decentralized rural devlopment planning of khok charoen district, lopburi province, thailand.pdf

7/27/2019 Decentralized Rural Devlopment Planning of Khok Charoen District, Lopburi Province, Thailand.pdf

1/122

Rural Regional Planning Workshop

January May 2008

Workshop Report

Development Planning of

Khok Charoen District, Lopburi Province

Submitted to

Asso. Prof. Dr.Soparth Pongquan

Professor J.K. Routray

Mr. Vitoon Nil-Ubol

Submitted by

Rural regional Development Planning Student

Rural Regional Development Planning Field of Study

School of Environment, Resources and Development

Asian Institute of Technology

Thailand


2/122

ii

Acknowledgments

First, we would like to express our deep gratitude to Prof.J.K.Routray, School of

Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, and Dr. Soparth

Pongquan, Associate professor, School of Environment, Resources and Development, AsianInstitute of Technology for their kind and field and class room guidance, comments, and their

technical assistance in preparing this report and to learn a valid practical social research

methodologies.

This report and field work was become successfully possible due to Mr. Vitoon Nil-ubol,

RRDP Field Laboratory Supervisor, School of Environment, Resources and Development,

Asian Institute of Technology. We heartily acknowledged his efforts in preparing schedules,

organizing filed surveys and trips and data collection. We also extend our thanks to all the

senior Thai students who acted as translator and made our job easier while data collection and

even in data organizing.

Finally, our greatest appreciation is given to local people of Khok Chareon district and TAO

officials, and other officials at the district and provincial level for their warm contribution and

support.


3/122

iii

Workshop Participants

1 Mr. Abdul Waheed Pakistan

2 Mr. Abid Hussain Pakistan

3 Mr. Alam Mohammad Pakistan

4 Mr. Amar B. Thing Nepal

5 Mr. Bashirullah Khpalwan Afghanistan

6 Ms. Chaba Srisuno Thailand

7 Mr. Choen Krainara Thailand

8 Mr. Imran Taj Hassani Pakistan

9 Mr. Junaid Alam Memon Pakistan

10 Mr. Khampu Phoyyavong Laos

11 Mr. Mahtab Ahmad Pakistan

12 Mr. Mizan ul-Rahman Bangladesh

13 Ms. Naw Pe The Law Myanmar

14 Ms. Nay New Myanmar

15 Ms. Poonam Sharma Nepal

16 Mr. S.Apichatthanapath (seng) Thailand

17 Mr. Sarawuth Wattatham Thailand

18 Ms. Sirinath Matra (Noi) Thailand

19 Mr. Sothy Va Cambodia

20 Ms. Tran Thi Bach CUC Vietnam

21 Ms. Yupa Naw Myanmar

22 Mr. Zhang Jun China


4/122

iv

TABLE OF CONTACTS

Chapter Title Page

Acknowledgment Workshop Participants

Table of contacts i

List of Table vi

List of Figures x

List of Maps xiii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Study Area Identification Phase 2

1.2 Preparatory Phase 2

1.3 Field Investigation Phase I 21.4 Data Analysis Phase I 2

1.5 Field Investigation Phase II 2

1.6 Data Analysis Phase II 31.7 Planning Phase 3

1.8 Synthesis 3

2. Natural Resources and Environment Sector 52.1 Over view and outline 5

2.2 Topography and Climate 6

2.3 Soil 11

2.4 Land 192.5 Water 23

2.6 Forest 262.6a Case Study of Tambon Yangrak Community Forestry 28

2.7 Minerals 302.8 Environmental Issues 32

2.8a A Case Study on Pollution from Open Sugarcane Burning in

Tambon Nang Makha

33

2.9 Relevant Government Policies and Strategies on NRE 35

2.10 Sectoral Analyses and Interrelation of Key Issues 37

2.10.1 Conclusions 40

3. Agricultural Sector 42

3.1 Land for Agriculture

3.2 Water Resources 50

3.3 Soil for Agriculture

3.3a Water Management: A case study on water users organization 53

3.4 Crops 55

3.5 Livestock and Poultry 663.6 Fishery 72

3.7 Agricultural Employment 74

3.8 Khok Chareon District Agriculture Office 743.9 Agriculture Extension Service 74


5/122

v

3.10 Tambon Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre 763.11 Case study on Integrated Farming System 78

3.12 Case study on chemical free vegetable plantation 803.13 Case study on paddy farming group 82

3.14 Agricultural Credit 83

3.15 Agriculture Policies 843.16 Problems and prospects 86

3.17 Conclusions and recommendations 87

4. Non Agricultural Sector 88

4.1 Industrial Sector 91- Thai Hand Weaving Group, Tambon Khok Charoen 103- Thai hand weaving group, Tambon Khok Samae San 105- Thong Muan production, Tambon Nong Makha 106- Basketry group Wang Thong 109

4.2 Trade and Commerce 116

4.3 Tourism 1334.4 Problems and Potential Analysis of Non-Agriculture Sector 138

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 140

5. Infrastructure Sector 1435.1 Introduction 143

5.2 Settlement 1445.3 Connection network: Time distance and accessibility 147

5.4 Public transportation (Bus) 152

5.5 Water Supply System 153

5.5.1 Case study 154

5.6 Power supply systems 155

5.7 Telecommunication 156

5.8 Overall Development 158

6. Social Sector 161

6.1 Population 1616.1.2 Population Structure 161

6.1.6 Population Projection 165

6.1.11 Migration 170

6.1.13 Policies and Programs on Poverty Alleviation 171

6.2.1 Health policies and strategies 174- Public Health Station - Tambon Yang Rak 183

- District hospital, Khok Charoen A case study 185

6.3 Education- Case Study on Yang Rak Vittaya School 206

- Case Study of Village Development Fund Project in SupportingStudents Study

208

6.3.10 Non-Formal Education 210

6.3.13 Vocational Training 214

6.4.1 Thailands Administrative Structure 218

6.4.3 Community Planning Process of Tambon 223

6.4.6 The Community Development Department (CDD 228- A Case study on Weaving Group 230


6/122

vi

- Saving group case study in Tambon Khok Charoen 231- Village Development Funds Case Study on Village

Development Funds village no.of 8 Tambon Wang Tong

232

6.4.12 Social Welfare and Issues 235

6.4.15 Summary of problems and potentials for the Social sector 236

7. Project proposals 237- Awareness Raising Project on Natural Resources and

Environmental Problems

237

- Promoting Community Forestry in Tambon Wangthong 243- Agriculture Technology Transfer Centre Strengthening Project 248- Enhancement of Area under Cassava Cultivation 250- Cooperative weaving centre 252- Formation of Weaving Training and Demonstration Center as a

Culture Tourism

258

- Provision of Community Shallow Tub-well 265

- Skill improvement program for OTOP groups in Khok Charoendistrict

267

References 270

Appendices 272


7/122

vii

LIST OF TABLE

Table Title Page

Table 2.1 Classification of Major Soils in Khok Charoen district 11

Table 2.2 Soil quality with reference to the villages in the district 13

Table 2.3 Soil Suitability analysis of Khok Charoen District with reference to Tambons 14

Table 2.4 Types and Number of Land Ownerships in Khok Charoen District 20

Table 2.5 Details of the Natural Sources of water in Khok Charoen District 23

Table 2.6 Overall Policies of Natural Resources and Environment Sector 39

Table 3.1 Total cultivable agricultural land, households and average land holding size 43

Table 3.2 Land area and percentage of land occupied by agriculture and others 43

Table 3.3 Agricultural Land Use by Tambon Wise 44

Table 3.4 Upland and Lowland Crop by Tambon Wise 45

Table 3.5 Factors affecting crop performance and suitability 47

Table 3.6 General Soil Observation 47

Table 3.7 Soil Fertility Analysis 48

Table 3.8 Available water storage resources 50

Table 3.9 Situation of cultivable area and available stored water resources 52

Table 3.10 Cropping pattern 56

Table 3.11 Cropping Calendar 57

Table 3.12 Cropping Intensity 57

Table 3.13 Average Yield 58

Table 3.14 Benefit Cost ratio calculation of major crops 59

Table 3.15 Comparative statement of livestock and agriculture production 64Table 3.16 Human resource of livestock department in Khok Charoen District 67

Table 3.17 Poultry Population in District Khok Charoen 70

Table 3.18 Number of fish farmers, fish farmers, production and areas 72






8/122

viii

Table3.23 Summary information about the three Financial Institutions 83

Table 4.1 General information of Lop Buri province 88

Table 4.2 Breakdown of income generated by sector 88

Table 4.3 Comprehensive picture of Non-agricultural sector in Khok Charoen district 90Table 4.4 Summary of supporting institutions of industries and OTOPs 91

