hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a289/p289 description, contents, abstract… · web viewto...

GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTEdited by Yangbo Chen, Kaoru Takara, Ian D. Cluckie & F. Hilaire De SmedtIAHS Publ. 289 (September 2004) ISBN 1-901502-72-4, 422 + x pp. Price £70.00

Present-day remote sensing and GIS capabilities enable more accurate precipitation measurements and terrestrial characteristic data to be built into hydrological models and systems.

Scientists, engineers and policy makers from across the globe shared their experience at an international conference at the Three Gorges dam site, China, 2004. These papers selected from the meeting provide insight to current work on:

flood forecasting runoff simulation hydrological change water resources management environmental modelling data management

Useful reading for both researchers and practitioners, bringing together innovative applications of the current technologies in areas ranging from weather radar, to phytoplankton density, to GIS and water Management Information Systems

Abstracts of the papers in this volume can be seen at:

www.iahs.infowith information about other IAHS publications

and IAHS activities

The Three Gorges Dam, China

Please send book orders and enquiries to:Mrs Jill Gash [email protected] Press, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology tel.: + 44 1491 692442Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK fax: + 44 1491 692448/692424

IAHS Members may obtain a discount on books bought for their personal use and should ask for it when placing an order—we regret that discounts cannot be backdated. IAHS membership is free of charge.All prices include delivery by surface mail. Payment may be made by credit card (VISA, MasterCard, EUROCARD).

Contents

Preface by Yangbo Chen, Kaoru Takara, Ian D. Cluckie & F. Hilaire De Smedt v

Distributed hydrologic modelling for flood forecasting Baxter E. Vieux 1

Weather radar technology and future developments Ian David Cluckie & Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez

11

1 Flood Forecasting

Application of GIS and remote sensing in flood modelling for complex terrain F. H. De Smedt, Y. B. Liu, S. Gebremeskel, L. Hoffmann & L. Pfister

23

Impact of flood retarding structures on simulated streamflow for various sized watersheds under varying climatic conditions Michael W. Van Liew

33

Small basin flash flood simulation with TOPMODEL Yangbo Chen, Dehua Zhu & Jianhua Zhao

41

Parameterization using ArcView GIS in medium and large watershed modelling Y. B. Liu, F. H. De Smedt, L. Hoffmann & L. Pfister

50

A computation model for estimating the input flood of the Feilaixia reservoir in Guangdong, south China Junhe Chen, Haiyang Liu & Xiaoyue Chen

59

Probabilistic forecasting of distributed river stage conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation Paul James Smith & Toshiharu Kojiri

66

Preliminary design of GIS-based integrated basin management and flood control information system for SWRC Wu Chaojun, Zhang Defu & Yang Jixing

73

The application of Web GIS in emergency flood control system Huicheng Zhou, Bin He, Lingya Zhu & Guohua Liang

80

2 Runoff Simulation

Effect of map scale and grid size for hydrological modelling Nurünnisa Usul & Onur Paşaoğullari

91

Simulation of runoff and sediment flow in a catchment based on land-unit flow networks Gaohuan Liu, Qiangguo Cai, Huiyi Zhu & Zhenghong Tang

101

Study on L-moment estimations for log-normal distribution with historical flood data Yuanfang Chen, Shengbin Xu, Zhigui Sha, Pieter Van Gelder & Sheng-Hua Gu

107

Spatially distributed snowmelt simulation and GIS application in the Wei River basin Z. X. Xu, C. M. Liu, H. Ishidaira & K. Takeuchi

114

Use of data obtained via a global positioning system to verify numerical flow results in a lake Masaji Watanabe & Satoshi Numaguchi

122

vii

Contents

Characteristics, evolution and trend forecasts for the runoff in the upper Yellow River Lan Yongchao, Ding Yongjian, Chen Xianzhang & Ma Jianhua

132

Research on spatial structure changes of urban land use Zhang Xin-Chang & Pan Qiong

141

An integrated approach for inundation simulation in an urban area Shiu-Shin Lin, Hsiang-Kuan Chang, Shang-Hsien Hsieh, Jan-Tai Kuo & Jihn-Sung Lai

151

Runoff and sediment yield simulation in a large basin using GIS and a distributed hydrological model Fanghua Hao, Xuesong Zhang, Hongguang Cheng, Changming Liu & Zhifeng Yang

157

3 Hydrological Changes

Detection of long-term changes in precipitation and discharge in the Meuse basin M. Tu, M. J. Hall, P. J. M. De Laat & M. J. M. De Wit

169

GIS-supported mitigation of the impact of hydropower dams on the flood plains of the Drava–Mura Rivers in Croatia/Hungary Ulrich Schwarz & Jürg Bloesch

178

A study of the relationship between rainfall variability and the improvement of using a distributed model Ziya Zhang, Michael Smith, Victor Koren, Seann Reed, Fekadu Moreda, Vadim Kuzmin & Richard Anderson

188

Human-induced hydrological changes in the river network of the Pearl River Delta, South China Xiaohong Chen & Yongqin David Chen

197

Determination of regional heat fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces Yaoming Ma, Weiqing Ma, Maoshan Li, Zhongbo Su, Massimo Menenti, Osamu Tsukamoto, Hirohiko Ishikawa, Toshio Koike & Jun Wen

206

Statistical modelling and estimating the irrigation and man-made effects on annual runoff and water resources Nataliya Loboda & Phan Van Chinh

215

Impact of land use changes on runoff of the Taihu basin, China Gao Junfeng 219

Numerical simulation study on the coupling of a regional climate model with a hydrological model Suoquan Zhou, Gengyuan Xue, Peng Gong & Xu Liang

227

4 Water Resources Management

An application of the VIC-3L land surface model with the new surface runoff model in simulating streamflow for the Yellow River basin Zhenghui Xie, Qian Liu & Fengge Su

241

The seamless integrating technology of GIS and Management Information Systems (MIS) for water resources Weidong Zhao & Yunxia Li

249

An optimization model for the integrated operation of the multiple reservoirs in the Upper Yellow River Jiaqi Hu, Yangbo Chen & Sichun Gao

254

The research framework of Provincial Digital Water Conservancy Hanwei Xu, Youjing Zhang & Berhe Getnet Baraki

261

viii

Contents

Simplification of an existing mass conservative streamline tracking method for two-dimensional CFD velocity fields Zhenquan Li & Gordon Mallinson

269

Wetland study in Guangdong Province using remote sensing technology Ke Dong & Jiang Tao

276

5 Environmental Modelling

Water quality monitoring and the morphological paradigm in the Danube River Basin—a review Jürg Bloesch

285

A GIS-based tool for enhancing the ecomorphological quality of running waters Michael Haase, Guenter Barnikel, Andreas Stegmaier & Werner Dreher

293

GIS application for mapping of phytoplankton using multi-channel fluorescence probe derived information Yosef Z. Yacobi & M. Schlichter

301

Predicting soil loss from logging in Malaysia Hooi Ling Lee, Hock Lye Koh & H. A. Al’Rabia’ah

308

The study of chlorophyll detection in coastal waters based on environmental variables Chen Xiaoxiang, Ding Xiaoying & Chen Si

316

Development of an environment detection information system and its application in the region of Longyangxia reservoir, upper reach of the Yellow River Huo Xu & Yongnian Zeng

322

Modelling Everglades fish ecology: role of temperature, hydrology and toxicity H. L. Koh, H. A. Al-Rabai’ah, D. DeAngelis & H. L. Lee

328

Nutrient export patterns from an agricultural catchment in southeast China Wenzhi Cao, Huasheng Hong, Yuzhen Zhang, Shiping Yue & Yuanhong Ding

336

Multi-temporal land use mapping using remotely sensed techniques and the integration of a pollutant load model in a GIS Daniel Ierodiaconou, Laurie Laurenson, Marc Lebanc, Frank Stagnitti, Gordon Duff & Scott Salzman

