Scale

Name of Tambon Small Enterprise Medium Enterprise

Large Enterprise

Khok Charoen Yang rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

2. Ownership and scale of trade and commerce Type of

Enterprises Sole

Trader Partnership Private

Ltd.com, Public Ltd.

Com, Agri-

Cooperative Others

Small Medium Large

3. Type of trade and commerce Type of

Enterprises Goods Services

Food Cloths Equipments Others Accom-

modation Banking Others

Small Medium Large

4. Capital of investment Type of Enterprises Registered Cost Other Investments

Sole Trader (grocery shop) Partnership Private Ltd.com, Public Ltd. Com, Agri-Cooperative Others

406

5. What are the potential resources for running trading and commerce in the district? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II. Marketing. 1. Market types, location and scale

Morning/evening Mobile Weekend Name of Tambon

Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Khok Charoen Yang rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

2. Types of product being traded in particular market (inflow and outflow, and estimate the volume of each product)

Types of Market Non-Agricultural Product

Morning /Evening Market

………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Mobile Market

………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Weekend Market

………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Trends of the non-agricultural product’s price

a. How is the price of each product changing during the year 2007? Months Products Jan-Mar. Apr.-Jun. Jul.-Sep. Oct.-Dec.

407

b. How is the trend of price of each product during previous years? Years Products 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4. Where are the sources of origin, and final consumers of each product? Non-Agri. Products Produce at where, sell to whom, bring to where, and who is the final consumers?

5. Marketing functional:

a. Middle man: What is the role of middlemen on trading?.............................. b. Cooperative: What is the role of cooperative?............................................... c. Government (Community Development): What is the role of CD office?....

III. Banking (Mobile Banking –Bangkok Bank)

1. Information of the bank in the district

• What day of the week does the bank come and provides service? • Where the mobile bank goes to serve (villages)? Or villagers need to come to get service

at district? • Are there other banks or credit provision in the district? If yes, what are they?

2. Detail Information of the bank services Aspect BAAC (if there is

any service) Mobile Bank (Bangkok Bank)

Others (TAO/Happiness)

Number of staff Type of services Type of client Number of savers Number of borrowers Credit monitoring system

408

3. Credit information a. Mobile banking (Bangkok Bank)

Outstanding Amount Interest Rate/year Repayment Rate (2007) Type of credit Short

term Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Loan in Cash

Loan in Kinds

Saving b. BAAC


term Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Loan in Cash

Loan in Kinds

Saving c. Others (TAO/Happiness society)


term Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Loan in Cash

Loan in Kinds

Saving

4. Checklist for Bank Official and Financial Institution

1. Is there any special incentive from the bank/financial institute to promote trade and commerce?

2. Has the bank/financial institute made any assessment on the credit (whether or not it meets the requirement of loan in the district?)

3. There are any policies from the government related to loan providing and monitoring? 4. What are the internal and external problems/constraints facing based on the previous

and current implementation? 5. What are the future plans and perspectives of the bank based on the experiences? 6. Does BAAC work with other local organizations or GOs to promote trade and

commerce? If yes, what are the roles? And how do they work?

409

IV. Checklist for Supporting on Trade and Commerce

Provincial Trade and Commerce Office 1. What are the role and support of trade and commerce office in term of promoting

trade and commerce? 2. What are the policies and strategies of the office to promote trade and commerce in

term of provincial level (food, cloth, other consumer goods and OTOP)? 3. How many level of trade and commerce covered in term of providing service in the

whole country? 4. What kind of trade and commerce that the office works on? 5. What are the NGOs and GOs that the office works with in order to promote trade and

commerce? 6. What are problems/constraints and potential faced by the office in term of working on

and promoting trade and commerce? 7. What are the future plans and perspectives of the office to promote trade and

commerce?

Community Development Office 1. How many types of institutional involve in trade and commerce affairs? What are

they 2. What are the major roles and supports of each institution for trade and commerce? 3. Is there any form of private sector group to promote trade and commerce? 4. Is there any project formulate by the specific organization to promote trade and

commerce? 5. What are the policies and strategies of CD department to promote trade and

commerce (food, cloth, other consumer goods and OTOP)? 6. What kind of support provided by CD department to promote trade and commerce? 7. What are the problems/constraints and potentials of CD department in implementing

affairs related to trade and commerce? 8. What are the future plans and perspectives of CD department to promote trade and

commerce? Section 3: Tourism sector

I. Overview of Tourism sector in Khok Chareon District (District and Tambon level)

1. Tourist statistics Number of international and domestic visitors to the area in the last 5 years Revenue generated by tourism sector in the area