Table 4.5 Industry situation in Lop Buri province 94

Table 4.6 Current situation in Khok Charoen district 95

Table 4.7 Number of agricultural household per one agro-processing industry 95

Table 4.8 Change in number of OTOP projects in different districts between 2006-07 98

Table 4.9 Comparison of income generated from OTOPs among different districts 99

Table 4.10 Comparison of successful OTOPs (4 stars or more) in different districts ofLopburi

99

Table 4.11 List of OTOPs in Khok Charoen district 100

Table 4.12 Comparison among OTOPs 108

Table 4.13 List of main problems in the industrial sector 114

Table 4.14 List of potentials of industrial sector in Khok Charoen 115

Table 4.15 Distribution time and place of weekly market in Khok Charoen district. 117

Table 4.16 Distribution of total shop by Tambon 119

Table 4.17 Distribution of Shops by Tambon 120

Table 4.18 Ratio of Population under the Service of Shops in Tambon 120

Table 4.19 Markets, Location and Time Spent of Inflow Products 125

Table 4.20 Markets, Location and Time Spent of Outflow Products 128

Table 4.21 Number of Clients and Loan Amount Disbursed 130

Table 4.22 Department of Business Development Strategy (2008-2012) 132

Table 4.23 Internal Tourism Statistics of Lop Buri Province 133

Table 4.24 Attractive tourist place in Lop Buri by share of visitors in 2004 134

Table 4.25 SWOT analysis of tourism 138

Table 5.1 Population Density and Settlement Pattern of District Khock Charoen 145

Table 5.2 Average time 147

Table 5.3 Roads density 148

Table 5.4 Cumulative road density 148

Table 5.5 Accessibility to facilities 151


9/122

ix

Table 5.6 Construction and maintenance 151

Table 5.7 Individual transport 152

Table 5.8 Water availability 153

Table 5.9 Case study 154Table 5.10 Power supply 155

Table 5.11 Telecommunication 156

Table 5.12 Overall development 158

Table 6.1 Households size change by Tambon, 2004-2007 161

Table 6.2 Population Density by Tambon 161

Table 6.3 Population by gender, 2007 163

Table 6.4 Comparison of Male and Female Sex Ratio 164

Table 6.5 The dependency and dependency ratio 165

Table 6.6 Population projected by Tambon 2015 and 2020 166

Table 6.7 The population growth rate Khok Charoen district, 2003-2007 166

Table 6.8 Birth and Death Rates Khok Charoen district, 2007 167

Table 6.9 Household income 168

Table 6.10 Poverty rate by Tambon in 2004-2007 168

Table 6.11 Type of poverty problems 169

Table 6.12 Tambon wise out - migration 170

Table 6.13 Tambon wise in - migration 171

Table 6.14 Accessibility of public health stations/hospital 176

Table 6.15 Distribution of health facilities with respect population 177

Table 6.16 Detail of health personnel 178

Table 6.17 Details of major disease in the district 180

Table 6.18 Distribution of Education Institutions by Tambons 194

Table 6.19 Ratio of Student-classroom Khok Chareon District 194

Table 6.20 Ratio of Students-classroom in Pre-primary Education Khok Chareon District 196

Table 6.21 Ratio of Student-classroom in Primary School, Khok Chareon District 196

Table 6.22 Ratio of Students-classroom in Lower Secondary Education, Khok Chareon

District

197

Table 6.23 Ratio of Students-classroom in Upper Secondary Education, Khok Chareon

District

198


10/122

x

Table 6.24 Number of Teachers by Qualification in Khok Chorean District, Academic Year

2006

198

Table 6.25 Students-teacher Ratio by School 199

Table 6.26 Students-teacher Ratio by Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary School 200Table 6.27 Percentage of Dropout by Schools 200

Table 6.28 Time of Distance to a Particular School Service by Foot and by Bike 203

Table 6.29 Schedule of English Teacher of Anu Bann Khok Charoen School 204

Table 6.30 School Assessment by External Education in Khok Charoen District 205

Table 6.31 Number of Villages Reached at Progressive Level of Studying Continuation 206

Table 6.32 The Students-to-computer Ratio, Yang Rak Wittaya School 206

Table 6.33 Number of Students in Yang Rak Wittaya School by Gender and Grade 207Table 6.34 The Distribution of Scholarship in Khok Charoen District, 2008 209

Table 6.35 The Rate of Illiteracy by Tambons in 2007 211

Table 6.36 Non-formal Education Projects Plan and Budget, Khok Chaoren District,

2007

212

Table 6.37 Community Learning Centers in Khok Charoen District 214

Table 6.38 Report Fiscal Year 2007: Education and Training to Improve Vocational

Skills

215

Table 6.39 Human Resource of the Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO) 221

Table 6.40 Income and Expenditure by Tambon in Khok Charoen District, 2007 221

Table 6.41 Local Revenues by Source of income in TAO, 2007 222

Table 6.42 Expenditure of TAO 222

Table 6.43 List of Development Projects in Khok Charoen District 223

Table 6.44 Percentage of Local Peoples Participation in Khok Charoen District 225

Table 6.45 Institutional support from Line Ministries in Khok Charoen District 227

Table 6.46 List of Community Groups in Khok Charoen District by Tambon 229

Table 6.47 Finance group and the budget in five Tampons, 2007 230

Table 6.48 Detail of assistance provided to needy people 235


11/122

xi

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Title Page

Figure 1.1 Rural and Regional Planning Workshop Methodology 4

Figure 2.1 Percentage Distribution of the Area by Tambon 7

Figure 2.2 Rainfall Data Lopburi Metrological Station (1988-2006) 9

Figure 2.3 No of Rainy Days, Lopburi Metrological Station (1997-06) 9

Figure 2.4 Average Max/Min Temperature 9

Figure 2.5 Average Humidity, Lopburi Metrological Station (1988-2006) 9

Figure 2.6 Percentage distribution of the soil under major groups 13

Figure 2.7 Alternative for Planting in Khok Charoen District 18

Figure 2.8 Villages with Access to Clean Drinking Water 25

Figure 2.9 Villages with Access to Clean Drinking Water for Domestic Uses 25

Figure 2.10 Villages with Access to water for agricultural purposes 26

Figure 2.11 Utilization and appearance of Perlite 30

Figure 3.1 Land Use 42

Figure 3.2 Upland and low land crop area 44

Figure 3.3 Upland and Low land crop by Tambon 45

Figure 3.4 Agricultural land use by Tambon 46

Figure 3.5 Soil Fertility Level 49

Figure 3.6 Tambon wise percentage of total water storage capacity 50

Figure 3.7 Comparison of cultivable land and water resources 52

Figure 3.8 Area under the different cropping patterns 56

Figure 3.9 Cropping Intensity 58

Figure 3.10 Gross Benefits vs Production Cost (per rai) 60

Figure 3.11 Benefit cost ratio analysis of major crops 60

Figure 3.12 Number of Livestock (cattle- Buffalo, Sheep, Pig) in 2008 67

Figure 3.13 Livestock population in Tambon Khok Charoen 67

Figure 3.14 Livestock population in Tambon Yang Rack 68

Figure 3.15 Livestock population in Tambon Nong Makah 68

Figure 3.16 Livestock population in Tambon Khok Samae 69

Figure 3.17 Comparison of Tombon wise livestock population percentage 69

Figure 3.18 Percentage of Production System 70


12/122

xii

Figure 3.19 Khok Chareon district Agriculture Organizational Chart 75

Figure 4.1 Employment status at provincial level 89

Figure 4.2 Breakdown of employment by sub-sector in Lopburi

(in number of worker)

89

Figure: 4.3 Industrial Development and Planning Zone of Thailand 92

Figure 4.4 Percentage distribution of cottage industries by location/Tambon 95

Figure 4.5 Distribution of cottage industries (rice mills) 96

Figure 4.6 Distribution of OTOPs among different districts 97

Figure 4.7 Distribution of OTOPs by location/Tambon 101

Figure 4.8 Distribution of OTOPs by function among Tambon 101

Figure 4.9 Distribution of OTOPs by function among different areas withinKhok Charoen district

102

Figure 4.10 Marketing channels for weaving products 105

Figure 4.11 Marketing channels of Thong Muan production 107

Figure 4.12 Marketing channels for handicraft basketry 110

Figure 4.13 Marketing channels of dried cassava. 111

Figure 4.14 Marketing channels of products from rice mill. 111

Figure 4.15 Density of Population to Private Shops Map 121Figure 4.16 Distribution of Weekly Market Map 122