343

6 Data Observation and Management

Spatial and temporal extension of large basin hydrometeorological records using a distributed modelling approach J. Graham Lang, Janet H. P. Wong, Stephen J. Burges & Maurice B. Danard

355

Comparison of spatial patterns between cellular automata model simulations and remote sensing observations Qiuwen Chen & Arthur E. Mynett

363

Optimum quantization of remotely sensed rainfall data D. Han & I. D. Cluckie 371

Estimating daily precipitation for England and Wales using splines with collateral topographic and radar data sets Neil Stuart & Claire H. Jarvis

378

ix

Contents

Mapping landslide susceptibility in the Three Gorges area, China using GIS, expert knowledge and fuzzy logic A-Xing Zhu, Rongxun Wang, Jianping Qiao, Yongbo Chen, Qiangguo Cai & Chenghu Zhou

385

Verification of an NDVI-evapotranspiration model using a single layer model Hiroaki Watanabe, So Kazama & Masaki Sawamoto

392

Tracking MCSs automatically based on improved area-overlapped method Fang Zhaobao, Lin Hui, Wu Lixin, Jiang Jixi & Huang Qiang

401

Desertification and carbon emission in the headwater area of the Yellow River using remote sensing Yongnian Zeng, Zhaodong Feng & Huo Xu

410

Key word index 417

Author index 421

x

Key word index

Preface

In the past few decades GIS and Remote Sensing have been increasingly applied to hydrology, water resources and the environment. To review and report the advancements of GIS and Remote Sensing application in these areas and to share the experiences of scientists, engineers, NGOs and policy makers across the globe, the International Conference of GIS and Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Water Resources and Environment (ICGRSHWE) was jointly organized at the Three Gorges Dam construction site in China from 16 to 19 September 2003 by Sun Yat-Sen University, Wuhan University and the Free University of Brussels. IAHS and other national and international bodies sponsored this conference.

The conference received more than 400 abstracts and 120 papers were presented orally. This book includes 50 papers selected from the oral presentations that are organized into six sections as:

Flood Forecasting Runoff Simulation Hydrologic Changes Water Resources Management Environmental Modelling Data Observation and Measurement

Two keynote presentations: “Distributed hydrologic modelling for flood forecasting” by Baxter Vieux, and “Weather radar technology and future developments” by Ian Cluckie, are the first two papers. It is hoped that this volume will provide readers with an overview of the application and development of state-of-the-art GIS and remote sensing in hydrology, water resources and environment.

One thing that needs mentioning is that SARS, a serious infectious disease prevailing in China and other countries in the first half of 2003, seriously affected both the conference organization and participants’ plans for their trip to it. Fortunately SARS was quickly under control and most of the authors attended the conference, making the conference a great success.

The interest and financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, funding no. 50179019, 50310310328) is greatly appreciated. The editors would also thank those who helped make this publication possible.

Yangbo ChenCenter of Water Resources and Environment,

Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

Kaoru TakaraDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University,

Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

Ian CluckieDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol,

Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K

11

Key word index

F. Hilaire De SmedtDepartment of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering,

Free University of Brussels,Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

12

Key word index

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________GIS and Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Water Resources and Environment (Proceedings of ICGRHWE held at the Three Gorges Dam, China, September 2003). IAHS Publ. 289, 2004, 1-10

Distributed hydrologic modelling for flood forecasting

BAXTER E. VIEUXSchool of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, 202 West Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, [email protected]

Abstract As more accurate precipitation measurements and terrestrial characteristics are built into hydrologic models, the foundation for making hydrologic predictions is undergoing substantial change. The recent decade has seen rapid development of sophisticated computer programs capable of using the rich information content of remotely sensed geospatial data describing vegetative cover or soil moisture; distributed maps of precipitation derived from gauges, radar, and satellite; and digital terrain maps representing the drainage network. The goal of distributed hydrologic modelling is to take into account the heterogeneity of the watershed with the aim of making more accurate and reliable hydrologic predictions. An important area of application for distributed models is flood forecasting in urban and rural areas. Distributed modelling is a growing field of application worldwide, with varying degrees of empiricism and physical basis. Distributed modelling is currently applied from small catchments to large river basins ranging in size from 100 km2 to over 100 000 km2.Key words distributed hydrologic modelling; floods; forecasting; radar rainfall


Weather radar technology and future developments

IAN DAVID CLUCKIE & MIGUEL ANGEL RICO-RAMIREZWater and Environmental Management Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UP, [email protected]

Abstract Radar Hydrology is slowly coming of age and the future development of quantitative weather radar will be heavily influenced by the Hydrological community. There is controversy as to whether or not dual-polarization radar technology is going to improve the estimation of precipitation. This paper discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the present algorithms used to estimate precipitation, using single- and dual-polarization weather radar measurements, and gives some recommendations for future research in this area.Key words dual-polarization radar; hydrometeor classification; radar hydrology; rainfall estimators; vertical reflectivity profile; weather radar


Application of GIS and remote sensing in flood modelling for

13

mailto:[email protected]

Key word index

complex terrain

F. H. DE SMEDT1, Y. B. LIU1, S. GEBREMESKEL1, L. HOFFMANN2 & L. PFISTER2

1 Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, [email protected] Research Unit in Environment and Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann, 162a Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg

Abstract An hourly distributed watershed model compatible with GIS and remote sensing for Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (WetSpa) is presented in this paper. The model combines elevation, soil and land use data within a GIS framework, and predicts the flood hydrograph and spatial distribution of hydrological characteristics over a river basin. Algorithms derived as much as possible from physical processes, together with more conceptual or empirical algorithms, have been selected. The model was applied to the 407-km 2

Steinsel watershed in the Alzette River basin, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Results of model simulation show that the model’s level of representativeness is quite satisfactory. The model accounts for spatially distributed hydrological and geophysical characteristics of the watershed and is suitable for predicting the outflow hydrograph, evaluating storm runoff contributions from different land use classes, and assessing the impact of land use changes on flood behaviours in a complex terrain.Key words Alzette River basin; distributed modelling; flood prediction; GIS; land use change


Impact of flood retarding structures on simulated streamflow for various sized watersheds under varying climatic conditions

MICHAEL W. VAN LIEWUSDA ARS, 7207 West Cheyenne Street, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036-2144, [email protected]

Abstract Small earthen dams referred to as flood retarding structures (FRSs) represent one of the most effective methods for reducing damage caused by flooding from agricultural land. The impact of these structures on streamflow regime under dry, average, and wet climatic conditions was investigated in this study. The setting for the study is the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) in southwestern Oklahoma, USA that contains 42 FRSs. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to evaluate changes in streamflow characteristics as a result of the FRSs for five subwatersheds on the LWREW ranging in size from 33 to 596 km2. The most noticeable impact of the FRSs is the reduction of annual maximum daily discharges on the day of a rainstorm, with decreases among the subwatersheds ranging from 9 to 31%, 20 to 34%, and 22 to 43%, for the dry, average and wet conditions, respectively.Key words flood retarding structures; streamflow; SWAT; watershed simulation

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14


Key word index

GIS and Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Water Resources and Environment (Proceedings of ICGRHWE held at the Three Gorges Dam, China, September 2003). IAHS Publ. 289, 2004, 41-49

Small basin flash flood simulation with TOPMODEL

YANGBO CHEN, DEHUA ZHU & JIANHUA ZHAOCenter of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, [email protected] The semi-distributed physically-based hydrologic model has the advantage of a simple model structure and lesser model parameters together with a realistic representation of the basin hydrologic process. This paper investigated the effectiveness of small basin flash flood simulation employing TOPMODEL, a semi-distributed physically-based hydrologic model first proposed by Beven and Kirkby. Floods in the Fanjingtang basin, a small basin in southern China with mountainous topography in the upper area and flat topography in the lower area, were simulated with TOPMODEL. The results were compared with those simulated by the Xinanjiang model, with which the parameters were calibrated by using the same observed data. It shows that the results simulated by TOPMODEL are reasonable and have a better simulation of the peak discharge of the flood than those simulated by the Xinanjiang model. The conclusion is that TOPMODEL is a simpler hydrologic model with a realistic representation of the basin hydrologic process, which can be used for the flash flood simulation of the Fanjingtang basin.Key words flood simulation; semi-distributed physically based hydrologic model; TOPMODEL; topographical index; Xinanjiang model; water deficit depth