2. What are the tourist sites in the area? Which one is the most popular? 3. What are the reasons of visiting the area by international and domestic visitors? II. Situational Analysis a. Types of tourism and existing tourist attractions (District and Tambon level)

1. What are types of tourism in your area? (Ecotourism, cultural, historical...) Where?

410

2. What are the existing tourist attractions in the area? (Historical, natural) Which one is the most attractive?

Tourist attractions Names of providers Location Details

Historical

Natural

Cultural

Artificial

Other

b. Tourism of neighboring areas (District and Tambon level)

1. Are there any tourist sites in neighboring areas? 2. What are they? and is there any link/connection between those tourist sites and your tourist sites? How? c. Impacts of tourism

1. What are the impacts of tourism on social, economic and environment? Impacts Positive Negative

Dealing with negative impacts

Social

Economic

Environmental

411

d. Tourism promotion and marketing 1. What is the tourism promotion and marketing plan of the area? 2. What are the tourism promotion and marketing activities you have done and will do in the future?

4.3 Tourism policy and plan 1. What are policies and plans at provincial and district level in order to promote tourism? 2. What are the roles and responsibilities of relevant agencies in tourism development?

4.4 Problems and potentials

1. What are the problems of tourism development and management in your area? 2. What are the potentials for tourism development in your area?

4.5 Future plans and recommendations 1. What are the future plans for tourism development in your area? 2. What are your recommendations in order to develop and promote tourism in your area?

412

Annex 3d:Checklist for Infrastructure sector

Table 1.1: Population Density and Settlement Pattern of District Khock Charoen (data from social group)

Name of Tambon No. of

Villages Area (km2)

Population (person)

Pop. Density (sq. km2)

No. of Households Persons/Household

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C and population density maps Table 1.2: Classification of Settlement by Population Size (based on secondary data) (data from social group)

No Size of Population Numbers of Settlement % of Settlement Based on Population Size

1

2

3 4

5

Total

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C and population density maps

413

Table 1.3: The time distance and accessibility (from nearest and farthest) by car/motor bike

Name of Tambon

School

Public health station

(Tambon Level)

Local Market

District Hospital

District Office

TAO Office

Police Station Local

Bus Station

Local Post

Office

Mobile Banks

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C and population density maps and for primary data from villages

Table 1.4: Development level analyses of settlements of NRD 2C data

Name of Tambon

Total of Villages

Level.1

Level .2

Level .3

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total Percentage %

Level 1. Backward, Level 2. Moderate, Level 3. Progressive Source: for secondary data; NRD 2C

414

1. Road Network Table 2.1: Type and density of road

Type of road its length and density Quality of road and speed limit High way

( > 6 lanes) Motor Road (4

lanes) Community Road

(2 lanes) Asphalted Concrete Gravel/Earth Volume of

transports Name of Tambon

Km. Km/ km2

Km. Km/ km2 Km. Km/ km2 Km. Km/ hr. Km. Km/ hr. Km. Km/ hr. No of vehicle/day

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C and using maps

Table 2.2: Construction and Maintenance Construction Operation and Maintenance

Name of Tambon Type of road Source of Fund Investment Agency Source of Fund Investment Agency Future Plans

Motor Road Khok Charoen Community road

Motor Road Yang Rak Community road

Motor Road Nong Makha Community road

Motor Road Wang Thong Community road

Motor Road Khok Samae San Community road

415

Questions 1. What are the major problems of transport network? 2. What are the maintenance procedures? How often the road is maintained? 3. Any local participation for operation and maintenance? How?

4. Policy and potentials (new plans for road upgrading)? 3. Transportation Facility and Network

Table 3.1: Public Transportation facility

No. of bus No. of Terminal Public Transportation Name of

Tambon Private Govt. From - to Distance (km.)

Fares (Baht) Frequency

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C and using maps Questions

1. What are the purposes of using public transport services by villagers? 2. What are users and local people feedback? No. of bus enough or not?

416

3. Feed back on the quality of vehicles? 4. What kind of other private transportation is usually used? 5. What is the future plan to improve the situation?