Figure 4.17 Market Linkage 123

Figure 4.18 Marketing Chanel of cloths 126

Figure 4.19 Marketing Chanel of groceries 126

Figure 4.20 Marketing Chanel of House ware products 127

Figure 4.21 Marketing Chanel of Electric ware Products 127

Figure 4.22 Distribution of Tax revenue of Khok Charoen District in 2006 129

Figure 4.23 Tax Revenues Generated from Private Shop by Tambon in 2007 129

Figure 4.24 Tourist Map in Lop Buri Province 135

Figure 5.1 Size of Household 145

Figure 5.2 Individual transports 152

Figure 5.3 Availability of water 153

Figure 5.4 Power supply 155

Figure 5.5 TOT and cell phone 157


13/122

xiii

Figure 5.6 Overall development 158

Figure 6.1 Population Distributions by Tambon 162

Figure 6.2 Population by age and gender 163

Figure 6.3 Gender balance 163Figure 6.4 Population pyramid 164

Figure 6.5 Population Growth Rate 167

Figure 6.6 Achievement of households have saving by Tambon 169

Figure 6.7 Location of public health station 176

Figure 6.8 Distribution of health facilities 177

Figure 6.9 Distribution of nurses in the district 178

Figure 6.10 Resident environment 180

Figure 6.11 Health and Hygiene conditions 181

Figure 6.12 Distribution of health volunteers in four Tambons 181

Figure 6.13 Organization Structure Khok Charoen Hospital 185

Figure 6.14 Details of health awareness schemes 187

Figure 6.15 Organization of the Present School System in Thailand 191

Figure 6.16 Education Administration and Management Structure 193

Figure 6.17 Percentage of Classrooms by Education Level 195

Figure 6.18 Percentage of Students by Education Level 195

Figure 6.19 Percentage of Villages Achieved Progressive Education Level by Tambons 203

Figure 6.20 The Changing of Numbers of Students by Gender and Grades 207

Figure 6.21 The National and Local Government Structure in 218

Figure 6.22 TAO Administrative Chart 220

Figure 6.23 Development Project of TAOs 224

Figure 6.24 Peoples Participation in Social Activities by Five Tambon 226

Figure 6.25 Community Development Department working 228

Figure 6.26 Number of villages becoming sufficiency economy village 228

Figure 6.27 Number of villages having Public Information Centre in Khok Charoen

District

228


14/122

xiv

LIST OF MAPS

Map Title Page

Map 2.1 Topographic map of Khok Chareon District 8

Map 2.2 Villages Affected by Storm in Tambon Khok Charoen 11

Map 2.3 Soil Type 16

Map 2.4 Soil Suitability Map, Khok Charoen Disitrict 17

Map 2.5 Land Use Pattern 19

Map 2.6 Land Reformed in Tambon Khok Samae San, Khok Charoen District 21

Map 2.7 Drainage Map Showing Water Bodies 24

Map 2.8 Distributions of Land and Forest Resources in Khok Charoen District 27

Map 3.1 Distributions of Water Resources 51

Map 3.2 Showing water reservoir in the study district 53

Map 3.3 Demonstration Farm Sites 77

Map 5.1 Settlement pattern of Khok Chareon 144

Map 5.2 Population density of Khok Charoen district 146

Map 5.3 Population distribution 146

Map 5.4 Road network 147

Map 5.5 Flow map 149

Map 5.6 Distribution of Facilities 150

Map 5.7 Accessibility of facilities 150

Map 6.1 School Distribution in Khok Charoen District 202


15/122

15

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This report is prepared by the students who participated in the Rural and Regional Planning

Workshop which was conducted form January to May 2008 as part of the Masters andDoctors Program at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). The objective of this report is to

understand the current situation and development level of the district, and then to provide any

recommendations or suggestions for future district development planning to the local

authorities or any other relevant organizations. The report is based on both primary and

secondary data sources. Main sources of secondary data have been NRD-2C and BMN as

well as statistics and documents provided by the local government offices and organizations.

The study area of Khok Chareon District is situated in Lobburi Province and had thefollowing features. The district (King Amphoe) was created on March 9th, 1987 by splitting

off four tambon from Khok Samrong District. It was upgraded to a full district on November

4th, 1993 with total area of 317.14 Km2 or 198212 rai with five subdistricts (tambons) and 53

villages.

Socio-economic Characteristics of the study area

The main occupation is agriculture

Hospital: 10 bedrooms, 2 doctors, 1 dentist, 28 nurses, 1 pharmacist, 11 public health

officersNone of bank

None of department store

There are 16 Primary Schools

2 Secondary Schools: (Khok Charoen Withaya School and Yang Rak Withaya

School)

1 Research Station: Kasetsart University in Moo 4, Tambon Yang Rak

Total households 7142

Total Population 24457

Agriculture and industryMain agricultural goods: maize, sugarcane, potato, sorghum

Main water sources: Sub Song Stream, Ma Deu Stream

None of industry

Tourist Attractions

None of ancient remains and antiques

Tourist Attractions: handmade silk center, Chang village headmans grape field


16/122

16

Hotel: Sak Thong Phra Narai Resort

None of guest house

Restaurant: J Lek Restaurant next to the Khok Charoen District Office

Significant natural resources of Khok Charoen District

Perlite mineral in Tambon Khok Samae San and Tambon Yangrak

1. Methodology:Rural and Regional Planning Workshop has various steps (Figure 1.1). These steps were

grouped into phases.

1.1Study Area Identification Phase

Faculty and staff identified the study area for the workshop. In this case Khok Charoen

district was identified. The faculty and associated proceeded with the collection of

secondary data about the study area.

1.2 Preparatory Phase

In this phase objectives of the workshop were formulated. Different literatures were

reviewed such as the study area profile, the previous workshop reports and planning

reports. Conceptual framework was prepared from these studies.

1.3 Field Investigation Phase 1

Study area reconnaissance survey was done in this phase. This survey was intended to get

an overall picture of the situation of the district through field observation, Rapid Rural

Appraisal (RRA) with local groups and project activities in the study area. During the

visit secondary data and information were obtained from district and sub-district levels.

Key problems and issues encountered in the sub-district and district levels were identified

from primary and secondary sources.

1.4 Analysis Phase 1

Data and information collected during the reconnaissance survey, the local groups and

project activities, the NRD-2C database by village on selected aspects (general,

economic, education, health, labor and social), BMN of the sub-districts and other

secondary data were analyzed and key problems were identified into difference sectors.

The data requirement, data sources and data gaps were worked out for detailed survey.


17/122

17

1.5 Field Investigation Phase 2

During the field investigation, the participants were assigned to 5 separate sector groups

namely:

I. Natural Resources and Environment SectorII. Agriculture Sector

III. Non-agriculture SectorIV. Infrastructure SectorV. Social Sector

The respective groups collected data and information of study area, i.e. the problems, needs,

potentials and key issues, focusing on their sectors. Data such as descriptive statistics, annual

reports, provincial plans, sectoral plans, line department plans, district plans, sub-district

(Tambon) agriculture plans, Tambon administrative organization development plans, maps,

topographic sheets, and others, were collected from line agencies, departments and other

primary sources of information. The participants were presented the main problems and

needs of study area at the district and provincial meeting room and got the feed back from

these officials.

1.6 Analysis Phase 2

From the data and information gathered during the field study such as Tambon Profile,

district profile, district development guidelines, government policies, existing

project/activities and other primary data, the respective sectoral group analyzed the situation

of the study area for their sectors. Therefore, the problems, needs, potentials and key issues of

the sectors were identified and prioritized.

1.7 Planning Phase

Base on the identified and prioritized sectoral problems and needs, projects were identified.

The result of secondary data analysis, peoples perception, government policies, and

information on existing projects of the district were taken into consideration for the

formulation of new projects.

1.8 Synthesis

Each sectoral group completed a final report of the respective sector. The final report was

compiled and arranged strategically to contain the following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Natural Resources and Environment Sectoral Study

Chapter 3 Agriculture Sectoral Study

Chapter 4 Non-agriculture Sectoral Study


18/122

18

Chapter 5 Infrastructure Sectoral Study

Chapter 6 Social Sectoral Study

Chapter 7 Project Proposals

A workshop is organized in Khok Charoen District to present the outcome of the planning

workshop. The participants were the representatives from the study area: Provincial, District,

and Tambon officers of Khok Charoen District, during the workshop. The respect five groups

presented their sectoral projects. Questions were raised concerning the projects presented and

was courteously and promptly answered by the presenters. Suggestion and comments were

also raised. This final report was prepared incorporation all the comments and suggestions

made.