Parameterization using ArcView GIS in medium and large watershed modelling

Y. B. LIU1, F. H. DE SMEDT1, L. HOFFMANN2 & L. PFISTER2

1 Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, [email protected] Research Unit in Environment and Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 162a Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg

Abstract This paper describes the development of a comprehensive subcatchment parameterization method for medium and large-scale watershed modelling based upon the fully distributed WetSpa model. A simplified approach is used in order to take advantage of the existing spatial analysis function within ArcView GIS and its Spatial Analyst and hydrological modelling extensions. The model combines elevation, soil and land use data within a GIS framework, and predicts the flood hydrograph and water balance over a river basin. The method of diffusive wave approximation is applied in tracing water for both overland flow and channel flow, while the water and energy budget are maintained for each very small watershed derived from the high resolution DEM. The method was applied to the Alzette River basin, an 1176-km 2

medium-size watershed in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Good agreement between the predicted and measured hydrograph has been achieved according to the graphical comparison and

15

Key word index

statistical assessment.Key words Alzette River basin; ArcView; diffusive wave; watershed modelling


A computation model for estimating the input flood of the Feilaixia reservoir in Guangdong, south China

JUNHE CHEN1, HAIYANG LIU2 & XIAOYUE CHEN3

1 Centre of Water Resource and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected] Guangdong Institute of Hydrological Power Survey and Design, Guangzhou 510170, China3 Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Abstract This paper proposes a coupling model for dealing with the flooding problems of the Beijiang River based on the integration of hydrology and hydraulics. A numerical flow computation model was established to tackle the complexity of flooding characteristics in the Feilaixia reservoir basin. Field investigation confirms that the proposed model can produce satisfactory results by providing useful information for flood control and scheduling. Key words coupling model; Feilaixia reservoir; flood of the uncontrolled intervening area


Probabilistic forecasting of distributed river stage conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation

PAUL JAMES SMITH & TOSHIHARU KOJIRIWater Resources Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, [email protected]

Abstract A Monte Carlo simulation for short-term probabilistic forecasting of basin flood stage conditions is proposed. A stochastic rainfall pattern simulation model capable of generating input for a distributed rainfall–runoff model was developed. Generation of rainfall patterns over a 6-h period was achieved by using a translation vector rainfall forecasting process modified to account for uncertainties in rainfall pattern development. The stochastic rainfall generation model was coupled with a distributed rainfall–runoff model in a Monte Carlo simulation to provide a short-term ensemble forecast of distributed flood discharge. An example application of the proposed probabilistic flood stage forecasting system is provided for a typhoon event that occurred in the vicinity of the Nagara River basin located in Gifu, Japan.Key words distributed rainfall–runoff model; hydrological model; Monte Carlo simulation; precipitation prediction; probabilistic flood forecasting; stochastic rainfall generation; uncertainty

16

Key word index


Preliminary design of GIS-based integrated basin management and flood control information system for SWRC

WU CHAOJUN1, ZHANG DEFU2 & YANG JIXING2 1 Beijing Capital Information Science & Technology Pty. Ltd., Building A, Cyber Tower, Zhong Guan Cun Avenue 2, 100086 Beijing, [email protected] Flood Control Department, SongLiao Water Resources Commission (SWRC), Gongnong Dalu 888#, Changchun 130021, China

Abstract In recent years, the Chinese Government has intended to move from an exclusive emphasis on structural solutions towards a balance of structural and non-structural measures in watershed management and flood control. In support of this intent, a comprehensive GIS-based information system, or Decision Support System (DSS), is necessary for the headquarters of the SongLiao Water Resources Commission (SWRC), the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR). The main objective of the project is to build a comprehensive and integrated information system based on GIS techniques. The system is designed as a practical tool for the daily water management and flood control of the Songhua River basin. The main features of this system are real-time data query and dynamic modelling. Key words GIS; integrated information system; integrated watershed modelling; real-time data; Songhua River basin


The application of Web GIS in emergency flood control system

HUICHENG ZHOU, BIN HE, LINGYA ZHU & GUOHUA LIANGSchool of Civil & Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, [email protected]

Abstract Web GIS integrates Web and GIS (geographic information system) together in order to take advantage of their special characteristics. The development of Web GIS, has played an important role in information query and emergency service flood control decision support systems. According to the characteristics of flood control and Web GIS, this paper describes the requirement analysis of emergency services, and presents the key techniques in the process of applying Web GIS to emergency flood control. The key techniques mainly include site location, earth-rock volume calculation, emergency material operation and 3-D-scene visualization in the process of levee emergency repair. Through a case study in Heilongjiang Province, it was shown that it is feasible and necessary to design a Web GIS-based emergency flood control system (EFCS), and the technique of Web GIS cannot only improve the efficiency of emergency flood control, but it can also guarantee the decision’s reliability.Key words 3-D-scene visualization; decision support system; emergency flood control; Web GIS

17



Key word index


Effect of map scale and grid size for hydrological modelling

NURÜNNİSA USUL & ONUR PAŞAOĞULLARIMiddle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 06531 Ankara, [email protected]

Abstract GIS is a very useful tool in modelling the earth surface and defining basin parameters to be used in topography-based hydrological modelling. Grid based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used for modelling topography and grid size is the main parameter that will affect the accuracy of DEM directly and hydrological modelling indirectly. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of grid size and map scale on geomorphological basin parameters. The study was conducted on three small research basins in central Anatolia, Turkey, for which these parameters were determined and analysed with different grid sizes and different map scales. The grid operations: surface modelling, flow direction, sinks, filling sinks, flow accumulation, basin delineation, stream network, ordering and vector conversion were made with a GRID module of Arc/Info software. It was found that as grid size decreases more detail can be observed, but this is true for steeper areas. Also, as the basin area increases, the effect of grid size increases. Considering the map scale, grid size selection is a tradeoff between the accuracy needed and computation time. Key words GIS; grid size effect; map scale effect; hydrology


Simulation of runoff and sediment flow in a catchment based on land-unit flow networks

GAOHUAN LIU, QIANGGUO CAI, HUIYI ZHU & ZHENGHONG TANGInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, [email protected]

Abstract To calculate soil erosion in a catchment based on land-units is a new and important method for the estimation of the impact of soil and water conservation measures. In this research, the traditional technology of a grid based flow network is improved according to the role of soil erosion, for the loess plateau of China. A land-unit based runoff and sediment flow network model was developed to simulate the flow process through a complicated geographical surface in small basins. The flow network between land-units is calculated and three major parameters for the soil erosion model are acquired: water and sediment flow order between land-units, the spatial distribution of the conflux amount among land-units and the slope length of each land-unit. The soil erosion model is connected with the land-unit flow network, and the parameters for each land-unit such as soil type, slope, elevation, cultivation measures, landform position, slope length, etc., are automatically transferred from the land-unit file to the soil erosion model. Whole basin simulation of soil erosion was carried out; the results can be put back into a GIS for spatial

18


Key word index

analysis and display. Keywords land-unit; runoff and sediment flow networks; soil erosion


Study on L-moment estimations for log-normal distribution with historical flood data

YUANFANG CHEN1, SHENGBIN XU1, ZHIGUI SHA2, PIETER VAN GELDER3 & SHENG-HUA GU4

1 Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, [email protected] Bureau of Hydrology, Yangtze Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010,China3 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands4 Shanghai Hydrological General Station, Shanghai 200232,China