Table 3.2: Private Transportation

Name of Tambon No. of motor bike No. of truck No. of Pick up Others (specify)

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

4. Water Supply

Table 4.1: Existing Water Sources (data from NRE) Shallow well/ Hand pump Deep Well Pond

Reservoir Stream water supply

system Tambon Name No. Capacity

(M3) No. Capacity (M3) No. Capacity

(M3) No. Capacity (M3) No. Capacity

(M3) No. Capacity (M3)

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

417

Khok Samae San

Total Water supply installation cost (length of pipe and joints, Installation charge, deposit money and other expenses) Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO

Table 4.2: Water Supply System Water Supply System (WSS)

Responsible Agent

Name of Tambon

No. Village

coverage

No. HH

coverage

No. W.S.

Station

Storage capacity of WS

Authority to mange/main-

ain WSS Source of

Fund Investment per

System

Charges/

Month/ HH

Connection Cost

TAO/Local Leaders

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha

Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Total

Questions: Feedback of the community (users) regarding satisfaction of WSS as well as problems if any?

418

Table 4.3: Irrigation system

Water Source Construction Operation and Maintenance

Name of Tambon

Area coverage

No. of farmers

Length of Irr.

System Reservoir Weir

Capacity (cub m)

Fund Source

Investment Cost

Charges/ Farmer/month

Operation Agency

Khok Charoen Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong Khok Samae San

Total

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C 5. Power Supply System

Table 5.1: Electricity Name of Tambon

Total No. of Village

No. of Village Electrified

Village Electrified in %

Total No. of HHs.

No. of HHs. electrified

No. of HH. electrified in %

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

419

Source: for secondary data; DAO, TAO, NRD 2C Table 5.2: Electricity by purposes (Village No.)

Domestic (KW or percentage)

Industrial (KW & percentage)

Agriculture (KW & percentage)

Commercial (KW & percentage) Name of

Tambon

No of power distributing stations

Total KW supplied KW

consumed % KW consumed % KW consumed % KW consumed %

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

Table 5.3: Alternative Energy Sources

Private generator and others Tambon

Name Type of

alternative Private Government Source of energy Why they use the

alternative energy Problems and constraint

Solar Energy Khok Charoen Biogas/Bio

diesel

Solar Energy Yang Rak Biogas/Bio

diesel

420

Solar Energy Nong Makha Biogas/Bio

diesel

Solar Energy Wang Thong Biogas/Bio

diesel

Solar Energy Khok Samae San Biogas/Bio

diesel

Questions

1. What are the possible solutions? 2. Why they use the alternative energy?

3. How can the people have the solar cell installed? Cost and service charge? 4. How often do you maintain the solar cell in the village? 5. What are the maintenance procedures

6. Telecommunication

Table 6.1: Telephones Networking (Public Phones)

Type of telephone Booth Name of Tambon

Total No of Booth

Prepaid Cards Coins Pin Phone

Cards Others

Frequency of checking and maintenance (time/Month)

Budget Responsibility of Management

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

421

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Source: for secondary data; Telecom office, Provincial Office, DAO, TAO

Questions

1. What types of problems can arise?

2. The satisfaction level on the quality of service?

Table 6.2: Telephones (Household Phone)

Tambon Name Total No. of HH Total No of HH

owned the service Percentage

Charge per unit(Bath)

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

Questions

1. What are the major problems? 2. How long does it take to get the service?

3. Subscriber’s satisfaction level?

422

Table 6.3: Telephones (Cell Phones) Mobile Service Providers

DTAC AIS ORANGE HUTCH Others Tambon Name

No. of mobile shop No. of

Users Quality

of network

Micro wave

towers

No. of Users

Quality of

network

Micro wave

towers

No. of Users

Quality of

network

Micro wave

towers

No. of Users

Quality of

network

Micro wave

towers

No. of Users

Quality of

network

Micro wave

towers Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total Questions

1. What are the major problems? 2. Subscriber’s satisfaction level?

Table 6.4: Internet Accessibility to Internet

Household Post office TAO Internet Service

School net internet Café/shop Tambon

Name

Total No. of users Unit charges/

hour Unit charges/

hour Unit charges/

hour Unit charges/

hour Unit charges/

hour

Purpose of Internet use

No. of Service

providers

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong

423

Makha Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Total

Note: For fix packages we can calculate on monthly basis

Questions 1. Who is the service provider? Govt. or private sector?

2. Is/are there any local website in the area?

Table 6.5: Fax

Tambon Name Total No. of Fax Providers Charge/unit No. of users/ week/month

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San Total

424

Table 6.6: Postal service

Table 6.7 Community information service Accessibility to Community

information service Tambon Nme

No. of Village broadcasting

tower

No. of Village reading center

No. of books

No. of Newspaper

No of Radio

Channel

No of TV channels

No. of HH No. of Govt./ Companies

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Types of service available and postal volume Registered mail EMS Parcel Money Order Telegraph DHL oversea Tambon

Name No of post

offices No. of

postmen

No of

post boxes

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

No. of sending

Fee of charge

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

425

Khok Samae San

Table 6.8 Satellite communication and cable TV. Distant

Type of cable TV Tambon Name

No. of users

Private Govt.