Problems and Constraints

The workshop was conducted within four months and participants encountered various

personal and professional related concerns. But despite everything, the plan was cohesiveness

of the group was developed. The following were the major problems and constraints

identified:

a) All data and information were collected through PRA or RRA, whichneeded extensive discussion with the local community. Local people

speaks Thai language only, which some of the students dont understand.

Faculty, staff and Thai friends worked very hard to solve the languageproblem.

b) Data requirement for a purpose was found different. Some of the requireddata were not available for the sectoral planning at sub-district and district

levels.


19/122

19

Source: Routray, J.K., (1995)

Figure 1.1: Rural and Regional Planning Workshop Methodology

Field Investigation Phase 2

Analysis Phase 2

Analysis Phase 1


(Pre-workshop period)

Preparatory Phase


Planning Phase 2

Synthesis

- Identification of the Study Area

- Collection of Secondary Data

- Primary Survey on Sample Tambon/Villa e

- Objective of the Workshop and

Literature Review

- Introduction of the Study Area

- Review of Different Plans and

Literature

- Conceptual Framework

- Reconnaissance Survey

(Macro and Micro Study Groups)

Identification of Problems

Identification of Data Requirements, Data

Sources and Data Gaps

- Regional and Sectoral Analysis

Development of Problems Based on Potential

Finalization of the Planning Report

- Final Presentation Before the Districtand Provincial Officers

- Discussion and Adjustments

PRA/RRA

Observation

Group Discussion

Discussion with

people and Govt

officials

PRA/RRA

Presentation Before the

District and Provincial

Officials

Tambon Council

Meetings

Meeting with Sector

Organizations

Structuring of Problems

and Potentials

Projection/Spatial

Analysis

Quantitiative and

Ma in

Time Frame Major Steps Techniques

- Field Investigation

- Data/Information Gathering


20/122

20

CHAPTER II

NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Overview

The part of the study analyzes the state of natural resources and environment (NRE) andhighlights its problem potential, need and constraints. Subsequently it also attempts to

propose important project to address the problems and develop the potentials that will

contribute to overall development of the district by creating opportunities for the well being ofthe local people. This sector will broadly cover topography, land, soil, water, forest, minerals

and environment. The relevant policies at all scales are also reviewed and the strategies

adopted by the district and Tambon offices are also reviewed in detail to streamline the

project with programs and policy to enhance their relevance and practical application.Based

on the analysis of the sector, it is observed that the state of environment and natural resources

in the district is not very much satisfactory. The district is not very rich in terms of natural

resources in their present state. Given some natural constrains, the potential however exist in

the area that can be developed for the overall improvement of social, economical andenvironmental aspects for long-term and sustainable development of the district.

Each of the above mentioned sectors has some problems and potentials needs and constrains

which sketch the outline for the development planning of the district. The land is available in

the district with relation to population. The per-capita land availability of the district is about

7.5 rai but the most of the land in the district comes under the reserve forest area. The land

distribution is also a major problem. The state of water for some basic needs like drinking and

other domestic usage is satisfactory however the water shortage in dry season coupled by poor

quality of aquifer is the main problem in the area. The water perennial supply of agriculturewater is utmost need of the area and has important implications on the development of the

district. Forests are the most prominent feature of the district in general and Tambon Wong

Thong and Yang Rak in specific and are development potentials of the area. But the

degradation of the forest to considerable extent needs immediate attention. The community

based forestry management practices are already introduced in Tambon Yang Rak and its

results are promising. So community forestry is considered to be a potential that can

substantially applicable in Tambon Wong thong as about 90% of the total area of Tambon

area classified as reserve forest area. In terms of soil quality, the poor soil texture is the main

problem. Due to the lack of compactness in soil structure, the water run-off during the rainy

seasons and flooding causes soil erosion problem. The issues related to soil are on particular

focus of national and provincial level priorities. The land development department has the soil

doctor project with a soil doctor in every village and the demo project on soil conservation

through vitiver gross in Tambon Nong Makha. However the services of scope of these

initiatives are not very much satisfactory. The district level authorities can take initiative to

strengthen these existing services to cope with the serious problem of soil erosion because the

national and provincial policy and program framework is in complete harmony. The issues

corresponding to soil are addressed in proposed general awareness raising project. In the

environmental analysis though the district has got relatively clean environment but the

periodical and ad-hoc based problems like illegal farm burning from sugarcane and emerging


21/122

21

problems or solid-waste in residential areas are also highlighted for future implication of

environmental conscious planning as a part of sustainable development strategy.

The overall sectoral plan provided by the planning team is not a one-off action plan rather a

flexible cyclic activity. It is neither a recipe that is complete in-itself to ensure the

development of the district nor it is a complete replacement version of the existing planning

methodology in the district. Rather its a supplement to the existing planning mechanisms.

District level planning personals can add-remove following the empirical and practical

experience acquired through close interaction with the area. This report represents the sectoral

status of the Natural Resources and Environment and sectoral development plan project

proposals for the Khok Charoen district. The sectoral report covers the following sections:

1. Topography and Climate2. Soil3. Land

4. Water5. Forest6. Minerals7. Environmental Issues8. Relevant Government Policies and Strategies9. Sectoral Analyses and Its Interrelation of Key Issues10.Conclusion and recommendations

2.2 Topography and Climate

2.2.1 Geographical LocationArea and Topography

Location

District Khok Chaoren is located between North 15o

15 & 15o

30 latitude and East 100o

45 &

101o

0 longitude in the upper central region of Thailand. It is situated at the distance of 80 km

from provincial hall Lopburi and 182 km away from Bangkok, the capital of Thailand.

Positioned in the top of the Lopburi province, it touches Phai Sali District of Nakhron Saman

Province in its North and Si Thep District of Phetchaboon Province in its east, whereas in

south-east and south-west, neighbors two of its siblings: District Sa Bot and District Nong

Muang respectively.

Area and Administration

The district covers an area of 317 km or 198,212 rai in the upper part of Lopburi province. It

is administratively divided into five tambons namely Tambon Khok Charoen (45,573 rai),

Tambon Yang Rak (41,075 rai), Tambon Nang Makha (69,268 rai), Tambon Wong Thong

(15,833 rai) and Tambon Khok Same Sam (26,463 rai) with district Khok Charoen is the

district head quarter.


22/122

22

Figure 2.1: Percentage Distribution of the Area by Tambon

Tambon Wise Area Distribution Khok Charoen District

Lop Buri Province

23%

21%

35%

13%

8%

Khok Chaoren

Yang Rak

Nang Ma Kha

Khok Samae San

Wang Thong

Source: District Administrative organization, Khok Charoen District

Physical Settings/Topography

The district is the part of Pasak river basin which is the important tributary of Chao Pharaya

and Mekong river basins. Various Land features appear in the district ranging from lowland to

upland and highlands. Highland and upland mostly exists in Tambon Yangrak where the

elevation level varies from 80 m to 560 m above mean sea level, with more than 40% of the

land area having a slope gradient of 0-2%, while 4.7% has slope gradient of 40%. However,

some small patches of high and upland are also sparsely scattered in rest of four tambons. The

lowland exists in Tambon Khok Charoen, Tambon Khok Samae San and Tambon Nong

Makha. The per-capita land availability in the district is about 7.5 rai. The main land uses are

agriculture forest and residential. Around 54.5% of the total land in the district comes under

reserve forest are mostly located in Tambon Yang Rak and Tambon Khok Samae San.


23/122

23

Map2.1: Topographic Map of Khok Charoen District

Source: District Administrative organization, Khok Charoen District

2.2.2 Seasonal Composition, Rainfalls, Temperature and Humidity

Seasonal CompositionThe seasonal composition of the district is similar to the general seasonal patterns of the

central region in Thailand with three seasons a year. Generally, the summer rests for three

months, starting from the February to April, which is less hot than the summer of the North or

Northeast of the country due to the influence of the ocean and the trade winds from the ocean

between February and April. The Rainy season rests for six months starting from May to end

of October, when the southwest monsoon winds and depression storms exert their influence,

while the winter retains for more or less three months starting from November to the end of


24/122

24

Total Raining days 1997-2006

88 91

121

93104 108

92

7788

96

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Raining days

January, when the northeast monsoon winds exert their reduced influence and thus is not as

cold as the winter of the district of the North or Northeast region of the country.

