deleuze and biology - protevi–organism-centered: embryology, physiology, anatomy, ethology,...
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Deleuze and Biology
John ProteviDept of French Studies
Louisiana State Universitywww.protevi.com/john
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Plan of the lectures
• Lecture 1: Construction of the standard view
• Lecture 2: Contemporary issues and positions
• Lecture 3: Deleuze’s contribution
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Lecture 1Construction of the Standard View
• Introduction
• Natural History
• Darwin’s “Copernican Revolution”
• The Modern Synthesis
• The Molecular Revolution
• Evo-devo
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IntroductionThe great questions of biology
• repetition and difference in biological processes occurring on different temporal and spatial organizational scales
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Spatial / organizational scales
Molecular cellular organ organic
systems
organisms groups ecologies
DNA
RNA
protein
Enzymes
etc
Membranes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondri
a
Ribosomes
etc
Heart
Liver
etc
Nervous
Endocrine,
Digestive
etc
Bacteria
Cats
Dogs
Humans
etc
Colonies
Demes*
Packs
Societies
etc
Local
Regional
Planetary
*Demes = reproductive communities
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Temporal / processual scales
Developmental Organismic Reproductive Evolutionary
Diachronic
(months)
Synchronic
(seconds, days,
months)
Diachronic
(generations)
Diachronic
(geological)
Embryology Physiology Heredity Evolution
Repetition Regular patterns
of development
Systematic
function as
restoration of set
points:
homeostasis
Children resemble
parents
Conservation of
sex, body plans,
species
Difference Developmental
plasticity
Multiple norms of
"health"
Children differ
from parents
novelty /
disparity*
*Gould: diversity = number of species; disparity = difference in basic organization.
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Some basic terminology
• Biological disciplines
– History-centered: classification can be called “taxonomy,” but now, after Darwin, it's also known as “cladistics," that is, classification with regard to evolution; paleontology; genetics.
– Organism-centered: embryology, physiology, anatomy, ethology, ecology. (These can be done with a gene-centered focus, but not necessarily.)
• Ontogeny = development (developmental and organismic scales). Embryonic development, followed by “growth,” then “transformation” at puberty, etc.
• Phylogeny = descent and branching (reproductive and evolutionary scales).
• Speciation = appearance of new species (evolutionary scale).
• Genome = set of genes for a species.
• Genotype = set of genes in any one individual.
• Phenotype = concrete features of the individual: anatomy, physiology, behavior.
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Natural historyFoucault in The Order of Things
• The classification of natural beings by the identity and difference of their properties
• "It is … impossible for natural history to conceive of the history of nature" (OT: 157)
• “Biology did not exist before the 19th century, because life itself did not exist; all that existed were living beings" (OT: 127-128).
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Table of natural historyCyclopaedia (1728)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg
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Darwin’s “Copernican Revolution”
• Natural selection as mechanism of evolution
• Variation
– Source = accidental mutation
– Random and prevalent
– Some will be adaptive (increase fitness)
• Heritability
• Selection
– Population pressures
– Applying Malthus to nature
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Consequences of Darwin
• Dynamicism of life
• Differenciation of species
• Multiple temporal scales
• Irreality of species
• Population thinking
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Darwin’s diagram
http://darwin-online.org.uk/
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Darwin’s unanswered questions
• (correct) mechanism for heredity
• mechanism for development
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The modern synthesis
• Rediscovery of Mendel’s laws
• Population genetics
• Modern synthesis = population genetics plus Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
• Evolution is / is measured by:
– Change in distribution of genes in a population
• NB: organism perspective absent
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Genes at the time of the modern synthesis
• Abstract hereditary units accounting for traits.
• No sense of:
• Physical structure
• Means of transmission
• Conservation of structure during transmission
• Role in development
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The molecular revolution
• Watson and Crick did not “discover” DNA
• Structure controls function
• Transcription and translation
• The “central dogma”
• Development: the final frontier
• Jacob and Monod
– Structural vs regulatory genes
– the “genetic program”
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Crick’s drawing of double helix (c. 1953)
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/W/B/_/scbbwb.jpg
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Transcription and translation(simplified)
• DNA in nucleus is separated (two strands pull apart).
• Transcription: copying a strand of DNA into mRNA – mRNA = messenger RNA
• The mRNA is transported out of nucleus into cytoplasm
• On the ribosome, the tRNA binds to mRNA – tRNA = transfer RNA
– tRNA recognizes triplet codons on the mRNA
• Translation: The tRNA adds an amino acid to protein chain– each amino acid correlates to each triplet codon
• Completed protein chain drops off ribosome
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Transcription and translation
http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/classes/css430/lecture%209-07/figure-08-01.JPG
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Evo-devo
• Bringing evolution and development together on the molecular level
• Homeotic genes
• “Eyeless”
• Source of disparity
– Different regulatory gene networks
– Even with same “genetic toolkit”
• Evolution: change in regulatory gene networks
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Hox genes
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/images/outil_rouge05_img01.jpg