Cost of installation/ HH. (Baht)

Service charge per month/

HH. (Bath) Purpose of using

Khok Charoen

Yang Rak

Nong Makha

Wang Thong

Khok Samae San

Questions

1. What is the feedback from the users?

2. What are the beneficiaries from the satellite of using cable TV?

426

Checklist for Social Sector 1. Population (Target groups: “Report of District Registration office and document from each tambon of Khok Charoen district”) Questions 1.1 Population structure (Population size, Population density and Population distribution by area, age, gender) 1.2 Population Projection (Births rate, Death rate, Population by years in each tambon? 1.3 Type of religion and ethnic groups in each tambon? 1.4 Household size 1.5 What are the push and pull factors for migration?

Tambon push factors Pull factors Remarks 1.Khok Chaoren 2.Yang Rak 3.Nong Makha 4.Wang Thong 5. Khok Samae San Total Note give number is dealing with main push factors 1. Unemployment 2.lack of capital 3. Landless 4.others……………………… And main pull factors 1.Higher and more stable income 2. Resettlement and employment 3. Others…………………………………………… 1.5.1 What are the main factors and reasons for migration in Khok Chaoren district? (Case study and group discussion) 1.5.2 How many number of in-migration and out-migration by sex, age in each tambon? 1.5.3 What are the policies of Government to migration people in this area? (Provincial, District, Sub-district) 1.5.4 What is the problem in relation with migration? 1.6 What is situation about employment and unemployment in each tambon? 1.6.1 Type of occupation and distribution by area (Agriculture sector or non agriculture) 1.6.2 Number of unemployed (number by area, age gender, education background) 1.6.3 Do you have policies for this situation and future plan ?

427

Poverty Situation 1.7 Households Income in each tambon 1.8 How many households registered as poor households in each tambon ?

Tambon 2004 2005 2006 2007 Remarks 1.Khok Chaoren 2.Yang Rak 3.Nong Makha 4.Wang Thong 5. Khok Samae San Total 1.8.1 What is the poverty line for this area? How far below or high from National Level line? 1.8.2 What are the Programs/ Projects on Poverty Alleviation in the district and tambon level? 1.8.3 What are the key problems / constrains about population in this area? 2. Checklist for data collection of Public Health & Sanitation

2.1. Health Organizational Structure and Chart: Could you please give us your organizational structure and chart?

Provincial Public Health Office


Public Health Stations

What is the organization structure in your health institute?

What is the role of health organization in district or

tambon?

2.6 Health Policies:

Interview at and/or with Provincial Public Health Office, District Public Health Office, and TAOs (can we have a copy of it?) Questions Provincial Public Health Office District Public Health Office

What are your strategies to implement the policies?

428

Questions Provincial Public Health Office District Public Health Office Are there any specific local needs in health to be reflected in the future policies?

How much of annual budget are your organizations given from the central government?

2.2. Health Facilities: Interview at Provincial Public Health Office/ District Public Health Office,

2.2.1.Can we have a map of locations/areas where hospital, health stations & private clinic exist? 2.2.2.Do you think whether the number of beds is sufficient in serving people within the district?

If not, what is the ideal ratio?

2.2.3.How many ambulances are there in the district and who own them? 2.2.4.What is the strength of medical and paramedical staff in the district? 2.2.5.What is the recommended ratio of medical staff to the population as per Government health policy? Do there are any vacant

posts in the district? Doctors Dentists Nurses Pharmacists Technicians Administrative

staff Community Volunteers

Standard ratio

Vacant posts

2.2.6.Any specific problem in recruiting the medical staff for the district or any other general issue regarding the medical staff? 2.2.7.CASE STUDY on Public Health Volunteers:

Questions Public Health Volunteer (PHV) Public Health District Officer(PHDO) How long you had been working as a volunteer?(PHV)

Why you join as Volunteer? What are your major responsibilities of a volunteer?(PHDO)

429

Questions Public Health Volunteer (PHV) Public Health District Officer(PHDO) What are the criteria for their selection?(PHDO)

How they trained for the job?(PHDO)

What is the incentive for the Volunteers?(PHDO) How they are important to the community?(PHDO) What do you feel about their role? Any suggestion to improve their working?(PHDO) What are the difficulties you are facing?(PHV)

Are you satisfied with the present policy regarding the volunteers?(PHV)

How your role can be made more effective?(PHV) Commits from villagers regarding the volunteers?