Rainfall

Though the available data is not district specific and is representative of the entire jurisdiction

of Lopburi metrological station but data shows that the area has got less precipitation much

lower than Thailand and also significantly lowers than rest of the central region of Thailand in

which it is located with few exceptions in year 1996 and 1999. The average rainfall of the

area comes about 1077 (mm.). There is almost no rain in the area during December to march.

The range of rainy days varies between 77 days to 121 days between the period 1996-2007

with 121 days in 1996 and 77 days in 2004 and 96 days in 2006.

Figure2.2: Rainfall Data Lopburi

Metrological Station (1988-2006)

Figure2.3: No of Rainy Days, Lopburi

Metrological Station (1997-2006)

Source: LopBuri Metrological Station 2007

Temperature and Humidity /climate

The area is tropical hot and humid and has almost constant temperature ranges. The trend for

more than decadal time series data (1997-2007) shows that the average maximum temperature

ranges between 32C

o

to 35C

o

whereas the average minimum temperature ranges from 23C

o

25Co. The average relative humidity in the area as of the period (1997-2007) ranges from

67% to 73 % with July, August, September and October as most humid months in a year.

This is significantly high in comparison to the universal recommendation of 30%-60% as a

standard for comfort to human beings. Due to high humidity sweating is less effective so

people in the area feel hotter. Please refer annex 1 (2, 3 and 4) for details.


25/122

25

Average Max/MinTemperature (1996-2007)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

max

min

Average Humidity 1996-2006

67.52

69.7770.05

71.8771.48

72.44

70.14

68.36

72.4472.69

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Average

Figure 2.4: Average Max/Min

Temperature

Figure2.5: Average Humidity, Lopburi

Metrological

Station (1988-2006)

Source: LopBuri Metrological Station 2007

2.2.3 Flood, Draught and Storm Case Study Analysis

Flood

The district has occasional flash floods rounds with the frequency of once in three years and

rests for a maximum period of 10 days, however does not cause significant economic and

human losses. As per qualitative information obtained during the interviews and FGDs the

last flood occurred 3 years ago for 10 days at the month of October. The magnitude was low

however affected 400-4500 rais of sugarcane land however no human and livestock losses are

associated with this phenomenon.

Though no documentation is available in the district regarding the occurrence of floods

however it is observed that in Tambon Nang Makha, flood occurs every year, while in Khok

Samae Sam it occurs once every three years. However no flood occurs in Tambon Yang Rak

and Wang Thong.

Storm

Though minor storms usually occurs the study area but the severity of the phenomena is

Tambon Khok Charoen specific where it causes considerable economic and human loss.

Though the data for frequency and other matters was not readily available in Tambon

however the damages caused by last storm were properly noted down. During the Groupdiscussion and meetings with Tambon officials it was observed that due to the direction of the

wind in association with the location of the villages the storms have impacts in Khok Charoen

tambons. Based on available data, a case study has been conducted as given below.


26/122

26

Case Study.1: Storm in Tambon Khok Charoen Tambon

Location: Khok Charoen

Year of Occurrence: 2007

Occurrence Period: December to January of every year

Villages Affected: Village number 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9&12

Household Affected: 59 households

Economic Loss: 178217.38 bhat

Storm is an annual event in Tambon Khok Charoen, so the people of this Tambon are facing

storm problem every year. The time of the storm was from December to January. The storm

of 2007 was massive one and so taken as a case for study in our report. 58 households of 7villages namely village number 1,2,3,6,8,9,&12 were affected by the storm, and among them

village number 8 was greatly affected in which a total 32 Households out of total 56

households were affected by the storm. In village number 2, 12 household, in village number 12, 1

household, in village number 6, 2 household, in village number 1, 7 household and village number 9,

Source: RRDP Workshop, 2008

Map 2.2: Villages Affected by Storm in Tambon Khok Charoen


27/122

27

2.3 Soil

2.3.1 Soil Type and Classification

Like other central districts of the country, Khok Charoen consist variety of soil series. The

standard classification of soil in Thailand is based on the standard soil classifications by the

major soils of south Asia by R.Dudal and FR Moornam, the Jour of Trop Geog vol 18 1964.Following these standards there are 15 major soil series found in the Khok Charoen District

and can be categorized under 6 major groups. About 42% total district soils are classified as

low humic gley soils which makes 42% of total soils of the district followed by red yellow

podozolic soil 20%, hydromorphic, non calcic gely soil 18%, Sedimentary rocks 11.22%,

Alluvial Soils 7% and Redish Brown Lateritic soils 2.5%. The details of each of the soil typesare given in Table 2.1: and percentage distribution of the soil is given in figure 2.1.

Table 2.1: Classification of Major Soils in Khok Charoen District

Classificationof Soil

SoilSeries it

contain

% oftotal

district

Soil

Drainage Permeability SurfaceRun

pHValue

range

Slope

Alluvial Soils 1 7%

Moderately

well

drained

Moderate Moderate6.0 to

7.0


28/122

28

Rocks Drained 8.0

Source: Land Development Office, Lopburi Province, 2008

The overall picture of the soil of the district shows that about 33% of the soils are well

drained; about 25% of the soils are moderately well drained while 42% of the soils aresomewhat poorly drained. The permeability of the entire of the district is moderate. The

surface run data shows the patterns in flow of rain water. The map 2.1 shows the area under

each type soil in the district.

When we locate the data on map and compare it with NRD-2C data we can observe that due

to the fact that the considerable part of the low humic gley soils are located at Khok Charoen,

the soil erosion problem is not found in this Tambon because none of the top fertile soil is lost

due to slow surface water run. We can observe that the most of the low humic soils which are

poorly drained are located in Khok Charoen district. Due to slow surface run on these the soil

problem is not appear ant in this Tambon. In the case of Yang Rak the soil erosion is a

problem in the area where the surface run is moderate or rapid. The same observations can

also be calculated from the rest of the three Tambons. As its is oblivious from above analysis

that the areas of the district with high run rate are more prone to the soil erosion problem one

other factor is the lack of vegetations on the soil and land is left barren which cause soil

erosion and top soil loss in the district.

Figure2.6: Percentage distribution of the soil under major groups

Percentage of the Soil under 6 Major Groups

Khok Charoen District Lop Buri Province

7%

18%

43%

2%

19%

11% Alluvial Soil

Hydromorphic, Non Calcic Gley

Soil

Low Humic Gley Soil

Redish Brown lateritic Soil

Red Yellow Podzolic Soils

Sedimentry Rocks

Source: Land Development Office, Lopburi Province, 2008

2.3.2 Soil Quality

No exclusive data set for soil quality exists in the district. However the NRD-2C provides

some indication about the point with reference to village numbers where the soil quality is

shown in the village which can extrapolated to nearby soils with reference to the type of soil

upon which the villages exists. The summary of the NRD-2C data set for indicator No: 27

regarding soil quality is summarized in table 2.2 as given below which provides tambon wise

general picture of the soils in the district.


29/122

29

Table 2.2: Soil quality with reference to the villages in the district

No of villages under particular

category of soil

Name of Tambon

Fertile soil Silted/Eroded

Soil

Gravel,

Sandy

Soil

Total Number

of villages

Tambon Khok Charoen 12 - - 12

Tambon Yang Rak 5 4 3 12

Tambon N. Makha 7 2 3 12

Tambon Wong Thong 6 - 3 9

Khok Same San 4 1 3 8

Source: National Rural Database-form 2C, 2007

2.3.3 Soil Suitability

Based on the data and general guidelines of the land development office, the soil in the

district Khok Charoen can be categorized into nine groups. The location and topography of

these groups is shown on map 2.2 which has been prepared to depict the overall picture of the

soil suitability in Khok Charoen district. The soil suitability, degree of fertility, limitation and

recommendation regarding the soil are summarized in below given table. It may be

remembered that soil suitability may not be in complete harmony with the actual cropping

patterns adopted by farmers. However, if cropping patterns are somehow managed as per

below given synthesis it shall result in the increasing productivity of the soil.The analysis

recommends for the cultivation of the selected crops on the group areas as shown on the map.

Under this analysis different groups can be suitable for same crop but the conditions for the

suitability vary within groups.