Abstract This study is focused on a parameter estimation method for log-normal distribution based on L-moments. The relationship between L-moments and parameters of a common log-normal distribution is briefly introduced, then two sample formulae of L-moments, taking into account historical flood data, are proposed. The Monte-Carlo calculations show that both of them are of high accuracy in the estimation of parameters and quantiles (design values). Comparisons of the ordinary moments method, the curve-fitting method with absolute norm and the L-moment estimation method are also carried out using Monte-Carlo experiments. The results show that L-moment estimation is the preferred method and is therefore recommended to be used in practice.Key words bias; curve-fitting method; effectiveness; historical flood; L-moment; log-normal; moment method


Spatially distributed snowmelt simulation and GIS application in the Wei River basin

Z. X. XU1,2, C. M. LIU1, H. ISHIDAIRA2 & K. TAKEUCHI2

1 Institute for Water Sciences, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, [email protected] Graduate School of Engineering, Yamanashi University, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, Japan

Abstract A coupled energy- and mass-balance (CEMB) snowmelt model was developed to simulate the accumulation and melt of snow cover in the Wei River basin. The model is explicitly distributed over a digital representation of topographic structure and represented by a digital elevation model (DEM), and is driven by topographically corrected land cover-related parameters. The snow water equivalent, snow depth, and runoff during accumulation and depletion of the snow cover are estimated. The distributed elevation-dependent CEMB snowmelt module is then linked to a conceptually-based distributed rainfall-runoff model, the CHDF (coupled Horton and Dunne flow) model. Meteorological data obtained at the open sites are

19

Key word index

transposed to each grid of the region by using the spatial analysis function integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The spatial distribution of snow and the pattern of the spatial distribution for the snowmelt are also represented by using GIS. Results indicate that the basic model assumptions are realistic. Key words Geographic Information System (GIS); rainfall-runoff; snowmelt; Wei River

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________GIS and Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Water Resources and Environment (Proceedings of ICGRHWE held at the Three Gorges Dam, China, September 2003). IAHS Publ. 289, 2004,122-131

Use of data obtained a via global positioning system to verify numerical flow results in a lake

MASAJI WATANABE1 & SATOSHI NUMAGUCHI2

1 Department of Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1, Naka 3-chome, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, [email protected] The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1, Naka 3-chome, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan

Abstract An experimental and numerical method to incorporate measurements obtained through a global positioning system (GPS) into analysis of a flow in the water environment is described. In previous studies, experiments were conducted to investigate unsteady flows generated in Kojima Lake using a float equipped with a GPS unit, which we call the GPS-float. A finite element method was applied to equations governing their dynamics to analyse the unsteady flows numerically. The results of the finite element analysis were introduced into computational analysis of the momentum equation of the GPS-float to simulate its motion. Those numerical results are presented, and the similarity and the difference between those numerical results and the experimental results were examined. A result of depth measurement to update data associated with the nodes in a finite element mesh is also introduced. Those techniques are illustrated with examples.Key words finite element method; global positioning system; Kojima Lake; water environment


Characteristics, evolution and trend forecasts for the runoff in the upper Yellow River

LAN YONGCHAO1, DING YONGJIAN1, CHEN XIANZHANG1 & MA JIANHUA2

1 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, [email protected] 2 Hydrology and Water Resources Office of the Upper Yellow River Basin, Lanzhou 730030, China

Abstract The runoff in the upper Yellow River basin above Tangnag has been decreasing recently due to global climate warming and human activity influences since the end of the 1980s.

20

Key word index

The decrease not only badly affects hydro-power and irrigation in the upper Yellow River areas, but also influences the environment of the whole Yellow River basin. Thus, it is necessary for the orderly development and utilization of water resources of the Yellow River basin to understand the future possible change, and the corresponding relationship between global warming with runoff in the upper Yellow River. The long-period evolution law and space–time distribution characteristics of the runoff in the Upper Yellow River are analysed based on data measured at some relational hydrometric and weather observation stations, and a new long-period trend forecast model called the Time Series—Markov Chain Forecast Model, are presented in this paper. The result shows that runoff in the upper Yellow River is located IN a low-flow period that started at the end of the 1980s, and the status will be changed in the future decade. The runoff will gradually increase in the future decade and mean runoff in the future decade will be larger than that in the former decade.Key words Markov chain; runoff variation; the upper Yellow River


Research on spatial structure changes of urban land use

ZHANG XIN-CHANG1 & PAN QIONG2

1 School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected] Map Press House of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510075, China

Abstract This paper describes a GIS-based spatial analysis method that makes combined use of qualitative and quantitative analysis to characterize land use patterns and predict the trend of future land use changes for the area of Haizhu District of Guangzhou City, China. Spatial techniques are presented to manage land use data and derive information on land use changes. Through the case study for the selected area, it is demonstrated that the method and techniques introduced can be effectively utilized for the analysis of urban land use changes. Based upon this analysis, the paper also provides discussions and recommendations on urban land use planning, urban planning and land management. Two land use maps of the Haizhu District of Guangzhou in 1997 and 1999, together with the remotely sensed images of 2001 are utilized in the current research. It is convenient to spatially reference various statistic data and to combine spatial data with spatial analysis model so as to analyse land use changes in a geographic context, which is especially suitable for the needs of the urban construction, urban management and urban planning departments.Key words GIS; Guangzhou City; land use; spatial analysis; overlay analysis


An integrated approach for inundation simulation in an urban area

21

Key word index

SHIU-SHIN LIN1, HSIANG-KUAN CHANG2, SHANG-HSIEN HSIEH1, JAN-TAI KUO1,2 & JIHN-SUNG LAI2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, [email protected] Hydrotech Research Institute, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Abstract This paper presents an integrated approach that employs the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Two-Dimensional Inundation Model (2DIM) to simulate inundation. The interactions between surcharge and discharge of the manholes are considered dynamically. An integrated computer system has been developed to realize the proposed integrated approach, and validation of the system has been demonstrated by simulated results of a small area located in Taipei City. The simulated result also shows that the computed water stage can be considerably overestimated if the dynamic interaction between surcharge and discharge of the manhole is neglected in the simulation.Key words manhole discharge; manhole surcharge; storm water management model (SWMM); two-dimensional inundation model (2DIM)


Runoff and sediment yield simulation in a large basin using GIS and a distributed hydrological model

FANGHUA HAO, XUESONG ZHANG, HONGGUANG CHENG, CHANGMING LIU & ZHIFENG YANGSchool of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, [email protected]

Abstract A GIS-based distributed SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in the upper basin of the Luohe River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Firstly, the basic GIS database integrating DEM, soil, land-use map, climate, and land management data, is established. To simplify input data preparation and interpretation without compromising simulation accuracy, the paper delineates the basin into 63 sub-basins to perform the simulation. In the process of calibration, the automated digital filter technique is used to separate the surface runoff and base flow. The surface runoff, the base flow, the total runoff, and the sediment yield are then calibrated sequentially. The simulated results demonstrate that the GIS-based SWAT model could be successfully used to simulate long-term runoff and sediment yield in large river basins such as the Yellow River basin where soil erosion is a serious problem.Key words GIS; large basin; runoff; sediment; SWAT; Yellow River


Detection of long-term changes in precipitation and discharge

22


Key word index

in the Meuse basin

M. TU1, M. J. HALL1, P. J. M. DE LAAT1 & M. J. M. DE WIT2 1 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The [email protected] National Institute for Integrated Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, PO Box 9072, 6800 ED Arnhem, The Netherlands

Abstract Long records (>1911) of discharge and precipitation in the Meuse basin have been investigated by statistical methods for detection of non-homogeneity (trends and jumps) in the data series. Over the past century, annual total precipitation (November to October) in the basin has significantly increased since 1980 as well as k-day extreme precipitation depths (e.g. over 5 days and 10 days). No significant trend or change-point was identified for the annual average discharge of the Meuse River. However, a significant increase since 1984 was found for the annual and winter half-year maximum daily discharges, while a significant downward trend was identified for the low flows (e.g. annual minimum 10-day moving average), with an obvious decrease since 1933. The annual runoff coefficient of the river has also significantly decreased since 1933. The preliminary results suggest that the increase of flood peaks in the Meuse River since the early 1980s can broadly be ascribed to climatic variability. Key words change-point; discharge; Meuse River; precipitation; trend