2.3. Health services: Interview at Provincial Public Health Office, District Public Health Office, and Public Health Volunteer

2.3.1.What are the birth , death rates and life expectancies of the province and/or district?

2.3.2.What types of treatments are there (i.e. general, special and/or traditional treatments)? (can we have a hospital/health station profile?)

2.3.3.What is the cost and procedure of getting treatment for the public? 2.3.4.What are the major diseases within the district and there main causes? 2.3.5.what are the top five diseases within the district wit h past patient record? 2.3.6.How many patient has been referred to Bangkok due to non- availability of special doctors or equipment or for another

reason? Top Five Diseases

Causes No. of Preventive Measures

Treatment Campaigns and/or

430

Morbidity in-patients

out-patients

2.4.6 What is the situation of HIV/AIDS within the district? Total

HIV-Infected People

HIV Deaths Total Living Infected People No. of Male No. of Female

2.4.7 Where do they get the HIV/AIDS treatment? 2.4.8 What is the situation of drug within the district? 2.4.9 Could we have the numbers of drug drug-addicted persons by types?

Heroine Marihuana Inhalant Tranquilizers Opium Others TOTAL

Male Female

Age Group 2.4.10 What are causes of drug addiction? 2.4.11 Is there any special drug –addicted caring medical institute, if yes what types of treatments do those centers give to the drug-

addicted people? 2.4.12 What is the situation of maternity and childcare within the district? 2.4.13 Do district had some vaccination programs? If yes then what is the program? 2.4.14 Are there any programs and/or projects implemented?

If yes, what are they (i.e. raising awareness, sex education, sanitation, nutrition and so on)? Who are their target groups?

2.4.15 CASE STUDY on the ‘30 baht’ program (Answer where applicable):

Questions Provincial and/or

District Public Health Offices

Public Health Station (Yang Rak) Villagers Remarks

Could you please tell us briefly about the ‘30 baht’ program?

What are its objectives?

431




When is it implemented in the district?

Who are the target groups?

How many cardholders are there?

Does it cover all target groups? What illnesses do the program not cover?

How budget is given?

Do patients using the ‘30 baht’ card get the same services (treatment and/or medicine) as patients paying full amount?

Have you ever received the ‘30 baht’ service? If yes, Please give your comment on the program whether it is efficient and/or reliable! If no, why not?

What are the problems of the program?

What are the potentials of the program?

Do you think whether the program benefits the rural poor?

432




Do you have any suggestion on how the program could work more efficiently?

2.5 Sanitation:

2.5.1 What is the situation of safe drinking water within the district? Interview at District Public Health Office 2.5.2 What is the system of getting safe water supply to community? Interview at District Public Health Office 2.5.3 How you ensure the quality of water? Interview at District Public Health Office 2.5.4 Which sources of water do they use for drinking? Interview with Villagers 2.5.5 Do you think that the water you drink is safe? If yes, why? If no, why not? Interview with Villagers 2.5.6 What is the situation of latrines within the district? Interview at District Public Health Office 2.5.7 What is the situation of household environmental issues within the district? Interview at District Public Health Office 2.5.8 What do the local people do with solid waste? Interview with Public Health Volunteer and/or Villagers 2.5.9 What do the local people do with domestic wastewater? Do they have any drainage system? Interview with Public Health

Volunteer and/or Villagers?

2.6 Nutrition: Interview at and/or with Public Health Station, Public Health Volunteer and Villagers 2.6.1 What are the local people’s eating habits? 2.6.2 How many cases of malnutrition are there?

Tambon No. of Cases Khok Charoen

Yang Rak Nong Makha Wang Thong

Khok Samae San TOTAL

2.6.3 How many types of malnutrition are there? 2.6.4 Are there any campaigns and/or projects promoting clean and nutritious food?

If yes, what are they?

433

2.6.5 Who supports such the campaigns and/or projects (both financially and for human resources)?

2.7 Local People’s Satisfaction: Interview at and/or with Public Health Volunteer and TAOs

Public Health Facilities Public Health Personnel Public Health Services Target

Groups / Organizations

How do you think about these?