Table 2.3: Soil Suitability analysis of Khok Charoen District with reference to Tambons


30/122

30

Soil

group

Found in

Tambon

Suitability Fertility Limitation Recommendation

Group

1

K.C

K.S

WT YR4 /5 Tambons

Paddy Crops

Annual

crops/Cash Cropsand Orchards

Medium Annual Crops

can be

cultivated if

the water is

available in

dry season

Applicationof both chemical

and Organicfertilizer

Group

II

K.C

K.S

WT

YR NM5/5 Tambons

Paddy Very Low Sandy Loamy

Soil


and Organic

fertilizer Burring

after harvest

should be

discouraged

Group

III

YR

NM

2/5 Tambons

Paddy onlow land and

upland crops on

high lands

Low Low capacity

to retain water


and Organic

fertilizer

Group

IV

K.C

K.S

WT

YR

NM

5/5 Tambons

Fruits

UplandCrops

Perennials

Vegetables

high Soil Erosion

Problem at

high Slopes

Applicationof both chemicaland Organic

fertilizer

Topographywith high slopes

should be

covered with

vegetation to

avoid soil

erosion

Group

V

K.S

WT

YR

NM

UplandCrops

Livestockgrazing in low

fertile areas

Low to

Medium

Soil Erosion

by water

Rotation inCropping

pattern must be

observed


and Organic

fertilizer

Barren lands


31/122

31

4/5 Tambons

should be

covered with

vegetation to

avoid soil

erosion

Group

VI

K.S

WT

YR

NM

4/5 Tambons

UplandCrops

Livestockgrazing

High GrowthPlants

Intercropping

High Soil Erosion

Problem


and Organic

fertilizer

Should becovered withvegetation to

avoid soil

erosion

Group

VII

K.S

WT

YR

NM4/5 Tambons

Unsuitable forany cash crop

Low to

Medium

High Slopes,

Hilly Patches

Conservedas forest or

water shed area

Group

VIII

K.C

WT

YR

3/5 Tambons

Upland Crops

Also Suitablefor Chili, Cotton,

Sugarcane,

Sorghum, Maize,

Custard Apple,Tamarind

High Alkaline Soils Applicationof both chemical

and Organicfertilizer

AlkalineResistantVarieties should

be introduced

Group

IX

Misalliances group

Map2.3: Soil Type


32/122

32



33/122

33

:

,

.:

il

it

ilit

,


34/122

34

2.3.4 Alternative Analysis for Soil Suitability for Major Crops

On the basis of the data from land and development office the alternative analysis has been

done for the different crops in the province. Data shows that for different wide prevailing

crops the suitability varies considerably. For example only about the suitability for rice

cultivation in the soil is low. Only 22% of the total soil is suitable for rice around 5 % of the

total soil is less suitable while rest 73 % is not suitable at all for the cultivation of rice crop.

The same sort of analysis has been made for rice corn sugarcane grapefruits papaya, Banana,

Asparagus, Guava, Mango and Vegetable. The overall analysis is show in figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7: Alternative for Planting in Khok Charoen District

Alternative For Planting in Khok Charoen District

Lopburi Province

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Rice Corn

SugarC

ane

Grape

Fruit

Papya

Banana

Aspa

gragus G

uavaM

ango

Vegitabl

e

Name of Crop

PercentageofthetheArea

Not Suitable

Less Sutable

Suitable

Source: Regional Rural Workshop, 2008 (Prepared on the basis of guidelines provided by

Land Development Office, Lopburi Province)

2.3.5 Problems, Constraints, Needs and Potentials

Problems

Poor quality of soil

Soil erosion

FloodingConstraints

Mismatch between soil suitability and existing cultivation practices

Lack of knowledge on soil conservation

Potentials

Soil suitable for upland crops like sugarcane and cassava


35/122

35

Soil doctor project is working at village level where a volunteer at village level providestechnical assistance regarding soil problems

Needs

Awareness raising among the local people regarding impacts of extensive use of chemical

fertilizer and encourage them on use of bio fertilizer. The public involvement in soil reclamation activities and land use planning

Establishment of local level soil erosion and flood control initiatives

2.4 Land

2.4.1 Broad Land Use Pattern

Broadly, land use pattern has been categorized into 5 types. These consist of human

settlement areas, other human settlement areas located in Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-

Palamnarai National Reserved Forest, agricultural area, Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-

Palamnarai National Reserved and land reform areas (in four villages of TambonKhoksamaesan). Pa means forest area. It can guide approximate utilization of the land in

Khok Charoen District. Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-Palamnarai National Reserved Forest

extended over Tambon Yangrak, Tambon Wang Thong, and some parts of Tambon Khok

Charoen and Tambon Nong Makha. Overall, there are 53 human settlements within Khok

Charoen District. Out of these, nineteen settlements or 36 % of total settlements were located

in the degraded reserved forest represented by 12, 6 and 1 communities in Tambon Yangrak,

Tambon Wang Thong and Tambon Nongmakha, respectively. Land reform areas can only be

found in Tambon Khok Samae San. While agricultural areas are widely noticed in Tambon

Khok Charoen, Tambon Khok Samae San and Tambon Nong Makha. And the trend ofsettlements will slowly be toward encroaching reserved forest. Please see detail of broad land

use pattern in the map below.

Map 2.5: Land Use Pattern


36/122

36

2.4.2 Land Ownership

Khok Charoen District has total area of 198,212 Rais. It has non-national reserved area of

99,314 Rais (50.10 %) of total land area, of which land ownerships registered at 69,049.94

Rais with 8,067 land plots. Title deed holders represented at highest share at 81.95 %,

followed by N.S.3K at 16.49 %, while N.S.3 and Por Bor Tor 5 0combined at 1.54 %. This

implies that there are almost 69 % of people who live on non-national reserved area have land

ownerships whereas the rest 31 % of them did not have any types of land ownership at all.

According to Natural Resources and Environmental Office of Lopburi Province, local people

are upgraded and legally granted certificate of land ownerships from time to time when the

government has the policy to do so.

Average land holding size varies from 2-4 Rais up to 50 Rais per household. There are few

people in almost all Tambons who have large size of hundreds Rais of land. Holding of land

ownerships allow local communities to use as collateral for access to formal credits so that

they can utilize as household investment capital in productive farm and non-farm activities. Interms of government income from the land, in 2008, Khok Charoen Land District has

generated total revenues amounted at 165,761 Baht from land fee and tax.


37/122

37

Table 2.4: Types and Number of Land Ownerships in Khok Charoen District

Source: Khok Charoen District Land Office, 2008

In addition, lack of land tiles is commonly raised. Approximate 50 % and 10 % of total

households in Tambon Wang Thong and Tambon Khok Samae San did not have land titles

respectively. This problem was partly due to communities encroached and now resided on

degraded National Reserved Forest Area. According to data from key informant interviews,

landlessness is also significant problem in Tambon Khok Samae San and Tambon Wang

Thong at about 6 % and 11 %, respectively, while in Tambon Nongmakha the landless

incidence is marginal. This is considered a part of the whole landless scenario in these

Tambons. Some of them have land for settlements but do not have land for cultivation. And

some are totally landless. Their coping strategies have been rented land both for settlements

and cultivation. Yet, actual magnitude of absence of land titles in Khok Charoen District

could doubtedly be higher than this if further investigation is to be conducted at household

level. Therefore, it is equitably necessary for TAO to render possible assistance to this group

of poor people through appropriate initiative so that their social and human securities are

ensured.

2.4.3 Land Reform Activities

At present, land reform was only carried out in Tambon Khok Samae San in order to legally

manage land which was long encroached to National Reserved Forest. A total of 305

households were granted Agricultural Land Reform Certificates (ALRC) with the whole4,349.59 Rais of reformed land, or accounted for 2.19 % of Khok Charoen District area. After

implementing the project, the average land size was redistributed at 14.26 Rais/household

with the maximum holding size at 50 Rais/household. It was undertaken in 4 villages as

follows:

Village 4 at 40 households of 604.68 Rais

Village 5 at 8 households of 106 Rais

Village 7 at 197 households of 2,785.62 Rais

Village 8 at 60 households of 751.77 Rais

Types Number of Plots Rai %

1.Title deed 7,369 56,588.84 81.95

2.N.S.3K 653 11,392.73 16.49

3.N.S.3 1 28.83 0.04

4.Por Bor Tor 5

Certificate

44 1,039.54 1.50

Total 8,067 69,049.94 100


38/122

38

Please see detail of already land reform area in the map 2.6

Map 2.6: Land Reformed in Tambon Khok Samae San, Khok Charoen District


Once households registered for land reform, they will be entitled to a package of government

supports for generating rural livelihoods consisting of agricultural extension and technology

transfer particularly on Sufficiency Economy practices, seedling, skill trainings,environmental and natural resources management as well as capitalization using ALRC as

collateral to borrow loan from Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC).