GIS-supported mitigation of the impact of hydropower dams on the flood plains of the Drava–Mura Rivers in Croatia/Hungary

ULRICH SCHWARZ1 & JÜRG BLOESCH2

1 FLUVIUS, Floodplain Ecology and Management, Hintzerstrasse 2/9, A-1030 Vienna, [email protected] 2 Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Abstract This paper presents GIS and Remote Sensing applications to produce large scale maps on riverine landscapes and their ecomorphological quality. The overlay of the map of the planned hydropower plant “Novo Virje” in the Drava River (Croatia) exemplifies the potential of this method, in combination with in situ investigations, to show the expected destruction of riverine habitats and flood plains. This publication is part of the research topics of the International Association for Danube Research (IAD).Key words biodiversity; flood plains; GIS mapping; hydropower impact; river morphology


23


Key word index

A study of the relationship between rainfall variability and the improvement of using a distributed model

ZIYA ZHANG, MICHAEL SMITH, VICTOR KOREN, SEANN REED, FEKADU MOREDA, VADIM KUZMIN & RICHARD ANDERSON Hydrology Laboratory, Office of Hydrologic Development, National Weather Service, NOAA, 1325 East West Highway, SSMC-2, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, [email protected]

Abstract NEXRAD precipitation estimates have high spatial and temporal resolution. Hydrological researchers have an opportunity to study how these gridded precipitation data can be effectively used in an operational environment to enhance river-forecasting capabilities. A method is suggested that will allow an analysis of observed precipitation forcing and streamflow data for a basin to determine the potential usefulness of applying a distributed model in that basin without actually having to set up and run a distributed model. The method analyses the relationship between a precipitation location index (computed using relationships between basin centroid and rainfall mass centre) and basin response time (difference between rainfall and hydrograph mass centre). The Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model (SAC-SMA) is used to generate runoff in all simulations. Limited comparisons of flow simulation results from lumped and distributed models suggest the method is valid. Three test basins are selected within the Arkansas-Red River basin in the US. The results show that one basin contains complexities that may warrant the use of a distributed modelling approach for improved basin outlet simulations.Key words Arkansas-Red River basin; basin response; distributed modelling; lumped modelling; rainfall locational index; SAC-SMA model


Human-induced hydrological changes in the river network of the Pearl River Delta, South China

XIAOHONG CHEN1 & YONGQIN DAVID CHEN2

1 Department of Water Resources and Environment, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China [email protected]

2 Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China

Abstract With the rapid socio-economic development and urbanization, dramatic changes of the hydrological characteristics have taken place in the river network of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) over the past decade. These changes can be mainly attributed to the combined effects of the following human activities: sand dredging in the river, reclamation of former flood-afflicted areas, connection of dykes, construction of numerous bridges, docks and sluices along the river and irrational regulation of water locks. Human activities, along with strong riverbed scouring and sea level rise, respectively, give rise to riverbed degradation and stage reduction in the upper river reaches of the Delta, but sedimentation and tidal backwater resistance in the river mouths. Corresponding to the stage changes, the stage–discharge relationship has been substantially modified, as evidenced by over 2-m drop of stage for the same amount of discharge in some river sections. The ratio of flow partition in river network of the PRD has also been changing

24


Key word index

continuously in recent years. This is an excellent indication of an increasingly larger portion of flow discharging from the Xijiang River channels into the river network of the Delta, which was found to be the main cause making the inner part of the PRD more and more vulnerable to flood in recent years.Keywords human activity; hydrological change; Pearl River Delta; river network


Determination of regional heat fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces

YAOMING MA1,2, WEIQING MA1, MAOSHAN LI1, ZHONGBO SU3, MASSIMO MENENTI3, OSAMU TSUKAMOTO4, HIROHIKO ISHIKAWA5

, TOSHIO KOIKE6 & JUN WEN1 1 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, [email protected] Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China3 Alterra Green World Research, P.O.Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands4 Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan5 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611, Japan6 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

Abstract Arid areas (e.g. desertification area) and high elevation areas (e.g. the Tibetan Plateau) with inhomogeneous landscapes are characterized by extreme gradients in land surface properties such as wetness, roughness and temperature, which have a significant but local impact on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Observation of the actual extent over these areas is essential to understand the mechanisms through which inhomogeneous land surfaces may have a significant impact on the structure and dynamics of the overlying ABL. Progress in this research area requires spatial measurements of variables such as surface hemispherical reflectance, radiometric surface temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), vegetation coverage, leaf area index (LAI), local aerodynamic roughness length, etc. Imaging radiometric board satellites can provide useful estimates of most of these variables. By using these variables, we can derive the distribution of land surface heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscape. Parameterization methods to derive the regional land surface variables, vegetation variables and land surface heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes by using NOAA/AVHRR data, Landsat TM data and field observations have been proposed in this study. The method was applied to the areas of the GAME/Tibet and the HEIFE. Key words field observations; heterogeneous landscape; regional land surface heat fluxes; satellite remote sensing


Statistical modelling and estimating the irrigation and man-made effects on annual runoff and water resources

25

Key word index

NATALIYA LOBODA & PHAN VAN CHINHHydrometeorology Institute, OSEU, PO Box 108, Odessa-9, 65009, Ukraine [email protected]

Abstract New techniques were developed to model pond, reservoir and irrigation effects on the statistical parameters of annual runoff time series and the state of water resources. Due to the shortage of available runoff series, statistical testing was applied to investigate the manner and extent of human influence on water resources. The resultant method enabled for the allowance of (separately and jointly) the effects of artificial basins and of irrigation on the normal runoff and the coefficients of variation and asymmetry. The method developed was applied to the assessment of water resources of the Republic of Moldavia and the south of the Ukraine. Key words irrigation and man-made effects; statistical modelling; water resources of Ukraine and Moldova


Impact of land use changes on runoff of the Taihu basin, China

GAO JUNFENGNanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, [email protected]

Abstract The Taihu basin is one of the most developed regions in China, and land use has changed considerably over the last 20 years. Based on 1:10 000 aerial photographs, land use in the Taihu basin was interpreted for 1986 and 1996. Land use types are analysed in this paper. Runoff in 1986 and 1996 were calculated using precipitation from May to September of 1991. Land use changed greatly between 1986 and 1996: cultivated land decreased by 3385 km2, whereas construction area increased by 2460 km2. The spatial distribution of land use is different. With a higher GDP per capita and density population, land use has changed more than in other regions. Land use changes have increased runoff from precipitation greatly. Compared to 1986, runoff has increased by 109 m3 in 1996 (assuming 1991 precipitation). Runoff increased much more in the upper reaches than in the lower reaches. These calculated results correspond with high water levels in Taihu Lake in the 1990s.Keywords impact; land use changes; runoff; Taihu basin


Numerical simulation study on the coupling of a regional climate model with a hydrological model

SUOQUAN ZHOU1, GENGYUAN XUE1, PENG GONG2 & XU LIANG3

26

Key word index

1 Key Laboratory of Meteorological Calamity, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, [email protected] International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 China 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710, USA

Abstract This paper numerically simulated the climate situation of rainstorms and surface runoff in the Yangtze basin in 1998 in China. Results show that the regional climate model (RegCM2) can successfully simulate the location and strength of the subtropical high, the Tibetan upper-air high centre and surface thermal low, the cool and warm advection to the east and west side of the Tibetan plateau, and also the confluence of north and southwesterly air flow branches over east China. On the basis of the above simulation, the model was used further to simulate precipitation, for example, the range and location of more than 600 mm rainfall, the 300 mm closed isopluvial, and the 100~500 mm precipitation area of the storm in the south of China, by coupling the general variable infiltration capability (GVIC). The study on the impact of GVIC on the regional climate simulation indicates that the GVIC runoff scheme improved the modelling of moisture convergence, increased the moisture content in the atmosphere below 700 hPa, and enhanced precipitation in the Yangtze River basin. The experiment of coupling RegCM2 with the hydrological model shows that the trend of calculated drainage is consistent with that of the observations, especially for drainage rising and fluctuation processes in June and August, respectively, in spite of some differences between their magnitudes. The simulated drainage at Yichang and Hankou, using the coupling model, are generally consistent with the observations from June to August. Key words coupling; hydrological model; regional climate model


