deutscher sonderweg
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Boek over de Deutsce SOnderwegTRANSCRIPT
Germany’s Germany’s ‘special path’‘special path’
History of Germany History of Germany Lecture 1Lecture 1
ScheduleSchedule1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is
Germany?’Germany?’3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path
ScheduleSchedule1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is
Germany?’Germany?’3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path
1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :|
2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :|
3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :|
1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world. :|
August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben
1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :|
2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :|
3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :|
1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world. :|
2. German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song,Shall retain, throughout the world,Their old respected fame,To inspire us to noble deedsFor the length of our lives.German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song.
3. Unity and right and freedomFor the German Fatherland;Let us all strive to this goalBrotherly, with heart and hand.Unity and rights and freedomAre the pledge of fortune grand.Prosper in this fortune's glory,Prosper German fatherland.
1. Heil dir im Siegerkranz,Herrscher des Vaterlands!
Heil, Kaiser, dir!Fühl in des Thrones Glanz
Die hohe Wonne ganz,Liebling des Volks zu sein!
Heil Kaiser, dir!
1. Hail to thee in victor's crown,Ruler of the fatherland!
Hail to thee, Kaiser!Feel in the throne's glowThe high ecstasy in full
To be darling of thy people!Hail to thee, Kaiser!
ScheduleSchedule1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is
Germany?’Germany?’3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path
German Dualism and the Founding of the German Dualism and the Founding of the German Empire 1859-1871German Empire 1859-1871
Efforts to reform the German Confederation
Prussia takes the lead in Germany with the help of the Zollverein (Customs Union)
German-Danish war 1864Greater Germany Lesser Germany
Prussian-Austrian War 1866
Austria excluded from Germany
Prussia founds the North German Confederation
Napoleon III taken prisoner in September 1870
Declaration of war by France, July 1870
Founding of the Empire in Versailles in January 1871
Austria Prussia
Breakdown of the Frankfurt Assembly of German
Princes 1863
France neutral Alliance with Italy
Austria brings an action against Prussia in front of the Federal Diet. Prussia declares
the end of the German Confederation.
Constitutional Conflict in PrussiaConstitutional Conflict in Prussia
1858: “New Era” under William I
Old Liberals with 55% of the deputies in the Prussian DietArmy Reform
King’s Army vs. Army of the Parliament
Constitutional conflict
German Progressive Party (Old Liberals 40%, Progressivists 29.3% in Diet)
1862: William I appoints Bismarck to be Minister
President of Prussia“Lückentheorie”: 1862-1866, governing without legal budget
Liberals with 2/3 majority in Diet
Victorious wars 1864 und 1866
Diet idemnifies government 1866
Founding of the National Liberal party
ScheduleSchedule1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is
Germany?’Germany?’3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path
“Nation as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent … political
destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and
turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates preexisting
cultures: that is a reality”. (Ernest Gellner)
“A nation can therefore be defined as
• a named human population
• sharing an historic territory,
• common myths and historical memories,
• a mass public culture,
• a common economy
• and common legal rights and duties for all members.“
Anthony D. Smith: National Identity. Reno, Las Vegas, London 1991, p. 14.
ScheduleSchedule1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is
Germany?’Germany?’3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path
Friedrich II (Frederick II the Great ), King of Prussia, as commander of his troopsPainting by Antoine Pesne, 1745
Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg)Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg)
Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard (West European, British, French) way(West European, British, French) way
Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after that of Englandthat of England
Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic revolution of 1848)revolution of 1848)
German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state (born in war)(born in war)
Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen as Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen as a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious EntenteEntente
Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites (ostelbian Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites (ostelbian agrarians, estate owners and “big business”)agrarians, estate owners and “big business”)
Traditions of Prussian militarismTraditions of Prussian militarism Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German
“special path”“special path”