According to interview with Office of Land Reform of Lopburi Province, the land reform

activities went well in terms of providing greater technical supports for enhancing local

agricultural productivity. In fact, the government has a policy to establish a system governing

land ownership and land zoning that is comprehensive and fair. And land reform is political

issue and national agenda. Therefore, there is so far no clear policy on land reform at

provincial level. Though there are pros and cons (particularly those who have occupied large

area of land plot) existed on essence of land reform in other Tambons, many villagers


39/122

39

expressed their willingness to join governments land reform scheme if they are to offer.

Thus, there is potential to intensify land reform undertaking in other areas e.g. Tambon Yang

Rak and perhaps in Tambon Khok Charoen so that equitable redistribution of land could help

increase income through better local livelihoods situation and higher agricultural productivity.

2.4.4 Problems/Constraints, Potentials and Needs

Land resource play crucial role in enhancing livelihoods of local communities. However,

some problems existed need to be overcome in order to realize potentials in meeting the need

of local villagers.

Problems

Lack of land titles This is due to some communities are settled in degraded NationalReserved Forest for quite long times. So they have the right to cultivate and settle but

the government does not provide any land title.

Landlessness This is due to rapid population growth in Khok Charoen Districtcausing some of them and the new settled migrants (2-4 years in migration) have

become landless.

Misperception on non-commercial value of land reform certificate to use forborrowing loan from BAAC. Many local villagers misperceived that holding land

reform certificates do not entitle them to access to formal credit. That is why some of

them still feel against land reform provided by government. Many of local villagers

only prefer N.S 3 or N.S.3K or land deeds which are difficult to obtain as by law their

settlements are illegal. So government can not grant any land titles needed

Potentials

Land reform has been successfully implemented in Tambon Khoksamaesan interms of providing technical supports to farmers in to increase agriculturalproductivity. It could be expanded to other areas where there is potential to developed

in order to optimize full capacity of the land value.

Agricultural water supply pipeline project originating from Pasak Cholasit Dam toserve some districts and terminate at Khok Charoen District opens up a prospect

particularly in Tambon Khok Charoen to tap with this potential in intensifying cashcrops e.g. paddy, sugarcane or cassava.

Needs

Land titles Local villagers need land titles so that their land ownerships are secure.In addition, they can use land title as collateral to borrow loans from both BAAC and

other commercial banks.

Land reform in Tambon Yangrak Local peoples want the government to carry outland reform activities as they realized its benefits and opportunity to increase

agricultural productivity, gaining technology transfer and technical supports.


40/122

40

2.5 Water

2.5.1 Types, Numbers and Capacity of Natural Water Resources

The study area has acute water shortage every year specifically for agriculture usage. The dry

season starts from March to July, while it also suffers from flooding in rainy season

particularly during the months from August to October; however the frequency for flooding ismostly once every three year period. The drainage network of the district is given as Map 2.7.

Though the area is receiving low precipitation in comparison with the central region and also

country as a whole, however, it has sufficient natural water resources but the scarcity of

reservoirs and weirs for storage of water is the main problem causing extreme situation of

dryness and flooding in peak seasons. The detail of the some of natural water sources is given

in Table 2.5.

The water from aquifer is not suitable for drinking in all Tambons except some pockets of

potable waters exists in Nong Makha sub district. Generally the underground water contains

high amount of limestone and other heavy nutrients which make it unsuitable for drinking

purposes. As a result heavy reliance on rainwater is the only available option for potable

water. The water scarcity in dry season also substantially affects the agricultural productivity

in all Tambons but the degree of scarcity varies among all Tambons. The over all picture of

the status of water for above mentioned usages is given in the Table 2.5.

Table 2.5: Details of the Natural Sources of Water in Khok Charoen District

Pond Reservoir Weir Stream

Tambon Name

No. Cap.

(M3)

No.

Cap.

(M3)

No.

Cap.

(M3)

No. Cap.

(M3)

Khok Charoen 17 80,000 3 57,880 4 24,000 14 335,750

Yang Rak 22 105,000 3 300,000 15 72,000 19 360,000

Nong Makha 12 120,000 0 0 2 32,550 2 32,000

Wang Thong 19 307,200 3 2,640,000 14 492,000 14 492,000

Khok Samae San 3 44,800 1 128000 1 3,500

Source: Irrigation Office, 2007


41/122

41

Map 2.7: Drainage Map Showing Water Bodies


2.5.2 Water Availability for different Water Uses

Potable Water

As earlier said, the rain is the primary source of potable water in the district. Local people

have indigenous knowledge to collect and store the water in rainy season and use it in dryseason when water scarcity is on its peak. Mostly the water collected in rainy season is not

sufficient for the entire dry season. In the case of shortage the villages receive the water

supply from district water supply Authority through respective TAO. However the drinking

water is relatively not a major problem in the district. The state of drinking water in all

Tambons is shown in below given figure 2.8.


42/122

42

Figure2.8: Villages with Access to Clean Drinking Water

Tambon wise status of villages with Access to Clean

Drinking Water, Khok Charoen District Lopburi

Province

0 01

0 01

00 1

2

11 12 118

6

Tambon Khok

Charoen

Tambon Yang

Rak

Tambon Nong

Makha

Tambon Wong

Thong

Tambon Khok

Samesan

Clean Drinking water < 63 % Clean Drinking water > 63 but < or 90

Clean Drinking water > 95%

Source: National Rural Database, 2007

Water for Domestic Usage

The availability of water for domestic usages other than drinking is also satisfactory in almost

all Tambons and also relatively better than the state of potable water in the district. The

village specific data shows that the need for domestic use water is also fulfilled. People

relying on village water supply scheme for fulfilling the need for domestic usage. The state of

domestic water in all Tambons is shown in figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9: Villages with Access to Clean Drinking Water for Domestic Uses

Tambon wise status of Villages with Access to Water for

Domestic usage, Khok Charoen District Lop Buri

Province

0 0 01

00 0 00

0

12 12 911

8

Tambon Khok

Charoen

Tambon Yang

Rak

Tambon Wong

Thong

Tambon Nong

Makha

Tambon Khok

Samesan

< 63 % > 63 but < or 90 > 95%


Water for Agriculture

The dry season in the district considerably affects the availability of water for agriculture

sector. Due to the scarcity of the water in dry season, the full potential of soil always remains

under utilized. It has negative impacts first on the local economy and subsequently on the

regional and national economy. The state of agriculture water in different tambons is shown

in figure 2.10:


43/122

43

Figure 2.10: Villages with Access to Water for Agricultural Purposes

Tambon wise status of villages for Access to Agriculture

Water, Khok Charoen District Lop Buri Province

7

21

3

0

4

8

7

3

6

02

12 0

0 0

3

1

2

Tambon Khok

Charoen

Tambon Yang

Rak

Tambon Nong

Makha

Tambon Wong

Thong

Tambon Khok

Samesan

Sufficient sufficient in rainy season Not sufficient for practicing cultivation DNA


The water scarcity and shortage in dry season considerably affects agro-economy in all

tambons in terms of damage to the crops cultivated. In Tambon Khok Charoen suffers

relatively high, since the Tambon is the most active in agricultural activities. The crops

having high adverse effects due to shortage of water are cassava where as sugarcane also

suffers due to water shortage but the severity is low due to its high water resistant capacity.

In order to address the issue of scarcity of water for agriculture sector the government is

working on the irrigation project on Pasak River through department of agriculture at regional

level. All Tambons of the district are likely to be benefited from this project. It is expected

that this project will start providing the services to the area by the end of 2008.

2.5.3 Problems, Constraints, Needs, Potential

Problems

Water scarcity in all tambons in dry season

Poor quality of underground water

Potential:

The topography ranging from high to low areas provide a cost effective way to build smallscale check dams at various medium high slopes and thereafter distribute it through

graduate flow

2.6 Forest

2.6.1 Forest Area, Boundary and Encroachment

According to Provincial Natural Resource and Environment Office, Pawangploeng-

Pamuangkom-Palamnarai National Reserved Forest covers 447,081.25 Rais of land crossing 4

districts namely Chaibadal, Sabot, Khoksamrong and Khokcharoen. Khok Charoen District

alone shares a portion of 98,898 Rais of forest area or 49.90 % of total district area. This

forest area was encroached by peoples for agricultural cultivation and other purposes at

58,081 Rais or 49.30 % of total forest area, according to data as of 1991. Out of this, 16,922


44/122

44

Rais of encroached land were granted for farming, and 39, 673 Rais were under the process

for giving rights to use for making a living, settlement (by renting) with the condition that

reforestation must be accomplished. 1,416 Rais were utilized for roads, reservoirs and other

public uses. It is found that a large number of local villagers migrated from other provinces;

then they settled down in Khok Charoen District by encroaching forest land for over 30 years.Right now, forest encroachment by local people is minimal; on the other hand particularly in

Tambon Khok Samae San, it is reportedly done by outsiders by cutting the trees as well as

collecting forest products e.g. mushroom and bamboo shoots. Forest encroachment could be

worsened if collective efforts by local community to protect forest area are weak.