Any suggestion on how these

could serve you more efficiently







Public Health Volunteer

Villagers

2.8 Problems and Potentials: Interview at and/or with Provincial Public Health Office, District Public Health Office, Public Health Station, Public Health Volunteer and TAOs

Target Groups / Organizations

What are the major problems regarding public health care

within the district? What is your plan in order to

address those problems? What are the strengths and weaknesses of public health care within the district?

Provincial Public Health Office


434

Target Groups / Organizations

What are the major problems regarding public health care

within the district? What is your plan in order to

address those problems? What are the strengths and weaknesses of public health care within the district?

Yang Rak Public Health Station

District Hospital

Public Health Volunteer

TAOs

435

3. Education 3.1 Formal Education 3.1.1 Organization Structure ( Educational Service District Office) - What is the organizational structure of Formal Education at each level? (National, Provincial, District and Tambon level) (Prepare a

white paper to have a drawing of organization chart) - Could we have a chart of organization structure? - What are the responsibilities for each functional department? 3.1.2 Infrastructures ( Education Service Area Office) - How many schools are there in each Tambon? (Primary, Secondary, High and Vocational school) - Is there any private school in each tambon? (Primary, Secondary, High and Vocational school) What’s the rank of private school at

tambon level? Why? - Is there any recognition of the best schools? If any, pls mention the name of the schools and year and why?

3.1.3 School Facilities ( Education Service Area Office) - How many classrooms/library and labs are there in each school? 3.1.4 Education Personnel (Education Service Area Office) - How many teachers and supporting staff are there in each school? (Primary, secondary, high school and vocational school) - What is the qualification of the teachers? (Primary, secondary, high school and vocational school) - What is the ratio of teachers to students? - Is there any recognition of best teachers? If any, mention the name of school and years and why? 3.1.5 Students ( Education Service Area Office, Head Master) - How many students are there in each school? (Primary, secondary, high school and vocational school) - Is there any recognition of best students? If any, mention the name of school and years and why? - What are the enrollment /drop-out/literacy rates in each school? (Primary, secondary, high school and vocational school)

Enrollment Rate Drop-out Rate Literacy rate The longest distance of school

from village Students

School Boy Girl Boy Girl Male Femal

e Kilometers Hours (walking to

School from village) Boys Girls

1.Khok Chaoren 2.Yang Rak 3.Nong Makha 4.Wang Thong 5. Khok Samae San

Total

436

Case Study Parent feedback on Education Curriculum Key Points: 1. What major/subjects/knowledge are student studying/learning? 2. How do you think the subject they studying are relevant to their practical life? 3. What kind of subjects or topic should we add to the curriculum to support their particle life? 4. What kind of knowledge should the student learn?

3.1.6 Activities of the schools (Head Master, teacher)

- What kinds of activities are there in the school? (handicraft, sports, cultural and others)

No. School Activities Involvement and support of other stakeholders 1

2

3.1.7 School committee and Parent Association: (School Committee/ parent association)

- What are the roles and responsibilities of the school committee? (education and fund raising program, linking mechanism with other agencies and community for curriculum design)

- What are the perceptions of committee on the scholarship and education loan program, curriculum, teacher performance and students performance ? And suggestions to promote the quality education.

Perception on Roles and Responsibilities Scholarship and

Edu. Loan

program

Curriculum Teacher

qualification and

performance

Students

performance

Suggestion to promote

the quality education

School Committee

Parents Association

3.1.8 Education loan and scholarship? (Education Service Area Office)

- What kinds of education loan program/ scholarships do they have? - How many students have been received education loan/scholarship? - What are the requirements to apply the loan/ scholarship? - What is the procedure of the loan/scholarship application? (steps)

437

- What is the nature of the loan? (loan size, repayment system)

No. Program No of Students

(Tambon wise) Requirements/

criteria Step/Procedure/Process Loan size/

Amount of

scholarship

Repayment system

(interest rate?

Period)

Feedback from

students and

parents

1 Education Loan

2 Scholarship

3.1.9 Distance of schools from villages ( Education Service Area Office) Mapping - What is the average distance of school from the village (Tambon wise)? (Primary, secondary, high school and vocational school)

Pre-Primary Primary Lower Secondary

Secondary High Vocation Remarks

Average distance of a

particular school from

each village

3.1.10 Problems/Constraints and Potentials (Feedback from parents) Ninth Five Year Plan (2002 – 2006) - What problems and constraints related to the formal education are there? If any, how did they overcome the problems? What are the

possible solutions? - What are the potentials to improve the quality of formal education?