An application of the VIC-3L land surface model with the new surface runoff model in simulating streamflow for the Yellow River basin

ZHENGHUI XIE, QIAN LIU & FENGGE SUInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China [email protected]

Abstract The hydrologically based three-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model, with a new surface runoff model coupled with a routing scheme, is applied to simulate streamflow for the Yellow River basin. The routing scheme is represented by the unit hydrograph method for overland flow and the linear Saint-Venant method for channel flow. The soil parameters needed are derived from the soil classification information of global 5-min data provided by the NOAA hydrology office, the vegetation parameters are derived based on AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and LDAS (Land Data Assimilation System) information, and the forcing data are obtained through interpolation methods based on 740 meteorological stations. All of the data (i.e. soil, vegetation and forcings) needed by VIC-3L are compiled with a 50 × 50 km2 resolution for the Yellow River basin. The daily forcing data are available for the period 1980–1990. The VIC-3L model is applied to the Yellow River basin and the simulated daily runoff is routed to the outlet of two stations and compared to monthly observed streamflow at these stations. Results show that the model can accurately simulate the observations. Key words land surface model; river basin; routing scheme; streamflow; VIC-3L; Yellow River

27



Key word index


The seamless integrating technology of GIS and Management Information Systems (MIS) for water resources

WEIDONG ZHAO & YUNXIA LISchool of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei City, 230009, Anhui Province, [email protected]

Abstract Four schemes for integrating GIS with water resources MIS are proposed in this paper, and their advantages and shortages are described in detail. A ComGIS-based MIS of water resources has been established by using a ComGIS called SuperMap III. The architecture and functions of this system are discussed. It is beneficial to explore the integration of ComGIS with MIS for water resources, and this kind of integration has important referenced significance for solving any other integrating problems between GIS and other professional applications. Keywords ComGIS; GIS (Geographic Information System); MIS (Management Information System); system integration; water resources


An optimization model for the integrated operation of the multiple reservoirs in the Upper Yellow River

JIAQI HU1, YANGBO CHEN2 & SICHUN GAO3

1 Department of Engineering Management, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China 2 Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, [email protected] 3 Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China

Abstract The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. There are seven reservoirs and hydropower stations in the mainstream of the Upper Yellow River. This paper presents an optimal mathematical model for the integrated operation of the seven reservoirs and hydropower stations. The objective of this model is to maximize the sum of electricity generated by all the hydropower stations with the constraint of firm power, and the Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming (DDDP) is employed to find the optimal solution of this model. The decision variables of DDDP are chosen as the reservoir discharge, while the state variables are reservoir storages, and the backward recursive equation is derived to find the reservoir optimal operation policies stage by stage. This model is used to find the integrated optimal operation policies of the past 33 years with observed hydrological data, the results show that there has been a 5.89% increase in the average annual electricity generated by all the seven hydropower stations. This implies that the model presented in this paper is good and can be used to derive the integrated operating rules of the

28

Key word index

reservoirs in the Yellow River.Key words DDDP; optimization; reservoir operation; Yellow River


The research framework of Provincial Digital Water Conservancy

HANWEI XU, YOUJING ZHANG & BERHE GETNET BARAKICollege of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China

xuhanwei @ 263 . net , [email protected]

Abstract The paper deals with the content, framework and significance of Provincial Digital Water Conservancy, as it is developing in China. The main components of provincial digital water conservancy include data collection, network construction, digital platform and application system. It offers the decision-making support for preventing flood and reducing flood damage, water-resource management, constructing and managing irrigation works, and for the sustainable development of the environment, economy and society.Key words 3S technology; data conformity; digital earth; framework; provincial digital water conservancy


Simplification of an existing mass conservative streamline tracking method for two-dimensional CFD velocity fields

ZHENQUAN LI & GORDON MALLINSONDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New [email protected]

Abstract One of the most important ways of visualizing fluid flows is the construction of streamlines, which are lines that are everywhere tangential to the local velocity field. We have created mass conservative streamline tracking methods for two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D CFD velocity fields. It has been shown that mass conservation is a key issue for accurate streamline construction. This paper presents the conditions of a scalar function such that the product of the scalar function and a linearly interpolated 2-D CFD velocity field for incompressible flows satisfies the law of mass conservation first and then simplifies the existing streamline tracking method.Key words computational fluid dynamics (CFD); mass conservation; streamline


29

Key word index

Wetland study in Guangdong Province using remote sensing technology

KE DONG & JIANG TAOCenter of Water Resources and Environment Research, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

Abstract Wetland is a unique ecosystem, rich in biodiversity. It is not only a valuable land resource, it also protects rare animals and plants, therefore it is of high economic value and scientific significance. This paper studies the present situation and development trends of wetland in Guangdong Province, China, with remote sensing technology. The total wetland area of Guangdong Province is 1 864 101 ha. The type, distribution, environment and use of wetland in Guangdong Province was investigated and wetland resource and environment were assessed in coastal areas. The strategies and countermeasures for wetland use and protection are recommended for decision making.Key words protection; remote sensing; resource and environment; wetland


Water quality monitoring and the morphological paradigm in the Danube River basin—a review1

JÜRG BLOESCHSwiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), CH-8600 Dübendorf, [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents a summary of chemical and biological monitoring in the Danube River basin. Water quality includes both pollutant concentration and load, and therefore is tightly linked to water quantity (hydrology). Diffuse sources of pollution, sediment contamination, and concentrations of sub-lethal toxic and hormone-active substances are of utmost importance to biota. Hydrological discharge and flow regime are crucial for flood plain ecology. The morphological paradigm includes habitat structure and biodiversity as key elements in the integrity of riverine ecosystems that must be integrated into river basin management strategies towards sustainable development. While the Upper Danube River is of good to medium quality, the Middle and Lower Danube are in a critical condition due to heavily polluted tributaries. There is still considerable potential for flood plain conservation and restoration in the Lower Danube. Key words Danube River; hydrology; integrated water protection; monitoring; morphology; saprobic system; toxicants


1

30


Key word index

A GIS-based tool for enhancing the ecomorphological quality of running waters

MICHAEL HAASE1, GUENTER BARNIKEL1, ANDREAS STEGMAIER2 & WERNER DREHER2

1 Research Institute for Applied Knowledge Processing (FAW) at the University of Ulm, PO-Box 2060, D-89010 Ulm, [email protected] River Authority Danube/Lake Constance, PO-Box 1364, D-88493 Riedlingen, Germany

Abstract High standards of the ecomorphological quality of running waters, as well as the biochemical water quality, are vital to living organisms in this environment. This article presents a GIS-based software tool for the evaluation of the ecomorphological quality of running waters. The procedure which has been implemented for this purpose consists of four steps. First a reference system is defined which addresses the potentially natural state of the river or creek. The compilation of data for determining the current ecomorphological quality of the river or creek comprises step two. Thirdly an evaluation of the ecomorphological quality of the river or creek takes place. And finally in the fourth step, objectives for enhancing the ecomorphological quality of the river or creek are identified and documented. The latter comprises a basis for engieering redesign works of selected river sections. Key words bio-chemical water quality; decision support system; ecomorphological water quality; Germany; GIS


GIS application for mapping of phytoplankton using multi-channel fluorescence probe derived information

YOSEF Z. YACOBI & M. SCHLICHTERIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, PO Box 447, Migdal, Israel [email protected]