Map 2.8: Distribution of Land and Forest Resources in Khok Charoen District


2.6.2 Community Forestry

In response to forest reserved area and community forest degradation, local communities have

been practicing community forestry. It objectives were to provide basic needs, generate

income, and strengthen local capabilities to manage natural resources by raising awareness

and fostering right attitude, knowledge, and skills through participatory learning. Three

community forestry were promoted in Khok Charoen District. The first two community

forestry were set up in 2001 located in Ban Maisriubol at Village number 6 at 500 Rais and

in Ban Khaosamyod at Villages number 7 at 650 Rais both in Tambon Khok Samae San. The

third one was Yang Rak Community Forestry was launched in 2006.


45/122

45

Case Study of Tambon Yangrak Community Forestry

Yangrak Community Forestry covers an area at 60,625 Rais. This project is noteworthy in

terms of its essence as follows:

Location: It comprises all 12 communities in Tambon Yangrak

Budget: Department of Forestry supported budget for 2006 fiscal year at 800,000 Baht in

Villages number 1, 2,3,5,6, while the rest received provincial fund.

Objectives:

To plant trees along roadsides and increase green area in the community.

To plant Eucalyptus in the field for making use at household and supply to paper factory

To plant edible trees e.g. labbeck tree, horse Radish tree, classod tree, Indian trumpetflower and gramineae, etc. along irrigation canals and community reservoirs.

To plant trees for providing shadow in the educational institutions, temples andgovernment offices as well as cultivating gramineae for food and sale.

Goals:

Plant along roadside for 5,000 trees.

Plant Eucalyptus in the filed at 50,000 trees/years.

Plant bamboo in every household at least 3 trees including encouragement extension forgrowing bamboo for sale.

Plants edible trees along irrigation canals and community reservoirs at 10,000 trees.

Educational institutions, temples and government offices have more green areas for usingin various activities.

Expected results:

Increase forest area along roadside in the community and enhancing greater humidity.

Have access to edible trees.

Develop as tourist attraction due to presence of a priest center in community.

Increase community income by selling Eucalyptus trees which are sellable every 5 year

with productivity at 10 Ton/Rai (12,000 Baht/Ton) and contribute some income tocommunity fund.

Local communities have access to bamboo products for food.

Generate related occupation by selling bamboo seedling.

Lessons Learned

This project is of importance in mobilizing community cohesion by jointly planting

community forestry. It is found quite successful in providing alternative livelihoods for local

villagers, good source of foods, trees for household construction purposes, as well as

enhancing pleasant surroundings. This is inline with national forestry policy to promote


46/122

46

community forestry both in public and private lands. Other Tambons can come and learn how

to manage community forestry practice in Tambon Yangrak so that replicability can be

enhanced.

2.6.3 Biodiversity

Khok Charoen District is not rich of biodiversity. Still, some plant species are found in

Pawangploeng-Pamuangkom-Palamnarai National Reserved Forest. This consists of both

vegetables and trees namely morning glory, elephant ear, neem tree, lead tree, Burma Padauk,

and mahogany. Particularly in rainy season, local villagers will collect vegetables, bamboo

shoot, honey and mushroom for food while using valuable trees for household construction

purposes. Selling surplus of forest products in the communities is another source of income to

local people particularly for the poor. In addition, a wide range of wildlife species were found

namely squirrel, rabbits, tree shrew, bullfrog, mongoose, flying lemurs, partridge, palm civet,

wild chicken and deer. Local people do not frequently hunt for these types of animal.

However, local villagers feel increasing scarce of forest products due to extensive use offorest resources by both local people and outsiders. Likewise low number and species of

wildlife were also recognized. Typically the way of local people lives depend very much on

forest and local biodiversity. So it is necessary to enhance a richer biodiversity in the

community in order to help keep biological balance as well as promoting sustainable natural

resources management.

2.6.4 Occurrence ofForest Fire and Forest Conservation Activities

Occurrence of forest fire is rare in the area. Local communities are partly capable to handle

the incidence. Public agreement among local people of not cutting trees is applied in Tambon

Wang Thong which also exists good local initiative in monitoring both forest resources and

forest fire. A tambon-wise voluntary group representing 6-8 members from respective villages

was formed to patrol local forest and being implemented in Tambon Khok Samae San.

Capacity building for natural resources management and forest fire was rendered by Tambon

Administration Organizations and relevant district and provincial level offices. This is a good

practice. Nevertheless, overall public awareness on forest conservation is low to moderate

level. It is then necessary to intensify additional activities including awareness building on

forest management among local villagers.

2.6.5 Problems, Potentials and NeedsIt is recognized among local communities that forest and forest products plays vital role in

sustaining their lives being as food bank, household uses, livelihood enhancement and

keeping environmental and biological balance. As a result, it is indispensable to overcome its

problems, and uphold potentials in order to cater the specific needs of local communities.

Problems/Constraints


47/122

47

Persisted forest encroachment by outsiders by cutting trees and harvesting bambooshoots. This has further deteriorated degraded Reserved Forest.

Forest vegetables are getting rare. This is due to extensive harvest by both localcommunities and the outsiders.

Disappearance of some wild animals. It is due to the loss of extent of wilderness. Local

people expressed low number of wild animals existed. Low public awareness on forest conservation and protection. Some local people do

not feel the Reserved Forest belong to them. So they are not aware of likely extent of

natural resource degradation.

Potentials

Availability of community forestry in Tambons Khok Samae San, and Yang Rak. There are

valuable examples of community forestry in these Tambons which can be replicated/

extended to other Tambons.

Needs

More community forestry should be established so that it can generate alternativesource of livelihoods, food bank to local communities, as well as keeping

environmental and biological balance.

Government should support on seedling for growing community forestry andreforestation. This can be incentive to promote community forestry and reforestation.

Wildlife number and species should be maintained and increased in order to maintainbiological balance.

Public awareness building on forest conservation should be carried out so that localpeople will hold sense of local ownership of National Reserved Forest.

Joint voluntary network of forest monitoring should proactively be set up in allTambons in order to form as self-help group for enhancing sustainable utilization and

protection of natural resources.

2.7 Minerals

2.7.1 Types, Location of Mineral Resources and Coverage

There are no major mineral deposits found in the district. Therefore, no significant varieties of

the mineral resources are available in the district. A few mineral resources like limestone and

perlite are available in the district but due to specific soil texture sensitive to rapid soil

erosion, the government is not encouraging its commercial utilization. The deposits of the

perlites are estimated to 4.86 matric ton and it is found in all tambons of the district. The

potential for commercial utilization of limestone only exists in Tambon Khok Chaoren.

However perlite is processed and utilized for various purposes but the extent of utilization is

very insignificant and limited to local scale exploitation. The minerals and mines have no

contribution in the rural economy of the district.


48/122


49/122

49

other hand limited market as people the full scale of the utilization of the perlite is also not

highlighted.

Needs

The EIA to highlight the possible Environmental impacts from extraction of perlite andlimestone and the ways to minimize these impacts may be carried out.

Explore the ways that these resources can be locally utilized to create income andeconomic opportunities for the district and tambons.

2.8 Environmental I ssues

Over the past few decades, Thailand's dramatic economic growth has produced new

environmental challenges in this once-agrarian society. The country now faces problems with

air and water pollution, declining wildlife populations, deforestation, soil erosion, water

scarcity, and hazardous waste issues.

In case of Khok Charoen district, interviews with concerned governmental officials,

observations and interviews and meetings with villagers showed that the air pollution from

sugarcane burning is the only one major problems of the area and slid waste is an emerging

problem of the area. In case of air pollution, the sources and level of pollution varies in this

area and this may be because of low economic growth in the area compared to overall

national economic development. The subsequent paragraphs deal with the types of the

environmental problems in the area.

2.8.1 Poll

decentralized rural devlopment planning of khok charoen district, lopburi province, thailand.pdf

Documents