Problems/ Constraints Suggestion for the Improvement Sufficiency of the teachers (qualification/delivery) Infrastructure and school facilities Accessibility

438

3.2 Non Formal Education

3.2.1 Organizational Structure ( Non-Formal Education Office) - What is the organizational structure of non-formal education? ( Central, province, district and tambon level)

3.2.2 Personnel and Organizational Chart ( Non-Formal Education Office)

- How many staff/teachers/volunteers are there? - What are their roles and responsibilities?

No. Role and Responsibilities Number Perception on NFE strategy 1 Administrative Staff

2 Teachers

3.2.3 Program, Activities/components ( Non-Formal Education Office) - What kinds of NFE programs are operating in each tambon? (distance learning, public library, classroom learning and others) - What activities are implementing? - Who are the cooperating agencies to implement the five activities of NFE? - Who are the target beneficiaries? - How do they develop the curriculum? - How do they mobilize the operational budget? - What is the contribution of NFE on local development?

No. Activities/ components

Topics/ Focus areas Target beneficiaries and contribution from

participants

Resource Person and Honorarium

Contribution of NFE to local development

Budget

1 2 3

- What is the benefit of the people and their feedback? (Case Study) (The beneficially)

3.2.4 Community learning center and public library ( Non-Formal Education Office) - How many community learning center are there in each tambon? - Where does the learning center locate? - How does the community access the center?

439

Community learning center Public library

Number

Tambon Numbers Location Program/Activities People participation Numbers Location 1 Khok Charoen

2 Yang Rak 3 Nong Makha 4 Whang Thong 5 Khok Samae

San

Total

Case study: The feedback from the beneficially of Community Learning Center. Key points:

1. How many days (time) do you go to the Community Learning Center in a week? 2. What kind of activities are you involving in Community Learning Center? Please explain? 3. How do you feel learning from Community Learning Center? If good/not good, please explain? Why? 4. What kind of benefit do you get? 5. What kind of activities should we add/need to do more? 6. Finding and recommendation.

3.2.7 People perception on the educational reform (Headmasters, Education Service Area Office, School committee, Parent Association, teachers ) Education Service Area Office

Approach (student-center/passive receiver/ interaction)

Implementation Difficulties Improvement for future

Headmasters/teachers

School committee/parent association

440

3.2.6 Problems/Constraints and Potentials (Feedback from parents) - What problems and constraints related to the non- formal education are there? If any, how did they overcome the problems? What

are the possible solutions? (Brain storming) - What are the potentials to improve the quality of non-formal education? (SWOT analysis)

Problems/ Constraints Mitigation - Staff and teacher (sufficiency) - Program implementation - Budget

3.3 Education Policies ( Education Service Area Office 10th Five year plan 2007-2011)

- What are the National Education Policies? - What kind of programs are implementing to materialize the policies? - How about the operational budget? - What is gap between the policies and the actual implementation?

Questions Provincial Level District Level What are the National Education Policies?

What are your strategies to implement the policies?

Are there any specific local needs in health to be reflected in the future policies?

How much of annual budget are your organizations given from the central government?

441

IV. Local institution and people’s participation 4.1. Local government organizations (District, TAOs) 4.1.1 Structure of local administration (Chart) - National - District Khok Charoen and tambon level (Secondary data) - Community development department (Friday morning) 4.1.2 Roles and responsibilities of district and TAOs in the villages: (secondary data and interview district office and TAOs)

District Tambon Remarks Roles in the village

Responsibilities in the village

Human resources Ongoings programs or projects (name and activities)

The process of planning and the involvement of the people in the planning and implementing of the projects/programs. (gender and % of HHs)

The success and failure of the programs

The problems that they faced during the planning and implementing of the programs

Potential/opportunity and threats of the programs

The strengths and weaknesses of the program

443

Community Development Department • What is the Annual Budget Allocation per year for the department? How is the sharing for community development

project/program? 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Budget

• Is there any role of local people or representatives in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation the process? If yes, what

are those? • What are the key Community Development strategies in working with the local people?

* What are the relationships between village and wider society (private, NGOs, etc)? 4.1.3 Local groups: - How many informal group and formal group in each tambon? How are the structure, funding, function and services of these groups? 4.1.3.1 Informal Groups (woman group, youth group, temple group, etc) - General information:

Groups Location

Reason for group formation (1)

Year of group establishment (2)

Number of members (3)

Criteria for member selection (4)

Official position in the group (5)

Roles and responsibilities of the group members (6)

Major group activities (7)

Reporting Systems (8)

1.

2.