Abstract A submersible multi-channel fluorescence probe was recently introduced in Lake Kinneret, Israel, that enables the determination of phytoplankton density, in terms of chlorophyll a concentration, in real time, and provides information on the contribution of colour-classes to the bulk of algal biomass. Using the GIS Arcinfo software package we could also derive information on the distribution of phytoplankton in different water layers. We found that the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the epilimnion was mostly fairly uniform, and can be reliably represented by a water layer where the phenomenon of fluorescence quenching is not detectable, i.e. at the depth of 4–6 m. When motile algae dominated the lake phytoplankton the layer of maximum chlorophyll concentration was used. The capability for phytoplankton mapping, almost synoptically, provides an expedient tool for acquisition of ground-truth information for the calibration and/or validation of information derived by remote-operated sensors, carried on-board aircraft or satellite.Key words chlorophyll a; fluorescence quenching; phytoplankton mapping

31


Key word index


Predicting soil loss from logging in Malaysia

HOOI LING LEE, HOCK LYE KOH & H. A AL’RABIA’AHSchool of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, [email protected]

Abstract High erosivity induced by high rainfall volume and high intensity in the tropical climate of Malaysia has rendered soil being easily eroded during rainfall. With an annual rainfall depth of more than 2000 mm, rainfall intensities exceeding 100 mm in 24 h regularly occur. Stream suspended solid concentrations immediately after a high intensity storm often exceed 5000 mg l -1, with high variations over space and time. Soil loss and sediment yield in virgin forest is usually low. However, logging activities with high intensity of roads and skid trails drastically changes the fundamental characteristics of the forest floor with regard to sediment generation, storage and transport causing soil loss and sediment yield to increase by an order of magnitude or more. This paper presents a review of data on sediment yield and stream suspended solid concentration due to logging in Malaysia to assess the potential impact of logging on water quality in the Ulu Muda forest. Some soil loss simulation results are presented to highlight the potential risk posed by logging within water catchment areas. Key words logging; Malaysia; sediment yield; soil loss simulation


The study of chlorophyll detection in coastal waters based on environmental variables

CHEN XIAOXIANG, DING XIAOYING & CHEN SIDepartment of Remote Sensing and GIS, Sun Yat-san University, 135 Xingangxi Road, GuangZhou 510275, [email protected]

Abstract Chlorophyll concentration is the most widely used measurement derived from ocean colour remote sensing data. In order to retrieve chlorophyll concentrations in highly turbid waters (case 2 waters) in the Pearl River estuary, a predictive model is proposed, which uses remote sensing (SeaWiFS) and environmental factors. Finally, through analysing the discrimination between the two models, the mean standard error of the model with both environmental variables and remote sensing data is 17.96%, and the single mode only using remote sensing data is 32.48%. The present study suggests that the model significantly overestimated in the Case 2 waters in the Pearl River estuary, but not yet fully reliable in other Case 2 waters. The algorithm for ocean colour needs to be urgently improved for turbid waters.Key words Case 2 water; chlorophyll; environment variables; Pearl River; remote sensing

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________GIS and Remote Sensing in Hydrology, Water Resources and Environment (Proceedings of

32



Key word index

ICGRHWE held at the Three Gorges Dam, China, September 2003). IAHS Publ. 289, 2004, 322-327

Development of an environment detection information system and its application in the region of Longyangxia reservoir, upper reach of the Yellow River

HUO XU1 & YONGNIAN ZENG2,3

1 North China Institute of Science and Technology, East Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, [email protected] School of Info-Physics and Geomatics Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China3 National Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Abstract The Longyangxia reservoir is now the biggest water conservancy in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and it has played an important role in exploiting hydroelectricity in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. To better manage the environmental issues in the region of Longyangxia reservoir, we designed the structure, function and database of an environmental information system based on remote sensing information integrated with GIS. The environmental detection information system in the region of Longyangxia reservoir comprises three subsystems: the remotely sensed data processing system, the environment information system, and the statistics database management system. This system has a detailed spatial and attribute database, which includes fundamental geographic elements, environment, landform, remotely sensed image, statistics and landscape photo data, and it allows for multifunction analyses. Trends in the environmental conditions have been analysed for the period 1987–1996. Key words environmental detection information system; Longyangxia reservoir; northeastern Tibetan Plateau; RS and GIS; Yellow River


Modelling Everglades fish ecology: role of temperature, hydrology and toxicity

H. L. KOH1, H. A. AL-RABAI’AH1, D. DEANGELIS2 & H. L. LEE3

1 School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, [email protected] National Biological Service, University of Miami, Florida, USA3 All Elite Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract With an area of 10 000 km2, the greater Florida Everglades region (USA) covers freshwater and estuarine wetlands, and the Florida Bay. It provides habitats for 68 federally listed threatened or endangered species (Douglas, 1988). To preserve and enhance the ecological functions of the Everglades, the US federal and state governments have authorized funding to study and implement an ecological restoration plan known as CERP (Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan). Hydrology is a major driving force in the Everglades ecosystems. The fish community, acting as an intermediary between the lower producers and the higher consumers, is an important component of the Everglades ecosystem. Therefore, fish community ecology has become a core area of interest in modelling projects within CERP. This paper presents a brief overview of the effects of hydrological changes, seasonal temperature fluctuations, and toxicant

33


Key word index

PCBs on the fish community dynamics. Key words Florida Everglades; hydrology; modelling fish ecology; PCBs; temperature


Nutrient export patterns from an agricultural catchment in southeast China

WENZHI CAO, HUASHENG HONG, YUZHEN ZHANG, SHIPING YUE & YUANHONG DINGKey Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science, Ministry of Education, Environmental Science Research Centre, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China [email protected] n

Abstract The sources and magnitude of agricultural nutrient export from a catchment are not identical. Nitrogen and phosphorus export patterns and their Critical Source Areas (CSAs) were identified in a 1.74-km2 mountainous agricultural catchment. During baseflow the concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) increased downstream, but dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP) concentration decreased downstream from the uppermost site to the outlet. The upstream area—segment 1 is a CSA for DRP export, but the outlet areas—segments 6, 7 are CSAs for NO3-N loss during baseflow. Two precipitation events with a similar precipitation magnitude but different duration were used to test the AGricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) model. During stormflow, CSAs for both NO3-N and DRP, defined through the AGNPS model tested, are side-slope areas where citrus has been planted. Key words agricultural non-point source model; critical source area; flow regimes; nutrient export; Wuchuan Catchment


Multi-temporal land use mapping using remotely sensed techniques and the integration of a pollutant load model in a GIS

DANIEL IERODIACONOU1, LAURIE LAURENSON1, MARC LEBLANC1, FRANK STAGNITTI1, GORDON DUFF2 & SCOTT SALZMAN1

1 School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, PO BOX 423, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia [email protected] CRC for Tropical Savannas Management, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia

Abstract Estimation of nutrient load production based on multi-temporal remotely sensed land-use data for the Glenelg-Hopkins region in southwest Victoria, Australia, is discussed. Changes in land use were mapped using archived Landsat data and computerized classification techniques.

34


Key word index

Land-use change is unparalleled in recent history, with 13% of the region transformed in the last decade. Total nitrogen and phosphorus loading were estimated using an export coefficient model. The analysis demonstrated a disturbing increase in nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from 1995 to 2002. Whilst such increases were suspected from past anecdotal and ad-hoc evidence, our modelling quantitatively estimated such increases and thus demonstrated the enormous potential of using remote sensing and GIS for monitoring land-use change and hence improve land-use management. Key words GIS; land-use mapping; pollutant load modelling; remote sensing


Spatial and temporal extension of large basin hydrometeorological records using a distributed modelling approach

J. GRAHAM LANG1, JANET H. P. WONG1, STEPHEN J. BURGES2 & MAURICE B. DANARD3

1 BC Hydro, 6911 Southpoint Drive (E13), Burnaby, British Columbia, V3N 4X8, Canada [email protected] University of Washington, 160 Wilcox Hall, Box 352700 Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, USA3 Atmospheric Dynamics Corporation, 271 Trevlac Place, RR3, Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2C4, Canada

Abstract The use of simulation models to analyse impacts of water management decisions for large river basins is constrained by lack of available streamflow and meteorological records of adequate duration, quality, and spatial distribution. This paper describes an effort to extend the limited meteorological and hydrometric records for the Peace River basin, an area encompassing nearly 300 000 km2 in western Canada. For temperature and precipitation, continuous spatial and temporal datasets were developed for 1909–1997 using a combination of surface observations, coarse mesh upper air data, and a mesoscale boundary layer model incorporating terrain effects. An analogue technique was used for the period prior to the availability of upper air data. A distributed hydrological model “WATFLOOD/SPL” with parameterization based on land cover Grouped Response Units (GRUs) was applied to the basin. The model is an effective tool for estimating streamflows from ungauged areas and for running long-term water management simulations.Key words analogue method; distributed hydrological model; mesoscale topographical effects; Peace River basin, Canada; spatial interpolation of meteorological input variables; WATFLOOD/SPL


Comparison of spatial patterns between cellular automata model simulations and remote sensing observations

35


Key word index

QIUWEN CHEN & ARTHUR E. MYNETTWL/Delft Hydraulics, PO Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The [email protected]

Abstract Cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly applied to ecohydraulics modelling owing to its advantages in simulating local behaviours and spatial patterns. However, methods for evaluating CA model performance, mostly comparing with RS observations, have yet to be established. A conventional way is to compute the overall error between model outputs and observations. This aggregated approach without spatial information makes CA lose its fundamental brilliance in ecosystem modelling. Therefore, methods that can not only indicate numerical difference, but also retain spatial information, have to be developed. In this paper, fractal analysis and multiple resolution “goodness-of-fit” have been introduced for the purpose. The methods developed are illustrated through a comparison between two synthesized images that came from different simulation scenarios of a CA based ecological model. Key words cellular automata; fractal analysis; model calibration; remote sensing; spatial pattern comparison


Optimum quantization of remotely sensed rainfall data

D. HAN & I. D. CLUCKIEWater & Environmental Management Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, [email protected]

Abstract Quantization is an approximation of a signal value by a whole multiple of an elementary quantity. Unlike the sampling process (providing the Nyquist frequency is above the maximum process frequency) this results in an irretrievable loss of information since it is impossible to reconstitute the original analogue signal from its quantized version. Hence there is a tendency to use higher resolution digitizing cards to convert data from analogue to digital signals. However, it is important to notice that despite extensive research in remote sensing technology, many factors exist that influence the accuracy of the measured data. This paper illustrates that although longer Quantization length could reduce the overall errors caused by Quantization, this is only true when the data to be converted are error-free. If there are uncertainties in the data, a longer Quantization length may increase the overall error and reduce the data quality. A simple case study shows that 3-bit data are more accurate than 8-bit data. A demonstration of random Gaussian data series is used to illustrate that high resolution representation of the data series may produce less desirable results.Key words Quantization; rainfall; remote sensing; weather radar


Estimating daily precipitation for England and Wales using splines with collateral topographic and radar data sets

36



Key word index

NEIL STUART1 & CLAIRE H. JARVIS2

1 Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK [email protected] Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

Abstract We explore the relative accuracy of using spline interpolations to estimate daily precipitation over England and Wales at 5-km grid resolution. We compare surfaces estimated for each day in March 2002 from networks of 820 and 110 raingauges and assess whether including collateral data such as gridded topography and rainfall radar accumulations improves relative estimation accuracy. For each surface RMSE, MAE and bias are computed against other gauges not used in the spline estimation. Using 820 gauges, a 2-D partial thin-plate spline on (x,y) with elevation as a single linear covariate estimates daily precipitation with an RMSE averaged over all stations and dates of 1.9 mm. For a network of 110 points, the equivalent RMSE is 2.3 mm. Modelling precipitation as a non-linear function of elevation or using further collateral data does not improve the estimation accuracy for either volume of input data. Including gridded rainfall radar data results in higher RMSE (>5 mm) and larger maximum and minimum estimates. Key words collateral data; daily rainfall estimation; England; rainfall radar; spline interpolation; Wales


Mapping landslide susceptibility in the Three Gorges area, China using GIS, expert knowledge and fuzzy logic

A-XING ZHU1,2, RONGXUN WANG2, JIANPING QIAO3, YONGBO CHEN3, QIANGGUO CAI1 & CHENGHU ZHOU1

1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, [email protected]; [email protected] Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA3 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

Abstract This paper presents an approach of integrating knowledge of relationships between landslide and environment conditions with GIS and fuzzy logic to map spatial variation of landslide susceptibility. The GIS techniques were used to derive spatial data characterizing the environmental conditions under which landslides occur. An inference technique constructed under fuzzy logic combines the spatial data on environmental conditions with knowledge of landslide–environment relationships to compute the landslide susceptibility of a location. A case study over a small watershed in the Three Gorges area was conducted to evaluate the validity of this approach. The case study showed that the computed susceptibility values are much higher over areas with landslides than areas without landslides. Thus, we conclude that the approach is capable of capturing landslide susceptibility. However, the accuracy of the computed susceptibility depends on the quality of knowledge on landslide–environment relationships and the ability of GIS in characterizing the environment conditions needed.Key words expert system; fuzzy logic; GIS; land use planning; landslides; susceptibility

37


Key word index


Verification of an NDVI-evapotranspiration model using a single layer model

HIROAKI WATANABE1, SO KAZAMA2 & MASAKI SAWAMOTO1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 06, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 980-8579, [email protected] Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 06, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 980-8579, Japan

Abstract To establish a method for estimating evapotranspiration from NDVI data, cloud free images were compiled by a new algorithm using a temporally varying function and land use data. The NDVI data set was used for the estimation of evapotranspiration, and the estimated flux was compared with the estimation of a single layer model. The comparison shows that the single layer model produces less evapotranspiration than the NDVI method based on water balance. The distribution patterns of evapotranspiration estimated by the two methods were quite similar, indicating that the NDVI method is effective in estimating evapotranspiration.Key words cloud-free image; evapotranspiration; GIS; NDVI; remote sensing


Tracking MCSs automatically based on improved area-overlapped method

FANG ZHAOBAO1,2,3, LIN HUI2 WU LIXIN1, JIANG JIXI4 & HUANG QIANG4

1 China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China2 Joint Laboratory for Geoinformation Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China3 The P.L.A.91561 Command, Guang Zhou 510320, China4 National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract The activities and evolution of Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is one of the primary causes of heavy rainstorms. More and more scholars are interested in the study of MCSs in recent years. However, the study of MCSs is restricted by the technology of automatic identification and tracking in computers. This paper introduces an improved method of area-overlap which can automatically track MCSs. Using this method, lots of experiments for tracking MCSs were performed using satellite infrared remote sensing data over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding area in the summer of 1998. The experimental results show that the precision of tracking MCSs is about 80% with the new method. It increases precision by 10% compared with the original method.Key words area-overlapped method; Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs); tracking model

38


Key word index


Desertification and carbon emission in the headwater area of the Yellow River using remote sensing

YONGNIAN ZENG1,2, ZHAODONG FENG2,3 & HUO XU4

1 School of Info-Physics and Geomatics Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, [email protected] National Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, New Jersey 07043, USA4 North China Institute of Science and Technology, East Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China

Abstract This study deals with desertification and its impacts on the environment in the headwater area of the Yellow River, China. Our objectives were to quantitatively detect desertification processes from 1990 to 2000 using remote sensing, and to evaluate its impacts on carbon emission. The results indicate that the study area is one of the most desertified regions in the Tibetan Plateau and the desertification qualifies the region as a vital source of carbon emission. The desertification might have contributed a disproportionate share to overall CO2

emission from the grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau, implying that there is great potential to resequestrate carbon through controlling overgrazing and restoring the ecosystem. Key words carbon emission; desertification; the headwater area of the Yellow River; remote sensing

39

hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a289/p289 description, contents, abstract… · web viewto...

Documents