4.2 People’s participation and feedback of informal group Leadership (9) - What are the criteria for selecting group leader? - What are the roles and responsibility of the leader? - How does the group leader mobilize the financial resource from Tambon/District level? - Are there any the group members holding the official positions in any village/Tambon level formal groups?

444

Participation (10) - Are there any rule and regulation for the groups? If so, what are those and how were they set up? - How often the village meetings are hold? - How do the group members participate in the village meetings? - How do the group members involve in the decision making process? How the decision is finally made? - What are the issues raised by the group members in group and village level meetings? (fund raising, services, accessibility and self assessment) - What are the outcomes after the issues raised? Networking (11) - How is the group linked with the other existing groups in the village (networking mechanism)? Are there any forums of group representatives to interact with local organizations for community benefits? Support (11) - What kind of support have the group received from the government agencies? (financial, facilities, trainings, etc) - What has the trainings that the group received from the Government Agencies (Group management, Reporting System, leadership, marketing, networking and others?) Benefits (12) - What are the benefits for the members from the group’s activities? - Does the group have saving account? If yes, how did they generate the fund (from where, who)? - What are the main purposes of savings? - How does the group take the benefit from the savings? Empowerment (13) - How have been the changes on people’s participation after they join the group?

Groups Leadership (9) Participation (10) Networking/Supports (11)

Benefits to group members

(12)

Empowerment (participation and

capacity)(13)

1.

2.

* What are the problems and potentials of these groups? * What are the weaknesses and strengths of these groups?

445

1.4.3.2 Formal Group

Groups Reason for group formation (1)

Year of group establishment (2)

Number of members (3)

Criteria for member selection (4)

Official position in the group (5)

Roles and responsibilities of the group members (6)

Major group activities (7)

Reporting Systems (8)

1.VDF (location)

2.OTOP (location)

3.Weaving (location)

Leadership (9) - What are the criteria for selecting group leader? - What are the roles and responsibility of the leader? Participation (10) - How do the group members involve in the formulation of annual action plan? - How do the group members involve in the decision-making process? How is the decision made finally? - How often do the group members participate in the group meetings? - What are the issues raised by the group members in group and village level meetings? (fund raising, services, accessibility and self assessment) - What are the outcomes after the issues raised? - What are the constraints the group(s) sees at present as well in the future? Formal Support and Networking (11) - What are the financial supports the groups received from Govt. agencies? - How do the groups utilize the financial resources? - What are the other supports that the groups received beside the financial one? (Training, technical support, institutional, others) - How does the group link with the other existing groups in the village (networking mechanism)? Benefits and Empowerment (12, 13) - What are the benefits that these groups bring to the local social life? - How does the economic empowerment link with the benefits provided by the groups (Income generation and independency, sustainability of the group)?

446

- What are the benefits of VDF to the local development (infrastructure, service provision, financial support, capacity building)? - How do the women involve in VDF activities (Position, decision making, responsibilities to group activities)? Strengths and weaknesses of these groups: Social Welfare, Security and Social Issues

• What types of social welfare programs are there in the area (disable person; elderly; women; orphan; widow; ethnic and the poor)? • Day care center for small children (Objectives, Activities, Benefits to children) • What is the current situation of safety net and crime in the district (Type and occurrence) • Target group: Police station • What is the situation of drug-addiction in the district (No. of addicted people and the trend during the current years)? How is the

rehabilitation center operating? What are the treatment services provided by the center? • What is the situation of road accidents in the district (No. of accident and death cases; Whent is the high time of accidents? Causes

of accidents? Trend during the current years)? • What are the recreation activities to support the social welfare programs in the district (sports; cultural centers; park; creating

learning opportunities)? • What are the main problems in implementation of the social welfare programs in the district? • What are the potentials of the social welfare programs in the district (Help to reduce drug addiction, accidents, and strengthen family

unity and community cohesion)? Case study: Special LopBuri Educational service Area Office 2:

• General Information of the Special Education Center. 1. Year of establishment………………………………….. 2. Vision……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What are the major types of activities at the office? • What are the activities undertaken for the office? • What kind of moral, psychological and emotional supporting the center provides to the beneficiaries? • How is the Special Education office benefiting? • How are the learning materials being developed? • What are the achievements of the office? • What are the strengths of the office? • What are the problems the office has been faced? • What are the potentials of the office (development of training manual, human resource, replication)

decentralized rural development planning : a case study of khok charoen district, lopburi province,...

Economy & Finance

total population

gender population

population ratio

population density

khok charoen district

population group

terms of population

number of female population